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US History Review
TERMS/IDs
(black stars)
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Separatist and Non-Separatist Puritans:
The Separatists were Pilgrims that arrivedbecause they were sick of religious persecution. A separatist believed saints shouldn’tworship together; they didn’t like how EVERYONE had to go to Church. Non-SeparatistPuritans wanted a purity of worship and doctrine; harassed; lacked the authority toprevent others from worshipping as they pleased.
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Joint-stock company:
Sometimes a number of people invested money in a companythat planned to set up a colony in the New World. Each person who invested moneyowned a part of the company. Massachusetts Bay was a joint-stock colony established bythe Massachusetts Bay Company.
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Jamestown:
Disorder. Tobacco and trading with England became the economic basis for the colony. The settlers of Jamestown faced many problems: bad weather, dirty water (disease), food production was bad, and land wasn’t suited for agriculture. They alsofaced moral problems: religious toleration and lack of motivation. Additional colonistswere persuaded to come to Jamestown because they would be freed from religiouspersecution, easy wealth, and no debt.
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Plymouth:
A harsh setting that was disorganized. Not much of a government. ThePilgrims founded Plymouth on Dec. 21, 1620, establishing a settlement that became theseat of Plymouth Colony in 1633 and a part of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691. ThePilgrims were English Separatists who founded (1620) Plymouth Colony in New England.In the first years of the 17th century, small numbers of English Puritans broke away fromthe Church of England because they felt that it had not completed the work of theReformation. They committed themselves to a life based on the Bible. Most of theseSeparatists were farmers, poorly educated and without social or political standing
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Mayflower Compact:
It was the first governing document of the Plymouth colony. It wasa social contract which instated that people had to follow rules and regulations of thegovernment.
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John Winthrop, Mass. Bay Colony:
Puritan leader. Mass. Bay Colony = utopia. Mass.Bay Colony = better organized, no starving times, became populated really fast,organized plans before arriving, and even amount of women & men. The economiccircumstances were that they brought the charter with them and it provided shareholders.The colonists were organized in a fair cross section. There were different age groups andsocial classes. John Winthrop: “We shall be as a city upon a hill.”
that Old England willrealize the Puritan ways. He was also a prominent English Puritan who elected toemigrate to America rather than live in a country he believed sinful and a target to divinewrath. He was governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony ten of the colony’s first twentyyears and a major force in shaping the colony’s character.
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Half-Way Covenant:
In 1662 a Massachusetts synod agreed that, for all churches, a"half-way" membership status would be recognized. Adults who had been baptized aschildren but who had not yet experienced the conversion necessary for full membershipcould nonetheless have their children baptized. The parents in return were to agree tomaintain the church's standards of moral conduct. Until conversion, however, theseparents and their children were ineligible to vote in church affairs or take communion.
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King Philips War:
When King Philip realized the dangers of the White colonists, hepersuaded two other chiefs, Ipomham and Canochet, to join with him to attack on colonialtowns. They killed many white people. Soon, debates happened amongst the Indians andthe White colonists attacked the Indians. King Philip was killed with his head mounted ona stake in Boston.
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House of Burgesses:
The King of England could control Virginia. More representativegovernment. They could make laws and they had a legislative body in Virginia.
 
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Bacon’s Rebellion:
He attacked random Indians and after he died, his rebels spreadaround in the forest. They took over Jamestown which symbolized the lack of infrastructure. The government wasn’t strong enough to take over Bacon.
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Navigation Acts:
Parliamentary acts (1660-1663) regulating colonial trade so that itbenefited the mother country. For example, all trade had to be carried in English or colonial-armed ships manned by English or colonial sailors. Problems: one couldn’t shopto other places, colonies different climates and landforms caused problems, differingsocial structures, and smuggling became common.
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Mercantilism:
The name later given to the philosophy that dominated English economicpolicy beginning in the Seventeenth Century. Mercantilists held that the governmentshould closely regulate a nation’s economic activity, particularly in encouraging trade, toincrease the flow of wealth, in the form of gold and silver coin, into the nation.Basically, to buy things from other countries.
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First Great Awakening:
Was inspired by revolutionary ways of looking at the world.Isaac Newton demonstrated the forces as mysterious as those that determined the pathsof the planets. Passionate preachers called for revival. 1734: Sermons were beingpreached. The significance was that it was a great revival of God and religion. It dividedmost Protestant denominations into “Old Lights” and “New Lights.” A religious revivalbecause irrationality shakes faith, reaction to the Enlightenment, drew talks together, andpeople searched to rejuvenate more emotional faith. The results were that there weremore Baptists [Presbyterians, Mathodistic] and it was found many colleges anduniversities.
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George Whitfield, Jonathon Edwards:
Jonathon Edwards: a Congregationalist minister in Northampton, Mass. Began to preach sermons emphasizing the sinfulness of humanity, the torment all deserved to suffer in hell, and that salvation could be had onlythrough divine grace, which God visited on men and women in the form of an intenselyemotional conversion experience. George Whitfield: delivered many lengthy sermons; ademonstrative preacher.
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French and Indian War:
Indians liked the French better. With the threat of the war,Benjamin Franklin creates the ‘Albany Plan of Union’. Salutary Neglect didn’t really workthen. Brits wanted to reduce their debt created by the war. Indians aided with the Frenchand they had advantages
controlled access to interior of North America. New Francealso had a single colonial government that could act very quickly, whereas the British hadto ask for help from the thirteen separate colonial governments. France sent ships &professional soldiers to America rather than depend on help. Indians that helped:Algonquin and Huron.
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Treaty of Paris 1763:
Ended the French and Indian War.
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Salutary Neglect:
Robert Walpole’s idea on governing—“leave well enough alone.” Theterm refers to the colonial policy of British Prime Minister Robert Walpole: so long as thecolonies were profitable to British manufacturers and merchants, it would be folly toantagonize colonials by close political control and even strict enforcement of trade lawsthe colonials violated.
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Stamp Act; Stamp Act Congress:
internal tax on all printed materials
Americansresisted because they weren’t in Parliament: James Otis: “no taxation withoutrepresentation” Stamp Act Congress: Americans learn unity, using intellectual reason togo against the British (John Dickinson hoped to bring pressure to Parliament). Theyadopted fourteen resolutions & a “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” addressed tothe king
condemned the Sugar and Stamp Act and other parliamentary policies.
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Sons of Liberty:
group that condemned the Stamp Act
broke out into violence. Thegroup was made up of mostly shopkeepers.
 
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Boston Massacre:
piece of propaganda (before Tea Act). 7 Bostonians were killed. PaulRevere meant it to be a piece of propaganda, but people misinterpreted the piece. MostBostonians blamed the incident on the mob (John Adams was defending red coats).
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Committees of Correspondence:
a body organized by the local governments of theAmerican coloniesfor the purposes of coordinating written communication outside of thecolony. These served an important role in theAmerican Revolutionand the years leadingup to it, disseminating the colonial interpretation of Britishactions between the coloniesand to foreign governments. The committees of correspondence rallied opposition oncommon causes and established plans for collective action, and so the group of committees was the beginning of what later became a formal political union among thecolonies.
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Tea Act of 1773, Boston Tea Party:
lower tax on tea. Parliament wanted to save theEast India Company (a huge corporation invaluable to the Crown because, in return for amonopoly of trade with India, the company governed much of the subcontinent). Tea Actof 1773: eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the company tosell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Parliament planned to use theprofits from tea sales to pay the salaries of the colonial royal governors, a move whichparticularly angered colonists. Boston Tea Party: a bunch of members of the ‘Sons of Liberty’ dressed up as Indians and dumped the tea into the Boston Harbor 
Parliamentoverreacted.
 
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Thomas Paine,
Common Sense:
Common Sense
was a pamphlet written by ThomasPaine and published in January 1776. In splendid prose, Paine vilified George III as atyrant and condemned the institution of monarchy. It is generally agreed that thepamphlet was the single most persuasive propaganda in the debates of theRevolutionary era. Paine would write several more important works during the late 1700s.
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Battle of Saratoga:
On October 17, 1777, after several weeks of battling, British GeneralJohn Burgoyne surrendered his entire army of redcoats and Hessians to General HoratioGates near what is now the resort town of Saratoga, New York. Armies did not oftensurrender in the eighteenth century; they retreated to fight another day. Partly because of his own bad luck and partly because he was not reinforced as he expected, Burgoynewas trapped in the wilderness. The American victory was so momentous it broughtFrance into the war.
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Articles of Confederation:
Each state had their own constitution. They could not berevised.
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Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787:
establishment of a system for surveying and subdividing public land outside the states. Passed by the Congress of theArticles of Confederation, the statute provided for the surveying of blocks of land thirty-sixsquare miles each, to be known as townships. Each township was to set aside onesection for public education and schools, with each block or section containing 640 acres.Congress established the prices at which the land was to be sold to the public.
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Alexander Hamilton, James Madison:
Alexander Hamilton: secretary of treasury.Hamilton believed in funding: where the federal government would establish its credit byrepaying the Confederation debt in full at face value. James Madison: Speaker of theHouse. He opposed rewarding speculators by paying them on a pat with payments topatriots who had lent the government money during the Revolution. Yet, Hamilton won inCongress.
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Shay’s Rebellion:
armed uprising of several thousand farmers in westernMassachusetts led by Daniel Shays. They resented the state’s taxation policies, whichfavored mercantile interests in Boston, and Boston’s political domination of the state. Therebellion was easily suppressed; but the fact that it had started at all sufficiently alarmedConservatives that they welcomed the proposal to meet and strengthen US government.It collapsed in December.
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