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ENERGY FROM CHEMICALS
By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
□ Describe the meaning of the terms exothermic and endothermic.□ State the connection between making and breaking bonds and exothermicand endothermic.□ State the unit of energy.□ Explain what is meant by ΔH in an equation.□ Explain in terms of bonds why a reaction is exothermic and endothermic.□ Sketch graphs of temperature against time for endothermic and exothermiclaboratory reactions.□ Explain overall enthalpy changes in terms of the energy changes associatedwith the breaking and making of covalent bonds.□ Describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation intouseful fractions by fractional distillation.□ Name six main petroleum fractions and state the uses for each one.□ Describe hydrogen, derived from water or hydrocarbons, as a potential fuelfor use in future,
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EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC CHANGES
•
When heat is ______________ in a chemical reaction, the reaction is saidto be
exothermic
.
•
Exothermic reactions have the following features:-the temperature _______________.-The products have _______ energy than the reactants (becauseheat energy is lost).
•
When heat is ________________ in a chemical reaction, the reaction issaid to be
endothermic.
•
Endothermic reactions have the following features:-the temperature ___________________.-The products have __________ energy than the reactants(because heat energy is gained).
•
Several physical changes are exothermic while most chemical changesare exothermic.
•
Several physical changes are endothermic, but only a few chemicalchanges are endothermic.
⇒
Below are some examples of physical and chemical changes, classifyeach of the following changes as exothermic or endothermic.
1. Changes of state
During the freezing of water, water changes to ice and heat energy isgiven out to the surroundings.H
2
O(l)
H
2
O(s) + heat
Similar reaction takes place during condensation.
Question 1
Classify freezing and condensation as either exothermic or endothermic. ______________________________________________________________ 
Heat energy is absorbed during melting and boiling.
For example, during the boiling water, water changes to steam and heat isabsorbed.Heat + H
2
O(l)
H
2
O(g)
Question 2
Classify melting and boiling as either exothermic or endothermic. ______________________________________________________________ 
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2. Dissolving of some salts in water.Part a:
Take note of the initial temperature of water in a test tube.
Put in sodium carbonate into the test tube and take note of the finaltemperature.
Initial TemperatureFinal TemperatureTemperature change(Increase or Decrease)Question 3
Classify dissolving sodium carbonate in water as either exothermic or endothermic. ______________________________________________________________ 
Part b:
Take note of the initial temperature of water in a test tube.
Put in ammonium chloride into the test tube and take note of the finaltemperature.
Initial TemperatureFinal TemperatureTemperature change(Increase or Decrease)Question 4
Classify dissolving ammonium chloride in water as either exothermic or endothermic. ______________________________________________________________ 
3. Combustion reactions
Combustion reactions involve the burning of chemicals in air to producewater. For example, the burning of hydrogen in air to form water isexothermic.2H
2
(g) + O
2
(g)
2H
2
O(l) + heat
Question 5
Classify combustion reactions as either exothermic or endothermic. ______________________________________________________________ 
4. Decomposition of compounds
Many compounds require heat to decompose them. For example, whengreen copper (II) carbonate is heated, it absorbs heat and decomposesinto black copper (II) oxide and carbon dioxide:
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