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A
STRO
105 R
EVIEW
S
HEET
 
FOR
F
INAL
E
XAM
 
ON
T
HURS
., M
AY
14, 1-3
PM
This is an incomplete list of topics and equations with which you should be familiar. As usual, refer to Lecture Highlights.You will not need a calculator for the exam (bring it if you will be too nervous without it) , but should be familiar with the different equations.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Interstellar Medium:
atomic, molecular, ionized gasdiffuse clouds, superclouds = H I21 cm radiationBok globules, giant molecular cloudspressure balance, P=nkT
Star Formation:
Jeans instabilityprotostars: T Tauri, bipolar outflow,masers, H-H objects, proplyds
Stellar Evolution:
H-R diagramMagnitude, colorblackbody radiationspectral line emissionnucleosynthesis: threshold temperaturesp-p, CNO, triple alphamass, size, lifetimehigh mass: supergiant, supernova,neutron star (pulsar) or black holelow mass: giant, white dwarf binary: nova or supernovaglobular, open clusters
Galaxies:
Hubble class: E, S0, S, IrrArm class (grand design, flocculent)Luminosity class (distance indicator)density waves; SSPSFMilky Way: structure, quadrantsrotation curvesquasars, active galaxies; Unified Modelblack hole-accretion disk,event horizon
Clusters of galaxies
Rich = E, S0; irregular = E, S, S0, Irrmergers, interactionssuperclustersbubble-void structure (COBE,Boomerang, WMAP)
Cosmology:
microwave background -> Big Bangnucleosynthesis: deuterium bottleneck geometry: flat, hyperbolic, sphericalcritical density
Ω
,;
Ω
M
+
Ω
Λ
=1deceleration parameter qcosmological constant
Λ
; dark energyfour forces;GUT= unification of 3 forcesfreezing out of forces, symmetrybreaking, latent heat of fusionpair production & annihilationinflation + CDM (bottom-up)cosmic strings + HDM (top-down)branes; multiversesEra of Decoupling=Era of Recombinationgalaxy formation: 1 billion yearsPlanck time
Equations, related concepts to consider:
Wien’s law
λ
max
=constant/surface temp; thermal (blackbody) radiationnonthermal synchrotron radiation intensity increases at longer wavelengthsInverse square law intensity ~ 1/r
2
Jeans length L
J
=
√
(kT/Gm
ρ
); Gravitational energy GMm/r; Kinetic energy 1/2 mv
2
= kTPressure p=nkT (clouds in pressure balance unless forming stars)
 
Electron transition energy for absorption or emission: E=kT=h
 ν
Magnitude m = -2.5log (flux);
∆
m=1
flux ratio of 2.5; flux ratio = 10
0.4
∆
m
or ~2.5
∆
m
Distance modulus m-M=5 log d-5, or equivalently, m-M=5log(d/10)Parallax d(pc)=1/P”Gravitational force, electromagnetic force ~ 1/r
2
H-R diagram: high mass stars have shorter lifetimes than low mass starsBlack holes: density ~ 1/r
2
or
 
~ 1/m
2
; Schwarzschild radius r=2Gm/c
2
v=H
o
d (Hubble law)
Astro 105 Review Sheet
This is an incomplete list of topics with which you should be familiar. Refer to Lecture Highlights for what I consider most important - if I didn’t cover it in class, I won’t ask  you about it. Review your homeworks and chapter questions for possible exam questions.You should be familiar with the meaning and use of the equations listed.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Interstellar Medium:
Phases: cold, warm, hot=atomic, molecular, ionized, highly ionized gas (know temps, densities, size range,compositions); fractal distributiondiffuse clouds, superclouds = H I (21 cm)Bok globules, giant molecular clouds (CO tracer, mm) = H
2
H II regions = emission nebulae (H
α
line)dust grains – silicates, graphite, iron; ice mantles; elongated
polarizationInterstellar reddening = extinction = absorption + scatteringreflection nebulae (blue; scattered light)pressure balance, P=nkT (disrupt to cause gravitational collapse)
Star Formation:
Jeans (gravitational) instability (grav. potential energy > kinetic energy)protostars: evidence from hotspot, T Tauri objects, bipolar outflow (jets), masers,Herbig-Haro objects, cocoons, proplyds
Stellar Evolution:
H-R diagram (L or M vs. T, spectral type, or color index)Magnitude (apparent, absolute)color, color index; (B-V) negative is bluer (hotter), positive is redder (cooler)blackbody radiation = continuum emission (4 properties)spectral line emissionnucleosynthesis: threshold temperatures for p-p, CNO, triple alpha
 
masses, relative sizes, lifetimes of starshigh mass: becomes supergiant, supernova, neutron star (pulsar) or black holelow mass: becomes giant, white dwarf binary: nova or supernova
Equations or relations to know:
Wien’s law
λ
max
∝
1/TJeans length L
J
∝
 
√
(T/ 
ρ
)Gravitational energy GMm/r; kinetic energy 1/2 mv
2
 
∝
kTElectron transition energy for absorption or emission: E=kT=h
 ν (Ε ∝
 
 ν)
magnitude m = -2.5log (flux)
∆
m=1 means flux ratio of 2.5;
∆
m=5 means flux ratio of 100flux ratio given by 10
0.4
∆
m
or ~2.5
∆
m
Distance modulus m-M=5 log d-5, or equivalently, m-M=5log(d/10)Parallax d(pc)=1/p”Luminosity L
∝
r
2
T
4
(or surface area, flux; energy flux
∝
 
T
4
Astro 105 Review Sheet for Test 2This is an incomplete list of topics with which you should be familiar. Refer to Lecture Highlightsfor what I consider most important - if I didn’t cover it in class, I won’t ask you about it. Subjectmatter is since Test 1 material, titled in red on Lecture Highlights _____________________________________________________________________________  ___________________________ Star clusters:globular clusters; Pop II; 3-D orbits; in bulge & halo; few metals; old; 10^5 stars eachgalactic (open) clusters; Pop I; circular orbits; in plane; more metals; young; 10^2-10^3 starseach; turn-off points on H-R diagrams --> agesCepheids: Type I in galactic (open) clusters, Type II in globulars; P-L law for distanceMilky Way:Structure: bulge, disk, halo; spiral arms: Sagittarius arm interior to us, Perseus arm exterior to us,we’re in Orion spur)Multiple arm structure; type SAB(rs)bc II M21 cm emission (hyperfine, spin-flip)Use of Doppler shift; quadrants (I, II, III, IV) to determine HI redshifts or blueshifts; solar circle;clockwise rotationGalaxies:Great Debate: Shapley, Curtis; key players Hubble, van Maanen, Slipher; review key issues andobservations (zone of avoidance; SN1885, dust, P-L law, galaxy rotation)
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