Earth does not float in empty space, but is immersed in the escaping outer atmosphere of the Sun (Figure 1). This ‘solar wind’ consists of ionized particles, mostly protons and electrons with a s...

Magnetic reconnection is the process whereby magnetic field lines from different magnetic domains are spliced to one another, changing their patterns of connectivity with respect to the sources. It...

Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC), affecting the normal operation of long technological conductor systems, are a manifestation at ground level of space weather. During space weather events (or...

Space weather is the physical and phenomenological state of natural space environments. The associated discipline aims, through observation, monitoring, analysis and modelling, at understanding and...