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Sh\ue002m\ue009h\ue002d Akht\ue002r

G\ue015v\ue00d\ue018\ue014\ue015\ue018, S\ue01a\ue00a\ue01a\ue00d B\ue00a\ue014k \ue015\ue00e P\ue00ak\ue011\ue019\ue01a\ue00a\ue014

Zet\ue005 Akht\ue002r Az\ue005z

G\ue015v\ue00d\ue018\ue014\ue015\ue018, B\ue00a\ue014k N\ue00d\ue00f\ue00a\ue018\ue00a M\ue00a\ue012\ue00a\ue01d\ue019\ue011\ue00a

R\ue007bert W. He\ue004ner

P\ue018\ue015\ue00e\ue00d\ue019\ue019\ue015\ue018 \ue015\ue00e A\ue014\ue01a\ue010\ue018\ue015\ue016\ue015\ue012\ue015\ue00f\ue01d, B\ue015\ue019\ue01a\ue015\ue014 U\ue014\ue011v\ue00d\ue018\ue019\ue011\ue01a\ue01d

N\ue005k N\ue007rzru\ue006 T\ue002n\ue005

C\ue010\ue00a\ue011\ue018\ue013\ue00a\ue014 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c P\ue00a\ue018\ue01a\ue014\ue00d\ue018, Z\ue00a\ue011\ue00c Ib\ue018\ue00a\ue010\ue011\ue013 & C\ue015.

Ange\ue006\ue007 Ven\ue002rd\ue007\ue009

Ex\ue00d\ue00b\ue01b\ue01a\ue011v\ue00d D\ue011\ue018\ue00d\ue00b\ue01a\ue015\ue018, H\ue00d\ue018\ue011\ue01a\ue00a\ue00f\ue00d \ue009\ue018\ue01b\ue019\ue01a G\ue018\ue015\ue01b\ue016

Fr\ue002nk E. V\ue007ge\ue006

I\ue014\ue00c\ue00d\ue016\ue00d\ue014\ue00c\ue00d\ue014\ue01a \ue019\ue00b\ue010\ue015\ue012\ue00a\ue018 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue019\ue01b\ue012\ue01a\ue00a\ue014\ue01a

Ibr\ue002h\ue005m W\ue002rde

A\ue00cj\ue01b\ue014\ue00b\ue01a P\ue018\ue015\ue00e\ue00d\ue019\ue019\ue015\ue018, F\ue012\ue00d\ue01a\ue00b\ue010\ue00d\ue018 S\ue00b\ue010\ue015\ue015\ue012 \ue015\ue00e L\ue00a\ue01c \ue00a\ue014\ue00c D\ue011\ue016\ue012\ue015\ue013\ue00a\ue00b\ue01d, \ue009\ue01b\ue004\ue019 U\ue014\ue011v\ue00d\ue018\ue019\ue011\ue01a\ue01d

\u2022h t t p : / / a s i a p o l i c y. n b r . o r g \u2022

asia policy,

number 6(july 2008), 1\u201314

U\ue014\ue00c\ue00d\ue018\ue019\ue01a\ue00a\ue014\ue00c\ue011\ue014\ue00f I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b F\ue011\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d:

L\ue015\ue00b\ue00a\ue012 I\ue014\ue014\ue015v\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c G\ue012\ue015b\ue00a\ue012 I\ue014\ue01a\ue00d\ue00f\ue018\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014

policy q&a

W

[2 ]

asia policy

\ue010\ue00a\ue01a \ue011\ue019 I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d (IF)\ue008 I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d \ue010\ue00a\ue019 \ue018\ue00d\ue00b\ue015\ue018\ue00c\ue00d\ue00c \ue00c\ue018\ue00a\ue013\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue00b

\ue00f\ue018\ue015\ue01c\ue01a\ue010 \ue015v\ue00d\ue018 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue012\ue00a\ue019\ue01a \ue00c\ue00d\ue00b\ue00a\ue00c\ue00d \ue015\ue018 \ue019\ue015, \ue01c\ue011\ue01a\ue010 \ue00a \ue016\ue018\ue00d\ue019\ue00d\ue014\ue00b\ue00d \ue011\ue014 \ue013\ue015\ue018\ue00d \ue01a\ue010\ue00a\ue014 75 M\ue01b\ue019\ue012\ue011\ue013 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue014\ue015\ue014-M\ue01b\ue019\ue012\ue011\ue013 \ue00b\ue015\ue01b\ue014\ue01a\ue018\ue011\ue00d\ue019 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue01a\ue015\ue01a\ue00a\ue012 \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue011\ue00a\ue012 \ue00a\ue019\ue019\ue00d\ue01a\ue019 \ue014\ue015\ue01c \ue00d\ue019\ue01a\ue011\ue013\ue00a\ue01a\ue00d\ue00c \ue01a\ue015 \ue00dx\ue00b\ue00d\ue00d\ue00c $1 \ue01a\ue018\ue011\ue012\ue012\ue011\ue015\ue014. W\ue011\ue01a\ue010 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue011\ue014\ue01a\ue00d\ue00f\ue018\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue015\ue00e IF \ue00a\ue014\ue00c I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b b\ue00a\ue014k\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue011\ue014\ue01a\ue015 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue00f\ue012\ue015b\ue00a\ue012 \ue00d\ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue015\ue013\ue01d, IF\u2019\ue019 \ue00a\ue016\ue016\ue00d\ue00a\ue012 \ue00a\ue019 \ue00a \ue013\ue00a\ue018k\ue00d\ue01a \ue00e\ue015\ue018 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue019\ue015\ue01b\ue018\ue00b\ue00d \ue015\ue00e \ue00f\ue012\ue015b\ue00a\ue012 \ue00b\ue00a\ue016\ue011\ue01a\ue00a\ue012 \ue011\ue019 \ue011\ue014\ue00b\ue018\ue00d\ue00a\ue019\ue011\ue014\ue00f. T\ue00d \ue011\ue014\ue00c\ue01b\ue019\ue01a\ue018\ue01d\u2019\ue019 \ue018\ue00a\ue016\ue011\ue00c \ue00f\ue018\ue015\ue01c\ue01a\ue010 \ue011\ue019 \ue013\ue00a\ue018k\ue00d\ue00c b\ue01d \ue011\ue014\ue00b\ue018\ue00d\ue00a\ue019\ue00d\ue019 \ue011\ue014 I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue011\ue00a\ue012 \ue016\ue018\ue015\ue00c\ue01b\ue00b\ue01a\ue019 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue019\ue00d\ue018v\ue011\ue00b\ue00d\ue019, \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue00c\ue00dv\ue00d\ue012\ue015\ue016\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue01a \ue015\ue00e \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue011\ue014\ue00c\ue01b\ue019\ue01a\ue018\ue01d\u2019\ue019 \ue018\ue00d\ue00f\ue01b\ue012\ue00a\ue01a\ue015\ue018\ue01d \ue00e\ue018\ue00a\ue013\ue00d\ue01c\ue015\ue018k\ue019, \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue00d\ue014\ue010\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d\ue00c \ue011\ue014\ue01a\ue00d\ue018\ue014\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014\ue00a\ue012 \ue012\ue011\ue014k\ue00a\ue00f\ue00d\ue019.

A\ue01a \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue019\ue00a\ue013\ue00d \ue01a\ue011\ue013\ue00d IF\u2019\ue019 \ue00f\ue018\ue015\ue01c\ue01a\ue010 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue011\ue014\ue01a\ue00d\ue00f\ue018\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue011\ue014\ue01a\ue015 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue00f\ue012\ue015b\ue00a\ue012 \ue00d\ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue015\ue013\ue01d \ue010\ue00a\ue019 \ue018\ue00a\ue011\ue019\ue00d\ue00c \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue00b\ue00d\ue018\ue014\ue019 \ue00a\ue013\ue015\ue014\ue00f b\ue015\ue01a\ue010 M\ue01b\ue019\ue012\ue011\ue013\ue019 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue014\ue015\ue014-M\ue01b\ue019\ue012\ue011\ue013\ue019. D\ue00db\ue00a\ue01a\ue00d\ue019 \ue00a\ue013\ue015\ue014\ue00f M\ue01b\ue019\ue012\ue011\ue013 \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue011\ue00d\ue018\ue019 \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue01a\ue011\ue014\ue01b\ue00d \ue015v\ue00d\ue018 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue00a\ue016\ue016\ue012\ue011\ue00b\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue015\ue00e\ue009h\ue002r \ue005\ue002 (I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue012\ue00a\ue01c) \ue011\ue014 \ue00a \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue011\ue00a\ue012 \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue01a\ue00dx\ue01a. O\ue01a\ue010\ue00d\ue018\ue019 \ue017\ue01b\ue00d\ue019\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue01c\ue010\ue00d\ue01a\ue010\ue00d\ue018 IF \ue011\ue019 \ue01b\ue012\ue01a\ue011\ue013\ue00a\ue01a\ue00d\ue012\ue01d b\ue00d\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue012\ue00dv\ue00d\ue018\ue00a\ue00f\ue00d\ue00c \ue01a\ue015 \ue00e\ue01b\ue014\ue00c I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue01a\ue00d\ue018\ue018\ue015\ue018\ue011\ue019\ue013 \ue01a\ue010\ue018\ue015\ue01b\ue00f\ue010\ue015\ue01b\ue01a \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue01c\ue015\ue018\ue012\ue00c.

\ue009\ue015 \ue00f\ue00a\ue011\ue014 \ue00a b\ue00d\ue01a\ue01a\ue00d\ue018 \ue01b\ue014\ue00c\ue00d\ue018\ue019\ue01a\ue00a\ue014\ue00c\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue015\ue00e \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue016\ue010\ue00d\ue014\ue015\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue00a\ue012 \ue018\ue011\ue019\ue00d \ue015\ue00e IF \ue011\ue014 \ue00f\ue00d\ue014\ue00d\ue018\ue00a\ue012, \ue015\ue00e S\ue015\ue01b\ue01a\ue010\ue00d\ue00a\ue019\ue01a A\ue019\ue011\ue00a\u2019\ue019 \ue016\ue00a\ue018\ue01a\ue011\ue00b\ue01b\ue012\ue00a\ue018 \ue018\ue015\ue012\ue00d \ue00a\ue019 \ue00a\ue014 \ue00d\ue016\ue011\ue00b\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue00d\ue018 \ue00e\ue015\ue018 IF \ue011\ue014\ue014\ue015v\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue00c\ue00dv\ue00d\ue012\ue015\ue016\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue01a, \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue015\ue00e \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue015\ue016\ue016\ue015\ue018\ue01a\ue01b\ue014\ue011\ue01a\ue011\ue00d\ue019 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue00b\ue010\ue00a\ue012\ue012\ue00d\ue014\ue00f\ue00d\ue019 \ue00e\ue00a\ue00b\ue011\ue014\ue00f IF \ue00a\ue019 \ue00a\ue014 \ue00d\ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue015\ue013\ue011\ue00b\ue00a\ue012\ue012\ue01d v\ue011\ue00ab\ue012\ue00d \ue00f\ue012\ue015b\ue00a\ue012 \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue011\ue00a\ue012 \ue011\ue014\ue00c\ue01b\ue019\ue01a\ue018\ue01d, A\ue009\ue005\ue002 P\ue007\ue006\ue005\ue003\ue00a \ue016\ue018\ue00d\ue019\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue019 \ue011\ue014\ue019\ue011\ue00f\ue010\ue01a\ue019 \ue00e\ue018\ue015\ue013 \ue00a \ue016\ue00a\ue014\ue00d\ue012 \ue015\ue00e \ue019\ue00d\ue014\ue011\ue015\ue018 \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d \ue015\ue002\ue00b\ue011\ue00a\ue012\ue019, \ue011\ue014\ue00c\ue01b\ue019\ue01a\ue018\ue01d \ue016\ue018\ue00a\ue00b\ue01a\ue011\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014\ue00d\ue018\ue019, \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue019\ue00b\ue010\ue015\ue012\ue00a\ue018\ue019.1

T\ue011\ue019 \ue016\ue015\ue012\ue011\ue00b\ue01d Q&A \ue011\ue019 \ue00c\ue011v\ue011\ue00c\ue00d\ue00c \ue011\ue014\ue01a\ue015 \ue00e\ue015\ue01b\ue018 \ue019\ue00d\ue00b\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014\ue019:

u\ue000\ue016\ue016. \ue006\u20135 \ue00c\ue00d\ue003\ue014\ue00d IF
u\ue000\ue016\ue016. 6\u20138 \ue018\ue00dv\ue011\ue00d\ue01c \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue010\ue011\ue019\ue01a\ue015\ue018\ue011\ue00b\ue00a\ue012 \ue00c\ue00dv\ue00d\ue012\ue015\ue016\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue01a \ue015\ue00e IF
u\ue000\ue016\ue016. 8\u201311 \ue00a\ue019\ue019\ue00d\ue019\ue019 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue00d\ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue015\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue019\ue01b\ue019\ue01a\ue00a\ue011\ue014\ue00ab\ue011\ue012\ue011\ue01a\ue01d \ue015\ue00e IF b\ue015\ue01a\ue010 \ue011\ue014 S\ue015\ue01b\ue01a\ue010\ue00d\ue00a\ue019\ue01a A\ue019\ue011\ue00a

\ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue00f\ue012\ue015b\ue00a\ue012\ue012\ue01d

u\ue000\ue016\ue016. 1\ue005\u20131\ue007 \ue00a\ue016\ue016\ue018\ue00a\ue011\ue019\ue00d \ue00a \ue00e\ue00d\ue01c k\ue00d\ue01d \ue00b\ue010\ue00a\ue012\ue012\ue00d\ue014\ue00f\ue00d\ue019 \ue00e\ue00a\ue00b\ue011\ue014\ue00f IF

1O\ue014 O\ue00b\ue01a\ue015b\ue00d\ue018 18, \ue005007, \ue01a\ue010\ue00d N\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014\ue00a\ue012 B\ue01b\ue018\ue00d\ue00a\ue01b \ue015\ue00e A\ue019\ue011\ue00a\ue014 R\ue00d\ue019\ue00d\ue00a\ue018\ue00b\ue010 (NBR) \ue00b\ue015\ue014v\ue00d\ue014\ue00d\ue00c \ue00a \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue00e\ue00d\ue018\ue00d\ue014\ue00b\ue00d, \ue01b\ue014\ue00c\ue00d\ue018

\ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue00c\ue011\ue018\ue00d\ue00b\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue015\ue00e S\ue00d\ue014\ue011\ue015\ue018 P\ue018\ue015j\ue00d\ue00b\ue01a D\ue011\ue018\ue00d\ue00b\ue01a\ue015\ue018 M\ue00d\ue018\ue00b\ue01d K\ue01b\ue015, \ue01a\ue015 \ue00dx\ue016\ue012\ue015\ue018\ue00d \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue00f\ue018\ue015\ue01c\ue01a\ue010 \ue015\ue00e I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d (IF)
\ue011\ue014 S\ue015\ue01b\ue01a\ue010\ue00d\ue00a\ue019\ue01a A\ue019\ue011\ue00a, \ue01c\ue010\ue011\ue00b\ue010 \ue011\ue019 \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue019\ue011\ue00c\ue00d\ue018\ue00d\ue00c \ue00a \ue012\ue00d\ue00a\ue00c\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue00b\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue00d\ue018 \ue015\ue00e \ue011\ue014\ue014\ue015v\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue00dx\ue016\ue00d\ue018\ue01a\ue011\ue019\ue00d \ue011\ue014 IF. I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b
\ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d \ue00dx\ue016\ue00d\ue018\ue01a\ue019 \ue00a\ue019\ue019\ue00d\ue013b\ue012\ue00d\ue00c b\ue015\ue01a\ue010 \ue01a\ue015 \ue00c\ue011\ue019\ue00b\ue01b\ue019\ue019 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue011\ue014\ue019\ue01a\ue011\ue01a\ue01b\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014\ue019, b\ue00d\ue012\ue011\ue00d\ue00e\ue019, \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue01a\ue018\ue00d\ue014\ue00c\ue019 \ue00e\ue01b\ue00d\ue012\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue011\ue014\ue00c\ue01b\ue019\ue01a\ue018\ue01d\u2019\ue019
\ue00dv\ue015\ue012\ue01b\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue01a\ue015 \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue019\ue011\ue00c\ue00d\ue018 \ue01c\ue00a\ue01d\ue019 \ue00e\ue015\ue018 \ue019\ue010\ue00a\ue016\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue01a\ue00dx\ue01a \ue011\ue014 \ue01c\ue010\ue011\ue00b\ue010 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d\ue019\ue00d \ue00c\ue00dv\ue00d\ue012\ue015\ue016\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue019 \ue00a\ue018\ue00d \ue01b\ue014\ue00e\ue015\ue012\ue00c\ue011\ue014\ue00f.
T\ue011\ue019 \ue016\ue015\ue012\ue011\ue00b\ue01d Q&A \ue011\ue019 \ue00a\ue014 \ue00a\ue00c\ue00a\ue016\ue01a\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014, \ue01c\ue011\ue01a\ue010 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue00a\ue019\ue019\ue011\ue019\ue01a\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d \ue015\ue00e \ue009\ue015\ue018\ue018\ue00d\ue01d G\ue015\ue00a\ue00c \ue00a\ue014\ue00c N\ue01b\ue00a\ue012\ue00b\ue010\ue00a\ue014 S\ue00ak\ue00b\ue010\ue00a\ue012\ue00a\ue01a\ue010\ue015\ue018\ue014,
\ue015\ue00e \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue00d\ue019\ue019\ue00a\ue01d\ue019 \ue01a\ue010\ue00a\ue01a \ue016\ue00a\ue018\ue01a\ue011\ue00b\ue011\ue016\ue00a\ue014\ue01a\ue019 \ue016\ue018\ue00d\ue019\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue00d\ue00c \ue00a\ue01a \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue00e\ue00d\ue018\ue00d\ue014\ue00b\ue00d.

[3 ]

policy q&a \u2022 understanding islamic \ue001inance

what is islamic \ue001inance?

AP: I\ue009\ue006\ue002m\ue005\ue003 \ue000n\ue002n\ue003e \ue005\ue009 \ue007ne \ue007\ue004 the \ue004\ue002\ue009te\ue009t gr\ue007w\ue005ng \ue009e\ue003t\ue007r\ue009 \ue005n the \ue005ntern\ue002t\ue005\ue007n\ue002\ue006

\ue000n\ue002n\ue003\ue005\ue002\ue006 \ue009\ue00a\ue009tem. F\ue007r m\ue002n\ue00a, the me\ue002n\ue005ng \ue007\ue004 \u201cI\ue009\ue006\ue002m\ue005\ue003 \ue000n\ue002n\ue003e\u201d \ue005\ue009 un\ue003\ue006e\ue002r. Wh\ue002t

ex\ue002\ue003t\ue006\ue00a \ue005\ue009 IF?

Ibrahim Warde: I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d \ue00a\ue018\ue015\ue019\ue00d \ue01c\ue010\ue00d\ue014 I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b j\ue01b\ue018\ue011\ue019\ue016\ue018\ue01b\ue00c\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue019

\ue018\ue00d\ue011\ue014\ue01a\ue00d\ue018\ue016\ue018\ue00d\ue01a\ue00d\ue00c \ue00a \ue018\ue011\ue00b\ue010 \ue012\ue00d\ue00f\ue00a\ue012, b\ue01b\ue01a \ue016\ue018\ue00d-\ue00b\ue00a\ue016\ue011\ue01a\ue00a\ue012\ue011\ue019\ue01a, \ue01a\ue018\ue00a\ue00c\ue011\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue01a\ue015 \ue019\ue01b\ue011\ue01a \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue018\ue00d\ue017\ue01b\ue011\ue018\ue00d\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue019 \ue015\ue00e \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue013\ue015\ue00c\ue00d\ue018\ue014 \ue00d\ue018\ue00a. I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b b\ue00a\ue014k\ue019 \ue01c\ue00d\ue018\ue00d \ue01a\ue015 \ue00av\ue015\ue011\ue00c \ue011\ue014\ue01a\ue00d\ue018\ue00d\ue019\ue01a (r\ue005b\ue002) \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue01a\ue015 \ue00e\ue015\ue00b\ue01b\ue019 \ue011\ue014\ue019\ue01a\ue00d\ue00a\ue00c \ue015\ue014 \ue016\ue00a\ue018\ue01a\ue014\ue00d\ue018\ue019\ue010\ue011\ue016 \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d (mud\ue002r\ue002b\ue002) \ue015\ue018 \ue016\ue018\ue015\ue003\ue01a-\ue00a\ue014\ue00c-\ue012\ue015\ue019\ue019-\ue019\ue010\ue00a\ue018\ue011\ue014\ue00f (mu\ue009h\ue002r\ue002k\ue002). T\ue011\ue019 \ue014\ue00d\ue01c \ue00a\ue016\ue016\ue018\ue015\ue00a\ue00b\ue010 \ue01a\ue015 \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d \ue01c\ue00a\ue019 \ue01a\ue015 b\ue00d \ue00a\ue01a \ue015\ue014\ue00b\ue00d \ue00a\ue01b\ue01a\ue010\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue011\ue00b, \ue019\ue011\ue014\ue00b\ue00d \ue011\ue01a \ue01c\ue00a\ue019 \ue018\ue015\ue015\ue01a\ue00d\ue00c \ue011\ue014 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue011\ue00d\ue014\ue01a I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue01c\ue00a\ue01d \ue015\ue00e \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue01a\ue018\ue00a\ue00c\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue00b\ue00a\ue018\ue00av\ue00a\ue014\ue019, \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue013\ue015\ue00c\ue00d\ue018\ue014, \ue019\ue011\ue014\ue00b\ue00d \ue011\ue01a \ue018\ue00d\ue019\ue00d\ue013b\ue012\ue00d\ue00c v\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue01b\ue018\ue00d \ue00b\ue00a\ue016\ue011\ue01a\ue00a\ue012\ue011\ue019\ue013. B\ue01d \ue00e\ue015\ue00b\ue01b\ue019\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue015\ue014 \ue00b\ue00a\ue019\ue010-\ue016\ue015\ue015\ue018 b\ue01b\ue01a \ue016\ue018\ue015\ue013\ue011\ue019\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue018\ue00d\ue016\ue018\ue00d\ue014\ue00d\ue01b\ue018\ue019, \ue016\ue00a\ue018\ue01a\ue014\ue00d\ue018\ue019\ue010\ue011\ue016 \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d \ue010\ue00d\ue012\ue00c \ue013\ue015\ue018\ue00d \ue00d\ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue015\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue016\ue015\ue01a\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue011\ue00a\ue012 \ue01a\ue010\ue00a\ue014 \ue00b\ue015\ue014v\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014\ue00a\ue012, \ue00b\ue015\ue012\ue012\ue00a\ue01a\ue00d\ue018\ue00a\ue012-b\ue00a\ue019\ue00d\ue00c \ue012\ue00d\ue014\ue00c\ue011\ue014\ue00f, \ue01c\ue010\ue011\ue00b\ue010 \ue00e\ue00av\ue015\ue018\ue019 \ue00d\ue019\ue01a\ue00ab\ue012\ue011\ue019\ue010\ue00d\ue00c b\ue01b\ue019\ue011\ue014\ue00d\ue019\ue019\ue00d\ue019. A\ue014\ue015\ue01a\ue010\ue00d\ue018 \ue00c\ue011\ue019\ue01a\ue011\ue014\ue00b\ue01a\ue011v\ue00d \ue00e\ue00d\ue00a\ue01a\ue01b\ue018\ue00d \ue015\ue00e I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b b\ue00a\ue014k\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue01c\ue00a\ue019 \ue01a\ue015 b\ue00d \ue011\ue01a\ue019 \ue00e\ue015\ue00b\ue01b\ue019 \ue015\ue014 \ue00c\ue00dv\ue00d\ue012\ue015\ue016\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue00a\ue012 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue019\ue015\ue00b\ue011\ue00a\ue012 \ue00f\ue015\ue00a\ue012\ue019.

Shamshad Akhtar: I\ue01a \ue011\ue019 \ue011\ue013\ue016\ue015\ue018\ue01a\ue00a\ue014\ue01a \ue01a\ue015 \ue018\ue00d\ue00b\ue015\ue00f\ue014\ue011z\ue00d \ue01a\ue010\ue00a\ue01a IF \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue003\ue014\ue00d\ue019 \ue011\ue01a\ue019\ue00d\ue012\ue00e \ue01a\ue015

\ue012\ue00a\ue018\ue00f\ue00d\ue012\ue01d \ue019\ue015\ue00b\ue011\ue00a\ue012 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue00c\ue00dv\ue00d\ue012\ue015\ue016\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue01a \ue016\ue018\ue015j\ue00d\ue00b\ue01a\ue019 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue01a\ue010\ue00a\ue01a \ue011\ue014\ue019\ue01a\ue011\ue01a\ue01b\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014\ue019 \ue00a\ue018\ue00d \ue014\ue015\ue01a \ue016\ue00d\ue018\ue013\ue011\ue01a\ue01a\ue00d\ue00c \ue01a\ue015 \ue011\ue014v\ue00d\ue019\ue01a \ue011\ue014 \ue016\ue018\ue015\ue010\ue011b\ue011\ue01a\ue00d\ue00c \ue015\ue018 \ue019\ue015\ue00b\ue011\ue00a\ue012\ue012\ue01d \ue01b\ue014\ue00c\ue00d\ue019\ue011\ue018\ue00ab\ue012\ue00d \ue011\ue014v\ue00d\ue019\ue01a\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue019. A\ue014 \ue00d\ue013\ue016\ue010\ue00a\ue019\ue011\ue019 \ue015\ue014 \ue00d\ue01a\ue010\ue011\ue00b\ue00a\ue012 \ue011\ue019\ue019\ue01b\ue00d\ue019 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue018\ue011\ue00f\ue015\ue018\ue015\ue01b\ue019 \ue019\ue00d\ue012\ue00e-\ue018\ue00d\ue00f\ue01b\ue012\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue011\ue014 \ue01a\ue00d\ue018\ue013\ue019 \ue015\ue00e \ue019\ue010\ue00a\ue018\ue011\ue00a \ue019\ue01b\ue016\ue00d\ue018v\ue011\ue019\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue00d\ue014\ue019\ue01b\ue018\ue00d\ue019 \ue00e\ue00a\ue011\ue018 \ue016\ue012\ue00a\ue01d \ue00a\ue014\ue00c j\ue01b\ue019\ue01a\ue011\ue00b\ue00d \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue015\ue000\ue00d\ue018\ue019 \ue00a \ue019\ue01b\ue016\ue00d\ue018\ue011\ue015\ue018 \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue019\ue01b\ue013\ue00d\ue018 \ue016\ue018\ue015\ue01a\ue00d\ue00b\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue013\ue015\ue00c\ue00d\ue012. F\ue01b\ue018\ue01a\ue010\ue00d\ue018\ue013\ue015\ue018\ue00d IF \ue011\ue014\ue00c\ue01b\ue00b\ue00d\ue019 \ue010\ue011\ue00f\ue010\ue00d\ue018 \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue011\ue00a\ue012 \ue00c\ue011\ue019\ue00b\ue011\ue016\ue012\ue011\ue014\ue00d \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue016\ue012\ue00a\ue00b\ue00d\ue019 \ue019\ue01a\ue018\ue011\ue014\ue00f\ue00d\ue014\ue01a \ue00d\ue01a\ue010\ue011\ue00b\ue00a\ue012 \ue019\ue01a\ue00a\ue014\ue00c\ue00a\ue018\ue00c\ue019 \ue015\ue014 \ue00a\ue012\ue012 \ue019\ue01a\ue00ak\ue00d\ue010\ue015\ue012\ue00c\ue00d\ue018\ue019, \ue015\ue000\ue00d\ue018\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue00a \ue019\ue01a\ue018\ue015\ue014\ue00f \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue01b\ue014\ue011\ue017\ue01b\ue00d \ue013\ue015\ue00c\ue00d\ue012 \ue015\ue00e \ue00f\ue015v\ue00d\ue018\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d.

AP: H\ue007w \ue003\ue002n \ue007ne \ue009u\ue003\ue003\ue005n\ue003t\ue006\ue00a d\ue005\ue009t\ue005ngu\ue005\ue009h between \ue003\ue007nvent\ue005\ue007n\ue002\ue006 \ue000n\ue002n\ue003e \ue002nd IF?

Akhtar: T\ue00d \ue013\ue00a\ue011\ue014 \ue00d\ue014\ue00e\ue015\ue018\ue00b\ue00d\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue01a \ue015\ue00e \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue01a\ue018\ue00a\ue00b\ue01a\ue019 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue018\ue01b\ue012\ue00d\ue019-\ue00b\ue015\ue013\ue016\ue012\ue011\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d \ue011\ue014 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d

I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue019\ue01d\ue019\ue01a\ue00d\ue013 \ue011\ue019 \ue011\ue00c\ue00d\ue015\ue012\ue015\ue00f\ue01d \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue00e\ue00a\ue011\ue01a\ue010, \ue01c\ue010\ue011\ue00b\ue010 \ue00a\ue018\ue00d \ue011\ue014 \ue01a\ue01b\ue018\ue014 \ue011\ue014f\ue01b\ue00d\ue014\ue00b\ue00d\ue00c b\ue01d I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\u2019\ue019 \ue00d\ue013\ue016\ue010\ue00a\ue019\ue011\ue019 \ue015\ue014 \ue00d\ue019\ue01a\ue00ab\ue012\ue011\ue019\ue010\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue00a\ue014 \ue00d\ue01a\ue010\ue011\ue00b\ue00a\ue012 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue00e\ue00a\ue011\ue018 \ue019\ue015\ue00b\ue011\ue015-\ue00d\ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue015\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue019\ue01d\ue019\ue01a\ue00d\ue013. I\ue01a \ue011\ue019 \ue01a\ue010\ue011\ue019 \ue00e\ue00d\ue00a\ue01a\ue01b\ue018\ue00d \ue01a\ue010\ue00a\ue01a \ue00c\ue011\ue019\ue01a\ue011\ue014\ue00f\ue01b\ue011\ue019\ue010\ue00d\ue019 I\ue019\ue012\ue00a\ue013\ue011\ue00b \ue00e\ue018\ue015\ue013 \ue00b\ue015\ue014v\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014\ue00a\ue012 \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue00d.

W\ue010\ue00a\ue01a \ue00a\ue012\ue019\ue015 \ue00c\ue011\ue019\ue01a\ue011\ue014\ue00f\ue01b\ue011\ue019\ue010\ue00d\ue019 IF \ue011\ue019 \ue011\ue01a\ue019 \ue00d\ue013\ue016\ue010\ue00a\ue019\ue011\ue019 \ue015\ue014 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue01a\ue018\ue00a\ue00c\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue015\ue00e \ue00f\ue015\ue015\ue00c\ue019 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue019\ue00d\ue018v\ue011\ue00b\ue00d\ue019 \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue011\ue01a\ue019 \ue00a\ue00cv\ue015\ue00b\ue00a\ue00b\ue01d \ue00e\ue015\ue018 \ue016\ue018\ue015\ue003\ue01a- \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue018\ue011\ue019k-\ue019\ue010\ue00a\ue018\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue011\ue014 b\ue01b\ue019\ue011\ue014\ue00d\ue019\ue019\ue00d\ue019 \ue019\ue01b\ue016\ue016\ue015\ue018\ue01a\ue00d\ue00c b\ue01d \ue00a v\ue00a\ue018\ue011\ue00d\ue01a\ue01d \ue015\ue00e \ue016\ue00a\ue018\ue01a\ue014\ue00d\ue018\ue019\ue010\ue011\ue016 \ue00a\ue018\ue018\ue00a\ue014\ue00f\ue00d\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue019. T\ue011\ue019 \ue019\ue01a\ue00a\ue014\ue00c\ue019 \ue011\ue014 \ue019\ue010\ue00a\ue018\ue016 \ue00b\ue015\ue014\ue01a\ue018\ue00a\ue019\ue01a \ue01a\ue015 \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue012\ue015\ue00a\ue014-b\ue00a\ue019\ue00d\ue00c \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue015\ue00e \ue00b\ue015\ue014v\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014\ue00a\ue012 b\ue00a\ue014k\ue019. B\ue01d v\ue011\ue018\ue01a\ue01b\ue00d \ue015\ue00e \ue01a\ue010\ue00d\ue019\ue00d \ue00b\ue010\ue00a\ue018\ue00a\ue00b\ue01a\ue00d\ue018\ue011\ue019\ue01a\ue011\ue00b\ue019, IF \ue015\ue000\ue00d\ue018\ue019 \ue016\ue018\ue01b\ue00c\ue00d\ue014\ue01a \ue003\ue014\ue00a\ue014\ue00b\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue015\ue016\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014\ue019 b\ue00d\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue00a\ue019\ue019\ue00d\ue01a-b\ue00a\ue00bk\ue00d\ue00c \ue015\ue018 \ue00d\ue017\ue01b\ue011\ue01a\ue01d-b\ue00a\ue019\ue00d\ue00c. C\ue015\ue014\ue00b\ue01b\ue018\ue018\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue012\ue01d IF \ue015\ue000\ue00d\ue018\ue019 \ue016\ue018\ue015\ue013\ue011\ue019\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue016\ue015\ue01a\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue011\ue00a\ue012 \ue00e\ue015\ue018 \ue016\ue018\ue015v\ue011\ue00c\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue00a\ue012\ue012 \ue019\ue00d\ue00f\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue01a\ue019 \ue015\ue00e \ue01a\ue010\ue00d \ue016\ue015\ue016\ue01b\ue012\ue00a\ue01a\ue011\ue015\ue014 \ue01c\ue011\ue01a\ue010 \ue00a\ue012\ue01a\ue00d\ue018\ue014\ue00a\ue01a\ue00d \ue00av\ue00d\ue014\ue01b\ue00d\ue019 \ue00e\ue015\ue018 \ue019\ue00av\ue011\ue014\ue00f \ue00a\ue014\ue00c \ue011\ue014v\ue00d\ue019\ue01a\ue013\ue00d\ue014\ue01a.

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