http://www.scribd.com/people/view/97389-strikenote This a feed for documents on Scribd written by Strikenote 30 Fri, 12 Oct 2007 09:25:40 GMT Fri, 12 Oct 2007 09:25:40 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/391851/Survey-of-Practices-in-Safety-Nets EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL SPIN: Survey of Practices in Safety Nets Summary Report Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.01 14/02/05 Released Issue General Public EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME *SPIN: Survey of Practices in Safety Nets Summary Report DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE SPIN: Survey of Practices in Safety Nets Summary Report EATMP Infocentre Reference: Document Identifier Abstract 05/02/14-01 Edition Number: 1.01 Edition Date: 14/02/05 This report provides an overview of the SPIN: Survey of Practices in Fri, 12 Oct 2007 09:25:40 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/391851/Survey-of-Practices-in-Safety-Nets http://www.scribd.com/doc/390171/TM-Leaflet Team Resource Management With world aviation experts estimating that each air traffic controller makes ten errors every hour, there are literally hundreds of errors per day but very few incidents per week, month or even per year. Millions of errors are therefore made before an incident or accident occurs. Then the question arises – is suppressing millions of errors feasible? The answer is obviously no. What we must learn to do is decrease the likelihood of errors occurring or decrease the seriousness of their outcomes To this end a new course for controllers called Team Resource Management ( Thu, 11 Oct 2007 12:04:12 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390171/TM-Leaflet http://www.scribd.com/doc/390145/Airbus-BN-Birdstrike-Threat-Awareness Flight Operations Briefing Notes Operating Environment Birdstrike Threat Awareness Flight Operation Briefing Notes Operating Environment Birdstrike Threat Awareness I Introduction In-service experience shows that birdstrike events are common. Pilots may expect to encounter from two to five birdstrikes during their career. II Statistics The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), reported over 33000 birdstrikes to civil aircraft between 1990 and 2000. Different parts of the world have different levels of exposure to the risk of birdstrike, as shown in Figure 1. (Source: ICAO) Figure 1 Bi Thu, 11 Oct 2007 11:41:49 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390145/Airbus-BN-Birdstrike-Threat-Awareness http://www.scribd.com/doc/390144/Airbus-BN-Visual-Illusion-Awareness Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance Visual Illusions Awareness Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance Visual Illusions Awareness I Introduction Visual illusions take place when conditions modify the environment relative to his / her expectations. the pilot’s perception of Visual illusions may result in landing short of the runway, hard landing or runway overrun, but may also cause spatial disorientation and loss of control. This Flight Operations Briefing Note provides an overview of: • • • Factors and conditions that may cause visual illusions; How visu Thu, 11 Oct 2007 11:41:32 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390144/Airbus-BN-Visual-Illusion-Awareness http://www.scribd.com/doc/390143/Airbus-BN-Managing-Interruptions-Distractions Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance Managing Interruptions and Distractions Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance Managing Interruptions and Distractions I Introduction Interruptions and distractions are the main threat facing flight crews. Note : A threat is a condition that affects or complicates the performance of a task or the compliance with applicable standards. Threats are conditions, created by the operating environment, that may induce errors ( e.g., omissions, inadvertent actions, … ). The omission of an action or an inappropriate action is the most Thu, 11 Oct 2007 11:41:13 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390143/Airbus-BN-Managing-Interruptions-Distractions http://www.scribd.com/doc/390142/Airbus-BN-Human-Factors-Aspects-in-Incidents-Accidents Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance Human Factors Aspects in Incidents / Accidents Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance Human Factors Aspects in Incidents / Accidents I Introduction This Flight Operations Briefing Note provides a summary of human factors issues identified in incidents and accidents. This summary may be used either to assess : • • The company exposure and develop corresponding prevention strategies; or, The reader’s individual lines-of-defense. exposure and develop corresponding personal Ultimately, human factors are involved in all incid Thu, 11 Oct 2007 11:41:08 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390142/Airbus-BN-Human-Factors-Aspects-in-Incidents-Accidents http://www.scribd.com/doc/390141/Airbus-BN-Error-Management Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance Error Management Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance Error Management I Introduction With the achieved high reliability of modern aircraft systems, human performance has become a key focus area for flight safety. Various types of human error are often quoted as contributing factors to incidents and accidents. Safety officers at airlines observe human errors and even violations when they monitor the safety performance of their airline through safety reports and Flight Data Monitoring. Information or training alone cannot immu Thu, 11 Oct 2007 11:41:04 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390141/Airbus-BN-Error-Management http://www.scribd.com/doc/390140/Airbus-BN-Enhancing-Situational-Awareness Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance Enhancing Situational Awareness Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance Enhancing Situational Awareness I Introduction This Flight Operations Briefing Note presents a definition of situational awareness. It explains the complex process of gaining and maintaining situational awareness, focuses on how it may be lost and proposes prevention and recovery strategies. This briefing note is intended to help the reader gain and maintain situational awareness, to prevent falling into the traps associated with the loss of situational awar Thu, 11 Oct 2007 11:40:51 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390140/Airbus-BN-Enhancing-Situational-Awareness http://www.scribd.com/doc/390138/Airbus-BN-Effective-Pilot-Controller-Communication Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance Effective Pilot / Controller Communications Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance Effective Pilot / Controller Communications I Introduction Until controller / pilot data link communication ( CPDLC ) comes into widespread use, air traffic control ( ATC ) will depend upon voice communications that are affected by various factors. Operators and Air Traffic Management providers, like pilots and controllers, are close partners in terms of “productivity” ( i.e., for enhancing the airport / airspace flow capacity ); operators an Thu, 11 Oct 2007 11:40:45 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390138/Airbus-BN-Effective-Pilot-Controller-Communication http://www.scribd.com/doc/390137/Airbus-BN-CRM-Aspects-in-Incidents-Accidents Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance CRM Aspects in Incidents / Accidents Flight Operations Briefing Notes Human Performance CRM Aspects in Incidents / Accidents I Introduction Overall, incidents and accidents involve the entire range of CRM and Human Factors aspects. In incident and accident reports, the flight crew’s contribution often is considered to be just what the flight crew did or did not do. The following discussion is a focused but limited overview of the broad CRM subject. CRM concepts and techniques enhance effective cross monitoring and backup by each crewmemb Thu, 11 Oct 2007 11:40:36 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390137/Airbus-BN-CRM-Aspects-in-Incidents-Accidents http://www.scribd.com/doc/390136/Airbus-BN-Refueling-with-Passengers-on-Board Flight Operations Briefing Notes Ground Handling Refueling with Passengers on Board Flight Operations Briefing Notes Ground Handling Refueling with Passengers On Board I Introduction Refueling operations can be hazardous and, therefore, require the constant attention of all personnel involved. Fortunately, in commercial aviation, accidents associated with refueling operations rarely occur. However, the absence of accidents should not result in complacency, because refueling incidents, such as fuel spillage, frequently occur. Teamwork is essential to accident prevention, particularly during Thu, 11 Oct 2007 11:40:32 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390136/Airbus-BN-Refueling-with-Passengers-on-Board http://www.scribd.com/doc/390135/Airbus-BN-Enhancing-Terrain-Awareness Flight Operations Briefing Notes Operating Environment Enhancing Terrain Awareness Flight Operations Briefing Notes Operating Environment Enhancing Terrain Awareness I Introduction Terrain awareness is defined as the combined awareness of: • • • • • Aircraft position Aircraft altitude Applicable minimum safe altitude (MSA) Terrain location and features Other threats, such as man-made obstacles. When and how to build and maintain terrain awareness? This Flight Operations Briefing Note provides a set of operational recommendations and training guidelines to establish and maintain Thu, 11 Oct 2007 11:40:29 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390135/Airbus-BN-Enhancing-Terrain-Awareness http://www.scribd.com/doc/390057/Descent-Approach-Profile-Management Flight Operations Briefing Notes Descent Management Descent and Approach Profile Management Flight Operations Briefing Notes Descent Management Descent and Approach Profile Management I Introduction Inadequate management of descent-and-approach management of aircraft energy level may lead to: • • Loss of vertical situational awareness; and/or, Rushed and unstabilized approaches. profile and/or incorrect Either situation increases the risk of approach-and-landing accidents, including those involving CFIT. II Statistical Data Approximately 70 % of rushed and unstable approaches involv Thu, 11 Oct 2007 09:38:01 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390057/Descent-Approach-Profile-Management http://www.scribd.com/doc/390056/Crosswind-Landings Flight Operations Briefing Notes Landing Techniques Crosswind Landings Flight Operations Briefing Note Landing Techniques Crosswind Landings I Introduction Operations in crosswind conditions require strict adherence to applicable crosswind limitations or maximum recommended crosswind values, operational recommendations and handling techniques, particularly when operating on wet or contaminated runways. This Flight Operations Briefing Note provides an overview and discussion of operational factors involved in planning and conducting the approach and flare under crosswind conditions, particu Thu, 11 Oct 2007 09:37:58 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390056/Crosswind-Landings http://www.scribd.com/doc/390054/Bounce-Recovery-Rejected-Landing Flight Operations Briefing Notes Landing Techniques Bounce Recovery - Rejected Landing Flight Operations Briefing Notes Landing Techniques Bounce Recovery - Rejected Landing I Introduction A rejected landing (also referred to as an aborted landing) is defined as a go-around maneuver initiated after touchdown of the main landing gear or after bouncing. Although a rare occurrence, a rejected landing is a challenging maneuver decided and conducted in an unanticipated and unprepared manner. The objective of this Briefing Note is to define: • Applicable decision criteria for: − − • Full Thu, 11 Oct 2007 09:37:26 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390054/Bounce-Recovery-Rejected-Landing http://www.scribd.com/doc/390053/Aircraft-Emergency-Management-during-Approach Flight Operations Briefing Notes Approach Techniques Aircraft Energy Management during Approach Flight Operations Briefing Notes Approach Techniques Aircraft Energy Management during Approach I Introduction Inability to assess or manage the aircraft energy level during the approach often is cited as a causal factor in unstabilized approaches. Either a deficit of energy (being low and/or slow) or an excess of energy (being high and/or fast) may result in approach-and-landing accidents, such as: • • • • • • Loss of control; Landing short; Hard landing; Tail strike; Runway excursi Thu, 11 Oct 2007 09:37:20 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390053/Aircraft-Emergency-Management-during-Approach http://www.scribd.com/doc/390050/Flying-Stabilized-Approaches Flight Operations Briefing Notes Approach Techniques Flying Stabilized Approaches Flight Operations Briefing Notes Approach Techniques Flying Stabilized Approaches I Introduction Rushed and unstabilized approaches are the largest contributory factor in CFIT and other approach-and-landing accidents. Rushed approaches result in insufficient time for the flight crew to correctly: • • • Plan; Prepare; and, Execute a safe approach. This Flight Operations Briefing Note provides an overview and discussion of: • • Criteria defining a stabilized approach; and, Factors involved in rushed Thu, 11 Oct 2007 09:36:13 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/390050/Flying-Stabilized-Approaches http://www.scribd.com/doc/389997/HF35Situational-awareness EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This Document is issued as EATMP Method and Tool. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. The Development of Situation Awareness Measures in ATM Systems Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.0 27.06.2003 Released Issue EATMP Stakeholders EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME *The Development of Situation Awareness Measures in ATM Systems DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE The Development of Situation Awareness Measures in ATM Systems EA Thu, 11 Oct 2007 08:49:13 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/389997/HF35Situational-awareness http://www.scribd.com/doc/388109/AGG-Safety-Letter-2 AGG_SafetyLetter_A3 8/24/05 12:13 PM Page 1 AGC Safety Letter Event... (cont’d) ration was 3·4 NM. Minimum horizontal separation was in the region of 2·2 NM; vertical, initially zero, increased as the A320 descended. Meanwhile, the B737 continued to the west at FL 90 until the pilot transmitted “C/s with you again now we had a problem with the radio” On asking why the . B737 had left the frequency the pilot replied “Yes sir it’s a wrong input into the The A320 was out of radio contact for 4 minutes 5 seconds and the B737 was out of radio contact for 6 minutes 36 seconds. ■ Wed, 10 Oct 2007 08:27:26 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/388109/AGG-Safety-Letter-2 http://www.scribd.com/doc/388107/AGC-Top-Tips PILOTS 1 Frequency changes should be kept separate from other instructions TOP5TIPS 2 Avoid issuing more than two instructions in one transmission 3 If it is urgent – sound urgent 4 Avoid distractions – especially the telephone 5 If you are unsure, always check Part off the Air Ground communication (AGC) Safety Improvement Initiative supported by: PILOTS CONTROLLERS CONTROLLERS TOP5TIPS 1 Do not read back a clearance as a question 2 Check R/T if there is a prolonged 3 When reading back a conditional 4 Set the clearance given, not the clearance expected break in activity on the Wed, 10 Oct 2007 08:26:30 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/388107/AGC-Top-Tips http://www.scribd.com/doc/388106/AGC-Safety-Letter-5 AGC N°5 Safety Letter FOREWORD By Tzvetomir Blajev - Coordinator Safety Improvement Initiatives hazardous situations. Well known issues such as Runway Incursions, Level Bust, and Call-sign Confusion all suffer from the same basic Controller - Pilot communication issues. The action plan also addresses undetected simultaneous It can be tailored to the needs of the organisation, and It gives both airlines and ATS trainers a range of training options ALLCLEAR? Will be officially launched at a workshop to be held at EUROCONTROL, Brussels, on 16th October 2007 - further details are available on th Wed, 10 Oct 2007 08:26:12 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/388106/AGC-Safety-Letter-5 http://www.scribd.com/doc/388105/AGC-Safety-Letter-3 AGC Safety Letter N°3 Safety Letter Air-Ground Communications AGC The introduction of 8.33 kHz radios has, in combination with other programmes such as RVSM, enabled us to increase the capacity of the ATM system. However, aircraft which are not 8.33 kHz-equipped are now creating new hazards which need to be addressed. In time, controller pilot data link communications (CPDLC) will supplement voice as the medium for communicating a large proportion of information, intentions, requests, and instructions between pilots and controllers, but voice communications will always have a role to play Wed, 10 Oct 2007 08:26:06 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/388105/AGC-Safety-Letter-3 http://www.scribd.com/doc/388104/AGC-Safety-Letter-1 AGC S a f e t y Le t t e r A i r - G r o u n d Co m m u n i c a t i o n s S a f e t y I m p r ove m e n t I n i t i a t i ve Foreword Erik Merckx Head of Safety Enhancement Business Division Directorate of ATM Programmes EUROCONTROL In 2003 the EUROCONTROL Safety Improvement Sub-Group (SISG) proposed Air-Ground Communication (AGC) Safety as a potential subject for a Safety Improvement Initiative. The AGC initiative has now been launched and will address communication issues identified in the Runway Incursion and Level Bust Safety Improvement Initiatives as well as other issues of concern su Wed, 10 Oct 2007 08:25:58 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/388104/AGC-Safety-Letter-1 http://www.scribd.com/doc/388103/All-Clear-Phraseology-Manual ICAO Standard Phraseology A Quick Reference Guide for Commercial Air Transport Pilots Communication error is the biggest causal factor in both level busts and runway incursions in Europe. This document aims to provide Commercial Air Transport (CAT) pilots and other pilots flying IFR within controlled airspace with a quick reference guide to commonly used radiotelephony (RTF) phrases that may be encountered during a routine CAT flight in European Airspace. ICAO Phraseology Reference Guide ALL CLEAR AGC safety initiative *Introduction Communication error is the biggest causal factor in both Wed, 10 Oct 2007 08:25:01 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/388103/All-Clear-Phraseology-Manual http://www.scribd.com/doc/378921/AGC-BN4-Blocked-Transmissions AGC 1. Introduction 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. A i r - G r o u n d Co m m u n i c a t i o n s B r i e f i n g N o t e 4 - B l o c ke d t ra n s m i s s i o n s With the steady growth of air traffic worldwide there is a corresponding increase in the incidence of blocked or simultaneous transmissions. These frequently result in dangerous situations developing, especially when they go undetected. Simultaneous transmission by two stations results in one of the two (or both) transmissions being blocked and unheard by the other stations (or being heard as a buzzing sound or as a squeal). Radio interfere Tue, 09 Oct 2007 09:05:44 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/378921/AGC-BN4-Blocked-Transmissions http://www.scribd.com/doc/378920/AGC-BN3-Loss-of-Communication AGC 1. Introduction 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. A i r - G r o u n d Co m m u n i c a t i o n s B r i e f i n g N o t e 3 - L o s s o f co m m u n i c a t i o n Loss of communication incidents usually result from one of three main causes: (a) radio interference; (b) frequency change; or, (c) communication equipment problems. Pilot workload, frequency congestion, similar call sign and language problems are also factors in some cases. Loss of communication may be brief (e.g. when the pilot de-selects the radio to make a PA call, not realising that the other pilot is not monitoring the frequency), Tue, 09 Oct 2007 09:05:39 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/378920/AGC-BN3-Loss-of-Communication http://www.scribd.com/doc/378919/AGC-BN2-Call-sign-Confusion AGC 1. Introduction 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. A i r - G r o u n d Co m m u n i c a t i o n s B r i e f i n g N o t e 2 - C a l l s i g n co n f u s i o n The use of similar call signs by aircraft operating in the same area on the same RTF frequency often gives rise to potential and actual flight safety incidents. This hazard is usually referred to as “call sign confusion” . The danger of an aircraft taking and acting on a clearance intended for another is obvious. The following are some of the potential outcomes of such a situation: (a) the aircraft takes up a heading or routing intended for anoth Tue, 09 Oct 2007 09:05:34 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/378919/AGC-BN2-Call-sign-Confusion http://www.scribd.com/doc/378917/AGC-BN1-General AGC 1. Introduction 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. A i r - G r o u n d Co m m u n i c a t i o n s B r i e f i n g N o t e 1 - G e n e ra l Until datalink communication comes into widespread use, air traffic control (ATC) will depend primarily upon voice communications, which are affected by various factors. Communications problems can result in hazardous situations and have been significant direct or indirect factors in a number of aircraft accidents and incidents. Aircraft operators and Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs) cooperate closely to achieve high productivity (e.g. optimising traffic fl Tue, 09 Oct 2007 09:05:23 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/378917/AGC-BN1-General http://www.scribd.com/doc/378916/AGC-BN5-Radio-Discipline AGC 1. Introduction 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. A i r - G r o u n d Co m m u n i c a t i o n s B r i e f i n g N o t e 5- Radio discipline Communication between pilots and air traffic controllers is a process that is vital to the safe and efficient control of air traffic. Pilots must report their situation, intentions and requests to the controller in a clear and unambiguous way; and the controller must respond by issuing instructions that are equally clear and unambiguous. Although data link communication has reached an advanced stage of development, verbal communication is likely to remain the pr Tue, 09 Oct 2007 09:05:19 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/378916/AGC-BN5-Radio-Discipline http://www.scribd.com/doc/377652/Level-Bust-BN-Ops6 Level Bust Briefing Notes Aircraft Operators OPS OPS 6 Human Factors 1. Introduction 1.1. Human factors identified in level bust incidents (including accidents resulting from level busts) should be used to assess a company’s risk exposure and develop corresponding company accident-prevention strategies, or to assess an individual’s risk exposure and develop corresponding personal lines of defence. Whether involving crew, air traffic control, maintenance, organisational factors or aircraft design, each link of the error chain involves human beings and, therefore, human decisions and behavi Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:51:17 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377652/Level-Bust-BN-Ops6 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377650/Level-Bust-BN-Ops5 Level Bust Briefing Notes Aircraft Operators Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems OPS OPS 5 1. Introduction 1.1. Airborne collision avoidance systems are designed to improve safety by acting as a “last resort” method of preventing mid-air collisions. This is achieved by recommending pilots to manoeuvre in the vertical plane when a risk of collision is detected. The concept for an airborne collision avoidance system, which is independent from ATS systems, emerged in 1955. In the early 1980s ICAO started work on the development of standards for an “Airborne Collision Avoidance System” Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:51:06 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377650/Level-Bust-BN-Ops5 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377649/Level-Bust-BN-Ops4 Level Bust Briefing Notes Aircraft Operators Aircraft Technical equipment OPS OPS 4 3 1. Introduction 1.1. Aircraft automation and technical equipment may have a direct effect on the likelihood of a level bust. Four types of equipment are concerned. These are: (a) Barometric altimeters; (b) Altitude alerters; (c) Automation; and, (d) Airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS). 1.2. Although each of these pieces of equipment can be instrumental in causing a level bust, correct use of equipment prevents level busts. The overwhelming characteristic of ACAS is its ability to reduce the risk of Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:50:51 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377649/Level-Bust-BN-Ops4 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377648/Level-Bust-BN-Ops3 Level Bust Briefing Notes Aircraft Operators OPS 1. Introduction 1.1. Standard phraseology is essential to ensure effective crew communication, particularly in today’s operating environment, which increasingly features: (a) Two-person crew operation; and, (b) Crewmembers from different cultures and with different native languages. 1.2. Standard calls – commands and responses – are designed to enhance overall situational awareness (including awareness of the status and the operation of aircraft systems). Standard calls may vary among aircraft models, based upon flight deck design and sys Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:50:15 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377648/Level-Bust-BN-Ops3 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377647/Level-Bust-BN-Ops2 Level Bust Briefing Notes Aircraft Operators Altimeter Setting Procedures OPS OPS 2 to as 1. Introduction 1.1. Flight crew on international routes encounter different units of measurement for setting barometric altimeters, thus requiring altimeter cross-checking procedures. of other operators use QNH. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) can prevent altimeter setting errors. 3. Units of Measurement 3.1. The most common units of measurement for setting altimeters are: (a) Hectopascals (hPa), still referred millibars (mb) in some countries; and, (b) Inches of mercury (in. Hg). 3.2. Througho Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:50:04 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377647/Level-Bust-BN-Ops2 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377646/Level-Bust-BN-Ops1 Level Bust Briefing Notes Aircraft Operators Standard Operating Procedures OPS OPS 1 1. Introduction 1.1. Adherence to standard operating procedures (SOPs) is an effective method of preventing level busts, including those that lead to controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). Crew resource management (CRM) effective without adherence to SOPs. is not 3.4. 1.2. The Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) developed a 1 Standard Operating Procedures Template adapted from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circular 120-71 – Standard Operating Procedures for Flight Deck Crewmembers. Appe Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:49:51 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377646/Level-Bust-BN-Ops1 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377645/Level-Bust-BN-Gen3 Level Bust Briefing Notes General GEN GEN 3 Callsign Confusion 1. Introduction 1.1. The use of similar callsigns by aircraft operating in the same area and especially on the same RTF frequency often gives rise to potential and actual flight safety incidents. This hazard is usually referred to as “callsign confusion”. The danger of an aircraft taking and acting on a clearance intended for another is obvious. The following are some of the potential outcomes of such a situation: (a) The aircraft takes up a heading or routing intended for another; (b) The aircraft commences a climb or descent Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:49:39 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377645/Level-Bust-BN-Gen3 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377644/Level-Bust-BN-Gen2 Level Bust Briefing Notes General Pilot-Controller Communications GEN GEN 2 ATC Clearance Transmit Listen Pilot’s Readback Transmit 1. Introduction 1.1. Until data link communication comes into widespread use, air traffic control (ATC) will depend primarily upon voice communication. Communication between pilot and controller can be improved by the mutual understanding of each other’s operating environment. 3.3. Whenever adverse factors are likely to affect communication, the confirmation/correction process is a line of defence against communication errors. 1.2. Acknowledge or Correc Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:49:28 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377644/Level-Bust-BN-Gen2 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377642/Level-Bust-BN-Gen1 Level Bust Briefing Notes General GEN GEN 1 Level Bust: Overview 1. Introduction 1.1. EUROCONTROL has become increasingly aware of the Level Bust issue. In 2001 EUROCONTROL 1 issued a series of Safety Letters within the industry to raise the awareness of aircraft operators and air navigation service providers (ANSPs) to the dangers associated with level busts, and to provide guidance on the correct use of airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS). In 2002, a Level Bust Task Force (LBTF) was established and EUROCONTROL held two Level Bust Workshops, the first in Northern Europe; the second i Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:49:15 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377642/Level-Bust-BN-Gen1 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377641/Level-Bust-BN-ATM4 Level Bust Briefing Notes Air Traffic Management Airspace & Procedure Design ATM ATM 4 1. Introduction 1.1. The proper planning and design of routes, holding patterns, airspace structure and ATC sectorisation in both terminal and en-route airspace can be effective in reducing the likelihood of level bust incidents. The converse is also true: poorly designed airspace can create situations where a level bust incident is more likely to occur within an air traffic management (ATM) system. In an ideal world, airspace design would make it possible for arriving, departing and en-route flights to o Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:49:02 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377641/Level-Bust-BN-ATM4 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377640/Level-Bust-BN-ATM3 Level Bust Briefing Notes Air Traffic Management ATM ATM 3 Safety Reporting: ATM 1. Introduction 1.1. The reporting of aviation safety occurrences is important for several reasons: (a) It allows the causes of occurrences to be investigated; (b) Based on the findings of the investigation, action may be taken to prevent similar occurrences; (c) Subsequent occurrence reporting will indicate whether the corrective action was successful; (d) Important safety information uncovered as a result may be shared with other operators. 1.2. There are three main categories of safety occurrences: (a) Acciden Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:48:51 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377640/Level-Bust-BN-ATM3 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377639/Level-Bust-BN-ATM2 Level Bust Briefing Notes Air Traffic Management ATM ATM 2 Reducing Level Busts 1. Introduction 1.1. This briefing note is intended to address matters in which the air traffic controller can make a positive, sometimes proactive, contribution to level bust prevention. The purpose of briefing note ATM 1 was to explain the problems experienced by pilots, which may lead to a level bust. In contrast, this briefing note concentrates on issues affecting the performance of the controller. Three situations exist: (a) The pilot deviates from his flight clearance due to misunderstanding of his clearance Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:48:39 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377639/Level-Bust-BN-ATM2 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377638/Level-Bust-BN-ATM1 Level Bust Briefing Notes Air Traffic Management Understanding the Causes of Level Busts ATM ATM 1 1. Introduction 1.1. Most level busts result because the pilot flies the aircraft through the cleared level (either above or below), or levels the aircraft before the cleared level is reached, or deviates from the cleared level. An understanding of the problems faced by pilots will help the controller to anticipate situations where a level bust is possible. This may permit the controller to take action to avoid such situations, or to detect them at an early stage before a dangerous situation d Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:48:27 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377638/Level-Bust-BN-ATM1 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377637/Level-Bust-BN-Ops7 Level Bust Briefing Notes Aircraft Operators Safety Reporting: Operators OPS 2 OPS 7 1. Introduction 1.1. The reporting of aviation safety occurrences is important for several reasons: (a) It allows the causes of occurrences to be investigated; (b) Based on the findings of the investigation, action may be taken to prevent similar occurrences; (c) Subsequent occurrence reporting will indicate whether the corrective action was successful; (d) Important safety information uncovered as a result may be shared with other operators. 1.2. There are three main categories of safety occurrences: (a) Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:48:09 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377637/Level-Bust-BN-Ops7 http://www.scribd.com/doc/377636/AI-Safety-Letter-4 AGC Safety Letter N°4 Airspace infringements call for a new safety improvement initiative Safety Letter AGC A - Serious Incident B - Major Incident C - Significant Incident E - No significant safety effect D - Not determined Not classified FOREWORD by Alexander Krastev, Coordinator Airspace Infringement Initiative Unknown aircraft stray into some of the busiest areas of Europe's airspace at least once a day. This happens mostly in airport control zones or areas and in en-route airspace. In December 2005, the EUROCONTROL Safety Team approved the launch of a new Airspace Infringement Safet Mon, 08 Oct 2007 09:44:18 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/377636/AI-Safety-Letter-4 http://www.scribd.com/doc/361701/On-Track Fri, 05 Oct 2007 08:56:28 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/361701/On-Track http://www.scribd.com/doc/361699/Aero-Conference-2007 EUROCONTROL Airspace Infringement Initiative AERO CONFERENCE 2007 Friedrichshafen, 20 April 2007 presented by Alexander Krastev, Initiative Coordinator EUROCONTROL European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation Overview Why an Airspace Infringement Initiative The value for aviation partners How we are going to deliver it 1 *Airspace Infringement WHAT IS THIS A flight into notified airspace without previously requesting and obtaining approval from the controlling authority of that airspace More than 70% of infringements involve GA aircraft Airspace Infringements A GROWING CONCER Fri, 05 Oct 2007 08:54:44 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/361699/Aero-Conference-2007 http://www.scribd.com/doc/361698/Safety-Improvement-Workshop-2006 Airspace Infringement Initiative SAFETY IMPROVEMENT WORKSHOP Sofia, 07.12.2006 presented by Alexander Krastev Initiative Coordinator EUROCONTROL European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation *Content Part I - Initiative Overview Background Scope SRC 2006 Report Activities Part II - Initial Findings Hazards Barriers Causal factors Mitigations *Airspace Infringement Initiative BACKGROUND Airspace infringements - a growing concern of air navigation service providers, aircraft operators, regulators and the military Airspace infringement can be defined as a flight into notified airsp Fri, 05 Oct 2007 08:54:08 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/361698/Safety-Improvement-Workshop-2006 http://www.scribd.com/doc/361697/Poster-top10-tips-for-GA-pilots TOP TEN TIPS for GA pilots Ten ways to avoid an infringement, largely based on good airmanship and common sense: 1 Plan your flight! Where possible, avoid flying close to controlled airspace boundaries. A small navigational error or distraction of any sort can lead to an infringement – and it doesn’t take much to ruin your day. 2 Pilot workload rises rapidly in bad weather - and so do infringements. If the weather starts to deteriorate, consider your options early and if necessary divert or turn back in good time. 3 If you wish to transit controlled airspace call the appropriate ATC Fri, 05 Oct 2007 08:53:59 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/361697/Poster-top10-tips-for-GA-pilots http://www.scribd.com/doc/361695/Poster-Did-you-infringe-today Did you infringe today? Plan your flight - Talk to ATC Use the transponder – it can save your day Airspace Infringement Initiative Alexander Krastev, Initiative coordinator T +32(0)2 729 32 68 Alexander.krastev@eurocontrol.int www.eurocontrol.int/esp DAP/SSH * Fri, 05 Oct 2007 08:53:18 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/361695/Poster-Did-you-infringe-today http://www.scribd.com/doc/361694/AI-Safety-Letter-4 AGC Safety Letter N°4 Airspace infringements call for a new safety improvement initiative Safety Letter AGC A - Serious Incident B - Major Incident C - Significant Incident E - No significant safety effect D - Not determined Not classified FOREWORD by Alexander Krastev, Coordinator Airspace Infringement Initiative Unknown aircraft stray into some of the busiest areas of Europe's airspace at least once a day. This happens mostly in airport control zones or areas and in en-route airspace. In December 2005, the EUROCONTROL Safety Team approved the launch of a new Airspace Infringement Safet Fri, 05 Oct 2007 08:50:23 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/361694/AI-Safety-Letter-4 http://www.scribd.com/doc/358691/ESARR-1-in-the-Certification-and-Designation-of-Service-Providers- EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL ESARR ADVISORY MATERIAL/GUIDANCE DOCUMENT (EAM/GUI) EAM 1 / GUI 5 ESARR 1 IN THE CERTIFICATION AND DESIGNATION OF SERVICE PROVIDERS Edition Edition Date Status Distribution Category : : : : : 2.0 06 April 2006 Released Issue General Public ESARR Advisory Material SAFETY REGULATION COMMISSION *EAM 1 / GUI 5 – ESARR 1 in the Certification and Designation of Service Providers F.2 DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE EAM 1 / GUI 5 ESARR 1 in the Certification and Designation of Service Providers Document Identifier eam1gui5_e Thu, 04 Oct 2007 09:28:48 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/358691/ESARR-1-in-the-Certification-and-Designation-of-Service-Providers- http://www.scribd.com/doc/358690/Guidelines-for-Safety-Regulatory-Auditing EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL ESARR ADVISORY MATERIAL/GUIDANCE MATERIAL (EAM/GUI) EAM 1 / GUI 3 GUIDELINES FOR SAFETY REGULATORY AUDITING Edition Edition Date Status Distribution Category : : : : : 1.0 17 October 2005 Released Issue General Public ESARR Advisory Material SAFETY REGULATION COMMISSION *EAM 1 / GUI 3 – Guidelines for Safety Regulatory Auditing F.2 DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE EAM 1 / GUI 3 Guidelines for Safety Regulatory Auditing Document Identifier eam1gui3_e10_ri_web Reference Edition Number Edition Date Abstract This delivera Thu, 04 Oct 2007 09:28:40 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/358690/Guidelines-for-Safety-Regulatory-Auditing http://www.scribd.com/doc/358689/Explanatory-Material-on-ESARR-1-Requirements EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL ESARR ADVISORY MATERIAL/GUIDANCE MATERIAL (EAM/GUI) EAM 1 / GUI 1 EXPLANATORY MATERIAL ON ESARR 1 REQUIREMENTS Edition Edition Date Status Distribution Category : : : : : 1.0 19 April 2005 Released Issue General Public ESARR Advisory Material SAFETY REGULATION COMMISSION *EAM 1 / GUI 1 – Explanatory Material on ESARR 1 Requirements F.2 DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE EAM 1 / GUI 1 Explanatory Material on ESARR 1 Requirements Document Identifier : eam1gui1_e10_ri_web Reference : Edition Number : Edition Date : Abstrac Thu, 04 Oct 2007 09:28:16 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/358689/Explanatory-Material-on-ESARR-1-Requirements http://www.scribd.com/doc/358687/An-analysis-of-pilotcontroller-occurrences EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL Air-ground Communication Safety Study An analysis of pilot-controller occurrences Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.0 16/06/04 Released Issue General Public EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME *Air-ground communication safety study DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE Air-ground communication safety study: An analysis of pilot-controller occurrences EATMP Infocentre Reference: Document Identifier Abstract Edition Number: Edition Date: 1.0 16.06.04 This report provides an analysis of the incident Thu, 04 Oct 2007 09:28:03 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/358687/An-analysis-of-pilotcontroller-occurrences http://www.scribd.com/doc/358686/Best-Practices-for-the-Staffing-of-Safety-Management-Activities DAP/SAF EATMP European Air Traffic management Programme Best Practices for the Staffing of Safety Management Activities DAP/SAF/54 Edition 2.0 – 14 May 2004 *Best Practices for the Staffing of Safety Management Activities 2 *DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Document Title Best Practices for the Staffing of Safety Management Activities 0.1 12 May 2005 PROGRAMME REFERENCE INDEX EDITION : EDITION DATE : Abstract Keywords Safety Enhancement CONTACT PERSON : J. Beaufays TEL : +93732 DIVISION : DAP/SAF DOCUMENT STATUS AND TYPE STATUS Working Draft Draft Proposed I Thu, 04 Oct 2007 09:27:47 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/358686/Best-Practices-for-the-Staffing-of-Safety-Management-Activities http://www.scribd.com/doc/358685/AI-Safety-Letter-2 AGC Safety Letter N°2 Safety Letter Airspace infringements call for urgent safety improvement measures AI A - Serious Incident B - Major Incident C - Significant Incident E - No significant safety effect D - Not determined Not classified FOREWORD by Alexander Krastev, Coordinator Airspace Infringement Initiative Unknown aircraft stray into the busiest areas of Europe’s airspace every day. This happens mostly in airport control zones, terminal areas and in en-route airspace. Recognising the severity of the threats to aircraft operations posed by airspace infringements EUROCONTROL lau Thu, 04 Oct 2007 09:27:40 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/358685/AI-Safety-Letter-2 http://www.scribd.com/doc/358684/AGG-Safety-Letter-4 AGC Safety Letter N°4 Airspace infringements call for a new safety improvement initiative Safety Letter AGC A - Serious Incident B - Major Incident C - Significant Incident E - No significant safety effect D - Not determined Not classified FOREWORD by Alexander Krastev, Coordinator Airspace Infringement Initiative Unknown aircraft stray into some of the busiest areas of Europe's airspace at least once a day. This happens mostly in airport control zones or areas and in en-route airspace. In December 2005, the EUROCONTROL Safety Team approved the launch of a new Airspace Infringement Safet Thu, 04 Oct 2007 09:27:29 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/358684/AGG-Safety-Letter-4 http://www.scribd.com/doc/358683/Action-Plan-for-AirGround-Communications-Safety AGC European Action Plan for Air Ground Communications Safety Edition 1.0 May 2006 “Implementation of the recommendations should commence upon receipt of this Action Plan” **Table of contents 1. 2. 3. 4. Statement of commitment Introduction and background Explanatory note – recommendations and best practice Recommendations 4.1. National authority issues 4.2. Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP) issues 4.3. Aircraft operator issues 4.4. EUROCONTROL Agency issues 5. Best Practice 5.1. Best practice - general 5.2. Best practice for air traffic controllers 5.3. Best practice for flight Thu, 04 Oct 2007 09:27:21 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/358683/Action-Plan-for-AirGround-Communications-Safety http://www.scribd.com/doc/358682/AGC-Safety-Study-Causes-and-Recommendations Air-Ground Communication Safety Study Causes and Recommendations *Air-Ground Communication Safety Study: Causes and Recommendations Intentionally Blank Page ii Released Issue Edition Number: 1.0 *Air-Ground Communication Safety Study: Causes and Recommendations Air-Ground Communication Safety Study Causes and Recommendations Edition Number Ref Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.1 DAP/SAF 2006-09 16/01/2006 Released Issue General Public Page iii *Air-Ground Communication Safety Study: Causes and Recommendations DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE Air-Ground Communication Safety Thu, 04 Oct 2007 09:27:04 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/358682/AGC-Safety-Study-Causes-and-Recommendations http://www.scribd.com/doc/358681/European-Action-Plan-for-the-Prevention-of-Level-Bust **Level Bust European Action Plan for the Prevention of Level Bust Edition 1.0 July 2004 ______________________________________________________________ EATM – European Air Traffic Management *Contents Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. Statement of Commitment Introduction and Background Explanatory Note - Recommendations Recommendations 4.1 Strategic Air Traffic Management Issues 4.2 Air Traffic Control (ANSP) Issues 4.3 Aircraft Operator Issues 4.4 Future Considerations Follow Up Actions 5.1 Communications 5.2 Monitoring Level Bust Toolkit 5. 6. Appendices – Level Bust Briefing Notes G Thu, 04 Oct 2007 09:26:33 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/358681/European-Action-Plan-for-the-Prevention-of-Level-Bust http://www.scribd.com/doc/358675/EUR-RVSM-Safety-Monitoring-Report-2004 EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL THE EUR RVSM SAFETY MONITORING REPORT 2004 Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 0.2 2004 Proposed Issue Restricted EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME **THE EUR RVSM SAFETY MONITORING REPORT 2004 DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE The EUR RVSM SAFETY MONITORING REPORT 2004 EATMP Infocentre Reference: Document Identifier AFN-NAV-PER-SAF-001-2004 Edition Number: Edition Date: 0.2 2004 Abstract This document constitutes the EUROCONTROL RVSM Safety Monitoring Report for the EUR RVSM Programme in 2004. Thu, 04 Oct 2007 09:13:51 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/358675/EUR-RVSM-Safety-Monitoring-Report-2004 http://www.scribd.com/doc/358653/SPIN-Survey-of-Practices-in-Safety-Nets EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL SPIN: Survey of Practices in Safety Nets Summary Report Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.01 14/02/05 Released Issue General Public EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME *SPIN: Survey of Practices in Safety Nets Summary Report DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE SPIN: Survey of Practices in Safety Nets Summary Report EATMP Infocentre Reference: Document Identifier Abstract 05/02/14-01 Edition Number: 1.01 Edition Date: 14/02/05 This report provides an overview of the SPIN: Survey of Practices in Thu, 04 Oct 2007 08:21:51 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/358653/SPIN-Survey-of-Practices-in-Safety-Nets http://www.scribd.com/doc/351324/ACAS-Bulletins-6 S TY FE A SH LA F Incorrect use of the TCAS traffic display Event 1: Loss of separation due to an inappropriate turn A B767 heading 100 and a MD80 heading 217 are maintaining FL290 on crossing tracks. The B767 will pass approximately 15 NM behind the MD80 (dotted line on the figure). For radar separation, when they are still 80 NM apart, the controller instructs both aircraft to maintain their present heading. MD80 – FL290 B767 – FL290 15 NM Editorial TCAS II is a last resort safety net designed to prevent mid-air collisions. It alerts the flight crew and provides Resolution Advisory Tue, 02 Oct 2007 10:47:50 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/351324/ACAS-Bulletins-6 http://www.scribd.com/doc/351323/ACAS-Bulletins-5 S TY FE A SH LA F Controller and Pilot ACAS regulation and training Event 1: Mid-air collision near Überlingen A B757, heading North, and a TU154, heading West, are level at FL360 in confliction on crossing tracks. The controller instructs, late, the TU154 to expedite descent to FL350. As the flight crew starts to descend, a “Climb” RA is triggered by TCAS II. Despite the “Climb” RA, the TU154 flight crew continues to descend in accordance with their operations manual (the TCAS description wording was such that ATC instruction had the highest priority in collision avoidance). A coo Tue, 02 Oct 2007 10:47:45 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/351323/ACAS-Bulletins-5 http://www.scribd.com/doc/351322/ACAS-Bulletin-7 S TY FE A SH LA F The Dos and Don’ts of TCAS II Operations Event 1: Coordinated RAs on level bust A departing E145 is cleared to climb to FL120. An A320, on approach, is cleared to FL130 and 220 kts. However, due to confusion between the level and the speed clearances, the pilot is descending to FL120. After the level bust by the A320, the TCAS II of each aircraft triggers a coordinated RA which is correctly followed by the pilots: 0.6 NM A320 FL130 E145 FL120 Editorial Operationally, the flight safety benefits of ACAS II are well proven. However, operational monitoring has also highligh Tue, 02 Oct 2007 10:47:27 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/351322/ACAS-Bulletin-7 http://www.scribd.com/doc/351321/ACAS-Bulletin-4 TCAS II and VFR traffic Editorial The drive for TCAS II development in the US was from mid-air collisions involving light aircraft - between a B727 and a Cessna 172 at San Diego in 1978, and between a DC9 and a Piper at Cerritos, California, in 1986. In Europe, extensive safety analyses showed that TCAS II systems would provide significant safety benefit in all the airspace. Resulting mandates mean that most airliners and many business jets are now equipped with TCAS II. Operationally TCAS has proven to be very effective, and this includes encounters with VFR traffic squawking altitude. Howeve Tue, 02 Oct 2007 10:47:20 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/351321/ACAS-Bulletin-4 http://www.scribd.com/doc/351320/ACAS-Bulletin-3 S TY FE A SH LA F Wrong reaction to “Adjust Vertical Speed” RAs “Adjust Vertical Speed” as an Initial RA Editorial ACAS operational monitoring programmes have shown that the TCAS RA display is occasionally misinterpreted by flight crews. Occurrences seem to be linked to the type of RA with the aural, ‘Adjust Vertical Speed, Adjust’. This RA is posted either as an initial RA, or as a weakening RA which can follow a “Climb” or “Descend” RA. “Adjust Vertical Speed” RAs are the most frequent RAs triggered by TCAS II. It is essential that these RAs are followed accuratel Tue, 02 Oct 2007 10:47:13 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/351320/ACAS-Bulletin-3 http://www.scribd.com/doc/351319/ACAS-Bulletin-2 RAs and 1000 ft level-off manoeuvres Editorial Event 1: RA generated in a 1000 ft level-off encounter After take-off, a TCAS-equipped A320 is climbing to FL110 on the SID. Its rate of climb is 4300 fpm. A Gulfstream IV on standard approach procedure is descending to FL120. Its rate of descent is 3200 fpm. G IV î FL120 0.8 NM TCAS II provides a last resort safety net designed to prevent mid-air collisions between aircraft. It alerts the flight crew and provides Resolution Advisories (RA), in the vertical plane, when it computes a risk of collision with another aircraft within the next 35 sec Tue, 02 Oct 2007 10:47:08 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/351319/ACAS-Bulletin-2 http://www.scribd.com/doc/351317/ACAS-II-Bulletin TY FE SA SH LA F Editorial FOLLOW THE RA ! Event 1: ATC avoiding instruction opposite to RA Two aircraft level at FL70 are being radar vectored by the approach controller: The ACAS II equipment, known as TCAS II, provides a last resort safety net designed to prevent mid-air collisions between aircraft. It is now in widespread operational service. To achieve the full safety benefit of TCAS II, it is critical that pilots respond accurately and promptly to Resolution Advisories (RAs). This is emphasised in EUROCONTROL ACAS training material. Recent EUROCONTROL safety studies have confirmed the Tue, 02 Oct 2007 10:46:56 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/351317/ACAS-II-Bulletin http://www.scribd.com/doc/351316/ACASII-Training-for-RVSM-Environment ACAS II operations in the European RVSM environment ACTOR/wp1/BROC/D 03-08-2001 Version 1.0 ACAS II operations in the European RVSM environment ACAS training for operations in RVSM environment Project ACTOR Eurocontrol ACAS Programme – Project ACTOR Page 1/41 *ACAS II operations in the European RVSM environment ACTOR/wp1/BROC/D 03-08-2001 Version 1.0 NOTE This document is designed specifically for the training of people involved in the implementation and the use of the Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS II). In particular, it addresses ACAS II operation use and performance in Tue, 02 Oct 2007 10:46:53 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/351316/ACASII-Training-for-RVSM-Environment http://www.scribd.com/doc/351315/ACAS-Bulletins-8 AF S TY E FL SH A TCAS II operations in European RVSM airspace Event 1: ATC error An MD80 is level at FL340 heading North, about to descend. The controller does not detect a converging eastbound B737 at FL330 and, therefore, clears the MD80 to descend to FL300. When the MD80 starts its descent, a Short Term Conflict Alert is triggered. In the attempt to rectify the error, the controller instructs the MD80 to stop the descent. Under stress, he issues a confusing instruction for the B737 to turn. The pilot does not respond. At this point, both aircraft receive a coordinated RA: Editorial Be Tue, 02 Oct 2007 10:46:43 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/351315/ACAS-Bulletins-8 http://www.scribd.com/doc/351312/CoRe-Project-Baseline-Exemplary-Style Tue, 02 Oct 2007 10:45:38 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/351312/CoRe-Project-Baseline-Exemplary-Style http://www.scribd.com/doc/351303/Hindsight-5 N°5 July 2007 WORKLOAD “Hindsight” The ability or opportunity to understand and judge an event or experience after it has occured. WORKLOAD A STRANGE CONCEPT BY PROFESSOR SIDNEY DEKKER BY PROFESSOR SIDNEY DEKKER See page 6 See page 6 WORKLOAD VERSUS BOREDOM BY BERT RUITENBERG See page 7 INVESTIGATING CONTROLLER BLIND SPOTS BY DR. BARRY KIRWAN BY DR. BARRY KIRWAN See page 12 See page 12 EUROCONTROL DAP/SSH July 2007 *Editorial July 2007 Page 2 HINDSIGHT N°5 *Contents CONTENTS Editorial Six questions about workload Workload versus boredom Workload - a strange concept Contact u Tue, 02 Oct 2007 10:22:55 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/351303/Hindsight-5 http://www.scribd.com/doc/351294/CWP-Brochure Managing Development of the Controller Working Position The development or modification of controller working positions is one of the most visible and critical activities in the upgrade of an ATM system. It is also one of the most difficult. For controllers, the CWP is both their working environment and the tool through which they exercise their professional skills. Consequently, changes to the CWP are a matter of considerable significance, potential sensitivity and an area in which acceptance of a system upgrade can be won or lost. Successful development and introduction of a controller worki Tue, 02 Oct 2007 10:11:14 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/351294/CWP-Brochure http://www.scribd.com/doc/337526/HF47-Automation-Failure EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This Document is issued as EATM Reference Material. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanations or may indicate best practice. Managing System Disturbances in ATM: Background and Contextual Framework Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.0 31.08.2004 Released Issue EATM Stakeholders EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Managing System Disturbances in ATM: Background and Contextual Framework DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE Managing System Disturbances in AT Fri, 28 Sep 2007 11:17:28 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337526/HF47-Automation-Failure http://www.scribd.com/doc/337525/HF46-Automation-3 Fri, 28 Sep 2007 11:17:10 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337525/HF46-Automation-3 http://www.scribd.com/doc/337524/HF45-Automation-2 Fri, 28 Sep 2007 11:16:29 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337524/HF45-Automation-2 http://www.scribd.com/doc/337522/HF44-Automation-1 EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This Document is issued as EATM Method and Tool. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanations or may indicate best practice. A Tool for the Assessment of the Impact of Change in Automated ATM Systems on Mental Workload Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.0 31.08.2004 Released Issue EATM Stakeholders EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT *A Tool for the Assessment of the Impact of Change in Automated ATM Systems on Mental Workload DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE A Tool for the Fri, 28 Sep 2007 11:16:09 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337522/HF44-Automation-1 http://www.scribd.com/doc/337521/HF43-CoRe-Project-Baseline-Exemplary-Style-Guide EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This document is issued as an EATM Guideline. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanations, or may indicate best practice. CoRe Project Baseline Exemplary Style Guide Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.0 16.08.2004 Released Issue EATM Stakeholders EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT *CoRe Project - Baseline Exemplary Style Guide DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE CoRe Project Baseline Exemplary Style Guide EATM Infocentre Reference: 040201-10 Document Identifier Edition Numbe Fri, 28 Sep 2007 11:14:56 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337521/HF43-CoRe-Project-Baseline-Exemplary-Style-Guide http://www.scribd.com/doc/337520/HF42-The-HF-Case-Guidance-for-HF-Integration EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This Document is issued as an EATM Guideline. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanations or may indicate best practice. The Human Factors Case: Guidance for Human Factors Integration Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.0 27.08.2004 Released Issue EATM Stakeholders EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT The Human Factors Case: Guidance for Human Factors Integration DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE The Human Factors Case: Guidance for Human Factors Integrati Fri, 28 Sep 2007 11:14:11 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337520/HF42-The-HF-Case-Guidance-for-HF-Integration http://www.scribd.com/doc/337517/HF37HERA2-JANUS EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This Document is issued as EATMP Reference Material. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. Validation of the Human Error in ATM (HERA-JANUS) Technique Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.0 12.05.2003 Released Issue EATMP Stakeholders EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME Validation of the Human Error in ATM (HERA-JANUS) Technique DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE Validation of the Human Error in ATM (HERA-JANUS) Fri, 28 Sep 2007 11:13:04 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337517/HF37HERA2-JANUS http://www.scribd.com/doc/337515/HF35Situational-awareness EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This Document is issued as EATMP Method and Tool. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. The Development of Situation Awareness Measures in ATM Systems Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.0 27.06.2003 Released Issue EATMP Stakeholders EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME *The Development of Situation Awareness Measures in ATM Systems DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE The Development of Situation Awareness Measures in ATM Systems EA Fri, 28 Sep 2007 11:12:35 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337515/HF35Situational-awareness http://www.scribd.com/doc/337514/HF34-Automation-Trust-Principles- EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This Document is issued as an EATMP Guideline. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. Guidelines for Trust in Future ATM Systems: Principles Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.0 05.05.2003 Released Issue EATMP Stakeholders EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME Guidelines for Trust in Future ATM Systems: Principles DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE Guidelines for Trust in Future ATM Systems: Principles EATMP Inf Fri, 28 Sep 2007 11:12:17 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337514/HF34-Automation-Trust-Principles- http://www.scribd.com/doc/337508/HF29-HE-in-Simulation-Toolkit EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This document is issued as EATMP Method and Tool. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. The Investigation of Human Error in ATM Simulation The Toolkit Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.0 02.07.2002 Released Issue EATMP Stakeholders EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE The Investigation of Human Error in ATM Simulation The Toolkit EATMP Infocentre Reference: Document Identifier Fri, 28 Sep 2007 11:10:55 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337508/HF29-HE-in-Simulation-Toolkit http://www.scribd.com/doc/337503/HF23-Human-Factors-Integration-in-Future-ATM-Systems-Methods-Tools Fri, 28 Sep 2007 11:08:54 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337503/HF23-Human-Factors-Integration-in-Future-ATM-Systems-Methods-Tools http://www.scribd.com/doc/337499/HF49-CISM-User-Implication-Guidelines EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL Critical Incident Stress Management User Implementation Guidelines Edition Number Edition Date Status Intended for : : : : 1.0 06.12.2005 Released Issue EATM Stakeholders EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT *Critical Incident Stress Management User Implementation Guidelines DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS TITLE Critical Incident Stress Management User Implementation Guidelines EATM Infocentre Reference: Document Identifier HUM.ET1.13.3000-GUI-01 Abstract This guideline document facilitates and supports the implementation of a Crit Fri, 28 Sep 2007 11:07:56 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337499/HF49-CISM-User-Implication-Guidelines http://www.scribd.com/doc/337463/HF17-A-Business-Case-for-Human-Factors-Investment EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This document is issued as EATMP Reference Material. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. Human Factors Module A Business Case for Human Factors Investment HUM.ET1.ST13.4000-REP-02 Edition Edition Date Status Class : : : : 1.0 13.12.1999 Released Issue EATMP EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Document Title A Business Case for Human Factors Investment EWP REFERENCE: HUM.ET1. Fri, 28 Sep 2007 10:09:32 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337463/HF17-A-Business-Case-for-Human-Factors-Investment http://www.scribd.com/doc/337462/HF16-HF-Workshop-3-HF-System-Design EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This document is issued as EATMP Reference Material. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. Proceedings of the Third EUROCONTROL Human Factors Workshop Integrating Human Factors into the Life Cycle of ATM Systems HUM.ET1.ST13.000-REP-03 Edition Edition Date Status Class : : : : 1.0 30.11.1999 Released Issue EATMP EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Document Title Proceedings of t Fri, 28 Sep 2007 10:09:26 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337462/HF16-HF-Workshop-3-HF-System-Design http://www.scribd.com/doc/337457/HF11-HFM-HF-in-Accident-Investigation EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This document is issued as EATCHIP Reference Material. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. Human Factors Module Human Factors in the Investigation of Accidents and Incidents HUM.ET1.ST13.3000-REP-02 Edition Edition Date Status Class : : : : 1.0 25/02/1998 Released Issue EATCHIP EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL HARMONISATION AND INTEGRATION PROGRAMME DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Document Title Human Factors in the I Fri, 28 Sep 2007 10:08:02 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337457/HF11-HFM-HF-in-Accident-Investigation http://www.scribd.com/doc/337456/HF10-HF-Workshop-2-Teamwork EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This document is issued as EATCHIP Reference Material. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. Proceedings of the Second EUROCONTROL Human Factors Workshop Teamwork in Air Traffic Services HUM.ET1.ST13.000-REP-02 Edition Edition Date Status Class : : : : 1.0 30/01/1998 Released Issue EATCHIP EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL HARMONISATION AND INTEGRATION PROGRAMME DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Document Title Proceedings Fri, 28 Sep 2007 10:07:53 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337456/HF10-HF-Workshop-2-Teamwork http://www.scribd.com/doc/337455/HF09-Critical-Incident-Stress-Management EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This document is issued as an EATCHIP Guideline. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. Human Factors Module Critical Incident Stress Management HUM.ET1.ST13.3000-REP-01 Edition Edition Date Status Class : : : : 1.0 31.12.1997 Released Issue EATCHIP EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL HARMONISATION AND INTEGRATION PROGRAMME DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Document Title Human Factors Module Critical Incident Stress Manageme Fri, 28 Sep 2007 10:07:39 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337455/HF09-Critical-Incident-Stress-Management http://www.scribd.com/doc/337450/HF05-Model-for-Task-and-Job-Descriptions-Technical-Staff EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This document is issued as EATCHIP Reference Material. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. Model for Task and Job Descriptions for ATM Technical Staff HUM.ET1.ST01.2000-GUI-02 Edition Edition Date Status Class : : : : 1.0 03/07/96 Released Issue EATCHIP EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL HARMONISATION AND INTEGRATION PROGRAMME DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Document Title Model for Task and Job Descriptions for ATM Tech Fri, 28 Sep 2007 10:06:56 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337450/HF05-Model-for-Task-and-Job-Descriptions-Technical-Staff http://www.scribd.com/doc/337449/HF04-CISM-Stress EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This document is issued as EATCHIP Reference Material. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. Human Factors Module Stress HUM.ET1.ST13.2000-REP-01 Edition Edition Date Status Class : : : : 1.0 15.03.1996 Released Issue EATCHIP EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL HARMONISATION AND INTEGRATION PROGRAMME DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Document Title Human Factors Module Stress EWP DELIVERABLE REFERENCE NUMBER: HUM.ET1.ST13 Fri, 28 Sep 2007 10:06:50 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337449/HF04-CISM-Stress http://www.scribd.com/doc/337443/HF01-Model-for-Task-and-Job-Descriptions-ATCOs EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL This document is issued as EATCHIP Reference Material. The contents are not mandatory. They provide information and explanation or may indicate best practice. Model for Task and Job Descriptions of Air Traffic Controllers HUM.ET1.ST01.1000-REP-01 Edition Edition Date Status Class : : : : 1.0 15.03.1996 Released Issue EATCHIP EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL HARMONISATION AND INTEGRATION PROGRAMME DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Document Title Model for Task and Job Descriptions of Air Fri, 28 Sep 2007 10:06:34 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/337443/HF01-Model-for-Task-and-Job-Descriptions-ATCOs http://www.scribd.com/doc/335058/TRMB Credits This publication has been authored under the supervision of the EUROCONTROL TRM User Group. All rights reserved. © EUROCONTROL, 2004 All illustrations © EUROCONTROL, unless stated otherwise Top right cover photo © Air Traffic Control the Netherlands *A promising future! *2 *Contact and publications About the TRM User Group The EUROCONTROL TRM User Group consists mainly of air traffic controllers who work as TRM-facilitators in a number of European ATM-organisations. The aim of the group is to promote the development of TRM in Europe; it is coordinated by EUROCONTROL’s Human Fac Thu, 27 Sep 2007 10:53:34 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/335058/TRMB http://www.scribd.com/doc/334997/FatigueBrochure DAS/HUM DA DAS HUM Fatigue and Sleep Management Personal strategies for decreasing the effects of fatigue in air traffic control *2 *For shift workers, fatigue and sleep debt can become a challenge and difficult to cope with. We have designed this booklet to provide knowledge and strategies that you can use to manage your lifestyle, in order to help you better manage your sleep. When reading through this booklet keep in mind that whilst some of the ideas/suggestions may seem a little eccentric, people are different, and something that may work for one person may not work for another. Find Thu, 27 Sep 2007 10:41:03 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/334997/FatigueBrochure http://www.scribd.com/doc/334984/Fatigue-leaflet NOTES _________________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ __________________ Thu, 27 Sep 2007 10:22:13 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/334984/Fatigue-leaflet http://www.scribd.com/doc/325151/ACAS-Safety-Studies **************** Mon, 24 Sep 2007 11:21:33 GMT http://www.scribd.com/doc/325151/ACAS-Safety-Studies