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Laboratory 1: First Order Linear Equations
Bogdan Krsti´c
Professor Preston
July 16, 2009
1 Definitions and Key
Constant/Equilibrium solution: A solution
x
(
t
) is a
constant 
, or
equi-librium 
, solution if (
k
R
)(
t
D
(
x
))(
x
(
t
) =
k
).
Periodic solution: A solution
x
(
t
) is
periodic
if 
x
(
t
) repeats its valuesin regular periods of 
t
.
Oscillating solution: A solution
x
(
t
)
oscillates
if 
x
(
t
) has an infinitenumber of roots.
Bounding (
A,B
R
)
from below: (
x
D
(
))(
(
x
)
A
)
from above: (
x
D
(
))(
(
x
)
B
)
two-side: (
x
D
(
))(
A
(
x
)
B
)
Solution color key:
Green:
x
0
(
1
,
0
,
1
,
2) =
1
Purple:
x
0
(
1
,
0
,
1
,
2) = 0
Blue:
x
0
(
1
,
0
,
1
,
2) = 1
Red:
x
0
(
1
,
0
,
1
,
2) = 2
2 Aims of Analysis
1. Establish existence or non-existence of constant solutions for eachequation.1
 
Figure 1:
g
(
t
) = 1,
p
= 12. Establish existence or non-existence of periodic or oscillating solutionsfor each equation.3. Establish existence or non-existence of two-side bounded solutions foreach equation.4. Determine behavior of solutions as
t
+
.5. Determine connection between value of 
x
0
and behavior of 
x
(
t
).6. Determine behavior of solutions with variations of 
p
.
3 Analysis of solutions for case
p
= 1
3.1
g
(
t
) = 1
(Figure 1)
1. There exist an infinite amount of constant solutions, as shown by theblue solutions in Figure 1: (
x
0
= 1)(
x
(
t
) = 1).2. No periodic or oscillating solutions exist.3. Only the constant solutions,
x
k
, are two-side bounded, where 1
x
k
1.2
 
Figure 2:
g
(
t
) = 1,
p
= 24. As
t
+
,x
(
t
)
1.5. If 
x
0
>
1, the solutions approach the limit of 
x
(
t
) = 1 from above,shown by the red solutions in Figure 1. If 
x
0
<
1, the solutionsapproach the limit of 
x
(
t
) = 1 from below, shown by the purple andgreen solutions in Figure 1. If 
x
0
= 1, the solutions are constant at
x
(
t
) = 1, shown by the blue solutions in Figure 1.6. Variations on
p
p
= 2: The solutions tend to
±∞
(depending on their locationabove or below the limit of 1) faster as
t
−∞
. The constantsolutions from
p
= 1 also disappear, and are now at
x
0
=
12
.(Figure 2)
p
= 0: The solutions all become variations of 
x
(
t
) =
t
+
n
, de-pending on the value of 
x
0
, and the constant solutions from
p
= 1disappear. (Figure 3)
p
=
12
: All the solutions except the equilibria tend to
−∞
as
t
. The equilibria, shown by the red solutions, are now at
x
(
t
) = 2. (Figure 4)3
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