http://www.scribd.com/people/view/189-rakesh-mohan-hallen This a feed for documents on Scribd written by hallenrm 30 Wed, 27 Aug 2008 16:53:16 GMT Wed, 27 Aug 2008 16:53:16 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/5170618/Technology-for-kids v W5H of Science Introduction Technology performs miracles. It brings to life things that we often imagine in our dreams. Technology could involve making devices or finding methods of doing something as opposed to natural processes. Technology is Miraculous Thus, technology is the art of developing tools to help us succeed in our natural environment. This includes tools such as a hammer, which could help build a home, or garments such as coats, which keep people warm in winter, or instruments such as a telephone that helps to communicate with distant people. Nowadays, when people use the w Wed, 27 Aug 2008 16:53:16 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/5170618/Technology-for-kids http://www.scribd.com/doc/5170566/Communication-Technology W5H of Science Technology for communicating information The word ‘Information’ has many different meanings in everyday usage and in specialized contexts. However, as a concept it is closely related to data, instruction, knowledge etc. Information is usually a message, something to be communicated from the sender to the receiver. But, if information is viewed merely as a message, it does not have to be accurate. It may be a truth or a lie, or just the sound of a kiss. Strangely it may even be a disruptive noise used to inhibit the flow of communication and create misunderstanding. Information Wed, 27 Aug 2008 16:51:49 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/5170566/Communication-Technology http://www.scribd.com/doc/5023995/teaching-about-shadows-and-images Shadows and Images What is it that is around us almost all the time and is not made of any material or substance? Our shadow, of course! It is not made of anything because it is not an object. We often take shelter on a hot summer day in the shadow of a tree or a building. It is the case with images too. We see our image in a mirror everyday while dressing up or combing our hair. But, did you ever wonder, what are shadows and images? How are they formed? How are they important for us? In this lesson we shall try to find answers for such questions and several others related to shadows and image Mon, 25 Aug 2008 04:21:47 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/5023995/teaching-about-shadows-and-images http://www.scribd.com/doc/3972050/Science-Spirituality-and-Ethics Science, spirituality and Ethics Preface In science, when there are interactions between various disciplines, overlapping areas have developed independently. These include Biochemistry, Biophysics, Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics, Astrophysics, Biotechnology, Quantum physical Chemistry, Plant Chemistry, etc, Science has had little interaction with concepts and practice of spirituality. In some faiths, the two did not agree for a long time, even on the shape of the earth- whether it is flat, round or spherical. There are instances, when scientists in a European country, who dared to explai Thu, 17 Jul 2008 02:28:31 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/3972050/Science-Spirituality-and-Ethics http://www.scribd.com/doc/2599063/Exploring-artifacts Exploring Artifacts PAPER Paper Paper is an essential part of our lives. It satisfies our various needs. We use it to read, store and communicate information (newspapers, books, documents and writing paper), to transport and protect food (packaging, sacks, tetra packs), for cultural and artistic purposes ( draw, paint, decoration) and for personal hygiene (tissues, napkins, diapers, etc.). But do you know? • • • What is paper? How does one kind of paper differ from another kind? How is paper made? Won't you be interested to know answers to all these questions and many more. To begin with l Tue, 22 Apr 2008 17:25:18 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2599063/Exploring-artifacts http://www.scribd.com/doc/2534092/ICT-and-school-libraries ICT for school libraries tomorrow Several developments in information communication technologies in the recent past, point to the possibility of developing new technologies that may help school librarians to assist students and teachers access information they need. Information and Communications Technology - or technologies (ICT) is an umbrella term that includes all technologies for the communication of information. It encompasses: any medium to record information (whether paper, pen, magnetic disk/ tape, optical disks - CD/DVD, flash memory etc. etc.); any technology for communicating thro Mon, 14 Apr 2008 08:20:52 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2534092/ICT-and-school-libraries http://www.scribd.com/doc/2533989/How-Long-Will-the-Human-Species-Last How Long Will the Human Species Last? An Argument with Robert Malthus and Richard Gott Freeman Dyson Almost two hundred years ago, the Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus published his famous "Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society." Malthus took a gloomy view of the human situation. He started by stating two general laws. First, he said, population always tends to increase geometrically, that is to say, the increase each year is a fixed fraction of the population. Second, he said, the amount of food available grows arithmetically, which is to say, the Mon, 14 Apr 2008 07:32:51 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2533989/How-Long-Will-the-Human-Species-Last http://www.scribd.com/doc/2489396/HALLUCINATION HALLUCINATION Sam Chase arrived on Energy Planet on his fifteenth birthday. It was a great achievement, he had been told, to have been assigned there, but he wasn’t at all sure he felt that at the moment. It meant a three-year separation from Earth and from his family, while he continued a specialized education in the field, and that was a sobering thought. It was not the field of education in which he was interested, and he could not understand why Central computer had assigned him to this project, and that was downright depressing. He looked at the transparent dome overhead. It was quite h Wed, 09 Apr 2008 16:51:39 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2489396/HALLUCINATION http://www.scribd.com/doc/2359072/Emerging-ICT  Rakesh Mohan Hallen Several developments in information communication technologies in the recent past, point to the possibility of developing new technologies that may help countries like India educate its masses Information and Communications Technology - or technologies (ICT) is an umbrella term that includes all technologies for the communication of information. It encompasses: any medium to record information (whether paper, pen, magnetic disk/ tape, optical disks - CD/DVD, flash memory etc. etc.); any technology for communicating through voice and sound or images- microphone, camera Tue, 25 Mar 2008 14:29:51 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2359072/Emerging-ICT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2063359/Chem-concept Quest 2007-08 1. What reaction, if any, would Zn (II) ion undergo in the Cu (II) half of a Daniell Cell? What reaction, if any, would Cu (II) ion undergo in the Zn half of a Daniell Cell? Which of these ions might actually get in to the other half - cell during discharge of the cell? During recharge? Explain why a Daniell Cell cannot be fully recharged. 2. Determine if possible what shift each of the following combinations of stresses would cause in the following equilibrium system: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2 + Heat (a) Addition of CO and Mon, 11 Feb 2008 17:38:33 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2063359/Chem-concept http://www.scribd.com/doc/2062982/Questions-asked-in-SciQuest08-Chem-prob 1. The respiration of a suspension of yeast cells was measured by observing the decrease in pressure of gas above the cell suspension. The apparatus was arranged so that the gas was confined to a constant volume, 16.0 cm 3, and the entire pressure change was caused by uptake of oxygen by the cells. The pressure was measured in a manometer, the fluid of which had a density of 1.034 g/cm3. The entire apparatus was immersed in a thermostat at 37 ºC. In a 30 min observation period the fluid in the open side of the manometer dropped 37 mm. Neglecting the solubility of oxygen in the yeast suspensi Mon, 11 Feb 2008 13:16:34 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2062982/Questions-asked-in-SciQuest08-Chem-prob http://www.scribd.com/doc/2062974/Questions-asked-in-SciquestPhysics-problem 1. A block of mass 10 kg rests on a table with coefficient of friction µ, A bullet of mass 10g is fired with muzzle velocity 100 ms-1 and comes to the rest in the block in 0.01s. Find the limiting value of µ such that the block just begins to move. M 2. A uniform chain of mass M and length L is lying flat and extended on a smooth horizontal table in such a way that one-third of it is hanging off the table. If the chain is slowly pulled up from the other end until the entire chain rests on the table, find the total energy spent in the process. M 3. A bug, crawling on a stationary bowling ball Mon, 11 Feb 2008 13:10:18 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2062974/Questions-asked-in-SciquestPhysics-problem http://www.scribd.com/doc/2062964/Physics-concept CONCEPT ROUND QUEST 2007-08 PHYSICS QUESTIONS 1. The gravitational force of the Moon causes tides to occur, because of which the points A and B on the ocean, collinear with the line joining the centres of the Earth and the Moon, bulge out. But because of the rotation of the Earth the tidal bulges shift causing tidal oscillations, which eventually get dissipated as heat. What is the source of this heat loss? Whose energy is going down? 2. In the winters, if you put a room heater on and watch its shadow on a wall, you will distinctly see the shadow of the hot air current rising. But looking dir Mon, 11 Feb 2008 13:03:11 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2062964/Physics-concept http://www.scribd.com/doc/2062961/Bio-problem 1. The initial rate of entry of Leucine into a newly isolated bacteria is as follows: [Conc.] 1 X 10-6 5 X 10-6 1 X 10-5 3 X 10-5 1 X 10-4 5 X 10-4 1 X 10-3 Uptake units 110 480 830 1700 2600 3100 3200 Plot uptake vs external concentration. Comment on the mechanism of uptake and calculate the Km. 2. The change in population density of a bird population in a marshy place after a nearby volcano erupted is plotted once a period of 10 years every year. What would be an ideal way of plotting to draw biological conclusion? 3. The following segment of DNA is cut four times by the restriction endonuc Mon, 11 Feb 2008 13:01:27 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2062961/Bio-problem http://www.scribd.com/doc/2062960/Bio-concept Concept Round Science Quest 2007-08 1. Assume that all the pedigrees illustrated below show a form of sex-mediated inheritance. Assign the most probable mode of inheritance toeach pedigree such that no two modes of inheritance are similar. 2. Explain the concept of prion- mediated diseases as non-genetically induced alteration in protein secondary structure. 3. A company in Canada developed a genetically modified Bt corn with resistance against pests belonging to the order Lepidoptera, with high efficacy against members of family Noctuidae (eg. corn borers) and lower efficacy aga Mon, 11 Feb 2008 13:01:24 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2062960/Bio-concept http://www.scribd.com/doc/1460657/Homeopathypharmacy-fantasy-or-fraud Thu, 24 Jan 2008 11:03:18 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1460657/Homeopathypharmacy-fantasy-or-fraud http://www.scribd.com/doc/1406663/Neuronal-Communication Neuronal Communication presented by: Shreya, Neha, Mahima, Disha Miranda House 23rd January, 2008 *The human brain is estimated to have about a hundred billion nerve cells, two million miles of axons, and a million billion synapses, making it the most complex structure, natural or artificial, on earth. Green, Stephen F. Heinemann and Jim F. Gusella (from a paper in Neuron, vol. 420, page 427, 1998) *Neurons The fundamental cells of the nervous  system Consists of: • Cell body • Dendrites (input structure) • Axon (output structure) **Neural Communication: Communication with Wed, 23 Jan 2008 14:33:14 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1406663/Neuronal-Communication http://www.scribd.com/doc/1405954/speech-n-language *HOW WE CAME TO BE HUMANS The development of speech and the acquisition of language lie at the very heart of the extraordinary cognitive abilities that set us apart from the rest of creation *SPEECH IS A RIVER OF BREATH, BENT INTO HISSES AND HUMS BY THE SOFT FLESH OF THE MOUTH AND THE THROAT *TWO COMPONENTS OF SPEECH PHONATION Achieved by the Larynx ARTICULATION Achieved by the structures of the mouth ***FREQUENCY, TENSION AND LENGTH  The sound source’s stiffness or tension determines the frequency via a square root relation. ν T1/2 The frequency of a sound source’s vibration can a Wed, 23 Jan 2008 14:24:59 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1405954/speech-n-language http://www.scribd.com/doc/1405696/Eye-Development-in-Vertebrate “Cell-Cell interaction” during eye development in vertebrate. *Beginning of life While each organism starts off as a single cell, the progeny of that cell form complex structures that are Tissue and Organs. The tissue and organs are integrated into larger system. *The Eye! And its precise arrangement The light enters through transparent cornea and is focused by the lens  The light ray eventually makes an impression on the tissue of the retina and sends nerve impulses to the brain.  *Cell-Interactions  During organogenesis there is coordination among the different cells. Wed, 23 Jan 2008 14:20:19 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1405696/Eye-Development-in-Vertebrate http://www.scribd.com/doc/1405444/Honesty-Living-organisms “HONESTY”–THE LAST WORD IN THE DICTIONARY OF LIVING ORGANISMS DAULAT RAM COLLEGE Fauzia Zarreen  Jyoti Yadav  Priyamvada Chugh  Shilpa Jain  *Nature copies too  Have you ever been tricked by something that was fake? Sometimes we think sparkly jewels are diamonds, but they are really just glass. Other times we believe that our baseball card is signed by our favourite player, but it is only a copy.. Nature copies too. Mimicry is tried at every level. Organism to minute molecules   *Copy cats Mimicry describes a situation where one organism,the mimic ,has evolved to Wed, 23 Jan 2008 14:16:38 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1405444/Honesty-Living-organisms http://www.scribd.com/doc/1405213/ARSD-presentation APPLICATIONS OF INTERCALATED CLAYS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESES A.R.S.D COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF DELHI 1 *CLAYS: Clays are the layered silicates with a particle size less than 2 micrometer consisting of composite layers (1:1 layer and 2:1 layer) and are classified accordingly Classification of Clay Minerals Clay 1:1 2:1 Kaolinite Hallyosite Smectite Vermiculite Illite Chlorite Bentonite Montmorillonite 2 *What are intercalated clays? When some species(like cations or neutral species), are introduced between the layers of two-dimensional clays, the process is called intercalation, the speci Wed, 23 Jan 2008 14:12:42 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1405213/ARSD-presentation http://www.scribd.com/doc/1405035/Addiction Addiction St. Stephen’s College QUEST ’07 – ’08 *Eating chocolate… Craving: “The desire to experience the effects of a previously experienced psychoactive substance” Reward: “A process that reinforces behaviour. When offered, causes a behavior to increase in intensity” *…and not eating chocolate. Craving for Chocolate + Craving for Chocolate Chocolate + + No Chocolate - *Addiction  Compulsion to seek and take a drug. Chronologically relapsing disorder. Loss of control on intake. Different from ‘recreational’ drug use    *Stages of addiction – Wed, 23 Jan 2008 14:10:06 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1405035/Addiction http://www.scribd.com/doc/1005487/QUESTprelimPhysics07- *** Sat, 12 Jan 2008 09:52:46 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1005487/QUESTprelimPhysics07- http://www.scribd.com/doc/941844/QUESTprelimBiology07 Name of the College…………………………………………………………………… QUEST 2007-08 PRELIMINARY ROUND: BIOLOGY Write your answers in the boxes provided. 1. During a fever, body temperature rises and then is maintained at a temperature several degrees above normal. Which component of the negative feedback loop controlling temperature must have changed for this to occur? a. The temperature sensor b. The efferent pathway(s) c. The integrating center d. The temperature setpoint 2. Use the graph below to answer the following question. While working under hypoxic (low o Thu, 27 Dec 2007 04:09:19 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/941844/QUESTprelimBiology07 http://www.scribd.com/doc/941842/QUESTprelimChemistry07 Name of the College…………………………………………………………………… QUEST 2007-08 PRELIMINARY ROUND: CHEMISTRY Write your answers in the boxes provided. 1. IUPAC name of the compound CH3 CH CH2 CH2 COOH is COOC2H5 A. B. C. D. 4- ethoxycarbonylpentanoic acid 4- methyl-4-ethoxycarbonylbutanoic acid 1- carboxy-3-ethoxycarbonylbutane 1- carboxy-4-methylbutylethanoate 2. The property which decreases from F to I in the Halogen Group is A. Ionisation energy B. Ionic radius C. Metallic character D. All of these 3. A mixture contains 28g of N2 gas and 20g of H2 Thu, 27 Dec 2007 04:06:55 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/941842/QUESTprelimChemistry07 http://www.scribd.com/doc/882922/A-biology-related-quiz-for-undergraduates QUEST 2001-2002 Biology Name of College:_______________________________________ Write your answers only in the boxes provided. 1. During mammalian embryogenesis in which of the following events cellular adherence is essential. A. B. C. D. Cellular Mobility Cell differentiation Mitosis Cellular Signalling 2. Clones of any individual will be A.Syngenic with each other B.Allogenic with each other C.Congenic with each other D.None of the above 3. ELISA is a technique used to detect A. B. C. D. Antibodies in the serum Antigens in the serum Both antigens and Antibodies Complements in the serum Mon, 10 Dec 2007 09:32:09 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/882922/A-biology-related-quiz-for-undergraduates http://www.scribd.com/doc/882883/chemistry-related-quiz-of-Quest-200506 QUEST 2005-2006 CHEMISTRY Name of the College…………………………………………………………………… Write your answers in the boxes provided. 1. p-Nitrobenzoic acid on treatment with diborane gives A. p-Aminobenzoic acid B. p-Aminobenzyl alcohol C. p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol D. p-Nitrobenzaldehyde 2. A compound of vanadium has a magnetic moment of 1.73 Bohr Magneton. The electronic configuration of the vanadium ion in this compound is A. [Ar]3d34s2 B. [Ar]3d1 C. [Ar]3d34s1 D. [Ar]3d04s2 3. The reaction H + (CH3)2=CO + NH2OH A. Addition B. Elimination (CH3)2C=NOH is best d Mon, 10 Dec 2007 09:08:15 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/882883/chemistry-related-quiz-of-Quest-200506 http://www.scribd.com/doc/882873/Questions-asked-about-biology-in-Prelim-round-200506 Name of the college: ______________________________________________________ QUEST 2005-06 PRELIMINARY ROUND: BIOLOGY Write your answers in the boxes provided. 1. Mendel referred to the parental generation in the cross pollination between two truebreeding plants as the _______ generation. a) F1 b) P c) F2 d) P2 2. What is the meaning of the suffix rrhea, as in word diarrhea? a) Flow b) Behind c) Stop d) Digest 3. Which of the following processes requires the involvement of intermediary proteinDNA complexes such as RecA? a) Fermentation b) Genetic recombination c) Non-random mating d) Natural s Mon, 10 Dec 2007 08:56:31 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/882873/Questions-asked-about-biology-in-Prelim-round-200506 http://www.scribd.com/doc/766681/Mantras-of-Science Mantras’ of Science Rakesh Mohan Hallen Mantras of Science Rakesh Mohan Hallen 1 *PREFACE There are certain phrases and words often used by priests, of any religion, at various occasions. Many know them as mantras. Common people often find it hard to comprehend the meaning of mantras, nevertheless they are said to be useful. Scientists too, often use words and phrases, which, in a way, are like the religious mantras. They call them the laws and hypothesis of science. As we grow up, we learn to use some such phrases and words that are often used in science. Words like energy; gravity; mas Wed, 05 Dec 2007 17:49:14 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/766681/Mantras-of-Science http://www.scribd.com/doc/766646/Mantras-of-Science Mantras’ of Science Rakesh Mohan Hallen Mantras of Science Rakesh Mohan Hallen 1 *PREFACE There are certain phrases and words often used by priests, of any religion, at various occasions. Many know them as mantras. Common people often find it hard to comprehend the meaning of mantras, nevertheless they are said to be useful. Scientists too, often use words and phrases, which, in a way, are like the religious mantras. They call them the laws and hypothesis of science. As we grow up, we learn to use some such phrases and words that are often used in science. Words like energy; gravity; mas Wed, 05 Dec 2007 17:44:04 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/766646/Mantras-of-Science http://www.scribd.com/doc/563210/Time-and-Speed-for-kids TIME AND SPEED We are all aware of time. Although we cannot sense it we grow up as it passes and then get old. It is only with the passage of time that we learn, pass examinations, get married and then someday become a parent and or a teacher. It is with the time that our favorite new things become old. We often use a watch to tell time. Watches are useful that we are punctual to reach our school and we are not late. Watches are also useful while we are traveling. It is through a watch that we know whether at a particular moment the train is running late or is in time. Why do trains sometimes Sat, 01 Dec 2007 14:27:51 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/563210/Time-and-Speed-for-kids http://www.scribd.com/doc/408314/A-crossword-puzzle-about-human-body-parts-substances-and-diseases Crossword 3 CLUES Across: 1. mainly found in potatoes, rice etc. 4. one should avoid sugar in this disease. 6. where food passes after swallowing 7. hereditary material 9. store in the body due to intake of oily food 10. waste material which we passes through urinatory organ 12. lasting long disease. 14. expel air to clear the air passages 15. pigmented membrane surrounding the pupil of the eye 17. yellowish fluid of the blood which separates from a blood 18. nucleic acid that is bound in double helical chains 19. arthritic patient mostly get pains here *Down: 1. acute, highly contagious vir Sat, 20 Oct 2007 07:39:59 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/408314/A-crossword-puzzle-about-human-body-parts-substances-and-diseases http://www.scribd.com/doc/405699/A-crossword-puzzle-about-plants-and-animals Across: 1 4 6 7 10 12 13 Fruits have different ------. The eyes of this animal are said to shine in dark. We need to ------- the forests. Short stemmed plant. They communicate through chemicals. A place where animals and plants live. An unwanted plant. *Down: 2 They appear to be hearing but they cannot. 3 A plant that can feel. 5 The part of a plant not derived from the pistil that we often eat. 8 The art of growing miniature trees. 9 These birds can see in the dark. 11 The blood of these insects is colourless. * Fri, 19 Oct 2007 03:42:38 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/405699/A-crossword-puzzle-about-plants-and-animals http://www.scribd.com/doc/405691/A-Crossword-puzzle-about-our-body-parts-and-their-functions A crossword Across: 1 Transferring blood from one body to another 3 Sensing something through one's nose 4 An organ in our body that stores body waste before it is discarded 5 We often feel this urge when we are suffering from cold. 9 The rhythmic activity of our heart that indicates life. 10 The sensory organ, other than eyes, of our body that is prominent on our face. 11 The act of taking in of air into our body. Down: *1 Replacing a defective organ with that taken from another body. 2 It promotes an urge to scratch. 3 Our body produces this especially in hot and humid weather. 6 The pro Fri, 19 Oct 2007 03:30:53 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/405691/A-Crossword-puzzle-about-our-body-parts-and-their-functions http://www.scribd.com/doc/402335/Explaining-science-and-scientists-to-kids W5H of Science Introduction Science is fascinating for anybody who values knowledge, because it is a body of knowledge as well as a method to acquire more knowledge. Indeed the word science is derived from the Latin word scire, meaning, “to know”. Science is dynamic, which means it is constantly developing, the science today is not exactly the same as it was, say, fifty years ago. This is so because scientists are always on the look out for new knowledge. Science is Fascinating! To gather new knowledge, scientists have to constantly ask questions, starting with What, Why, When, Where an Wed, 17 Oct 2007 12:05:11 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/402335/Explaining-science-and-scientists-to-kids http://www.scribd.com/doc/396346/Crossword-puzzles-about-human-body-and-diseases2 body and diseases Crossword 1 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 2 3 4 8 13 14 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Across: 2. clear yellowish fluid of the blood 5. Any of several intestinal diseases 7. Condition that accompanies something and indicates its existence 9. Substances of high molecular weight, to which the body reacts 10. Branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation 13. Threadlike outgrowths from the skin 15. Class of sweet, soluble, crystalline carbohydrates 17. Place or part where two things or parts are joined 20. the movable muscular structure attached to the floor of the Sun, 14 Oct 2007 03:53:29 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/396346/Crossword-puzzles-about-human-body-and-diseases2 http://www.scribd.com/doc/395809/Crosswetd-puzzles-about-human-body-and-diseases body and diseases Crossword Top of Form 1 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 13 14 8 2 3 4 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Top of Form Across: 2. clear yellowish fluid of the blood 5. any of several intestinal diseases 7. condition that accompanies something and indicates its existence 9. substances of high molecular weight, to which the body reacts 10. branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation 13. threadlike outgrowths from the skin 15. class of sweet, soluble, crystalline carbohydrates 17. place or part where two things or parts are joined 20. the movable muscular structure attached to Sat, 13 Oct 2007 17:17:35 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/395809/Crosswetd-puzzles-about-human-body-and-diseases http://www.scribd.com/doc/323019/Science-projects-for-kiddy-science-students Science Projects for kids Rakesh Mohan Hallen Make a Camera....................................................................................................................2 Make a Periscope.................................................................................................................4 Make a Telescope.................................................................................................................6 Make an Electroscope........................................................................................................10 Make a Sundial.................... Sun, 23 Sep 2007 08:18:54 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/323019/Science-projects-for-kiddy-science-students http://www.scribd.com/doc/292834/Science-projects-for-kiddy-science-students-involving-objects-around-them Exploring Artifacts Exploring Artifacts...............................................................................................................1 Exploring Paper...................................................................................................................1 Exploring a House................................................................................................................3 Exploring Illumination.........................................................................................................6 Exploring Adhesives..................................... Sat, 15 Sep 2007 06:24:04 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/292834/Science-projects-for-kiddy-science-students-involving-objects-around-them http://www.scribd.com/doc/273950/Science-projects-for-kiddy-science-students-exploring-natural-objects Exploring Nature Some environment related activities for kids Compiled by Dr. Rakesh Mohan Hallen Exploring Trees....................................................................................................................2 Exploring water....................................................................................................................5 Exploring Soils.....................................................................................................................9 Exploring the Clouds................................................................................ Fri, 07 Sep 2007 14:35:45 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/273950/Science-projects-for-kiddy-science-students-exploring-natural-objects http://www.scribd.com/doc/259695/Moon-for-kids What is on the Moon? Look up the sky, on a clear cloudless night; it is almost certain that you can spot the Moon. You must have seen it several hundred times in your lifetime. But, have you ever wondered: How big is the Moon? How far away is it from us? What is on the Moon? We all know that the Moon is much larger than a big saucer it appears to be. It is only because it is very far away from us that it looks so small, just as does any object far away from us. Human beings have been curious about the moon since they had brains big enough to do so. They wanted answers to the above questions. A Thu, 23 Aug 2007 11:55:54 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/259695/Moon-for-kids http://www.scribd.com/doc/259538/All-about-mobile-phones Word Count 2590 How it works ‘The Cell Phone’ Rakesh Mohan Hallen Manya was on her way to meet her ‘Nanni’ in Indore. She was traveling in a train along with her mother. Suddenly, she wanted to tell something to keep her favorite dish ready when she reaches there, and she did it. How did she do it? We all know that we can talk to people far off with the help of a telephone. But most often, there are three constraints in our doing so. One, we must be close to a telephone in working order. Two, the person we want to talk to must also have a telephone nearby. Three, one must remember the Thu, 23 Aug 2007 08:27:27 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/259538/All-about-mobile-phones http://www.scribd.com/doc/230661/Some-intriguing-questions-related-to-undergraduate-physics-chemistry-and-biology QUEST 1999-2000 CONCEPT ROUND 1 A. Here is a picture of a towel behind some wire meshes. Can you explain the fringe pattern? Can you give any possible practical application of these patterns? B. In the preparation of 2,4 – dinitrochlorobenzene from chlorobenzene, the excess nitric acid and sulfuric acid must be washed from the product. Between aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous sodium carbonate which would you select for this purpose and why? C. Myoglobin binds with O2 with higher affinity than Haemoglobin. Yet, under stress of hypoxia, haemoglobin serves as a better carrier of O 2 than Mon, 06 Aug 2007 08:09:11 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/230661/Some-intriguing-questions-related-to-undergraduate-physics-chemistry-and-biology http://www.scribd.com/doc/230651/Quest-19992000-questions QUEST 1999-2000 Final Round – Concepts Chemistry 1. In the preparation of 2,4 – dinitrochlorobenzene from chlorobenzene, the excess nitric acid and sulfuric acid must be washed from the product. Between aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous sodium carbonate which would you select for this purpose and why? 2. Reduction of 2,6 – dibromobenzene diazonium chloride, which would be expected to give m- dibromobenzene, actually yields m- bromochlorobenzene chiefly. Justify. 3. A piece of silver wire is dipped in a solution of 10 -11 molar AgCl solution. To which ion or ions is this electrode reve Mon, 06 Aug 2007 07:43:49 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/230651/Quest-19992000-questions http://www.scribd.com/doc/197543/Some-mysteries-about-animals-and-plants 1 Do animals talk?............2 Do plants excrete?.........3 Do snakes have heart?...4 Do ants have any blood?5 What do animals see?....6 How large is an elephant’s heart?............7 Why do the eyes of a cat shine in dark?.................8 Why do birds chirp?......9 Do plants move?..........10 Can plants communicate? .....................................11 How do birds fly?........12 How can owls see at night?...........................13 Can plants grow in light other than sunlight?.....14 Do fishes breathe?.......15 Can plants eat?.............16 How does a fruit differ from a vegetable Tue, 17 Jul 2007 02:25:56 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/197543/Some-mysteries-about-animals-and-plants http://www.scribd.com/doc/123336/The-distribution-of-scientists-across-the-world To answer this question we must first seek answers to the following related questions. 1. Who really is a scientist? 2. What are the prerequisites that a society must fulfill to promote scientific temperament of its constituents? 3. Did science find a place in ancient Indian culture? 4. Where does a scientist stand in the ancient caste system of India? Here is my attempt to answer these questions. 1. A scientist is a person who is aware of the many phenomena that occur in nature. S/he also understands the various concepts that are used to explain natural phenomena. S/he is engaged to make obse Fri, 22 Jun 2007 07:38:13 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/123336/The-distribution-of-scientists-across-the-world http://www.scribd.com/doc/63895/How-Computers-Work HOW IT WORKS THE COMPUTER They have started invading our life. They are almost everywhere, offices; banks; railway stations; post offices; schools, colleges.... our homes! They are called the computers. Just as the inventions of the train and the motorcar revolutionized the way we travel from one place to another, computers have revolutionized the way we remember, write or communicate. Not only do they help us to draft a letter, a report, and a book but also send them, to anywhere from anywhere, without using any paper! They can even be used to share our thoughts, our emotions; our creations Thu, 17 May 2007 17:40:39 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/63895/How-Computers-Work http://www.scribd.com/doc/43283/Heart-matters Heart Matters HEART, in cinema, is often given, taken and even broken. What about it in science? Heart transplant, even though rare, is a distinct possibility and heart surgery often becomes a necessity. But the general knowledge of most people about heart matters is most often poor. A dangerous symptom, especially when heart diseases are becoming rather common. So, let’s learn something about heart, through the queries that we have received from our curious readers.      If heart is a pump, what is its horsepower? How many chambers does human heart contain and what are their Wed, 02 May 2007 18:29:25 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/43283/Heart-matters http://www.scribd.com/doc/35336/Tastes-and-smells TASTE and SMELL Taste and smell pep up our life. Indeed life without them would be like a curry without ‘masala’. It is therefore a common subject of many queries from youngsters. Our knowledge about them is much less definite than about colour or sound sensations. No wonder these topics are not covered in any science curriculum up to the undergraduate level. Let us then explore this subject: Basics: • Why our senses of taste become poor when we become sick. • When ever we smell any odorous substance does it reach the lung? • How do odors affect our body? • Why does the sensation Sun, 22 Apr 2007 03:00:28 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/35336/Tastes-and-smells http://www.scribd.com/doc/32909/Sensing-or-feeling Sense and Feelings Have you wondered? • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Do plants have senses like human beings? Why do we feel ticklish, and how does it make us laugh? What is pain? When a mosquito bites us why does that spot get inflamed and why do we feel the urge to scratch it? Why do astronauts feel 'weightlessness' in space? Why is it that one feels lighter in the swimming pool? How does our brain control the entire body and the senses? Why do we feel a 'current' at our elbow if it strikes a hard object? Why we sometimes feel irritation in our body? Why do we fe Tue, 17 Apr 2007 03:39:31 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/32909/Sensing-or-feeling http://www.scribd.com/doc/30314/Of-drugs-and-diseases DISEASE AND DRUGS RAKESH MOHAN HALLEN DURING the course of life it can happen to anyone anyday. Early in the morning, you feel uneasy, fatigued, your body feels warmer. You suffer a disease. You may wonder, how it can it happen to you, when you eat the best possible food money can buy and have all the amenities. Affluence may guarantee against suffering from hunger, but not from disease. We all suffer one disease or other during the course of our life. While some diseases like fevers, colds and headaches are very common other diseases like AIDS or cancer although much rarer affect us indirectl Fri, 13 Apr 2007 02:51:28 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/30314/Of-drugs-and-diseases http://www.scribd.com/doc/27937/Bewildering-Brain BEWILDERING BRAIN Rakesh Mohan Hallen Believe it or not, the biggest challenge to the best brains in the world today is to understand and emulate the brain. It is the center of perception whether of the universe or the self. No wonder we strive to understand it. Our efforts have yielded some results. How far we understand it today is reflected in the following queries. The Organ • What is brain? • How does our brain control the entire body? • What is the weight of a human brain? • How does the human brain function? • How does a neuron work in the nervous system, electrically or chemi Wed, 11 Apr 2007 08:36:23 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/27937/Bewildering-Brain http://www.scribd.com/doc/26890/Does-hot-water-freeze-faster-than-cold-water- ** Tue, 10 Apr 2007 08:19:54 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/26890/Does-hot-water-freeze-faster-than-cold-water- http://www.scribd.com/doc/26140/Are-you-curious Are You Curious? Rakesh Mohan Hallen This is the tenth article in this regular feature. High time that the queries you have sent in response to our appeals --at the end of each article -- find their rightful place. We have chosen only those questions which relate to topics covered in the previous nine articles. Questions related to other topics will hopefully find a place in future installments of this column. Mystery of Colours • How does a hologram reflect different colours when viewed from different angles? Bhawana Goel, Rourkela • Can we explain the origin colours by saying that electr Sun, 08 Apr 2007 17:58:02 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/26140/Are-you-curious http://www.scribd.com/doc/26017/Some-FAQs-about-earthquakes EARTHQUAKES Earthquakes shake us up not only physically, but also mentally or psychologically. It is a bit strange that while most of us live in highly seismically susceptible areas, school students seldom learn anything about earthquakes in their curriculum. The recent earthquakes in Kashmir and Bhuj has indeed shaken up all of us. Many people are curious about earthquakes and their effects. So here are a few common questions regarding the earthquakes and their possible answers. Genesis of a Quake • What is the cause of an earthquake? • Can human activity like building up of dams be the c Sun, 08 Apr 2007 06:39:37 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/26017/Some-FAQs-about-earthquakes http://www.scribd.com/doc/24265/Answering-questions-of-kids *** Wed, 04 Apr 2007 07:59:24 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/24265/Answering-questions-of-kids http://www.scribd.com/doc/22854/Air-Atmosphere-and-Airplanes Air Atmosphere and Airplanes Aviation or communication; Power generation or energy transport; life support or nutrition; meteorology or manufacturing; housing or oceanography almost all fields of modern technology require a knowledge of air. Indeed understanding air is crucial for survival and we all understand it instinctively, but still very many questions often haunt us, for example: • • • • • • • • How does the air in the tyres of the wheels help us to ride a two-wheeler? Why does the ink from a fountain pen spill out when it is carried in an aeroplane? How come it is said Mon, 02 Apr 2007 04:40:03 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/22854/Air-Atmosphere-and-Airplanes http://www.scribd.com/doc/21051/Metals-and-magnets Metals and Magnets Metals and magnets used to make many common modern machines often fulfill very rigid specifications. These specifications often relate to their ability to be molded into desired shape; electrical conductivity or magnetic susceptibility. Thanks to the research efforts of millions of scientists during the past century. Today very often we have a choice in selecting such materials. Metals and magnets abound everywhere around us. They are the essential constituents of modern civilization. No wonder, every science student is required know about them, but still as usual several do Thu, 29 Mar 2007 02:54:03 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/21051/Metals-and-magnets http://www.scribd.com/doc/20674/Prodigious-plants Plants Plants are indeed astounding. They not only feed us and are crucial for water cycle but also provide material for our attire, shelter, fuel, and written communication. They also take care of our cosmetic needs. Whenever we suffer from a disease they can come to our rescue. Aren’t they really prodigious. But unfortunately, like our usual self we hardly understand them and often are confounded with many doubts. Let’s face some of them. Plants and Light: • • • • • • • • • • • Why are most of the plants green in color? Why is the upper surface of a leaf greener tha Wed, 28 Mar 2007 17:28:38 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/20674/Prodigious-plants http://www.scribd.com/doc/18166/The-grip-of-gravity Gravity Grips Motion is the most common natural phenomenon. What moves a stationary object or stops a moving one has always puzzled an inquiring mind. So, a few centuries ago when it was claimed that a concept "force" can explain all kinds of motion, it was heralded as a revolution in scientific thought. Soon a law of physics was established (Newton’s First law of motion), which states that a body can be moved or stopped only by a force. The force which explains the observed motion of the Sun, the planets and the stars or the spontaneous motion of object on Earth was named gravity or "gravit Sun, 25 Mar 2007 17:49:06 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/18166/The-grip-of-gravity http://www.scribd.com/doc/17705/NCommunication-a-science-fiction Communication Rakesh Mohan Hallen Professor Ayushmaan was dozing. He was attending the plenary session of “Indian National Science Congress 2052” being held at the Indian Institute of Science and Technology, Gangtok. He was a disenchanted senior scientist. People sitting close, were all his old acquaintances. They were familiar with his old habit, they just smiled. Ayushmaan was very skeptical by nature, almost cynical. His personal experience had led him to his firm belief that nothing significant is reported in such conferences. Suddenly, there was a loud applause that woke up Ayushmaan; Sun, 25 Mar 2007 04:02:00 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/17705/NCommunication-a-science-fiction http://www.scribd.com/doc/17561/Messages-through-Ages Messages through Ages Breathing, drinking and eating is not all that is necessary to live; we need to know and tell as well. We need to tell people around when we are in danger or pain. When we hear somebody shouting or crying we know she/he needs help. We talk to people around; see or show; read or write; hear or speak; send or receive letters, almost everyday. It is all to tell or to know. Without them we would be extremely lonely. Today, we have paper and pen; books, encyclopedias, magazines, newspapers and public libraries; post offices; transistor radio, television sets, portable sound or Sat, 24 Mar 2007 18:55:18 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/17561/Messages-through-Ages http://www.scribd.com/doc/16634/A-model-chapter-on-water-for-a-textbook-of-science WATER Suppose you have just finished playing a football match. You find a packet of sweets, a packet of biscuits and a glass of water kept on a table. Which item would you rush to take first? Would it not be water? Water is essential for all living things. Apart from drinking, we use water for many purposes. We need it for bathing, washing our clothes, cooking and cleaning of utensils. We also use water for so many other every day activities (Fig. 15.1). Fig. 15.1 A collage of pictures showing various uses of water 15.1 How much water do we use? Can you imagine your life without water? Do you Fri, 23 Mar 2007 04:03:40 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/16634/A-model-chapter-on-water-for-a-textbook-of-science http://www.scribd.com/doc/13660/Illusion-regarding-rotating-wheels EXPLAINING AN ILLUSION Rakesh Mohan Hallen “Seeing is believing” is an old proverb. After all what can you believe in, if you can’t believe even what you yourself have seen? Nevertheless, we often encounter situations when we really can’t believe what our eyes see. For example, a large number of people often seek an explanation regarding perception of rotating wheels and fans rotation. Some are curious to know why do the blades of a table-fan kept in a room lit with a tube-light, some times appear to be rotating in counter-clockwise direction while others have observed that sometimes a Sat, 17 Mar 2007 15:14:48 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/13660/Illusion-regarding-rotating-wheels http://www.scribd.com/doc/12218/A-physics-quiz-for-intelligent-undergraduates QUEST 2006-2007 PHYSICS Name of the College…………………………………………………………………… Write your answers in the boxes provided. 1. Two light bulbs rated for 110V, 100W each are connected in series and plugged into a 220V socket. The total power consumed by them is A. 200W B. 177W C.100W D. 50W 2. Two springs, each of spring constant k, are connected together in series. The effective spring constant of the pair is A. 2k B. k C. k/2 D. none of the preceding 3. One kg of melting ice and one kg of boiling water are mixed together. The final temperature is A. 10 Thu, 15 Mar 2007 06:43:09 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/12218/A-physics-quiz-for-intelligent-undergraduates http://www.scribd.com/doc/12026/Light-and-Lightening Light and Lightening Light can be delight as well as fright. Any occasion of celebration, be it Deepawali, Christmas, or the Guru Nanak’s birthday calls for illumination. But on a dark night the light flashes in the sky have frightened mankind from time immemorial. Light is not only an essential ingredient of our visual perception but also the source of energy for our survival. To imagine the world without it is almost impossible. To understand its various facets requires deep thought and re- education. Let’s try! Light a Concept: • • • • What is light? What is the state of light, Thu, 15 Mar 2007 02:50:09 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/12026/Light-and-Lightening http://www.scribd.com/doc/11604/CSEC-University-of-Delhi Centre for Science Education and Communication Set up to serve as an “ institution in which studies can be carried out by teachers and students of the University and other interested individuals, for the generation of ideas and materials for the improvement of science education at University and School levels and for promotion of a wider interest in science and scientific issues through all means of communication.” *CSEC …    Formally set up 1989 Activities started from 1986 Fellows and Visiting Fellows envisaged in the University Ordinances, but … *CSEC:“an NGO within th Wed, 14 Mar 2007 10:43:32 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/11604/CSEC-University-of-Delhi http://www.scribd.com/doc/11017/Understanding-sounds Sound “WHAT comes with a carriage and goes with a carriage is of no use to the carriage and yet the carriage cannot move without it.” Interesting, isn’t it? But for the title of this article you probably would have faced some difficulty to solve this riddle. Sounds pervade our lives so intensely that if we ever get into a really silent place, we cannot bear the silence, and immediately make some sounds ourselves. We all know that sounds are made up of vibrations, but • Why is it that we can see the lightning before its sound is heard? • When we strike a hammer with other hammer or th Tue, 13 Mar 2007 16:56:36 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/11017/Understanding-sounds http://www.scribd.com/doc/9833/Your-Food-and-your-health Food and Health Vol. 4 What is tofu?..................................................................................2 What is fermented food?...............................................................3 What is a vegetarian egg?..............................................................4 What is AIDS?...............................................................................4 What are viruses?..........................................................................6 What is green tea?.........................................................................7 What is First Aid?..... Mon, 12 Mar 2007 08:08:03 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/9833/Your-Food-and-your-health http://www.scribd.com/doc/9824/Computers-for-kids Computers Vol. 4 What is bioinformatics?.................................................................2 What is Flash memory? ................................................................3 What is a gateway?........................................................................4 What are supercomputers?............................................................5 Can I make a website?...................................................................6 What is OCR?................................................................................7 What is speech recognition?................ Mon, 12 Mar 2007 07:57:38 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/9824/Computers-for-kids http://www.scribd.com/doc/2463/Curious-about-Nails-and-Hairs HAIRS AND NAILS Rakesh Mohan Hallen Although a regular visit to a hairdresser for a haircut or shave is normally limited to men only, all of us regardless of our sex need to trim our nails regularly. But isn’t it surprising that although hairs and nails are parts of our body we never feel any pain while cutting them. What are they made up of? How do they grow? These are but natural questions from any curious person and indeed we do have with us a large number of queries from our readers regarding hairs and nails. Here are some of them. • • • • Is hair a live or dead tissue? Why is it Thu, 01 Mar 2007 17:18:54 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2463/Curious-about-Nails-and-Hairs http://www.scribd.com/doc/2232/Enigmatic-Electricity Electricity an Enigma Electricity is an enigma. It can power motors, cook meals, produce moving pictures on a TV screen, wake us up in the morning or calculate the cube root of 1.8704 to the eighth place of decimal. Using it, one can not only to talk to a person several thousand kilometers away but also control rockets on a mission to a distant planet. It is produced not only from a electric power station using the energy from a water fall or coal or a nuclear reaction, but also by just rubbing a comb on your dry hairs or inserting two metallic wires into a lemon. It is responsible for all our Mon, 26 Feb 2007 04:46:15 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2232/Enigmatic-Electricity http://www.scribd.com/doc/2187/Chemistry-and-medicines Chemicals in medicines The words ‘medicine’ and 'drug' are often used in our country to mean the same substances: any substance, manufactured artificially, which can help recovery from sickness, relieve symptoms or modify a natural process in the body. A medicine is often a mixture of several chemical compounds. Even if it has only one active component compound often other substances are used as fillers or binders to give it bulk. Chemistry, the science related to chemical substances, provides us the tools to make and study the substances that are the constituents of almost all medicines. Sat, 24 Feb 2007 19:21:44 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2187/Chemistry-and-medicines http://www.scribd.com/doc/2182/The-Blood-of-others Blood Of Others BLOOD is invariably an emotive issue. Sight of blood is often linked to danger, as excessive bleeding can indeed lead to death. But in the accident and disease prone society we live in, it is unfortunate that awareness about blood is most often inadequate. The information transacted during normal curricular education is seldom sufficient. For example, do you know: • • • • • • • • • • What is the difference between animal and human blood? What happens to blood when a person dies? Why is the blood red? Why is blood thicker than water? In our blood we have both Fri, 23 Feb 2007 09:02:09 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2182/The-Blood-of-others http://www.scribd.com/doc/2153/Mysteries-surrounding-colours The mystery of colours COLOUR is often a paradox. An apparently colourless light falling on a colourless water drop can give rise to a rainbow of colours, or one may see colours even when there is no object in view. What, then, is colour? Where does it exist, in the light or in the object? Colour is a sensory perception , caused by the interaction of light with our visual perception apparatus (eyes and brain). One may wonder, how the hues all around us originate. The answer lies in the study of the physical nature of light, its interaction with matter and the physiological as well as psycholo Wed, 21 Feb 2007 07:10:30 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2153/Mysteries-surrounding-colours http://www.scribd.com/doc/2050/Curious-About-Water Water IN its very deceptive ORDINARINESS, water is exceptionally extraordinary. It is almost everywhere – in air; clouds; oceans; lakes; rivers; springs or glaciers. In the five-kilometer layer below the sea level on Earth, water is nearly six times as abundant as all other substances put together. Not only has it been the cause of rise and fall of great civilizations, it has also been one of the agents responsible for shaping and reshaping the face of Earth. Falling as rain or flowing in rivers, it levels mighty mountains, creates broad valleys or steep canyons by weathering the hardest roc Mon, 19 Feb 2007 13:30:36 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2050/Curious-About-Water http://www.scribd.com/doc/2049/A-science-quiz-for-intelligent-science-students QUEST 2003-2004: BIOLOGY............................................................................................................................................................................1 CHEMISTRY.......................................................................................................................................................................3 PHYSICS............................................................................................................................................................................7 BIOLOGY 1. The formation of bacterial end Mon, 19 Feb 2007 09:02:51 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2049/A-science-quiz-for-intelligent-science-students http://www.scribd.com/doc/2045/Get-to-know-heat Hot or Cold Heat is relative! The ice in a refrigerator is hotter than the ice on the Everest, which in turn is hotter than ice in Antarctica -- the coldest place on earth. The ice at Antarctica is hotter than liquid nitrogen, which is hotter than liquid helium! A lighted match that is hot enough to burn your finger would not provide much heat in a cold room. On the other hand a large vat of hot water -- which although is much cooler than the match -would do a better job of heating the same room. Heat is a form of energy, with which every human being is familiar, wherever he/she may be. The cl Mon, 19 Feb 2007 04:12:37 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2045/Get-to-know-heat http://www.scribd.com/doc/2003/Clouds Exploring the Clouds Clouds can bring relief or misery. At peak summer time one longs to see clouds and when they arrive it is a great time to lie back and look at the sky. But did you ever wonder: How many different kinds of clouds are there? Or, When do clouds mean that there is rain coming? Exploring clouds can be indeed wonderful. All you need is some help and  guidance. To begin with let us first refresh all that we know about clouds.  Clouds are nature's "sky" signs. It is possible to read clouds like a road  map and know what to expect in t Sat, 17 Feb 2007 09:36:54 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/2003/Clouds http://www.scribd.com/doc/1844/Questions-related-to-Concepts-in-Physics-Chemistry-and-Biology Team Prizes Amount Amount per per team participant 250 250 250 250 350 300 750 1000 1250 1000 1000 1000 1000 1400 1200 3000 4000 5000 Name of College All SVC ANDC, SVC SVC Particpation Prize Ist in Written Ist in Interactive Ist in Paper Reading Finalist Consolation Third Second First MH SSC ANDC SVC ***Two optically active alkenes, B and C, have the same molecular formula, C5H9Cl. After addition of one mole of H2 to each, B is converted to D (achiral), and C forms E (optically active). Give the *Siemers and Schitznler, studied sequences of echolocation signals from five sympatric, conge Mon, 12 Feb 2007 10:53:15 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1844/Questions-related-to-Concepts-in-Physics-Chemistry-and-Biology http://www.scribd.com/doc/1841/Problem-round-of-Quest-2007-finals **A thick plank is placed on a log of semicircular cross section. What is the thickest plank such that it has stable oscillations on the log? *The specific rotation of a pure enantiomer is +12°. (i) What will be its observed rotation if it is isolated from a reaction with (a) 20% racemization and 80% retention, *A multiple allelic series is known with seven alleles. How many kinds of matings are possible? Explain *A cube of side 10 cm is held in sunlight so that the shadow on a screen placed normal to the sun's rays is a regular hexagon. What is the area of the hexagon? *Phenols and P2S5 Mon, 12 Feb 2007 09:41:02 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1841/Problem-round-of-Quest-2007-finals http://www.scribd.com/doc/1836/Some-Challenging-questions-related-to-concepts-and-problems-in-biology NUMERICALS BIOLOGY from Sudeshna A. Compound A is one of a series that were designed to be potent inhibitor of HIV protease. It was tested by two assays: (1) direct inhibition of HIV protease in vitro and (2) inhibition of viral RNA production in HIV infected cells, a measure of viral replication. The results of these assays are shown here. The HIV protease activity is measured with a substrate peptide present at a concentration equal to its KM value. Compound A (nM) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 10 100 Compound A (nM) 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10 50 HIV protease activity(arbitrary units) 11.2 9.9 7.4 Mon, 12 Feb 2007 09:17:07 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1836/Some-Challenging-questions-related-to-concepts-and-problems-in-biology http://www.scribd.com/doc/1768/Some-stories-about-popular-inventions-and-discoveries Inventions and Discoveries Electromagnetic waves..................................................................3 The Wireless..................................................................................5 Television.....................................................................................12 Camera.........................................................................................15 Electricity....................................................................................17 Blood groups...............................................................................19 Sun, 11 Feb 2007 08:40:55 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1768/Some-stories-about-popular-inventions-and-discoveries http://www.scribd.com/doc/1615/Why-is-it-colder-on-the-mountains Why is it colder up on the mountains? As we move towards a fire we feel warmer, but high up on the mountains it is freezing cold although as we climb up a mountain we are in fact getting closer to the Sun. The temperature on the Everest summit is always below zero degrees centigrade, even though it is about 29,000 feet closer to the big “fireball” -- the Sun. Why this paradox? Let’s look at it carefully and ask ourselves a few questions. What is a fire and why do we feel warmer as we get closer to one? Is Sun really a “fireball”? A fire is produced by burning. The fires we often com Thu, 08 Feb 2007 19:11:03 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1615/Why-is-it-colder-on-the-mountains http://www.scribd.com/doc/1614/The-riddle-called-energy The riddle called energy Energy is the basic necessity for life. But for energy no form of life would have ever emerged. We all know energy for providing us light and comfort. It can help us to cool down during summers and feel warm during winters. It also helps us to go from one place to another. All automobiles need energy to run; but even otherwise all other means of transport need energy. But even though we use it every moment of our life and learn about it at school it often remains a riddle for many all through the life. Do you know, whether energy is a gas, liquid or a solid? What is th Thu, 08 Feb 2007 18:58:34 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1614/The-riddle-called-energy http://www.scribd.com/doc/1591/Biological-Clocks What is a biological clock? A biological rhythm is a biological event or function that is repeated through time in the same order and with the same interval. This could be the sleepwake cycle - most organisms are asleep and awake for a certain time each day, and the pattern of sleep-wake is repeated day after day forming a rhythm. Most organisms also show a body temperature rhythm, where their core temperature fluctuates over a 24 hour period and this fluctuation is repeated day after day. Biological Clocks then are physiological systems that enable organisms to live in harmony with the rhythm Wed, 07 Feb 2007 09:16:21 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1591/Biological-Clocks http://www.scribd.com/doc/1572/Perception-of-Color COLOUR PERCEPTION by ACHARYA NARENDRA DEV COLLEGE *WHAT IS COLOUR? “Colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding to the spectrum of light interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors.” *VISIBLE PART OF THE E.M. SPECTRUM color red orange yellow green cyan blue violet wavelength interval ~ 625–740 nm ~ 590–625 nm ~ 565–590 nm ~ 500–565 nm ~ 485–500 nm ~ 440–485 nm ~ 380–440 nm frequency interval ~ 480–405 THz ~ 510–480 THz ~ 530–510 THz ~ 600–530 THz ~ 620–600 THz ~ 680–620 THz ~ 790–680 THz *SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF Tue, 06 Feb 2007 13:12:18 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1572/Perception-of-Color http://www.scribd.com/doc/1217/The-atomic-facts About the Atom Atomos is a Greek word, which means something that cannot be divided further. The familiar English word ‘atom’ indeed originated from this Greek word. It has been in vogue for at least past two centuries. A very large number of phenomena, which form the backbone of this column, can only be explained using this word. No wonder many of our readers are very curious to have some more details about atoms. Some of their queries are as follows: What is an atom? • Atoms are not visible even under the electron microscope, then how do scientists see them? • Why is every orbit of an atom a Wed, 17 Jan 2007 12:03:18 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1217/The-atomic-facts http://www.scribd.com/doc/1115/Energy-for-Kids Energy for kids Gravity: The Concept of Newton............................................................................9 Atom, Electron and Molecule................................................................................15 HEAT and SOUND...............................................................................................24 ELECTRICITY and LIGHT.................................................................................31 W elcome aboard, ladies and gentlemen, for a unique adventure of mind, a guided tour in the world of science. In this tour we shall visit the conc Mon, 08 Jan 2007 13:04:32 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1115/Energy-for-Kids http://www.scribd.com/doc/1113/Thinking-about-sizes-and-shapes Size 'n Shape Spheres; squares, cylinders, circles or cubes big or small abound around us. While lemons, oranges, or balls are all spheres, tunnels or tree trunks are almost cylindrical in shape, one may indeed wonder why lemons or bubbles are never cuboid. Why a water drop which is almost spherical in shape can never be melon sized. Why there is no fruit which has a shape of a tetrahedron? Why a salt crystal cannot grow to be spherical in shape while all planets appear to be spherical? Many of our readers have indeed wondered along these lines and sent us queries, for example, some of them w Mon, 08 Jan 2007 12:41:00 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1113/Thinking-about-sizes-and-shapes http://www.scribd.com/doc/1028/Radio-and-Television Radio and Television A few decades ago, it would have been pure wishful thinking for an ordinary citizen to see or listen to the rulers of the country. Any new pronouncements of the government would have taken considerable time to reach the man in the streets. But today, ask a beggar in any city of India whether he has seen the face of the Indian Prime Minister or if s/he can he recognize his voice, the chances are grossly in favor of an affirmative reply. TV and radio have invaded the life of almost everybody, but they still remain the magic box for most of us. Most often we do not understan Wed, 03 Jan 2007 12:26:43 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1028/Radio-and-Television http://www.scribd.com/doc/1025/Journey-from-Electrons-to-Quarks Subatomic Particles: from Electrons to Quarks Electrons • Can an electron reverse its spin from +1/2 to -1/2 or vice versa? • Why is a magnetic field created by the flow of electrons? • How was an electron born? Why does it move around the nucleus? • Is an electron divisible into other particles? • From where do the electrons get the energy to revolve around the nucleus? • How is it possible that though the drift velocity of the electron is 0.1cm/s to 1cm/s when the light is switched on the bulb starts glowing immediately. • Is there any way to distinguish between two electrons n Wed, 03 Jan 2007 07:25:54 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1025/Journey-from-Electrons-to-Quarks http://www.scribd.com/doc/1016/Life-from-Birth-to-Death Life : Birth to Death Rakesh Mohan Hallen LIFE is diverse. Its range spans from an algae, which may be so small that you cannot see it but under a microscope to a human being who can, besides reproducing and metabolizing also think and contemplate the nature of life. In between are sponges that cling to rocks; insects that can glow; birds that fly high up in sky, plant which apparently cannot move; reptiles that creep and can lay dormant for long periods without showing any sign of life, fishes that can swim deep down an ocean and a plethora of other living forms. But there are manifestations Tue, 02 Jan 2007 12:05:28 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/1016/Life-from-Birth-to-Death