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1
BiologicalBiological
TopicTopic11.2:.2:Carbohydrates,Carbohydrates,Lipids, ProteinsLipids, Proteins
MoleculesMolecules
NutrientsNutrients
•Required for:
 –Energy source –Growth & repair  –Health
NutrientsNutrients
•Classified as:
 –Inorganic
•Water •Mineral salts
 –Organic
•Carbohydrates•Proteins•Lipids•Vitamins•Dietary fibre
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
•Giant molecule made from many repeatingunits (
polymer 
)•Formed through
condensation
•Broken down through
hydrolysis
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
•
90%
of dry mass of cell•3 important types:
 –Polysaccharides –Proteins –Nucleic acids
•Important for:
 –Storage and structures in cells –Storing information –Running chemical reactions
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
•Contain
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
•General formula Cx(H
2
O)y•3 main classes:
 –Monosaccharide –Disaccharides –Polysaccharides
 
2
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
•Single sugar units (simple sugars)•General formula (CH
2
O)n•n may range from 3-7•
Pentoses 
(n= 5), eg. ribose & deoxyribose
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
•
Hexoses
(n= 6), eg. glucose,fructose,galactose•Differentarrangement•Same chemicalformula
DisaccharidesDisaccharides
•Formed through the
condensation
of 2monosaccharide molecules (usuallyhexoses)•
Complex
sugars, usually of the formulaC
12
H
22
O
11
•Eg. Maltose, lactose, sucrose
MaltoseMaltose
•Mainly a breakdownproduct of 
starchdigestion
 –In animals –Germinating seeds
LactoseLactose
Milk
sugar 
Important
energy source
for youngmammals
SucroseSucrose
•Cane sugar •Most abundant disaccharide•Common in
plants
•Very
soluble
•Relatively unreactive•
Non-reducing
sugar 
 
3
HydrolysisHydrolysisPolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
•Formed through the
condensation
of many monosaccharide molecules•Main functions:
 –Food and energy stores (large size, fold intocompact shapes) –Structural material
Polysaccharides: CellulosePolysaccharides: Cellulose
•
Straight
chains•Forms 20-40% of the
cell walls
of plantcells
Polysaccharides: StarchPolysaccharides: Starch
•
Fuel store
in
plants
•Absent in animals•Accumulate to form
grains
in
chloroplasts
&
storage organs
eg.potatoes
Polysaccharides: GlycogenPolysaccharides: Glycogen
•
Fuel store
in animals and many fungi•Vertebrates store glycogen mainly in the
liver 
and
muscles
ChitinChitin
•Related to cellulose in structure andfunction, however has
nitrogen
in itsstructure•Main functions:
Structural
function infungi and certain animals
of 00

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