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Sound & Vibration2-2

2 Sound & Vibration

2.1

Introduction.........................................................................2

2.2

What is sound.......................................................................3

2.3

An introduction to acoustics....................................................6

The one-dimensional wave equation 6

2.4

Definitions............................................................................9

2.5

Sound fields........................................................................13

The far field (plane waves) 13

Reflections 13

The near field 15

Very near field 16

Evanescent sound waves 19

Coincidence frequency 19

Standing waves 20

Diffuse sound field 21

Diffuse field; direct field and reverberation radius 22

Impulse like sounds 22

2.6

Representation of measurement results...................................22

The Fast Fourier Transform 23

Autospectrum Sxx 23

The noise free cross spectrum Sxy 25

The noisy cross spectrum Sxy 26

Autospectrum versus cross spectrum 27

Transfer function H

Coherence 28

An alternative method to calculate the Fourier response 29

Time-frequency representation 30

2.7

Reciprocity..........................................................................31

Acoustic reciprocity 32

Vibro-acoustic reciprocity 33

2.8

Point sources.......................................................................34

2.9

The Helmholtz Integral Equation.............................................35

2.10

Sound & vibration sensors...................................................36

Measuring sound pressure 37

Measuring sound pressure with a Microflown sensor 41

The Human ear 41

Measuring sound pressure gradient 42

Measuring particle velocity 45

Measuring sound intensity 51

Measuring vibration 53

2.11

References........................................................................54

Fig. 2.1 (previous page): The sound absorbing wall of the large anechoic room of theDanish Technical University. The ‘floor’ is a metal net with below similar absorbers as thewall.

2.1

Introduction

The acoustic technical world is divided in two disciplines: sound andvibrations. To put is simple: “sound” is what one can hear and “vibrations” is what can feel if a structure vibrates. Vibrating objects usually producesound so the two disciplines have definitely some overlap. However the