edAÁmeft,ltqudk ax&0g'½Iaxmih frSavhvmok H;oyfjcif;

q&mawmf OD;"r®yd,

Ph.D.

NIBB

NA IN THERAV

DA PERSPECTIVE

bySayadaw U Dhammapia, Ph.D.

t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyefonf

twGif;zk H;ax½kyÜwåd

a'gufwm "r®yd,q&mawmfonfjrefrmEd kifiHü zG m;jrifonf/ toufud k;ESpfwGif omraPjyKNyD; ESpfq,ft½G,fü ax&0g'&[ef;awmfjzpfvmonf/ 1980 jynf hESpfwGifygVdusrf;*efrsm; (wwf ajrmufjcif;)jzih fomoe"Z"r® mp&d,bG J U&&S dcJhonf/ xd kESpfwGifyif&efukefNrdKU? r[mpnfomoemh &dyfomü 0dyóemur®|mef;w&m; tm;xkwfcJ honf/ 1982 wGifr[mpnfomoemh&dyfü tNrJoDwif;ok H;&[ef;awmfjzpfvmonf/ þ&dyfomü oDwif;ok H;pOf&[ef; omraP oDv&Sifa,m*Drsm;tm; 0dyóemur®|mef;ud koifMum;ay;NyD; jrefrmEd kifiHNrdKUe,ftrsm;tjym;ü w&m;pcef;rsm;udkOD;pD;zGifhvSpfay;cJ honf/ 1986 wGifrav;&S m;Ed kifiH? yDeefNrdKU? rav;&S m;Ak'¨bmomw&m;&dyfom (

MBMC

) ü oDwif;okH;aexd kif&efq&mawmfOD;y@dwmbd0Ho (y@dwm&mrq&mawmf ) \ wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH& onf/ yDeefwGifoDwif;okH;pOf a'ocHESih fjynfya,m*Drsm;tm; w&m;jyNyD; q&mawmfOD;y@dwm- bd0Ho\"r®c&D;wGifpuF myl? xk dif;? eDayg? ,lau? *smreD? MopaMwvs? uae'gESif h tar&duef jynfaxmifpkEd kifiHrsm;od k Y vd kufygcJ honf/ 1992 wGiftar&duefjynfaxmifpk? umvDzd k;eD;,m;jynfe,f? qef[dkaq; (

San Jose

) NrdKU?wxm*ww&m;&dyfom ausmif;xd kifq&mawmftjzpfyih fzdwfjcif;cH&NyD; 0dyóemur®|mef;½IrSwf enf;ud k ñTefMum;jyoonf/ aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;ü vli,frsm;tm; Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus; rItajccHrsm;ud koifMum;ay;onf/ þw&m;&dyfomü oDwif;okH;pOf1997 wGifbDat (bmomw&m;rsm; EI dif;,SOfavhvmrI ) bGJ UESihf1998 wGifqef[d kaq;pwdwf,leDAmpDwDrStrfat ('óeduaA') bG JUwd k Yud k&&S dcJ honf/ 1999 wGif q&mawmfonf umvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f? z&D;armif h (

Fremont

) NrdKUü arwå meE´ 0d[m&"r®&dyfomtrnf&S dur®|mef;XmetopfwpfckwnfaxmifcJ honf/ a,m*Dtopfrsm;ESih f w&m;tm;xkwfNyD;a,m*Drsm;tm; 0dyóemur®|mef;ud kqufvufoifMum;ay;NyD; vli,frsm; tm; Ak'¨bmomtajccHoifwef;rsm; zGif;vSpfyd k Ycsay;onf/ q&mawmf\ &efukefNrdKU ig;usrf;jyef omoemh&dyfomüvnf; ,if;vli,foifwef;enf;twdkif;yifydk Ycsay;onf/ omoemjyKvkyfief; rsm;ud ktm;oGefBudK;yrf;ae&if;uyifq&mawmfonf2003 ckESpfwGif qefz&efppöudkNrdKU? umvD zdk;eD;,m;odyÜHausmif; (

California Institute

) rS a'gufwmbG J Uud kNyD;ajrmufatmifjrifcJ honf/ q&mawmf\ ud k,fusKd;pGef Yaqmif½GufrIaMumih f tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? jrefrmESih f tjcm; aomEd kifiHrsm;rSw&m;tm;xkwfolrsm;pG mwdk Yw&m;"r®tESpfom&ud kcHpm;EdkifMuonf/

aemufausmzkH;

]..usrf;jyKolonfpmzwfoltm; rdrdESih ftwl tvG,fwulac:aqmifoG m;Ed kif&ef &Sif;vif;NyD; b0ifusavmufatmifa&;om;xm;onf ..} (q&mawmfOD;oDvmeE´\ trS mpmrS ) þavhvmcsufonfAk'¨0g'DESih fAk'¨0g'Dr[kwfolynm&Sifrsm;\ edAÁmeft"dyÜm,faumuf,lyk Hrsm; udka0zefqef;ppf&efBudK;yrf;rIjzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'Dynm&Sifwdk Y\ usrf;pmrsm;rSm pmawG UESih f vufawG Uvnf;jzpfEd kifzG,f&S daom avhvmod&S drIrSwpfqif h ygVdawmfusrf;*efrsm;ud ktajccHonf [k ,lqEdkifonf/ Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfolrsm;\ usrf;pmrsm;rSmrl¤if;wd k Y\t,l0g'a&;&m ½IjrifrIESih f 'óeqdkif&m csOf;uyfenf;jzih f edAÁ meftaMumif;ud kavhvmí em;vnfod&SdrItay:wGif rsm;pG m tajccHEdkifzG,f&S donf/ odk Yjzpfí azmfjyygyk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ edAÁ meft"dyÜ m,fzGif hqdkrIrsm;ü taumif;jrifESih ftqd k;jrifazmfjy csufrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonf/ od k Ywap þavhvmcsufonf ,if; Ak'¨0g'DESih f Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfol ynm&Sifwdk Y\ edAÁ meft"dyÜ m,fzGif hqdkrIrsm;ud k rS m;onf[kjzpfap rSefonf[kjzpfap azmfjy&efrBudK; yrf;acs/ wpfzefvnf; ygVdusrf;*efrsm;rS m rsm;jym;vSonh fjyif Ak'¨0g'pmay&if;jrpfrsm; aygrsm; <u,f0vSojzih fþavhvmcsufü ygVdawmf? t|uxm? #Dum usrf;pmtm;vk H; jynf hjynh fpk Hpk H yg0ifEdkifjcif;r&S dyg/