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1 of 38 c
ybernationssp:01-03
Cybernation
1. Control and Automation Perspective (2-12)2. Communication Perspective (13-22)3. Communication Technologies (23-38)
Shashikant Padalkar
 
 
2 of 38 c
ybernationssp:01-03
Cybernation-1
A Control and Automation Perspective
0.0 Introduction 31.0 Applications 32.0 Technology Evolution 43.0 Cyber Contols 63.1 Problem Solving 73.2 Planning and Knowledge Engineering 73.3 Reasoning and Decision Making 83.4 Learning 93.5 Communication and Perception 11Shashikant PadalkarOctober 2000
 
 
3 of 38 c
ybernationssp:01-03
0.0 Introduction
The dictionary meaning of the word “cybernation” is “control by machines” (ConciseOxford-1989) or “controlling (a manufacturing process etc.) by means of a computer”(Chambers-1997). This description is synonymous with the term “control andautomation” commonly used in professional parlance. The process to be controlledcould be a manufacturing process (both continuous or discrete), utility process(handling, distribution, metering etc.), business process (resource planning, commercialtransactions, asset management) or any tertiary service provision where use of machine(computer or otherwise) is justified or feasible. Although computer or microprocessorbased CPU is the prime machine component in many of the control and automationsolutions, other type of machines or machinery based on electronic, mechatronic,electrical, or mechanical (pneumatic, hydraulic etc.) means are not excluded.
1.0 Applications
Cybernation (controls and automation) applications and devices are traditionally dividedinto following broad areas:
Motor Controls
: Conventional controls that were initiated by pneumatic, hydraulic orelectro mechanical means have given way to controls based on electronic sensors,transmitters and controllers sitting next to or within the mechanical assemblies. Motorcontrol has been the key element in most of the controls. Thus, pneumatic valves andflappers have given way to motorized valves regulated by microprocessor based controlsfor accurate positioning; digital controllers have been mounted in MCCs or in starterassemblies both for speed control, regulation and energy conservation of motorizedoperations; 3-terms regulators and close loop controllers are positioned for controllingmotorized elements to regulate and control the chemical processes, computerizednumerical controllers are mounted on shop floors to automate the machine operations ina discrete production process, programmable or parameterable controllers too areoperating on shop floor along with robotic arms, wherever necessary, to automatevarious assembly lines; electronic governers are installed in power generators etc. so onand so forth. In low current operations electronic control cards and embedded micro-controllers have already implemented controls of servomotors, stepper motors, and otherkinds of fractional and sub-fractional hp motors. Motor controls are usually initiated byeither simple starting and stopping of the motors in a sequence satisfying the equipmentas well as process interlocks or by controlling the speed of the motor to regulate theprocess around a set point (close looped set point control) or to track the varying setpoint itself (close loop servo mechanisms).
Safety and Security
: Equipment safety, security, and protection from over voltages,over currents, clock slips, short circuits, lightening strokes, environmental factors, noise,mechanical impacts, prime-mover and excitation failure, Earth faults, vibrations,intrusions, fire etc. have been one of the important objectives of the controls usuallyleading to specialized components and systems. Thus, protection relays, circuit breakers,annunciators, fuses, gauges, transducers, switches, meters, monitoring devices,enclosures, PLCs with special integrity features, dual or triple redundant systems or
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