/  54
 
ta&;awmfyH k(4) apmifwG  J  - 1 -
ta&;awmfyH k(4)apmifwG  J
1974 ar=ZGeftvkyform;ta&;awmfyH k   1974 'DZifbm OD;oef ‹psmyeta&;awmfyH k   1975 ZGefa&$wd*H k ta&;awmfyH k   1976 rwfr+   dif;&mjynf  hta&;awmfyH k  
rmwdum
 
ta&;awmfyH k(4) apmifwG  J  - 2 -
1974 ar-ZGeftvkyform;ta&;tcif;
&Jabmf0if;xdef 
qifrvkdufoabFmusif;wkdufyGJ 
oabFmusif;rSm usaemfu tvkyform;aumifpD0ifwOD;jzpfygw,f? tvkyform;xkua&G;cs,f+yD; wifajr‡mufvk  dufwJh  uk  d,fpm;vS,fyg? aumifpDuae+yD; usaemf  hukdxkwfvkyfa&;twGif;a&;rª;/ pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;twGif;a&;rª;/ pHjya&G;cs,fa&; twGif;a&;rª;qk  d+yD; wm0efoHk;ckay;ygw,f? tck 
VOA
rSm vkyfaewJ  hOD;cspfOD; (37) ESpfqk  dwmu usaemfwk  d @ aumifpDOuUÏyg? olu pm&if;uk  difcsKyf? usaemfwk  d@ oabFmusif;rSm vc usyf1200 eJ @ bm;qk  H;aeygw,f? aumifpDtpnf;ta0;ud k tywfwk  dif;xk  dif&w,f? wufa&mufwJ  holawGxJrSm OD;cspfOD;/ Ak  dvf;&J!Gef @/ aumifpDtaxGaxG  twGif;a&;rª;/ aemufXmeqk  dif&m tvkyform;uk  d,fpm;vS,fawG? qifrvk  dufoabFmusif;uk  d,l*k  dpvyfu tultnDay;wm/ odef; 650 ukefusw,f? ,l*d kpvyftif*sifeD,mawGeJ @ twl  wltvkyfvkyf&w,f? v#yfppfeJ@ywfoufwJ  h taemuf*smreDv#yfppfqD;rif;ukr`%D&S  dw,f? wyfqifxm;wJhpufawGu ta&SŒ *smr%DupufawG? puf±k  HxJrSm oabFmvGef;vrf;awG/ oabFmuk  dwae&mu wae&mul;ajymif;ay;wJ  h
 
Transmitter
 
a&uef}uD;awG/ oabFmwnfaqmufa&;puf±H k tvkyf±H kawGaygif;pk  H/ Xmeaygif;pk  H&S  dygw,f? tvkyform;awGqk  dwmuvnf; rsm; aomtm;jzif  huk  d;wef; q,fwef;orm;awGtvkyform;aygif; 1000 cef @&S  dw,f? usaemfwk  d @taeeJ @ wefcsdefok  H;axmif&S  dwJ  har,koabFmutp &efrsKd;atmifppfoabFmtxdukef;ay:wif}u&w,f?
FiveStars
 
u jynfawmf!Gef @oabFmvnf; wif&wmyJ? vkyf&wJhtvkyfu twwfynmjrif  hw,f? wcsKd @tvkyfawGu odyfyifyef; w,f? bma}umif  hvJqk  dawm@ pufeJ @vkyf&r,f @[mawGukdvltm;eJ @vkyfae&vk  d@jzpfw,f? Oyrm
qk  dygawm/hwef0ufavmuf  av;wJh[mqk  d&ifcsdef;bavmufeJ @ r˜&rSmjzpfayr,f @ vl 4
-
5 a,mufeJ @r˜ae&awmhvlawG[m ta}umtjcifawGjyKwfxGuf  ukef+yDvm; cHpm;&w,f? aemufoabFmyefum}uD;awGjzKwfwJhtcg 12 aygifwl}uD;eJ @ wtm;v$  J
,
v$J±kduf+yD; ðzwf}u&wm/ ar,kyefumqk  d&if2 wef3 wefavmufav;w,f? tJ'g}uD;uk  dcsdef;bavmufeJ @jzKwf/ wleJ @±k  duf&wJhtvkyform;awG[m waygif; wefcl; aeyl}uD;xJrSm pOf;pm;om}unf  hyg? oabFm0rf;xJav;zufaxmuf0if+yD; &ypf 
(Rivet)
 
±k  duf&wJ  htcgrsKd;qk  d&if  aocsifapmfeHw,f? 'gayrJ  h&wJ  hvcusawmhodyfenf;w,f? usaemfwk  d @aumifpDu vlawG[m &efukefwk  dif;rSm&S  dwJ  h puf±H ktvkyf±HkawGuk  dr}umr}um avhvmcGif  h&ygw,f? bDyDtk  dif/ *kefeDpuf±H k/ ork  dif;csnfr#ifeJ @ txnfpuf±H k
ponfjzif  ha&mufzl;w,f? 'Dtay:u usaemfwk  d@tvkyform;awGE_  dif;,SOf+yD; aqG;aEG;cJ  h}uw,f? tvkyform;awG&JŒ aexk  difpm;aomufr_b0/ tvkyfcGifutajctae/ vpm/ axmufyH  hr_/ apmif  ha&Smufr_ 
ponfaxmif  haygif;pk  Hu=unf  hygw,f? Oyrm
bDyDtk  dif(aq;0g;puf±H k) rSmqk  d&ifuav;xdef;Xme&Sdw,f? pnf;urf;owfrSwfr_jrif  hw,f? tcef;xJ0if&ifbdeyf cíwf0if/ yk  d;owfxm;wJ  h0wfpkHawGvJ+yD;rS0if&wmrsKd;? avhvma&;u jyefvm&ifaumifpDtpnf;ta0; xk  dif&w,f? xkwfvkyfa&; b,fvk  dwk  d;atmifvkyf&rvJaqG;aEG;}uw,f? 'Dae&mrSm rqvacwft&m&Sd}uD;awGeJ @ olwkd @vnfywfaewJ  h,EW&m;}uD;ta}umif;uk  drdrdeJ @qufpyfaewJ  htyd kif;uae+yD; ajymcsifw,f?wa,mufu Ak  dvf;}uD;wifpk  d;/ o,f,lyk  d @aqmifa&;rSm OD;omausmf+yD;&ifolyJ? olu ‘'DrSm ud k0if;xdef/ cifAsm;odwJ  h  twk  dif; usaemf[m tpk  d;&t}uD;wef;t&m&S  djzpfw,f? 'gayrJ  husaemfbmrSvkyfvkd @r&bl;’ wJ  h? tJ'DaumifpDtpnf;ta0;rSmyJ usaemfu ‘xkwfvkyfa&;rSm
M
6 vk  H;vk  d @ ajym}uw,f?
man
 
vl/
machine
 
pufu&d ,m/
market
 
aps;uGuf/
money
 
qk  dwJ  hyk  dufqH/
 
method
 
enf;ynmeJ @
 
management
ac:wJ  hpDrHcef@cG  Jr_? usaemfwk  d @puf±HkrSm acwfrD  Szk  d @qkd&if usaemfwkd @tvkyform;tm;vk  H;ukdtwwfynmjr‡if  h&r,f? puf±H kuk  d acwfrDzk  d @
 
M
 
6vkH; wyfqif&r,f? usaemf  wk  d @ odyfyifyef;aew,f? vpmuenf;w,f/ tm[m&urvk  dufEd kif/ cGeftm;vnf;r&S  d/ acwfuvnf;rrDawmhu&def;eJ @vkyf&r,f  h  [muk  dvlawGeJ @ r
,
ae&w,f? 'ga}umif  h 
M
6vk  H; udpPtjrefpOf;pm;ay;}uyg’ vk  d @ajymvk  dufw,f? 'kAkdvf;}uD;!Gef @atmifqk  dwm&S  dw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u olu &efvk  H;atmifppfa&,mOf&JŒ
C.O
 
jzpfw,f? Ak  dvfae0if; pmwk  duf  }uD;pma&;vkyfaepOfu ol @ukdxdef;ay;&wmqk  dawmhb,fol @rS*±krpkdufbl;? ol @txufu Ak  dvfcsKyfaomif;wifvm&ifvnf;
 
salute
 
ray;bl;? rjrifcsifa,mifaqmifaewm? usaemfwkd @&@JtaxGaxGrefae*smu OD;rsKd;cifqk  dwJ  h&cd kifukvm;}uD;/ olu puf 
 
ta&;awmfyH k(4) apmifwG  J  - 3 -
±H kuk  dodyfzG  H @òzd;apcsifw,f? odyfwk  d;wufapcsifw,f? tvkyform;awG&JŒb0ud kaumif;apcsifw,f? 'gud kodwJ  htcg ol @ txuf  t&m&S  dOD;omausmfu ‘a[@rsKd;cif’ qkd+yD; ‘ig’ eJ @uk  difwkwfw,f? OD;omausmf[m &cd kifawGxJrSm bk&ifvkdqufqH&wm/ awmf  awmfrsm;rsm;u ol @ud kbk&m;rxl;&±Hkwr,fyJ? a&wyf&J  htxmuwrsKd;? Ak  dvfawGuk  dxrif;yk  d @&wJ  h 
AP
 
wyfom;awG&S  dao;w,f? xrif;yk  d @wJ  htcg olwk  d @r}unfvk  d @&S  d&if  xrif;xJ wHawG;axG;xnf  hay;vk  dufwm/ rdoGm;wJ  htcg xk  d;}u}udwf}u jzpf}uw,f? olwk  d@eJ @ usaemfwk  d @tvkyform;awG a,bk,stm;jzif  hcif}uw,f? t&m&S  da&m wyfom;awGyg cif}uw,f? b0t&ukdrcifvk  d @rjzpfbl;? vl200-300 avmufpD; wJ  h/ wefcsdef3000 avmuf&S  dwJ  hppfoabFm}uD; yifv,fxJoGm;wJ  htcg tvkyform;awGvkyfay;vk  dufwm raooyf&ifvk  d&m ra&muf ao&Gma&mufoGm;Edkifw,f? oabFmaygufqif;&ifusaemfvufrSwfxk  d;rSxGufcGif  h&wmqk  dawmhusaemh  fuk  dta&;ay; ygw,f?ara';wkd @/ jynfaxmifpkae@wkd @qk  d&ifusaemfwkd @oabFmusif;tvkyform;awGyJ xreJxk  d;ay;&w,f? vlaxmifaomif; twGufxkd;ay;&wmyg? usaemftvkyform;awGeJ @ twlxk  d; twlpm;aecJ  hw,f/ oabFmusif;rSm pm}unf  hwk  dufzGifhw,f/ twl  zwf}u avhvm}uw,f? 'Dtvkyform;awGxJrSm ±k&Sm;/ yk  dvef/ ta&SŒ*smr%Dæ pwJ  hqk  d&S,fvpfEd kifiHawGud koGm;+yD; ynmoif  cJ  h&olawG&Sdw,f? 'ga}umif  hqkd&S,fvpfpepftay: wdrf;!Gwfr_awG&S  d}uw,f? txufrSm ajymcJhwmawG[m ta&;tcif;ray:rDaemufcHtaetxm;awGjzpfygw,f? tckusaemfwk  d @XmeeJ @qk  difwJ  h  ta&;tcif;ta}umif; wifjyygr,f? ZGefv 5 &ufae@u pygr,f? usaemfwk  d @ qifrvk  dufoabFmusif;eJ @ vSnf;wef;rD;&xm;vrf;eJ @u uyfaew,f? &efukef  bufu rD;&xm;tvkyform;awGtif;pdefbufcsDwufoGm;}u+yDqk  dwJ  howif;}um;ae}u&+yD? ZGef6 &ufae@rSm xk  H;pHtwk  dif; Xmeuk  dtapm}uD;oGm;w,f? oef @&Sif;a&;vkyf/ a&aEG;wnf/ pm}unf  hwk  dufzGif  h/ puf±H kzGif  h  ay;+yD; uJefwif;xJoGm;xk  difapmif  haewkef; tvkyform;awG0ifvmw,f? ‘ukd0if;xdef/ [k  drSm rD;&xm;rSmawmhqENjyr_awG  jzpfae+yD? bmvkyf}urvJvk  d @ tvkyform;&Jabmfuk  dbmpdefuar;w,f? ‘olwkd @awmifarSmuf&ifusaemfwk  d @vnf;arSmufaygh  Asm? 'gudpPaumif;yJ’ qkd+yD; vufajr‡mufjyvkdufw,f? tvkyform;awGuvnf; tm;vk  H;vufajr‡mufjyvk  duf}uum ‘'Dvk  dqkd  &ifusaemfwd k @oydwfarSmuf}ur,fvk  d @nd  ‡vk  duf}uw,f? uysmu&mpm;aomuf+yD; xGufvm}uw,f? qk  difa&S @rSm usaemfu ‘oydwfoydwf’ wk  difwmeJ@ ‘arSmufarSmuf’ qk  dwJ  htoHawG[def;xGufcJ  hw,f? tvkyform;awGuk  dusaemfu ‘&Jabmfwk  d@/ cktcsdefup+yD;awmhoydwfarSmufr,f? 'k  d @tvkyform;awG&JŒ tcGif  hta&;awG &z@k  dtwGuf'd k @oydwfarSmuf}ur,f? qENjy}ur,f? 'DtcGif  hta&;awG&&S  dzk  d @ pnf;pnf;vk  H;vk  H;eJ @ wk  dufyG  J0if}ur,f’ vkd @ v_  H @aqmf  vk  dufw,f? tvkyform;awGwajzmajzma&muf&SdvmcsdefrSmawmhusaemfu pm;yG  Jwvk  H;ay:wuf&yfvk  duf+yD; ‘oydwfoydwf vk  d @wk  difvk  dufwmeJ @ ‘arSmufarSmufqk  dwJ  htoH}uD;u wkef[D;xGufay:vmw,f? aemufawmhwjcm;puf±H kawGbuf  csDwuf}uw,f? 0,f'ga&Sm@
(
Weldershop
)
bufa&mufawmh‘&Jabmftvkyform;taygif;wk  d @/ 'k  d @&JŒtcGif  hta&;awGuk  d&zkd @ wk  dufyGJ0if}ur,f? 'DtwGuf'k  d@ tvkyfrvkyf}uawmhbl;? puf±H kawGydwfr,f’ vk  d @ a}unmvk  dufw,f? &Jabmfbefa&$u ‘tvkyf  orm;oydwfarSmufarSmuf’ vkd @wd kifay;w,f? aemufusaemfu zdwifa&SmhuaomheJ @ 0,f'ga&SmhuaomhESpfacsmif; odrf;xm; vk  dufw,f? &Jabmfbefa±$OD;aqmif+yD; tvkyform;awGu a'gufum
 
(
Docker
)
bufuk  dxGufoGm;}uw,f? &Jabmfbefa&$[m u&def; ay:wufvk  duf+yD; ‘tvkyform;&Jabmftaygif;wk  d @/ cktcsdefrSm usaemfwkd @tvkyform;awG&JŒ tcGif  hta&;uk  d awmif;qk  dr,f? atmifawmif;qk  dr,f? EGm;arG;&if jrufau|;&r,f? vlarG;&if qefay;&r,fvk  d @ a[majymw,f? tvkyform;xk}uD;u ‘'k  d @ta&; 'k  d @ ta&;’ vk  d @ aºuG;a}umf}uw,f? tJ'Dvk  deJ @ usaemfwk  d @wawG t,fvufx&Du,fa&Sm@/ r&Sif;a&Sm@/ &SpfbDvf'if 
(
shipbulding
)
/ aemuf0,f'ifa&Sm@/ umyifwm
(
Carpenter
)
/ abmf'D 
(
Body
)
a&Smh/ tif*sif&DyJ&m;a&Smh 
(
engine repair shop
)
/ 0ef}uD;±H k;
(
TLC
)
/ OD;omausmf±H k; (oabFmusif;xJrSmyJok  H;w,f) awGbufvSnf  hvnf}uw,f? tJ'Dae@u OD;omausmfrvmbl;? olu tv,fxyfrSmaew,f? 0ef}uD;±Hk;rSm trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;0efxrf;awG&S  dw,f? olwk  d @uk  dusaemfuajymw,f? ‘oabFmusif;wckvk  H;uk  dtvkyform;awGodrf;vk  duf+yD? tJ'DawmhcifAsm;wk  d @ tvkyform;awG  eJŒvufwGJ+yD; oydwfarSmufyg? twlwuGusaemfwk  d @tcGif  hta&;awGud kawmif;qkd}ur,f? r&rcsif;awmif;rSmjzpfw,f? cifAsm; wk  d @ tvkyfrqif;}uygeJ @’ vk  d @? olwd k @wk  H @jyefr_u aumif;ygw,f? tvkyfrqif;}uygbl;? tJ'Duae aq;cef;xJoGm;w,f? a'gufwmpDpDeJ @ em@pfrav; wifwifrl&S  dw,f? olwk  d @ESpfa,mufvk  H; tvkyform;awGeJ @cifw,f? apwemvnf;aumif;}uw,f? aq;ay;vnf; &ufa&m

Share & Embed

More from this user

Add a Comment

Characters: ...