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 T
ABLE
 
OF
C
ONTENTS
Islamic history and culture
......................................................................................... ..................9
Intro
......................................................................................................... .............................9
ORIGINS
................................................................................................................... ...........10
Early Caliphate
........................................................................................................ ...............10
Al-Rashidun - "The Rightly-Guided Khalifahs"
...............................................................................10
Abbasids - "Islamic Golden Age"
.......................................................................................... .......10
Regional powers
........................................................................................ .............................11
Spain & the Ummayyads
........................................................................................... ................11
The Crusaders
............................................................................................ ............................11
The Mamluks
....................................................................................................... ..................12
Islam in Africa
................................................................................................................ ........12
Islam in Maghreb
........................................................................................... .........................12
Islam in East Africa
............................................................................................................... ...13
islam in West Africa
................................................................................................ .................13
Islam in Asia
.......................................................................................................... ................13
Indian Subcontinent
......................................................................................... ........................13
China
.................................................................................................................. .................13
Southeast Asia
....................................................................................................... .................13
Mongol Invasions
......................................................................................................... ...........14
Three Muslim empires
............................................................................................. .................14
Mughal Empire
............................................................................................................. ..........15
Safavid Empire
........................................................................................................ ...............15
Ottoman Empire
................................................................................................................... ...16
Wahhabism
................................................................................................................. ...........17
The 20th century
................................................................................................ .....................17
Demise of the Ottoman Empire
...................................................................................................18
Partition of India
................................................................................................ .....................18
Arab-Israeli conflict
.............................................................................................. ...................19
Oil wealth
................................................................................................ .............................19
Two Iranian revolutions
............................................................................................................ .20
The 21st century
..................................................................................... ................................20
Islam in Turkey
................................................................................................................ .......20
European Islam
............................................................................................................. ..........21
Arabian Peninsula
................................................................................................................... ....22
Geography
......................................................................................................................... ....22
Ancient history
.................................................................................................. .....................23
Medieval history
............................................................................................ ............................24
 
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Arabia and Arabistan
.................................................................................................. ..............24
Modern history
.................................................................................................. .....................25
Hazrat Muhammad saw
....................................................................................................... .........27
 Names and appellations in the Qur'an
..................................................................................... ..........27
Sources for Muhammad's life
................................................................................................... ......28
Background
................................................................................................... ...........................29
Life
.......................................................................................................... ..............................29
Muhammad in Mecca
............................................................................................ ...................29
Childhood and early life
........................................................................................... .................29
Beginnings of the Qur'an
....................................................................................... ....................30
Opposition
......................................................................................................................... ....31
Last years in Mecca
.................................................................................... .............................32
Isra and Mi'raj
................................................................................................ ........................32
Muhammad in Medina
................................................................................................. ................33
Hijra
................................................................................................................. ...................33
Establishment of a new polity
............................................................................... ......................33
Beginnings of armed conflict
....................................................................................... ...............34
Conflict with Mecca
....................................................................................................... ..........34
Siege of Medina
........................................................................................................... ...........35
Truce of Hudaybiyya
.................................................................................................... ............36
Final years
...................................................................................................................... ..........37
Conquest of Mecca
........................................................................................... .......................37
Conquest of Arabia
............................................................................................ ......................37
Farewell pilgrimage and death
....................................................................................................38
Aftermath
......................................................................................................................... .....39
Wives and children
....................................................................................... ...........................39
Muslim world
................................................................................................................. ...........42
ummah
............................................................................................................ ........................43
Origin
....................................................................................................... ...........................43
Present day meaning
................................................................................. ...............................43
Quran
............................................................................................................................ ..........44
Etymology and meaning
................................................................................................... .........44
Structure
............................................................................................................. ..................45
Literary structure
.............................................................................................................. .......45
Qur’an as a religious text
................................................................................................. ..........46
History of Qur’an
................................................................................................... ....................47
The Prophet era
...................................................................................................................... .47
Making Mus'haf 
......................................................................................................... .............48
Literary usage
........................................................................................................................ .48
 
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Recitation
......................................................................................................................... .....49
Schools of recitation
............................................................................................................ .....49
Writing and printing
................................................................................................... ..............51
Translations
...................................................................................................... .....................52
Levels of Meaning / Inward Aspects of the Qur’an
...........................................................................53
Tafsir 
........................................................................................................... ........................53
Ta'wil
....................................................................................................................... ............54
Relationship with other literature
....................................................................................................55
The Torah and the Bible
.................................................................................... ........................55
Atlantic Ocean
................................................................................................................. ..........57
Central Asia
........................................................................................................... ...................58
First Fitna
........................................................................................................................... ......59
Background
.................................................................................................... .......................59
Battle of Bassorah
...................................................................................... .............................59
Battle of Siffin
.............................................................................................................. ..........59
Arbitration
......................................................................................................................... ....59
Battle of Nahrawan
................................................................................................. .................59
Loss of All Provinces Except Kufa
...............................................................................................60
Last days of Ali
................................................................................................................... ....60
Hasan caliphate
................................................................................................................... ....60
Second Fitna
...................................................................................................... .......................61
Caliphate
............................................................................................................................. .....62
History
............................................................................................................ ........................62
Rashidun, 632-661
............................................................................................................ .......62
Umayyads, 7th-8th century
........................................................................................................63
The Caliphate in Hispania
................................................................................................. .........63
Abbasids, 8th-13th century
....................................................................................................... ..64
Shadow Caliphate, 13th-16th century
.................................................................................. ..........64
Ottomans, 16th-20th century
......................................................................................................64
Khilafat Movement, 1920
...................................................................................... ....................65
End of the Caliphate, 1924
............................................................................................ .............65
Religious Basis
....................................................................................................... ...................65
Quran
............................................................................................................................. ......65
Hadith
.................................................................................................................. ................66
The Sahaba of Muhammad
....................................................................................................... ..67
Political system
.................................................................................................................. ........68
Electing or appointing a Caliph
...................................................................................................68
Shi'a belief 
............................................................................................ ................................69
Sunni belief 
................................................................................................. ..........................69
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