• Embed Doc
  • Readcast
  • Collections
  • CommentGo Back
Download
 
Chapter-2 Spreading Codes
CHAPTER-2
SPREADING CODES
This chapter deals with detailed description of spreading codes that includestructure of Walsh codes, generation through fundamental seed, M-sequence codes,properties, method of generation, Gold codes, properties, method of generation,proposed Walsh-like codes, method of selecting code set, application of spreadingcodes in DS-SS codes.
13
 
Chapter-2 Spreading Codes
2.1 WALSH CODES
Walsh codes are used to separate individual users while theysimultaneously occupy the same RF band. Walsh codes as used in IS-95
[8]
are a set of 64 binary orthogonal sequences
[9]
. These sequencesare orthogonal to each other, and they are generated by using theHadamard matrix. Recursion is used to generate higher order matricesfrom lower order ones; that is,
---2.1where
H
N
 
contains the same but inverted elements of 
H
N
 
. The seed matrix is
---2.2
Therefore, to derive a set of four orthogonal Walsh sequences
w
0
,
w
1
,
w
2
, and
w
3
, we onlyneed to generate a Hadamard matrix of order 4.
---2.3
The four orthogonal sequences in this Walsh code set are taken from the rows of thematrix
H
4
 
; that is,14
 
Chapter-2 Spreading Codes---2.4For DS-SS multiple access
[8,9]
, three conditions that must be met by a set of orthogonalsequences. The three conditions are:1. The cross-correlation should be zero or very small.2. Each sequence in the set has an equal number of 1s and -1s, or the number of 1s differsfrom the number of -1s by at most one.3. The scaled dot product of each code should equal to 1.By changing the 0s to -1s in each of the four sequences above, that is,---2.5The calculation of cross products and dot products can be facilitated. In general, the 0
th
Walsh sequence consists of all -1s and thus cannot be used for channelization. In the IS-95 CDMA system,
w
0
is not used to transmit any baseband information.Equation (2.1) can be recursively used to generate Hadamard matrices of higher orders inorder to obtain larger sets of orthogonal sequences. For example, 8 orthogonal sequences,each of length 8, can be obtained by generating
H
8
; 16 orthogonal sequences, each of length 16, can be obtained by generating
H
16
. The IS-95 forward link uses a set of 6415
of 00

Leave a Comment

You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...
You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...