The simplified methods are an attempt to help those students that will have difficulty learning the subject of arithmetic throughout their entire learning experience. Specifically, the simplified methods avoid, as much as possible, the mental and computational demands of borrowings and carries that are prevalent in the basic arithmetic operations, especially subtraction. To that end, subtractio...

Algebra Through Symmetry, a visual method that was prevalent at the dawn of the mathematical sciences, is documented and reintroduced into the mathematics pedagogy in modern notation. Symmetry is crucial in the formulation of the method and it is symmetry that enables a visual solution of the algebraic equations. The visual method achieves symmetry through a process of axiomatic reformulation. ...

The hand-brain nexus is intense and constitutes the main components of the human survival system. Fine movements of the hands place enormous computational demands on the brain, consequently, the human hands may be the ultimate mathematical manipulative. Hand calculations have many advantages over the pencil and paper methods in arithmetic. The students require no external device and can pract...