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JAYAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGYFLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY ME1202
KEY NOTES
UNIT-3
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOWIntroduction to Viscous Flow
The flow winch are viscous and flowing at verylow velocity. At low velocitythe fluid moves inlayers. Each layer of fluid slides over the adjacentlayer. Due torelative velocity between twolayers the velocity gradientdu/dyexists and hence a shearstress
= du/dy acts on the layers.The following cases will be considered in the chapter:1. Flow of viscous fluid through circular pipe.2. Flow of viscous fluid between two parallel plates.3. Kinetic Energy correction and momentum correction factors.4.Power absorbed in viscous flow througha) Journal Bearingsb) Foot-step Bearingsc) Collar Bearings.
LAMINAR FLOW BETWEEN PARALLEL PLATES
In this case also, the shear distribution, the velocity distribution across a section; the ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity and difference head for a given length of parallel plates,are to be calculated.
Viscous flow between two parallel plates.A viscous fluid is flowing between these two plates from left to right. Considera fluidelement of length
x and thickness
y at a distance y from the lower fixed plate. If p is theintensity of pressure on the face AB of the fluid element thenintensity of pressure on the face CD will be
 
Let
is the shear acting on the face BC then the shear stress on the face ADwill be (
+
 /x
y). If the width of the element in the direction perpendicular to thepaper is unity then the forces acting on the fluid element are:1. The pressure force, p x
yx1 on face AB.2. The pressure force, (p +
p/x
x)
y 1on face CD.3. The shear force,
x
xx 1 on face BC4. The shear forces,,(
+
/x
y)
x
xx 1onfaceADFor steady and uniform flow, there is no acceleration and hence the resultant force in thedirection of flow is zero.i) Velocity DistributionTo be the velocity distribution across a section, the value of shear stress
=

u
 / 
yof Newton’s law of viscosity for laminar flow is substituted in equationIntergrating the above equation w.r.ty, we getwhere C
1
and C
2
are constant of integrations Their values are obtained from the twoboundary conditions that is i) at y = 0, u = Oii) at y = t, u = 0The substitution of at y = 0, u = 0 in equation (3.2) gives
 
The substitution of at y = t, u = 0 in equation (3.2) givesSubstituting the values ofC
1
and C
2
in equation (3.3)In the above equation,
,
p/x
and
are constant. It means u varies with thesquare of 1 equation (3.4) is a equation of the parallel plate is parabolic. Thevelocitydistribution is shown in Figure 3.7(a).Velocity distribution and shear stress distribution across a section of parallel plates.ii) Ratio of Maximum Velocity to Average Velocity. The velocity is maximum when y = t/2.Substituting this value in equation (3.3), we getThe average velocity; u is obtained by dividing the discharge (Q) across the section by thearea of the section (t x 1). And the discharge Q is obtained by considering the rate of flow of fluid through the strip of thickness dy and integratingit. The rate of flow through strip isdQ = Velocity at a distance y x Area of strip
of 00

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