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UNIT –IIINTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES2.1 INTRODUCTION
Heat Engines are otherwise called “Thermal Engines”. It is a machine whichconverts heat energy into useful mechanical work. Heat engines develop more than 80%of energy generated in the world.They are broadly classified into two types:1.Internal Combustion Engines2.External Combustion Engines
2.2 TYPES OF HEAT ENGINES
Heat Engines are broadly classified as Internal combustion Enginesand Exeternal Combustion Engines
2.2.1 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES:
In the Internal Combustion Engine, the chemical energy of the fuel is released asa heat by the way of combustion inside the engine cylinder where power is produced. Theheat produced is nothing but the products of combustion. By expansion of this hotmedium inside the cylinder, heat energy is converted into useful work.The name “Internal Combustion Engine” is a misnomer since the fuel is burntinternally.
2.2.2 EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES:
They are steam engines and steam turbines. In these, heat energy is producedduring the combustion of fuel in a boiler furnace. This energy is used to produce thesteam under the pressure in boiler. The steam expands in turbine and thereby does work.The name “External combustion engine” is a misnomer since the fuel is burntexternally.
2.3 CLASSIFICATION2.3.1 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON IGNITION:(i)Spark Ignition Engines (S.I engines)
In this type of engine, combustible mixture is sucked into the enginecylinder. This mixture is compressed . The compression ratio is about 5:1 to 7:1. Atthe end of compression, the mixture exists in the cylinder as high pressure andtemperature. The Electric spark ignites this mixture. The burning of mixture producesgreater pressure and temperature. The product of combustion expands and producedpower. Then the products are expelled out.
 
(ii)Combustion Ignition Engines (C.I Engines)
In this type ,air alone is sucked into the engine cylinder The air iscompressed. The compression ratio is about 14:1 to 17:1. The heat of compression inthe air is much greater due to high compression. At the end of compression the fuel isinjected in the form of fine spray into the engine cylinder. The compression heatignites the fuel and causes in to burn. Combustion of fuel produces high pressure andtemperature. The product of combustion expands and thereby produces power. Thecombustion products are then exhausted.
(iii)Precombustion chamber Engines
The mixture is ignited by a spark in a special small anti-chamber,while the takes in the main chamber.
2.3.2 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON NUMBER OF STROKES:(i)Four stroke Engine
In this engine, four strokes of the piston is required to complete aworking cycle. In this engine, two revolution of the crankshaft is used to completethe cycle of operation.
(ii)Two Stroke Engine
In this engine, two strokes of the piston is required to complete a workingcycle. In this engine, one revolution of the crankshaft is used to complete the cycle of operation.
2.3.3 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CYCLE OF OPERATION:
(i)Otto cycle(ii)Diesel cycle(iii)Dual cycle
2.3.4 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE TYPE OF FUEL USED:
(i) Engines using Light Liquid Fuels ---- Petrol Engines(ii) Engines using Heavy Liquid Fuels ---- Diesel Engines(iii) Engines using Gaseous Fuels ---- Gas Engines(iv) Mixed Fuel Engines(v) Multi Fuel Engines
 
2.3.5CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE MODE OF CONVERSION OFHEAT ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL WORK:
(i)
Reciprocating Engines
:In this, heat energy gets converted into mechanical energy in the inside of engine cylinder while the piston reciprocates.
(ii)Rotary Engines:
In this heat energy is converted in to mechanical energy in the inside of engine cylinder while the specially shaped casing and a rotor rotates insidethecasing.(iii)
Gas Turbine
:The heat energy in the hot gases is converted into mechanical work onthe rotating blades of the gas turbine.(iv)
Combination Engine
:In this the heat energy is converted into mechanical work partly in thecylinder of reciprocating engine and partly in the blades of turbine.
2.3.6CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE METHODOF MIXTURE FORMATION
:
(i)External Mixture Formation Engines:
Used in spark ignition engines, and gas engines in which the fuel is injectedintothe intake pipe or intake manifold and mixes with air externally to thecylinder,i.e., in the carburetor.
(ii)Internal Mixture Formation Engines:
Used in diesel engines, with injection of fuel into the cylinders and in gasengines in which the gas is fed into the cylinder at the beginning of compression.
2.3.7 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE METHOD OF COOLING
(i)Air cooled engines(ii)Water cooled engines
2.3.8 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE METHOD OF GOVERNING
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