Woodworking on the Farm - With Information on Trees and Lumber, Tools, Sawing, Framing and Various Other Aspects of Farm Carpentry
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Woodworking on the Farm - With Information on Trees and Lumber, Tools, Sawing, Framing and Various Other Aspects of Farm Carpentry - Read Books Ltd.
own.
PART I
WOODWORKING
CHAPTER I
TREES AND LUMBER
1. Logging. The student is familiar with wood in two forms. One is logs and the other is lumber. It is not only desirable as information that you know the common trees, but it is necessary for practical purposes that you know different kinds of wood when you see them in boards.
Timber is first spotted
by men who go thru the forest to mark with an ax those trees which are to be cut. It is then felled (chopped or sawed down) and trimmed by having all limbs cut off. The body, or trunk, of the tree and the limbs which are large enough to be sawed into boards are cut to board lengths of twelve, fourteen, or sixteen feet, etc., forming logs. These logs are rolled, hauled or skidded into a clearing to be piled up, measured and later transported to a saw-mill.
While in large piles in the clearing, which is an open space in the woods where the logs are said to be banked,
they are scaled. This is measuring and estimating the number of board feet in each log. Each end of the log is measured and marked with the owner’s number.
The banking ground is frequently near a river and on a level above that of the water in the river, so that the logs can easily be rolled down into the stream, where they are allowed to drift to some point down stream, to be collected in a bog, or set-back, near a mill, and then to be sorted and later run into the mill and sawed into lumber. In case it is not possible to transport logs in the natural way, as just described, they must be hauled by team or train to the mill.
This description is very brief and is designed merely to give the outstanding facts in the process of felling trees and conveying them cut up to the mill. The reader is referred to Noyes’ Handwork in Wood, published by The Manual Arts Press, Peoria, Illinois, for an adequate description of this process and for a bibliography on logging.
2. Milling. The logs are conveyed from the mill pond or yard into the mill by means of an endless chain and the jack ladder
which is an inclined platform running from the mill into the water of the mill yard. The endless chain which runs over this inclined platform is fitted with studs which engage with the logs as they are directed toward the jack ladder by men with long spiked poles. The logs are carried end to end into the mill and there are inspected for stones which may be lodged in the bark. A flipper, controlled by steam, throws each log to the side when the operator of the machine throws a lever. The log now rolls down an inclined plane to a stop made of heavy iron which is located at the edge of the saw table. When the operator of the saw wants a log, he releases the stop. This operation permits one log to roll onto the saw table, where it is dogged, or clamped, to the table.
The saw table moves backward and forward. With each passage of the table, a large circular, or band, saw cuts off a board. When two or three boards have been removed from the side, the log is turned completely over by what is called a steam nigger,
and a similar operation is performed on the opposite side.
By easily-controlled machinery, the log is revolved or moved into different positions to be sawed into boards. It is sent from the saw to the edger and the cross-cut, or butting, saw on live
rollers which revolve on a horizontal table and transmit the boards at a rate of 200 to 250 feet per minute from one place to another. Finally, the boards, now known as lumber, are transferred to a shed, where they are sorted as to size, quality and cut, and then again transferred out of doors to be piled for air-seasoning until sold for construction purposes.
FIG. 1. Methods of sawing lumber. A, slash-sawing; B, quarter-sawing.
FIG. 2. End of log, showing annual rings and medullary rays.
Boards are usually slash-sawed, the term used for parallel sawing (A, Fig. 1). However, they are also rift-sawed or quarter-sawed, which means that the saw cut is radial, as shown in B, Fig. 1. The advantage of the radially-sawed board is that the edges rather than the sides of the fiber of the wood form the surface of the board and thereby make a more even grain and one which wears better.
3. Tree Growth. When a tree is sawed down, the sawed end will show concentric rings (Fig. 2). Those near the center are more compact than the ones near the outside. The center portion is called heart wood; the outer portion, sap wood, because it conducts the sap which gives vitality to the