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M.R.

What is expectancy theory?

•The ET deals withmotivation and management.•Vroom’s theory assumes thatbehaviour is a result fromconscious choices among alternatives.•Thepurposeof the choices is tomaximize pleasureand tominimize pain.•Vroom suggested that the relationship between people’sbehaviour at work and their goals wasnot as simpleasfirst imagined by other scientists.•Vroom realized that an employee’sperformanceisbased on individual factors such aspersonality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities.•The ET says that individuals have differentsets of goals and can be motivated if they have certainexpectations.

M.R.

ET expectations:

•There is apositive correlationbetweeneffort andperformance•Favourable performancewill result in adesirable reward•The reward willsatisfy an important need•Thedesireto satisfy the need isstrong enough to make the effort worthwhile

M.R.

ET is based upon the followingthree beliefs:

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Valence:Refers to emotional orientations whichpeople hold with respect to outcomes (rewards). Thedepth of the want of an employee for extrinsic(money, promotion, free time, benefits) or intrinsic(satisfaction) rewards. Management must discover what employees appreciate.

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Expectancy:Employees have different expectationsand levels of confidence about what they are capableof doing. Management must discover whatresources, training or supervision the employeesneed.

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Instrumentality:The perception of employeeswhether they will actually receive what they desire,even if it has been promised by a manager.Management must ensure that promises of rewardsare fulfilled and that employees are aware of it.