Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis Series
By J.J. Spivey, Edward Furimsky, Y.S. Matros and
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Titles in the series (31)
- Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control
30
In June 1984 the EEC Commission proposed new standards of permissible exhaust gas from motor vehicles to be introduced in Europe; these standards were approved by the Ministers of the Environment one year later. As the control of automotive pollution is at present mainly a catalytic problem, it was decided to hold an International Symposium on the subject, and an organizing committee composed of people engaged in catalytic research in the different Belgian Universities was constituted. This was the first Symposium of its kind to be held on an international level, and the quality and scientific interest of the papers presented was exceptional. It is planned to hold a follow-up Symposium in 2 to 3 years' time. The first part of the book is a general introduction to the problem of automotive pollution. The second, properly catalytic, part is devoted to fundamental and applied studies on pollution control, with emphasis on exhaust catalytic converters.
- Keynotes in Energy-Related Catalysis
35
Catalysis by solid acids, which includes (modified) zeolites, is of special relevance to energy applications. Acid catalysis is highly important in modern petroleum refining operations - large-scale processes such as fluid catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming, alkylation and olefin oligomerization rely on the transformation of hydrocarbons by acid catalysts. (Modified) zeolites are therefore essential for the improvement of existing processes and for technical innovations in the conversion of crude. There can be little doubt that zeolite-based catalysts will play a major role in the future management of fossil fuels and biomass, and this book is intended to contribute to tomorrow's achievements in this area. Each chapter presents the personal views of an expert, or a small group of experts, on the current state of the art, and on the trends in his/their field likely to lead to important developments. The presentation of these various keynotes in one volume will provide inspiration to the reader interested in the development of zeolite-based catalysts for energy applications, and in particular will suggest to the new-comer in the field of catalyst design, methods to develop his own original orientations.
- Catalysis by Acids and Bases
20
Because of the great importance of acid catalysis in the petrochemical industry, extensive research has been carried out during the last 30 years concerning the fundamental and applied aspects of catalysis by acids. In contrast, base-catalyzed reactions have received little attention in heterogeneous catalysis. The aim of this symposium was to evaluate our knowledge of the important area of acid and base catalysis and to cover a broad range of solids, zeolite chemistry being only one aspect of heterogeneous catalysis.
- Zeolites: Synthesis, Structure, Technology and Application
24
The synthesis of zeolites with desired structure and properties is of great importance for the preparation of highly active and selective catalysts for inorganic and organic reactions. The zeolite matrix offers unique possibilities for carrying out molecular shape-selective catalysis and this places the zeolite matrices among the most successful tools used in molecular engineering on a large scale. These proceedings cover the most recent developments in the fields of synthesis, structure determination and technological use of zeolites. The papers give detailed explanations of the processes involved in the mechanisms of zeolite synthesis. Special attention is focussed on complex ionic equilibria which occur in the starting hydrogel, to the ``templating effect'' and to the kinetics of zeolite formation. New powerful methods for structure determination of these materials, which usually consist of small crystals, are presented e.g. neutron diffraction and X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. The distribution of tetrahedrally coordinated framework-constituent elements and their interaction with adsorbates is revealed by using high magnetic field nuclear magnetic resonance with sample spinning at ``magic'' angle (MAS NMR). Quite a number of articles are devoted to the dependence of the physico-chemical properties of zeolites on the parameters set during their synthesis. Descriptions are given of the possible technological use of synthetic zeolites in the fields of adsorption, catalysis, the production of laundry detergents, the removal of radioactive wastes, and the technological use of natural zeolites in the fields of animal feeding, municipal water treatment, paper and cement production, and energy storage. This book will be of interest to scientists working in the fields of catalysis, surface science, inorganic chemistry, materials science, petrochemistry, solid state physics, crystallography and geology.
- Adsorption and Catalysis on Oxide Surfaces
21
The Symposium was held to honour the memory of the late Dr. A.J. Tench who made numerous important contributions to our knowledge of the structure, reactivity and adsorption properties of oxide surfaces. This volume contains an up-to-date picture of adsorption and catalysis on oxide surfaces, not in the form of a comprehensive review but in its living aspects of work in progress. It describes detailed studies on the determination of the coordination surface ions, particularly oxide ions, by photoluminescence and reflectance spectroscopy, on the identification of adsorbed species by magnetic optical or surface techniques and on catalysis, with emphasis on new concepts such as catalysis involving excited states or structure sensitive reactions. Professionals working in the industrial and academic laboratories will find the book particularly useful as it provides a state-of-the-art account of our understanding of the structure and adsorption characteristics of oxide surfaces. Contained in the book are first class research papers by leading exponents in this field. A very important issue is that the book highlights for the first time the importance of excited states and structure sensitivity in determining the behaviour of oxide surfaces.
- Preparation of Catalysts II: Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts
3
Preparation of Catalysts II
- Innovation in Zeolite Materials Science
37
The proceedings of this zeolite scientific meeting reflect the growing drive to discover new materials. It is evident that zeolite materials science is in a post-ZSM-5 period - pushed by a massive expansion of new compositions and topologies, and the application of new scientific tools. Four new zeolite topologies were detailed at this meeting. Important new trends were the resurgence of interest in computational and theoretical approaches to explain synthesis, sorption and catalytic data, and the increasing use of NMR and high-resolution imaging.
- Synthesis of High-Silica Aluminosilicate Zeolites
33
This book provides an overview of all new high-silica zeolites which have been discovered between 1975 and 1985. The first part presents some 25 proven recipes for the preparation of high-silica zeolites and describes the characteristics of the materials obtained. This will allow bench-scale production of these materials for scientific research. In the second part, high-silica zeolites with solved structure type are discussed. This part classifies many proprietary materials according to known structure types, and describes the rules and parameters which govern the formation of these materials. In the third part, the formation and characteristics of high-silica zeolites with unknown structure type are discussed. The book contains a wealth of information for all those scientists who incorporate the use of high-silica zeolites in their work.
- Catalytic Polymerization of Olefins
25
This book covers the proceedings of a symposium which was attended by researchers from all over the world who reported on and discussed recent advances in the field of catalytic polymerization of olefins. Over two decades have elapsed since the discovery of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst. Tremendous research effort has been aimed at improving this marvelous catalyst. In twenty-five years since the first publication, more than 15,000 papers and patents on the subject and on related subjects have appeared. This effort has yielded new generations of Ziegler-Natta catalysts with superior activity and stereospecificity. The complexities arising from the heterogeneity of the catalyst, however, have hindered understanding of the catalytic processes which take place on the catalyst surface. Nevertheless, many fundamental features of the catalyst system have now been clarified reasonably well. Recently a highly active homogeneous catalytic system has been developed, which is capable of catalyzing even isotactic polymerization of propene. There is no doubt that this finding will not only contribute to our understanding of the detailed mechanism of polymerization but also stimulate the development of various kinds of tailored polymers. Thus this subject will remain of paramount importance in the development of chemistry and polymer science for a long time to come.
- Catalytic Hydrogenation
27
The collection of contributions in this volume presents the most up-to-date findings in catalytic hydrogenation. The individual chapters have been written by 36 top specialists each of whom has achieved a remarkable depth of coverage when dealing with his particular topic. In addition to detailed treatment of the most recent problems connected with catalytic hydrogenations, the book also contains a number of previously unpublished results obtained either by the authors themselves or within the organizations to which they are affiliated. Because of its topical and original character, the book provides a wealth of information which will be invaluable not only to researchers and technicians dealing with hydrogenation, but also to all those concerned with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, organic technology, petrochemistry and chemical engineering.
- Catalyst Deactivation 1987
34
This Symposium on Catalyst Deactivation ensues those held at Berkeley (1985), Antwerp (1980) and Berkeley (1978). The three main topics emphasised at this most recent symposium were: the techniques used in deactivation studies, the mechanisms of catalyst deactivation, and modelling. With respect to the first, it became apparent that the study of deactivation faces even more difficulties than the characterization of fresh catalysts and the measurement of activity or selectivity, due to the multiplicity of interacting processes occurring during deactivation. Quite substantial progress has been made recently in the understanding of the mechanisms of various deactivation processes, particularly coking, and extra time was accorded to these topics at the symposium. The third topic corresponds to a problem which is very central to development studies and to the chemical engineering aspect of catalysis: it deals with the representativity of accelerated tests and the modelling of the deactivation phenomena.
- Characterization of Porous Solids
39
The importance of porosity has long been recognized by scientists and engineers. Porous solids are widely encountered in industry and everyday life and their behaviour, e.g. chemical reactivity, adsorptive capacity, and catalytic activity is dependent on their pore structure. A considerable amount of work on porous solids has been undertaken both in academic and in industrial laboratories. However, all this activity is in urgent need of a critical appraisal. To undertake this task, a number of leading experts in the field of adsorption, porosimetry, X-ray and neutron scattering, optical and electron microscopy, calorimetry and fluid permeation, were brought together at the 1987 IUPAC (COPS I) Symposium. This proceedings volume provides an up-to-date overall review of the theoretical foundations for modelling and characterizing porous systems. It deals with most of the techniques in current use as applied to both model systems and porous solids of industrial importance. The reader will find the description and discussion of a number of novel techniques as well as a critical appraisal and comparison of the more established methods. All those concerned with the characterization of porous solids in academic and industrial laboratories will find much to interest them in this volume. It should be on the bookshelf of applied research centres involved in adsorption, catalysis, purification of gases and liquids, pigments, fillers, building materials, etc.
- Methane Conversion
36
This proceedings volume comprises the invited plenary lectures, contributed and poster papers presented at a symposium organised to mark the successful inauguration of the world's first commercial plant for production of gasoline from natural gas, based on the Mobil methanol-to-gasoline process. The objectives of the Symposium were to present both fundamental research and engineering aspects of the development and commercialization of gas-to-gasoline processes. These include steam reforming, methanol synthesis and methanol-to-gasoline. Possible alternative processes e.g. MOGD, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons, and the direct conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons were also considered. The papers in this volume provide a valuable and extremely wide-ranging overview of current research into the various options for natural gas conversion, giving a detailed description of the gas-to-gasoline process and plant. Together, they represent a unique combination of fundamental surface chemistry catalyst characterization, reaction chemistry and engineering scale-up and commercialization.
- Introduction to Zeolite Science and Practice
58
Zeolites and related molecular sieves have quickly become important pathways to new opportunities in the fields of oil processing and petrochemical synthesis. The signs of intense activity in both industry and academia are evident: burgeoning papers and patent applications; increasing numbers of industrial zeolite-based processes and their rapid expansion into organic chemicals manufacturing; recent progress in zeolite accessibility range, matrix behaviour, lattice components and satellite structures; and the recognition that zeolites, which are stable and can be regenerated, may be incorporated into new, environmentally friendly processes. This volume offers a thorough, up-to-date introduction to zeolites and such related materials as crystalline aluminium phosphates and clays. Its 16 chapters, each written by specialists, provide detailed treatments of zeolite theory (including a review of major developments), zeolite laboratory and research practice, and zeolite industry applications. Students and individuals entering the field will find Introduction to Zeolite Science and Practice a thorough guidebook. Experienced researchers will appreciate its in-depth coverage of the zeolite spectrum, including the latest views on zeolite structure, characterization and applications.
- New Aspects of Spillover Effect in Catalysis: For Development of Highly Active Catalysts
77
The spillover effect is one of the most promising factors in the enhancement of catalytic reaction rates. The spillover phenemenon was found in the 1960s by several research groups independently. It was defined at the previous International Symposium on Spillover as follows Spillover involves the transport of active species which are adsorbed or formed on a first phase onto another phase that does not adsorb or form the species under the same condition. However, this effect appears typically in the dynamic state, i.e., during reactions, which advance with a considerable reaction rate. This makes it difficult to elucidate the spillover effect through static methods. Therefore, more fundamental investigations are necessary. The development of alternative energy sources and protection of the environment demands highly selective and very rapid catalytic reactions at deviating conditions. To achieve these goals new concepts, such as the spillover effect, are needed. This proceedings book, which comprises 80 papers, contains methods for preparing catalysts in order to realize spillover effects and suggests the most probable mechanisms to explain these non-linear phenomena. It also contains studies on applications of the spillover effect to improve industrial catalytic processes. The book will be invaluable in the development of industrial catalysts and for solving energy and environmental protection problems.
- Future Opportunities in Catalytic and Separation Technology
54
The production of useful materials and the removal of polluting substances are fundamental to chemical technology, and in this respect catalytic and separation processes play essential roles. In order to cope with increasing demands to find solutions for the shortage of natural resources and global environmental pollution, rapid and significant progress in the technology is required. This book results from the successful seminar on Selective Reactions and Separation, held at Oiso, Japan, in February 1988. The seminar was organised by ASPRONC (the Association for the Progress of New Chemistry) as the fourth in a series of seminars on Frontier Technology. ASPRONC was inaugurated in 1986 and its membership comprises major companies in the chemical industry and various other sectors interested in chemistry. The aim of this seminar was to explore the frontiers of catalytic and separation technology and to discuss the requirements for its future development. The many interesting lectures and active discussions which resulted stimulated the editors to prepare this book. Each lecturer has written a chapter which represents a significantly revised and extended version of his original lecture. The book will appeal to many readers and will undoubtedly help to make a positive contribution to the future development of chemical technology.
- Catalytic Processes Under Unsteady-State Conditions
43
This book deals with catalytic processes under forced non-steady-state conditions. It demonstrates, both theoretically and practically, that forced non-steady-state processes are highly efficient compared with steady-state processes, and illustrates this with a wealth of practical examples. The first part of the book describes the theoretical and experimental basis of efficient processes, mathematical models of non-steady-state processes in reactors, influence of a non-steady-state catalyst surface, problems of optimization, the theory of a heat front in the fixed catalyst bed, and methods to create efficient cyclic regimes. The second part considers the following processes: sulphur dioxide oxidation in sulphuric acid production, cleaning of effluent gases from toxic impurities, production of high-potency heat, ammonia and methanol synthesis etc. The book will appeal to many readers: chemical engineers (especially in the field of mathematical modelling of reactors with a fixed catalyst bed); personnel of chemical plants and machine-manufacturing companies dealing with maintenance and installation of catalytic reactors; specialists in detoxification of the effluents from organic admixtures and carbon monoxide; students of technical colleges and universities
- Heterogeneous Catalysis and Fine Chemicals
41
The recession in the traditional heavy industries along with the development of advanced technologies in all the industrial countries has meant that the impact of heterogeneous catalysis in the synthesis of fine chemicals is becoming increasingly noticeable. The first International Symposium on Heterogeneous Catalysis and Fine Chemicals is to be seen in this perspective. Organised by the Laboratory of Catalysis in Organic Chemistry of the University of Poitiers within the framework of the International Symposia of the `Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique' (CNRS), the symposium provided an opportunity for contact between academic researchers and manufacturers, users (or potential users) of solid catalysts for fine chemical synthesis. Two panels of industrial and academic researchers - one on selective hydrogenation, the other on selective synthesis of substituted aromatics - showed that heterogeneous catalysis already plays a significant role in fine organic chemistry. The main topics of the symposium were introduced in six plenary lectures and three invited communications, maintaining a balance between the industrial and the academic points of view. Some 60 research papers were submitted from which the Scientific Committee selected the 35 communications (oral or poster) which fitted most closely the theme of the symposium. All are reproduced in full in this Proceedings volume.
- Zeolites: A Refined Tool for Designing Catalytic Sites
97
Formerly, the catalytic use of zeolites was exclusive to the field of acid catalysis. Nowadays, zeolites also find applications as catalysts in a wide array of chemical reactions such as; base catalyzed reactions, Redox reactions and catalytic reactions on transition metals and their complexes in confined environments. The concepts of Brønsted or Lewis acid-base pairs are adequately illustrated in the literature and well-understood in terms of structural and electronic properties of zeolites. By contrast, properties of chemically modified silicates, aluminosilicates and aluminophosphates have not yet been fully explored. The list of oxydo-reduction reactions performed in the presence of these new materials is growing as demonstrated by the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides or the numerous oxidations employing hydrogen peroxide. Much effort is currently being made to get a better insight into the nature of the sites involved. The zeolite lattice may also be used as a host for encapsulated complexes or metallic clusters allowing the control of nuclearity of these active species and the steric constraints imposed on the reactants. Molecular sieve and shape selectivity effects have also constituted fascinating aspects of zeolite properties. Recent developments leading to increasingly large pore sizes with VPI-5, cloverite and more recently mesoporous molecular sieves have broadened the spectrum of these applications. Indeed, larger and larger reactant and product molecules can be accommodated in these lattices. These new adsorbant/adsorbate systems create additional needs for experimental data and theoretical descriptions of transport properties, in particular of mono- and multi-components diffusion coefficients in the zeolite pore lattice. All these themes, representing the forefront and current trends in zeolite research, were discussed in the submitted papers to the symposium and are widely represented in the selected papers contained in this volume. A feature common to most of these contributions is the combined use of a variety of analytical techniques. Some of these techniques are at the frontier of the latest analytical developments such as multiple scattering EXAFS and bidimensional MAS-NMR.
- Catalysis: An Integrated Approach to Homogeneous, Heterogeneous and Industrial Catalysis
79
Catalysis is a multidisciplinary activity which is reflected in this book. The editors have chosen a novel combination of basic disciplines - homogeneous catalysis by metal complexes is treated jointly with heterogeneous catalysis with metallic and non-metallic solids. The main theme of the book is the molecular approach to industrial catalysis. In the introductory section Chapter 1 presents a brief survey of the history of industrial heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Subsequently, a selection of current industrial catalytic processes is described (Chapter 2). A broad spectrum of important catalytic applications is presented, including the basic chemistry, some engineering aspects, feedstock sources and product utilisation. In Chapter 3, kinetic principles are treated. The section on fundamental catalysis begins with a description of the bonding in complexes and to surfaces (Chapter 4). The elementary steps on complexes and surfaces are described. The chapter on heterogeneous catalysis (5) deals with the mechanistic aspects of three groups of important reactions: syn-gas conversion, hydrogenation, and oxidation. The main principles of metal and metal oxide catalysis are presented. Likewise, the chapter on homogeneous catalysis (6) concentrates on three reactions representing examples from three areas: carbonylation, polymerization, and asymmetric catalysis. Identification by in situ techniques has been included. Many constraints to the industrial use of a catalyst have a macroscopic origin. In applied catalysis it is shown how catalytic reaction engineering deals with such macroscopic considerations in heterogeneous as well as homogeneous catalysis (Chapter 7). The transport and kinetic phenomena in both model reactors and industrial reactors are outlined. The section on catalyst preparation (Chapters 8 and 9) is concerned with the preparation of catalyst supports, zeolites, and supported catalysts, with an emphasis on general principles and mechanistic aspects. For the supported catalysts the relation between the preparative method and the surface chemistry of the support is highlighted. The molecular approach is maintained throughout. The first chapter (10) in the section on catalyst characterization summarizes the most common spectroscopic techniques used for the characterisation of heterogeneous catalysts such as XPS, Auger, EXAFS, etc. Temperature programmed techniques, which have found widespread application in heterogeneous catalysis both in catalyst characterization and simulation of pretreatment procedures, are discussed in Chapter 11. A discussion of texture measurement, theory and application, concludes this section (12). The final chapter (13) gives an outline of current trends in catalysis. Two points of view are adopted: the first one focusses on developments in process engineering. Most often these have their origin in demands by society for better processes. The second point of view draws attention to the autonomous developments in catalysis, which is becoming one of the frontier sciences of physics and chemistry. In this book emphasis is on those reactions catalyzed by heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts of industrial relevance. The integrative treatment of the subject matter involves many disciplines, consequently, the writing of the book has been a multi-author task. The editors have carefully planned and harmonized the contents of the chapters.
- Heterogeneous Catalysis and Fine Chemicals III
78
Heterogeneous catalysis plays a major role in the organic synthesis of specialty and fine chemicals. However, as the interaction between surface sites and functional groups is complex, more investigations are necessary into the effects of catalysts on the reaction mechanisms. The Third International Symposium on Heterogeneous Catalysis and Fine Chemicals provided an opportunity for discussions on the basic and practical aspects of this subject between researchers, manufacturers and users of solid catalysts for synthesis of fine chemicals. The present volume comprises the invited plenary lectures and research papers classified under the three main headings, hydrogenation, oxidation and acid-catalysis. All papers were refereed. A large variety of reactions are described, the emphasis being on selectivity, taking into account all aspects: chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity (including enantioselectivity) and on the change of these selectivities as a function of the characteristics of the catalysts and operating conditions.
- Successful Design of Catalysts: Future Requirements and Development
44
In July 1988, a Worldwide Catalysis Seminar was held to mark the 30th anniversary of the Catalysis Society of Japan. After the 9th International Congress on Catalysis in Calgary, about 25 Japanese researchers working on catalysis visited and held seminars in four countries. Each seminar focused on a specific subject, yet also covered a wide range of topics in catalysis, from the fundamental to the industrial stages. This volume, containing the proceedings of this unique event, reflects the successful way in which the seminars provided an opportunity for direct communication and discussion of how best to achieve the successful design of catalysts.
- Fluid Catalytic Cracking: Science and Technology
76
The primary focus of this book as a whole is on performance - performance of the catalyst, of its surface, of the FCC unit, of the feedstocks employed, of the analytical methods used to characterize the catalysts, and of environmentally directed regulations that govern the production of transportation fuels from petroleum. The emphasis on catalyst performance, particularly commercial performance, essentially dictated that the chapter authors be experienced industrial catalytic chemists and engineers. However, each author approached the task with a clear-cut obligation to connect the roots of the science of FCC catalysis with the technology. Fluid Catalytic Cracking: Science and Technology has been written for workers in industrial catalysis and academia, including graduate students in chemistry or chemical engineering who are interested in acquiring an overall knowledge of one of the world's most important areas of catalysis. The book is concise, each topic is treated briefly; complete, all aspects of FCC catalysis are covered; and clear, anyone involved in this field will find topics of interest.
- Natural Gas Conversion
61
These proceedings reflect the extensive fundamental and applied research efforts that are currently being made on the conversion of gas, in particular on the direct conversion of methane. The Symposium in Oslo focused on the following topics: Direct conversion of methane, Fischer-Tropsch chemistry, methanol conversion and natural gas conversion processes. The main aim was to present the state-of-the-art and progress currently being made within each of these areas. The book contains the papers presented and includes plenary lectures, short communications and posters. The papers will be of interest to scientists and engineers working in the field of gas conversion, transportation fuels, primary petrochemicals and catalysis.
- Preparation of Catalysts V: Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts
63
The organizers of this Fifth Symposium maintained their initial objectives, namely to gather experts from both industries and universities to discuss the scientific problems involved in the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts, and to encourage as much as possible the presentation of research work on catalysts of real industrial significance. Another highlight of these symposia was to reserve a substantial part of the program to new developments in catalyst preparation, new preparation methods and new catalytic systems. The fact that chemical reactions which were hardly conceivable some years ago have become possible today through the development of appropriate catalytic systems proves that catalysis is in constant progress. The papers in this volume deal with studies of unit operations in catalyst preparation, catalyst preparation via the sol-gel route, preparation of catalysts from layered structures and pillaring of clays, preparation and modification of zeolite-based catalysts, carbon supported catalysts, preparation of oxidation catalysts and novel and unusual preparation methods.
- Zeolites and Microporous Crystals
83
This volume comprises the proceedings of the International Symposium on Zeolites and Microporous Crystals (ZMPC '93). At this meeting progress in the following areas was discussed: crystal chemistry; synthesis; ion exchange and modification; adsorption and diffusion; intercalation and cross-linking; host-guest interaction; catalysis; applications.
- Recent Advances in the Science and Technology of Zeolites and Related Materials: Proceedings of the 14th International Zeolite Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, 25-30th April 2004
154
Recent Advances in the Science and Technology of Zeolites and Related Materials
- Advanced Zeolite Science and Applications
85
Zeolites and related microporous materials are used in oil processing and in the fine and petrochemical industries on a large scale. New applications of zeolites contribute to environmentally friendly processes and refined zeolites such as catalytic zeolite membranes and zeolites containing exhaust-pipe reactors are being introduced. Recent diversity in zeolite research has been fueled by the increase in number of microporous materials and the combination with interfacing science areas. The possibility to accommodate ions, large molecules or nanostructures in the crystalline matrix has been explored and the performance of electronic, acoustic and photonic modified response of the materials has been tested. This volume provides up-to-date information on new zeolite and related materials and composites, their applications, testing of new processes and techniques, and promising laboratory results as well. A vast amount of work from a fundamental aspect is incorporated. In particular, the combination of science and application offers useful information for readers interested in molecular sieves.
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