Teacher Wellbeing: A research of the evidence

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Acknowledgements......................................................................52. About Teacher Support Network Reseach Services.................................53. Executive Summary......................................................................64. Introduction..............................................................................135. Strategy and purpose of the Research...............................................156. Methodology.............................................................................166.1 The Documentary Analysis........................................................166.2 Interviews with Stakeholders and Experts......................................177. The nature of teacher wellbeing.....................................................198. Teacher wellbeing research...........................................................238.1 Demand..............................................................................238.1.1 Summary.......................................................................238.1.2 Workload and pupil behaviour..............................................248.1.3 Parental behaviour...........................................................258.1.4 Emotional demand and emotional labour.................................268.2 Control...............................................................................288.2.1 Summary.......................................................................288.2.2 Levels of Job Control in Teaching..........................................288.2.3 Job Control and work stress or job satisfaction..........................288.2.4 Job control and emotional exhaustion....................................298.2.5 Job control and self-efficacy...............................................298.3 Support..............................................................................308.3.1 Summary.......................................................................308.3.2 Importance of Support.......................................................318.3.3 Relationships and Isolation..................................................328.3.4 Leadership and Management................................................328.3.5 Support, Reward and Respect..............................................348.4 Change...............................................................................368.4.1 Summary.......................................................................368.4.2 Organisational Change and Teachers......................................368.5 Role...................................................................................378.5.1 Summary.......................................................................378.5.2 Evidence on Role Ambiguity.................................................378.6 Demographic variables............................................................378.6.1 Gender.........................................................................378.6.1.1 Summary..................................................................378.6.1.2 Evidence on Gender Differences......................................388.6.2 Sector...........................................................................408.6.2.1 Summary..................................................................408.6.2.2 Differences Between Sectors..........................................408.6.3 Age and experience..........................................................418.6.3.1 Summary..................................................................418.6.3.2 Evidence on the effect of age and experience.....................418.7 Comparisons between the wellbeing of teachers and other groups........438.7.1 Summary....................................................................438.7.2 Comparing different professions........................................438.7.3 Comparing teachers from different countries.........................448.8 Interventions........................................................................45

38.8.1 Summary.......................................................................458.8.2 Studies on Workplace Interventions for the General Workforce.......478.8.3 Intervention Strategies and Teachers......................................498.8.3.1 Occupational Health Services.........................................498.8.3.2 Employee assistance programmes and counselling services......508.8.3.3 Teacher wellbeing programmes.......................................518.8.3.4 Confidential help-lines.................................................538.8.4 Costs and benefits of intervention.........................................538.9 Teacher Wellbeing and School Effectiveness...................................548.9.1 Summary.......................................................................548.9.2 The Relationship between Teacher Wellbeing and School Effectiveness559. Interviews with Key Stakeholders....................................................579.1 Introduction.........................................................................579.2 Defining Wellbeing and the Nature of Teacher Wellbeing...................579.3 Factors Affecting Teacher Wellbeing............................................589.3.1 Overview.......................................................................589.3.2 Demands.......................................................................589.3.2.1 Workload and pupil behaviour........................................589.3.2.2 Parental behaviour......................................................599.3.2.3 Emotional demands.....................................................599.3.3 Resources......................................................................599.3.3.1 Community and school culture........................................609.3.4 Control.........................................................................609.3.4.1 Overview.................................................................609.3.4.2 General references to control and/or autonomy...................609.3.4.3 Bullying...................................................................609.3.4.4 Performance management.............................................609.3.4.5 Rigid structures..........................................................619.3.5 Support.........................................................................619.3.5.1 Overview.................................................................619.3.5.2 Support and relationships..............................................629.3.5.3 Support, leadership and management...............................629.3.5.4 Support, reward and respect..........................................639.3.6 Change.........................................................................649.3.7 Role.............................................................................649.3.8 Demographic variables.......................................................649.3.8.1 Overview.................................................................649.3.8.2 Age and experience.....................................................659.3.8.3 Sector.....................................................................659.3.9 Comparisons between the wellbeing of teachers and other groups...659.3.9.1 Overview.................................................................659.3.9.2 Professional identity....................................................669.3.9.3 Isolation..................................................................669.3.9.4 Responsibility for children’s life chances............................669.4 Interventions........................................................................669.4.1 Types of Intervention........................................................669.4.2 General overview of knowledge of interventions........................679.4.3 Occupational Health Services...............................................679.4.4 Employee assistance programmes..........................................67