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Methods of Purification andAnalysis
By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
□ Describe chromatography and interpret a chromatogram.□ Describe in general the use of locating agents.□ Describe filtration.□ Describe crystallisation.□ Describe distillation.□ Describe fractional distillation, examples: crude oil; ethanol fromfermentation.□ Describe how the purity of substances can be tested using boiling point,melting point and chromatography.□ Explain the need for pure substances in everyday life.□ Suggest a suitable method for separating a mixture to obtain purecomponenets.□ Use R
f
values to identify substances on chromatograms.
Please tick in the box if you can do any of the above.
The Need for Pure Substances
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Many industries need pure substances to make products such as foods,steel, computer chips and medicines.
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What is pure substance?A pure substance is a single substance not mixed with anythingelse. E.g. white sugar or copper(II) sulphate crystals.
In nature, very few substances are pure. Most substances are impureand in the form of mixtures.
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What is a mixture? Give an example of a mixture.A mixture contains two or more substances. E.g. seawater as itcontains water, salt and other dissolved solids.
Obtaining Pure Substances
Mixtures can be easily separated into pure substances. This process iscalled purification.
It is done by using physical methods WITHOUT chemical reactions.
Filtration
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What is it used for?This is used to separate a liquid from a solid.
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What happens in the process?-The method is shown in the diagram above.
2
 
-The solid is trapped by the filter paper. What do you call thissolid?residue-The liquid goes through the filter paper. What do you call thisliquid?Filtrate
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How does the process work?-The filter paper has holes in it called pores. The particles of liquidare small enough to go through the pores, but the bits of solid aretoo large to go through the pores.
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What are the main uses for filtration?Used to purify drinking water by removing insoluble solids.
Quick Questions:
1. The dyes in ink go through filter paper. Why?Because the dye molecules are smaller than the pores in the paper andso go straight through them.2, Salt in sea water cannot be separated from the water by filtration.Why?Because the sodium and chloride ions are much smaller than the poresin the paper.
Crystallisation
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What is it
 
used for?
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kamakathalan

hi hafizhapni can you send this file to me pandiankp@gmail.com have a nice day tc

reply06 / 29 / 2009
shirlena_19919827

i ask what is the name of the substance thetremains in the filter paper

reply01 / 23 / 2009
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