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Stoichiometry and The Mole Concept
Symbols and FormulaeA symbol is used to represent one atom of an element. The symbolcan be a two letter, the first of which must be a capital. Examples areH for hydrogen and Li for Lithium.An integer in front of a symbol indicates the number of that atom.Examples are 3H represents three atoms of hydrogen, 5Cu representsfive atoms of copper. The formula of a substance shows the relative numbers of atoms orions that have combined together. Examples are as follow:Substance is anelemente.g
N
2
 The formula represents onemolecule of nitrogenOne molecule of nitrogen containstwo nitrogen atoms2N
2
represent two molecules of nitrogen. Two molecules of nitrogencontain a total of four N atomsSubstance is acovalent compounde.g
H
2
O
 The formula represents onemolecule of waterOne molecule of water contains twohydrogen atoms and one oxygenatom2H
2
O represent two molecules of water that contain a total of four Hatoms and two O atomsSubstance is an ioniccompounde.g
Na
2
O
Na
2
O represents one unit of sodiumoxideOne unit of sodium oxide containstwo Na
+
ions and one O
2-
ion2Na
2
O represents two units of sodium oxide that contain four Na
+
ions and two O
2-
ionsWriting Formulae of Simple Compounds The valency of an element is needed to be able to write the formulaeof a compound. The valency of an element is a number which shows its combiningpower and in ionic compounds,
the valency of an ion is equal tothe charge
1
 
2
 
POSITIVE IONVALENCYNEGATIVE IONVALENCYH
+
Hydrogen1F
-
Fluoride1Na
+
Sodium1Cl
-
Chloride1K 
+
Potassium1Br
-
Bromide1Ba
2+
Barium2I
-
Iodide1Ca
2+
Calcium2S
2-
Sulphide2Mg
2+
Magnesium2O
2-
Oxide2Al
3+
Aluminium3OH
-
Hydroxide1Ag
+
Silver (I)1NO
3-
Nitrate1Cu
2+
Copper (II)2NO
2-
Nitrite1Fe
2+
Iron (II)2HCO
3-
Hydrogencarbonate
1Pb
2+
Lead (II)2CH
3
COO
-
Ethanoate1Zn
2+
Zinc2SO
32-
Sulphite2Ni
2+
Nickel (II)2SO
42-
Sulphate2Fe
3+
Iron (III)3CO
32-
Carbonate2Cr
3+
Chromium(III)3PO
43-
Phosphate3In writing formula of ionic compounds note that:
•
Ionic compounds are made up of positive and negative ions
•
In an ionic compound, the total positive charges must equal thetotal negative charges. In other words, the total charges in anionic compound must equal zeroExample 1Method AMethod BSodiumchlorideFormula of ionsNa
+
Cl
-
Valency of ions11Simplest ratioof combiningions11FormulaNaClMagnesiumoxideFormula of ionsMg
2+
O
2-
Valency of ions22Simplest ratioof combiningions11FormulaMgO
3
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