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    Engineering Mathematics with Examples and Applications
    Engineering Mathematics with Examples and Applications
    Engineering Mathematics with Examples and Applications
    Ebook1,016 pages13 hours

    Engineering Mathematics with Examples and Applications

    By Xin-She Yang

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    About this ebook

    Engineering Mathematics with Examples and Applications provides a compact and concise primer in the field, starting with the foundations, and then gradually developing to the advanced level of mathematics that is necessary for all engineering disciplines. Therefore, this book's aim is to help undergraduates rapidly develop the fundamental knowledge of engineering mathematics.

    The book can also be used by graduates to review and refresh their mathematical skills. Step-by-step worked examples will help the students gain more insights and build sufficient confidence in engineering mathematics and problem-solving. The main approach and style of this book is informal, theorem-free, and practical. By using an informal and theorem-free approach, all fundamental mathematics topics required for engineering are covered, and readers can gain such basic knowledge of all important topics without worrying about rigorous (often boring) proofs.

    Certain rigorous proof and derivatives are presented in an informal way by direct, straightforward mathematical operations and calculations, giving students the same level of fundamental knowledge without any tedious steps. In addition, this practical approach provides over 100 worked examples so that students can see how each step of mathematical problems can be derived without any gap or jump in steps. Thus, readers can build their understanding and mathematical confidence gradually and in a step-by-step manner.

    • Covers fundamental engineering topics that are presented at the right level, without worry of rigorous proofs
    • Includes step-by-step worked examples (of which 100+ feature in the work)
    • Provides an emphasis on numerical methods, such as root-finding algorithms, numerical integration, and numerical methods of differential equations
    • Balances theory and practice to aid in practical problem-solving in various contexts and applications
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAcademic Press
    Release dateDec 29, 2016
    ISBN9780128099025
    Engineering Mathematics with Examples and Applications
    Author

    Xin-She Yang

    Xin-She Yang obtained his DPhil in Applied Mathematics from the University of Oxford. He then worked at Cambridge University and National Physical Laboratory (UK) as a Senior Research Scientist. He is currently a Reader in Modelling and Simulation at Middlesex University London, Fellow of the Institute of Mathematics and its Application (IMA) and a Book Series Co-Editor of the Springer Tracts in Nature-Inspired Computing. He has published more than 25 books and more than 400 peer-reviewed research publications with over 82000 citations, and he has been on the prestigious list of highly cited researchers (Web of Sciences) for seven consecutive years (2016-2022).

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      Book preview

      Engineering Mathematics with Examples and Applications - Xin-She Yang

      2016

      Part I

      Fundamentals

      Outline

      Chapter 1. Equations and Functions

      Chapter 2. Polynomials and Roots

      Chapter 3. Binomial Theorem and Expansions

      Chapter 4. Sequences

      Chapter 5. Exponentials and Logarithms

      Chapter 6. Trigonometry

      Chapter 1

      Equations and Functions

      Abstract

      As an introductory mathematics book for engineers, the basic requirement is a good understanding of secondary mathematics (or GCSE level mathematics). All the fundamental concepts of engineering mathematics will gradually be introduced in a self-contained style with plenty of worked examples to aid the understanding of all important concepts. This chapter reviews the fundamentals of real numbers, sets, functions and equations.

      Keywords

      Equation; Function; Domain; Range; Set; Modulus; Power

      Chapter Points

      • Introduce basic concepts of real numbers and sets.

      • Cover functions, specially univariate functions, including linear functions, modulus function and power functions.

      • Introduce the basic equations, quadratic equation and simultaneous equations.

      1.1 Numbers and Real Numbers

      are called fractions.

      In mathematics, we often use some symbolic notation to denote a number so as to ease our discussions. For example, we can use letter n .

      Among all the natural numbers, there is a special class of numbers, called prime numbers. A prime number is a positive integer that can only be divisible by 1 and itself. In other words, a prime number p can have only two factors: 1 and itself pand 19 are all prime numbers. The only even prime number is 2, and all the rest prime numbers are odd numbers.

      The ratio of any two non-zero integers m and n where the denominator n , the fraction is called a proper fraction. All the integers and fractions make up the rational numbers.

      and π are called irrational numbers because they cannot be expressed in terms of a fraction. For example, we cannot express

      is just an approximation; it is not exactly πhas a digit sequence 142857 that repeats.

      1.1.1 Notes on Notations and Conventions

      As we have seen above, we have used some notations such as ≈ and ⋯ without much explanation. Before we proceed, it is better to explain briefly the conventions and notations we often use in mathematics and certainly in this book.

      .

      to mean ‘etc.’. In addition, we occasionally wish to include the infinity (∞) in our discussion, and there is a positive infinity +∞ and a negative infinity −∞. Any number n ). Therefore, all numbers are between −∞ and +∞.

      For simplicity to denote multiplication, we use ab where a and b are any two numbers.

      .

      is irrational is among the first mathematical proofs, as given in Euclid's Elements about 2300 years ago. Interested readers can refer to any book on number theory or prime numbers.

      Example 1.1

      is an irrational number, the famous golden ratio

      is also irrational.

      Another well-know irrational number is Euler's number

      which has an infinite number of decimal places.

      or ℜ, and a real number corresponds to a unique point or location in the number line (see Fig. 1.1). For example, 3/2 corresponds to point A corresponds to point B.

      Figure 1.1 Real numbers and their representations (as points) on the number line.

      , which are called Cartesian coordinates (see Fig. 1.2). For ease of reference to locations or different parts on the plane, we conventionally divide the coordinate system into four quadrants.

      Figure 1.2 Cartesian coordinates and the four quadrants.

      in an anti-clockwise manner, we consecutively call them the second, third and fourth quadrants as shown in Fig. 1.2. Such representation makes it straightforward to calculate the distance d. The distance is the line segment AB, which can be obtained by the Pythagoras's theorem for the right-angled triangle ABC. We have

      (1.1)

      .

      Example 1.2

      lies in the second quadrant. The distance between A and B is the length along the straight line connecting A and B, and we have

      which should have the same unit as the coordinates themselves. Here the sign ‘≈’ means ‘is approximately equal to’.

      1.1.2 Rounding Numbers and Significant Digits

      , we have

      (1.2)

      which has 11 decimal places. That is

      (1.3)

      where the decimal figures are also called decimal places or decimal digits. Thus, the first decimal figure is also called the first decimal place or decimal digit.

      Obviously, we do not need so many decimal places, and thus we need to carry out the so-called rounding of numbers. For a given number of decimal places, the basic rule for rounding numbers is to look at the number at next decimal place and decide by the following rule:

      • If it is less than 5, round down.

      • If it is 5 or more, then round up.

      Example 1.3

      , if we want to round it to 3 decimal places, the current number at the 3rd decimal place is 4. Now we look at the number at the next decimal place, which is 2, so we round it down and we have

      If we wish to keep 6 decimal places, the current number at the 6th decimal place is 3, and now we look at the next decimal place, which is 5. Thus, we round it up and we have

      , it has five significant digits or five significant figures. However, care should be taken when dealing with digit 0. For example, 100 has one significant digit, while 100.0 has four significant digits as ‘.0’ signifies something important. Similarly, if we write ‘100.’, it means that it has three significant digits. In addition, 10005 has 5 significant digits, while 0.00005 has only one significant digit.

      Thus, all nonzero digits are significant, so are the zeros between digits. The zeros to the right of the decimal point are also significant, but zeros to the left the nonzero digits are not.

      Example 1.4

      1234500 has five significant digits, while 123450.0 has seven significant digits. 0.01234 has four significant digits, while 0.01230 has four significant digits because the final zero in the decimal place is significant.

      When adding up numbers with different significant digits, we have to round them to the appropriate number of significant digits. For example,

      (1.4)

      is not appropriate because 3.1415 has five significant digits and is accurate to the 4th decimal place, while 3.7 has two significant digits and is accurate to the first decimal place. Thus, the final sum should also be accurate to the first decimal place. We should write

      (1.5)

      For multiplication, for example, we have

      (1.6)

      . Thus, we have

      (1.7)

      where we have used ≈ to show such rounding and approximation.

      It is worth pointing out that the rule of addition and subtraction focuses on the decimal place, while the multiplication and division focus on the number of significant digits. Let us look at another example.

      Example 1.5

      If we naively do the calculations, we have

      This is not the answer with the appropriate number of significant digits.

      (three significant digits) because 3.1415 has five significant digits and 1.49 has three significant digits. Therefore, the answer

      should have only two significant digits because 11 has two significant digits. Finally, we have

      That is

      1.1.3 Concept of Sets

      Let us first introduce some basic concepts in set theory. A set is any well-defined collection of objects or elements, and the elements are the members or objects in a set. We conventionally use the upper-case letters to denote sets and lower-case letters for elements, and the listed elements are enclosed in the curly brace {}.

      Example 1.6

      , and the number 1.2 is a member of the set, and we can write this membership as

      (1.8)

      In general, the membership in a set is denoted using ∈, thus

      (1.9)

      means that ‘x ’, while

      (1.10)

      means that ‘x ’.

      A special set is the empty set or null set which has no element and is denoted by

      (1.11)

      which should not be confused with a non-empty set which consists of a single element {0}. Also, note the special notation ∅.

      . We denote this relationship as

      (1.12)

      , but there exists at least one element b is a proper , and denote this relationship as

      (1.13)

      , denoted by

      , or , or both, written as

      and .

      or not . This leads to

      (1.14)

      and

      (1.15)

      Example 1.7

      For two sets

      and a universal set

      it is straightforward to check that

      The set operations seem too abstract, there is a better way to represent such mathematical operations between sets, that is to use the Venn diagrams as the topological representation. .

      Figure 1.3 .

      Figure 1.4 .

      1.1.4 Special Sets

      Some common sets in mathematics are used so often that they deserve special names or notations. These include:

      denotes the set of all natural numbers;

      is the set of all integers;

      is the set of all primes;

      is the set of all rational numbers;

      .

      .

      All these sets have an infinite number of elements. From the definitions, it is straightforward to check that

      (1.16)

      1.2 Equations

      often contain unknown quantity such as x, and this unknown quantity is called a variable, which can be any value in the real numbers. To determine the actual value of the variable, a condition is required and such a condition is often written as an equation.

      and right hand-side being 7.

      In general, an equation has the following properties:

      • Any quantity can be added to, subtracted from or multiplied by both sides of the equation;

      • A non-zero quantity can divide both sides;

      ) can be applied to both sides equally.

      After such manipulations, an equation may be converted into a completely different equation, though we can obtain the original equation if we can carefully reverse the above procedure, though special care is needed in some

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