future since it is within our powers to adjust the relative role each section of the triune brain plays in our lives.We are also highly influenced by our old mammalian brains which, as we will seelater, are capable of a much wider range of emotional response.
The R-Complex
The most ancient of the three brains is called the reptilian brain or the R-complex.(See diagram above.) The R-complex evolved around 200 million years ago.As I’ve mentioned above, the reptilian brain is still influential in humans; in fact, itstill performs in much the same way as it did for our remote ancestors. Much of human behavior can be described in reptilian terms, especially those involvingaggression and territoriality.In addition, the R-complex also influences our emotions. If, as MacLean suggests, our brains are a kind of biological computer, then just like all computers, they are run by programs — instruction codes. Programs can be genetically transmitted or they can beacquired after birth. Furthermore, the older and more primitive a brain, the fewer programs it has to choose from; it also tends to rely almost completely on genetic programs which have been "hard-wired" into the brain. The primitive reptile brain is basically a survival brain, possessing only a few dozen or so ancient programs tochoose from.The emotional responses of the reptile brain are severely limited. Leslie Hart, a writer on brain research, states: "As we look at the three-brain structure of humans, it becomes manifest that, in general,
the old, more primitive schemata and programsand the cruder emotions are in the oldest brain tissue, and that the highly subtle pattern-detecting capabilities are in the newest, the neo-cortex"
[author’s italics]. Inother words, initially, emotions were directly related to basic survival needs. To seewhy this is so, we need to understand the concepts of "homeostasis" and "biasing."The human body has a built-in ability to regulate itself; it maintains the settings of various bodily conditions within certain established parameters. Take, for example, body temperature. We have a kind of thermostat which regulates the temperature of the body, just like we have thermostats attached to the heating and air conditioningsystems in our homes. We have many of these thermostats regulating and adjustingvarious bodily factors.For the most part, the aim of these thermostats is to keep our various bodily systemsin balance — something called "homeostasis." The oldest function of emotions was tochange the bias or setting of our bodily systems. To illustrate this, imagine a rabbitfeeding on some vegetation. In this quiet and calm state, its internal systems are biased at a low setting. Now imagine a fox suddenly shows up. Noticing this, therabbit reacts by abruptly shifting its internal setting. It has rebiased its homeostasissetting to "emergency." This is similar to suddenly moving the thermostat pointer inyour house from 78° to 44° and the heat (or cool air if it’s summertime) starts pouringin. When the rabbit changes over to the emergency setting, the drastic changes invarious bodily systems prepare the animal for immediate action. "This emergencyshift of bias," says Hart, "lies at the heart of what we call emotion."
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