The How and Why of Ufos

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© 2011 Kenneth W. Behrendt. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

First published by AuthorHouse 4/25/2011

ISBN: 978-1-4520-0533-1 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-4520-0534-8 (hc)

ISBN: 978-1-4520-0535-5 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011901794

Printed in the United States of America

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Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Epilogue

Appendix

Introduction

IF ONE TAKES THE time to interview members of the scientific community with regard to their beliefs about the topic of UFOs or flying saucers, one will generally obtain two distinct viewpoints from them. Some will accept the physical reality of extraterrestrial UFOs because they or someone whose word they trust has personally observed the maneuvers of these obviously technologically advanced vehicles while others, representing the majority, flatly reject, based upon our present understanding of physics, the possibility that alien beings could be operating any sort of craft in our Earth’s skies. However, that second rejecting opinion also requires the skeptics to believe that all alleged UFO sightings could, if we only had all of the facts in the cases, be dismissed as merely misperceptions of natural or conventional phenomena, hoaxes, or hallucinations.

Upon further questioning, one will discover that the disbelief of the skeptical component of the scientific community generally comes down to two main issues; that is, they base their denial of the possibility of a physical UFO reality upon:

1. The fact that Einstein’s Theory of Relativity does not permit material objects (that is, those possessing mass such as a spacecraft and its crew) to travel in excess of or even at the velocity of light (which is about 186,000 miles per second) and, since this must be the case, this limitation would require an alien crew engaging in space travel at currently achievable earthly spacecraft velocities to spend hundreds of thousands of years within the confines of their craft as they crossed the immense gulfs of space that separate even the closest of star systems within our Milky Way galaxy. These kinds of extremely prolonged travel times would, therefore, certainly seem to make any sort of practical interstellar travel so improbable as to be impossible.

2. The immense power levels (such power levels being on the order of tens of millions of horsepower!) that would be required by these objects in order for them to execute the rapid accelerations claimed for them in the UFO sighting reports are far in excess of what is currently achievable with conventional earthly vehicle propulsion systems and probably never will be attainable. Even if one tries to rationalize such enormous required power levels by equipping an imagined extraterrestrial vehicle with nuclear engines of some sort, there would still be additional objections to the use of such a propulsion system. Not only would crew members have to be protected via heavy shielding from a nuclear reaction powered engine’s deadly radiation emission, which the crew of a compact craft would be in continuous close proximity to during its operation, but, in order to hover or move rapidly about a planet’s atmosphere, a massive metallic UFO weighing tens to hundreds of tons would also have to carry and then expel huge quantities of matter from thrusters built into its hull. However, in the vast percentage of UFO sightings on record, such an expulsion of matter was not observed. Indeed, most UFOs appear to move about in our atmosphere with no apparent means of propulsion whatsoever!

After a skeptic has outlined the above two justifications for his disbelief in the actual physical reality of the UFO phenomenon, he may additionally point out that, even if the technically miraculous propulsion system required to overcome the second objection above could be achieved and a UFO’s crew protected from any radiological hazard during its operation, there would still remain the problem of protecting a crew and their craft during flight from being torn to shreds as they periodically experienced propulsive thrusts that produced accelerations in the range of hundreds of g’s. Prolonged exposure to the inertial force one experiences with a 100 g acceleration (which for straight line accelerations is equivalent to an increase in one’s velocity of about 3217.4 feet per second at the end of each second of travel and which during the acceleration causes one’s body weight in the direction opposite of the direction of travel to increase by a factor of 100!) would be sufficient to kill all human vehicle pilots. At this point, the skeptic will simply rest his case against the physical reality of the visitation of Earth by extraterrestrial UFOs and a believer in such a reality may find himself hard pressed to deny the logic of the skeptic’s objections.

Fortunately for the science of ufology there is a single weakness in the skeptic’s logic which can easily allow all of his objections to the reality of the UFO phenomenon to be overcome. In posing the previous objections, the skeptic tacitly assumes that UFOs, when in operation, possess normal mass as do our present day earthly air and spacecraft. It is just this assumption which I am suggesting is totally false when it comes to evaluating the possible propulsion systems that would be required for the demonstrated performance capabilities of the many extraterrestrial craft observed maneuvering in our planet’s atmosphere.

From Einstein’s Theory of Relativity and the research efforts of earthly particle physicists, it is an established fact that the mass of an object is not an unalterable physical quantity. Rather, as objects such as protons in a cyclotron are accelerated to velocities which are close to that of light, they experience an exponential increase in mass.

Without going into the various details of relativity theory here in depth, let it suffice to just briefly state that as an accelerating object’s velocity gets closer to the velocity of light, more and more of the kinetic energy supplied to the object in order to accelerate it to that velocity will be converted directly into additional mass for the object instead of into additional velocity for it. Because of this odd effect, Einstein’s revolutionary theory predicts that any object with some initial finite amount of mass must, if an attempt is made to force it to accelerate toward light velocity, also have its mass increased to an infinite value! Since an object with infinite mass moving at light velocity would also have to possess an infinite amount of kinetic energy, that means we would have to supply the object with that infinite amount of energy in order to make it move at light velocity. Obviously, this is an impossible scenario to achieve in practice and it is for this reason that, as far as material or massive objects are concerned, the velocity of light is a sort of universal speed limit which ordinarily can neither be achieved nor surpassed.

In light of the above ability of earthly scientists to temporarily increase the masses of subatomic particles by accelerating them to speeds close to that of light, does it require too much of a leap of faith to believe that extraterrestrial science and technology, which could be many millennia ahead of ours, has managed to temporarily greatly reduce the masses of objects (which are only collections of subatomic particles) without the necessity of moving them about? In other words, might our extraterrestrial visitors have the ability to reduce the masses of their spacecraft and their crews to the point at which they become completely massless?

Let us briefly analyze what effects a state of masslessness would have on an alien space vehicle and then see if these effects correlate with the performance characteristics reported in the UFO sighting cases. If such a correlation exists, then it would seem to almost be a certainty that the state of artificially induced masslessness is, indeed, a real effect (most hopefully soon to be reproduced by earthly science and technology) which is a major component of the propulsion systems that enable UFOs to perform their often amazing aerobatic maneuvers.

Consider that a completely massless vehicle could easily do the following:

1. Hover without any apparent means of propulsion or support. A massless vehicle will also have no weight when near a planet’s surface and, like an earthly hot air balloon, will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the volume of atmosphere its form displaces if the planet has an atmosphere. (Indeed, to neutralize the lifting force of buoyancy acting on an average sized massless UFO’s hull in a planet’s lower atmosphere and allow the craft to hover at a fixed altitude, a UFO’s pilot would need to adjust its propulsion system to give the craft a mass and weight of about one hundred pounds or more.)

2. Be capable of fantastic accelerations, erratic maneuvers, and sudden decelerations without giving rise to the destructive inertial forces that would tear apart any massive craft attempting such maneuvers.

3. Protect crew members from lethal inertial forces during violent aerial maneuvers by also maintaining them in a state of masslessness so long as they are aboard the massless vehicle.

4. Move at enormous speeds through even the densest portions of a planet’s atmosphere via the use of low level thrusts if some means can be provided to greatly reduce the aerodynamic drag acting on the leading surfaces of the moving craft.

5. In space, be able to easily surpass the light barrier by remaining massless and using low levels of continuously applied thrust. Without mass, a spacefaring vessel’s engine thrust will go completely into increasing its velocity until a finite terminal velocity is achieved at which point the engine’s thrust force exactly equals the drag force acting on the vessel’s leading surfaces. This drag force is produced by the continuous collisions of the vessel’s leading surfaces with the very tenuously concentrated gas particles found along the interstellar or intergalactic flight path that the vessel follows. Thus, such a craft will, in practice, achieve terminal velocities of tens, hundreds, and even thousands of times the velocity of light that will reduce interstellar transit times to only a matter of months, weeks, or even days! Such voyages will take place in real time and there will be no relativistic time dilation effects associated with them. An alien crew returning to its home planet after an extended space voyage at hyper-light velocity will find that the same amount of time had passed for their stay behind fellow beings as it did for the crew of the UFO.

If the above characteristics sound all to familiar to the reader, then that is probably because they have been observed or implied many times by the bulk of the reliable UFO sightings on record. Hopefully, the above will begin to convince the student of UFO propulsion how very essential the concept of artificially induced masslessness is to making any progress in understanding the true nature of the UFO phenomenon on its deepest level.

In the chapters that follow, I will explore the basic concepts of gravity and inertia and what seems to me to be the most logical technical methods by which our extraterrestrial visitors manage to render both their craft and themselves massless while operating in our planet’s atmosphere or while in transit between star systems.

In my previous work on UFOs, Secrets of UFO Technology, my goal was to present a new model to rationalize both UFO propulsion and the many secondary effects associated with it. That volume consisted of some material that had been previously published by UFO organizations and of some previously unpublished material awaiting publication. I simply had to rewrite and edit the material in order to update it and then try to arrange it into what seemed to be a logical order that proceeded from the technical particulars of the propulsion systems used by extraterrestrials to propel their craft to the nature and purpose of the extraterrestrial visitation to our planet.

By the time the previous work had reached about 132,000 words and would fill a book almost 400 pages in length, I decided to finish the writing. This, however, still left me with a lot of material that, although it might be of interest to ufologists, was excluded from the previous volume because it did not directly support its theme of UFO secondary effects as much as I would have liked it to have. So, rather than just discarding that missing material, I decided that it might, in fact, make an interesting sequel to the previous work if it could be rewritten and, again, presented in what seemed like a logical order to me. Thus was born the present volume.

Like its predecessor, the present work will begin with a theoretical discussion of the ultimate nature of such things as gravity and inertia and will then give a broad overview of the various methods that our extraterrestrial visitors might use to overcome these effects with the propulsion equipment contained within their marvelous craft. I feel that providing a solid theoretical foundation for the work that follows is mandatory for the many readers who will be unfamiliar with it from my previous work. Yet, in order to maintain the attention of those readers who are familiar with the previous work, I shall provide even greater insights in the new model for gravity and inertia than was given in the previous work.

However, in this volume the emphasis will be more on applying, in detail, the new extraterrestrial propulsion system concepts to some typical classical UFO cases in order to show the impressive rationalizing power of these concepts and there will be less material devoted to an analysis of the various secondary effects associated with UFOs. I’ve even included a high quality probe case that I personally investigated. As with my previous work, the material will be presented, with some overlap, in order from the theoretical foundations of the new UFO propulsion theory to the sociological implications of the UFO phenomenon. Also, as with my previous work, I strongly recommend that readers start at the beginning of this volume and proceed through to its end. This is because each chapter will build upon material presented in earlier chapters and reading the chapters out of their intended order might hinder understanding the important concepts being presented.

Finally, as with my previous work, I have tried to enrich and clarify the text with my own illustrations. As a bonus at the end of this volume, one will find a small collection of hand drawn illustrations that I recently found in a folder from the early 1980’s. These were originally intended to be cover illustrations for a UFO zine then being published by my friend Tom Benson who, like me, had an intense interest in all things ufological. Only one of the illustrations was ever used for his publication, but I’ve decided to now include them all in an appendix because they show the types of images that were being conjured up in my mind by the UFO literature I had read by then. They are only loosely based upon any particular case that had been reported and were intended to stimulate one’s thoughts about the subject in general. I hope they will not be perceived as detracting from the serious tone of the material that comprises this work.

Chapter 1

How Mass Creates Gravity and Inertia

IT WAS AS A teenager during the late 1960’s that my interest in the UFO phenomenon seriously intensified. Prior to that, my only interest in the subject stemmed from the few science fiction films I had seen that dealt with aliens and their craft with varying degrees of technical accuracy. But, it was during that time that I became an active reader of the topic and never failed to find a new mass market paperback about it available on a local store’s book rack. Those were the years following the famous Betty and Barney Hill abduction case and there was wide interest in the subject. Late night television and radio talk shows were inundated with an endless stream of guests all claiming to have made personal contact with extraterrestrials visiting Earth and the popular interest in the UFO phenomena actually became the stimulus for such television shows as Star Trek and later movies like Star Wars.

However, as I read my way through the then available literature of ufology, I noted that only rarely did the author attempt to explain how a UFO operated and even then I found the explanations to be generally unsatisfying. There would be mention of the use of magnetic fields, vague discussions of anti-gravity, and, occasionally, an author would suggest that the flight performances of UFOs were actually due to their ability to travel backward and forward in time or even between dimensional planes higher or lower than ours!

Needless to say, this was all very confusing to a young person in search of some solid answers about the how of UFOs. For example, how could a metallic object, perhaps tens of feet in diameter, manage to hover motionless in the air without any apparent means of propulsion? How could the crew of such a vehicle survive a right angle turn while traveling at thousands of miles per hour? And, how could it be possible for such a craft or its much larger mother ship carrier to cross the immense gulfs of space between local star systems in our galaxy in short enough time intervals to make routine visits to our planet both possible and convenient?

In every UFO case I studied, the object observed would do things that made sense in terms of some of the physics I was taught in school. Yet, there would always also be performance elements present that seemed impossible according to the physics I was studying.

One way for me to have coped with this discrepancy would have been to simply dismiss, as most skeptics do, the entire subject as the product of misidentifications of conventional or natural phenomena, outright hoaxes, or occasional hallucinations. However, that seemed to me to be a too easily convenient way to avoid dealing with the mounting UFO data. So, sometime during the early 1970’s I resolved myself to finding a scientifically satisfactory solution to the mysterious performance capabilities of the strange objects being recorded in the many books I was reading.

I realized that, somehow, if UFOs were what they appeared to be (that is, extraterrestrial air and spacecraft manned by genuine extraterrestrial beings), then the technology of their builders had to include the ability to temporarily neutralize the effects of the gravity and inertia associated with their masses that present day earthly vehicle technology can not significantly affect. I also realized that another way of stating this is to say that any alien propulsion technology capable of artificially neutralizing all of the gravitational and inertial properties of a normally massive object such as a UFO would also, for all practical purposes, be effectively rendering the object completely massless. (I use the word effectively here because the object would only be massless as far as its temporary inability to possess any weight or inertia was concerned. Such a massless object would still possess all of the other physical and chemical properties associated with the normal masses of the atoms from which it was composed.)

This then became the basis for my future approach to the subject: simply try to envision a new vehicle technology that would allow the normal gravitational and inertial properties of a large collection of matter, like a UFO and its crew, to be temporarily switched off through some artificial means. And, again, another way of stating this would be to say that I was actually looking for a plausible propulsion system which would be able to simultaneously render both an alien spacecraft and its crew completely massless so that they would no longer display their normally expected gravitational property of weight when near a planetary body or the inertial property of g force when undergoing a rapid acceleration in a planet’s atmosphere or in space. Yet, this novel propulsion system also had to be one that would pose no biological hazard for the beings aboard any craft that utilized it.

As I began to consider various propulsion systems that might be capable of doing this, I soon became aware of a very disturbing thought. I realized that, although I had spent much time studying physics in both high school and college, I really did not have the faintest idea as to what the true nature of gravity was even though I was quite familiar with the early work of Sir Isaac Newton and the later work of Albert Einstein that dealt with gravity.

Newton had only derived some mathematical expressions that described the effects of gravity, but he did nothing to analyze the causes of those observed effects. In one section of his writings devoted to gravity, he merely states, in Latin, "non fingo hypotheosis or, in English, I frame no hypothesis" meaning essentially that he, too, had reached an impasse when he attempted to find a cause for gravity. (However, I suspect that, like me, Newton was very bothered by not having a more detailed model for gravity. In other of his writings he suggested that the gravitational force holding objects to the surface of the Earth might actually be due to an incoming shower of minute invisible particles that constantly fall from the sky toward the center of the Earth. Objects on the surface of the Earth are then pushed down toward its center due to the constant impacts of these tiny mass possessing gravity particles on the objects.)

While Einstein’s reasoning in his published research is justifiably considered a model of logical analysis, his view of gravitational effects as being due to distortions in an imagined four dimensional space / time continuum only told me that gravitational effects near a massive object were the direct result of a virtually impossible to visualize bending or warping of the fabric of space and time surrounding that object. That may sound impressive, but, like Newton, he was actually only offering more mathematical descriptions of the gravitational effects which were locally associated with the presence of a massive object. Exactly how the presence of the massive object caused the space / time distortions in the first place that then resulted in the observed gravitational effects was never explained. One had to simply accept that this somehow happened and then get on with life.

I further realized that, aside from gravity, inertia was another complete mystery to me. All I knew about it was that an object with mass, whether stationary or in motion, tended to maintain its state of motion by always generating an inertial force to counter any external force that was applied in an effort to change the object’s state of motion. But, I had no idea how such inertial forces came into being.

I was, therefore, forced to accept the fact that, as far as the true causes of gravity and inertia were concerned, I was, essentially, completely ignorant. I then also realized that, unless and until I did have a far better understanding of the causes of these effects, I would not be able to make any serious progress in understanding the riddle of UFO propulsion and, presumably, the various secondary effects associated with it.

Going to work on this problem in my spare time, I found that, over the course of about a decade and with the continued study of the cases recorded in the voluminous UFO literature, I was able to slowly develop a novel model for gravitational and inertial effects which began to make sense to me and rationalize the many performance properties of the amazing craft I was reading about. Step by step the pieces of this mysterious jigsaw puzzle began to fall into place as a picture of the true nature of the UFO phenomenon began to emerge and become clearer and more meaningful to me.

By the early 1980’s I felt confident enough with my growing understanding of the UFO phenomena to begin writing short articles about it for the then popular journals devoted to the subject. These were being produced by the various civilian UFO organizations and even by individuals who had, like me, pursued the topic for many years. Eventually, I also produced my own journal devoted to the topic which was titled Annals of Ufological Research Advances or AURA for short. I published and edited the latter effort for over a decade and it presented my best thoughts on the subject at a level that I felt was technical enough to actually be describable as scientific, yet understandable enough to be followed by the average person interested in the subject. In late 1995, after having gone as far as I possibly could with the then available UFO data, I ceased publication of AURA with its 24th issue and thereafter privately continued with my research into the subject which continues to this day.

So, for the remainder of this chapter, I shall give the reader the fundamental concepts of the new model that I eventually developed from my early research efforts which describes, in some detail, how the mass of an object creates its properties of gravity and inertia. In the following chapter, we shall delve into what I consider the most likely technical means by which our extraterrestrial visitors might then use this new model for gravitational and inertial effects to temporarily and completely render a UFO and its crew massless for the purposes of astounding aerial and space flight.

Let us begin by imagining that we have some incredibly advanced device that we could use to literally make a massive object instantly pop into existence wherever and in whatever form and from whatever substance we wished it to have. Now let us imagine what would happen should we use the device to make a huge sphere of solid lead, perhaps tens of feet in diameter, materialize somewhere in the spatial void between two star systems in our galaxy. As this sphere of lead suddenly appeared, we might then wonder exactly how its associated gravity field would also appear.

We know that if we were traveling through space in a vehicle and then just came upon such a sphere that was floating in space and which previously existed, we would expect its gravity field to already be established and to extend outward from its surface and off toward infinity in all directions. We would notice that the intensity of the sphere’s gravity field would be the strongest near its surface and would then drop off in intensity as we continued to make measurements at greater and greater distances from the sphere. Eventually, we would, depending upon the sensitivity of whatever method we used to make our measurements, no longer be able to detect the lead sphere’s gravity field at some maximum distance although, theoretically, it should still be present there and further detectable if more sensitive equipment was available to us.

However, if we used our hypothetical device mentioned above to make a sphere of lead just suddenly pop into existence in the space between two star systems, we would note that its gravity field would not also instantly appear along with it and extend throughout the infinity of space surrounding it. In fact, at the exact instant that the sphere appeared, it would have no external gravity field at all! If we could then simultaneously make enough careful measurements at ever increasing distances and in various directions away from the lead sphere during the time after it suddenly appeared, we would notice that the sphere’s gravity field would actually appear to be an expanding spherical zone or region around it that always contained its source, the lead sphere, at its center.

The lead sphere’s external gravity field would, shortly after the sudden appearance of the sphere, actually begin to continuously emerge from all parts of the sphere’s surface and then move out or radiate in all directions away from the sphere toward infinity at light velocity. In fact, depending upon our distance from the suddenly appearing sphere of lead, it might take a significant amount of time before we noted that the spherical outer surface of its expanding gravity field had actually reached us. Thus, it might take some time before we would be aware of the lead sphere’s presence either through its effect upon the equipment we used to detect its gravitational field or via some sort of direct telescopic observation.

For all practical purposes then, during the time after the sphere first pops into existence, but before we become aware of it, we could actually consider it to be both massless (since our gravity field measuring equipment would still be unable to detect its gravity field’s outer surface as it approached our location) and invisible (because we would still not be able to see it through our ship’s powerful telescope because any light reflecting off of the sphere’s surface would, like its gravity field, not yet have reached us)! Indeed, our only knowledge of the presence of the lead sphere would come from the fact that we were the ones who used the magical device to make it appear at a certain location and at a certain instant of time in our past.

The implication of this scenario is that the gravity fields that surround various massive objects are actually in a state of continuous motion. That is, a gravity field consists of a something that, literally, radiates out away from its source mass in all directions at light velocity and all parts of that gravity field, between the surface of its source mass and its outermost ever expanding spherical boundary surface, are in a state of simultaneous and continuous outward motion at all times.

In fact, since the spherical source mass of lead we are speaking of above is itself actually composed of a huge collection of individual atoms, each of which is further composed of a collection of individual subatomic particles, the something that composes the lead sphere’s gravity field must, in reality, be continuously radiating out of every mass possessing subatomic particle within the lead sphere. Thus, by generalizing, we can say that what we usually call the external gravity field of any piece of matter in our cosmos, whether it is a mere atom or an awe inspiring galaxy, is really just a composite or total gravity field formed by the summing together of a finite (and usually enormous) number of the very weak individual gravity fields that surround and radiate away from all of the mass possessing electrons, protons, and neutrons contained within the piece of matter.

As I began to think about gravity fields in this way, I inevitably began to wonder exactly what the true nature of this ever radiating something that composed gravity fields might be. Additionally, I wondered how the extraterrestrial builders of UFOs could manage to temporarily neutralize this something that was being continuously emitted from each of the subatomic particles with mass which composed all of the atoms of the various chemical elements that one would find within the physical structures of a UFO and the bodies of its crew members.

It then occurred to me that if one could neutralize the total external gravitational field of an object, then that action alone would be sufficient to also automatically neutralize all of the individual external gravitational fields that were radiating away from all of the mass possessing subatomic particles within the object. In other words, when developing a UFO’s propulsion system, it was not necessary for its designers to worry about directly neutralizing the gravity fields of each of the subatomic particles of a UFO’s atoms in order to be able to effectively render the entire craft massless. The designers really only needed to be able to produce some type of propulsion system that would work on a far larger scale to neutralize the total external gravitational field of the craft and its crew.

I also realized that there would be an interesting additional bonus provided by being able to explain how an advanced extraterrestrial propulsion system managed to neutralize the total external gravity field of a UFO’s structures and its crew members’ bodies so as to temporarily and effectively render these massless.

There is an interesting principle that emerged from Einstein’s development of his General Theory of Relativity which is known as the Equivalence Principle. Basically, this principle states that the gravitational mass of a massive object, which is considered to be the mass responsible for the gravity field surrounding the object, is exactly the same as the object’s inertial mass or the mass of the object which is considered to be responsible for its inertial properties. While this might seem obvious to the reader, there was a time before Einstein’s work when there was some question as to whether this equivalence actually existed.

The implication of the Equivalence Principle for the student of UFO propulsion technology is that, if one can figure out a way to neutralize the normally present gravitational effects associated with the total external gravity field radiating away from a UFO and its crew while they are in flight by eliminating their gravitational mass with the craft’s propulsion system, then we should also in the process simultaneously eliminate any inertial mass that they might have and thereby also render them inertialess!

Again, this seems to be perfectly demonstrated by the behavior of the UFOs being spotted in our skies because their amazing aerial performances clearly indicate that they have neither the normal gravitational nor inertial properties that we would expect them to have if they possessed their normal gravitational and inertial masses while in flight. Thus, when a UFO and its crew effectively become massless in order to engage in flight, either in space or in a planet’s atmosphere, the vehicle’s propulsion system will cause a loss of both their normal gravitational and inertial masses. Since these two types of masses are now known to be identical, I will make no further distinction between them and just refer to the UFO and its crew as having effectively been rendered temporarily massless while in flight due to the action of a very remarkable form of propulsion.

The important point that the reader should realize from this discussion of Einstein’s Equivalence Principle is that it actually guarantees that any propulsion system which eliminates a UFO and its crew’s weight creating mass will also eliminate any inertia that the craft and its crew might have.

As my research into the mysteries of gravity and inertia continued, I found it convenient to also make a change in the terminology I was using. I decided to refer to the spherical total external gravity field radiating away from any object with mass by using the term mass field. I felt that this was more appropriate since it would always link the existence of such a light velocity expanding field back to the source mass from which it issued. I hope that this change of terminology will not confuse the reader. If so, he need only just remember that whenever I write mass field, it means exactly the same thing as the more familiar term gravity field.

Now, in consideration of the above hypothetical example involving a massive lead sphere that suddenly pops into existence in far off space, Figure 1 below is presented. It shows a cross sectional view of the expanding mass field surrounding the newly materialized lead sphere and the expansion at light velocity of the surface of this mass field during the first two seconds of its existence.

In the earliest days of my research into the nature of mass fields, I began to indicate the mass field that continuously radiated out from a massive object, whether it was a subatomic particle or an entire planet, by depicting it as a group of radial lines that started at the object and then extended out into the space surrounding the object. To indicate the continuous outward motion of the object’s mass field, I would place small arrow heads on these lines that always pointed away from the massive object that was the origin of the mass field.

Thus, I would show a massive object’s mass field as being made up of lines in much the same way as a magnet’s magnetic field was indicated by magnetic field lines or lines of force in books on magnetism and decided to call my lines mass field lines. These were intended solely to show the presence and intensity of a mass field in the space surrounding a massive object and were always closely space near the surface of the source mass (indicating stronger gravitational effects there) and less closely spaced as points farther from the source mass were considered (which indicated weaker gravitational effects there). In fact, as I looked at my diagrams, it seemed like these mass field lines could actually be thought of as physically repelling each other as closely spaced ones radiated away from their source and off into space.

I then wondered what would happen to the mass field lines emitted from two massive objects if the two were brought close together and if I could somehow use the arrangement of mass field lines around each mass to indicate the presence of a gravitational force that would draw the two masses closer to each other. Interestingly enough, I found that this was possible and this situation is shown in Figure 2 below.

As shown in Figure 2, some of the mass field lines from each object (in this case a planet) will intersect each other in the region of space between the two source masses. But, I wondered, how would this crossing of mass field lines result in a gravitational force that would draw the two massive objects toward each other?

After considering the matter for some time, I realized that there was a simple way to depict how the overlapping mass fields from two objects in proximity could produce a force that would simultaneously act on each object. It was only necessary that I imagine each mass field line to be a physical entity! That is, I needed to imagine that each mass field line actually physically existed and had a sort of flexible structure to it. Thus, each mass field line could be bent a bit along its length, but would resist being stretched along its length.

As any two mass field lines radiating out from opposing masses crossed near to each other, they would slightly repel each other and each would then cause the other to bend or refract away from the normal direction that it would radiate in if the other mass field line was not passing by it (I was not sure at the time, however, if this effect was due to the near passing of the two lines or, rather, due to them actually physically passing through each other). This odd effect of mutual refraction would then cause all of the mass field lines emitted between any two source masses to be bent outward toward a plane that was perpendicular to an imaginary line passing through the centers of the two source masses.

If each of the two mass field lines involved in such a mutual refraction could, because it was a physical, though somewhat flexible structure, also apply a force back to its source mass, then I noted that I would have two forces present, one working on each source mass, that would cause them both to draw closer together if there was nothing between them to prevent this motion. The fact that the mass field lines continuously radiated away from their source masses at light velocity would not interfere with this mutual bending or refraction process (because the curving shape of the mass field lines will actually remain stationary with respect to their source masses at all times despite the constant outward motion of the mass field lines) and, even more importantly, the forces applied to the two source masses would always be equal in magnitude, yet opposite in the directions of their application to the sources masses regardless of the separation between the centers of the masses!

So, there before me I had the beginning of a new theory of gravitation! It was simple, easy to visualize, and made sense. All that was required to use it was that I start thinking of a gravity field or, as I preferred to say, a mass field as being composed of a collection of physical mass field lines that were in a continuous state of motion away from their source mass. They could be thought of as representing the mass field surrounding a single mass possessing subatomic particle or the much stronger mass field surrounding the enormous collection of subatomic particles that would be found inside of a larger piece of matter. Indeed, I began to envision these hypothetical mass field lines as a new form of non-electromagnetic radiation which must always move at light velocity. Unlike light, however, they would carry no energy away from their source mass’s subatomic particles.

I also realized that, in order to account for the smooth action of gravity near a planet’s surface, there would have to be a lot of mass field lines radiating out of its surface. In my later, more advanced gravity research I actually began to make quantitative calculations of the amounts of individual mass field lines that might be streaming out of the surfaces of objects and was getting figures in the trillions per square centimeter! So, obviously, each of these hypothetical mass field lines was very small in its cross sectional area. So small, that it actually had a cross sectional area less than that of the classical electron!

This submicroscopic size seemed to neatly rationalize why one can not actually see these mass field lines and why they can so easily penetrate an object so that they can not be stopped by any known form of physical shielding. Each mass field line was so small in cross sectional area that, literally, it could pass right through a planet without striking any of the subatomic particles that composed the atoms of the matter inside of the planet! Indeed, it seemed to me that the only thing that could affect one mass field line would be another mass field line in very close proximity to it.

So, armed with a novel and seemingly plausible model for gravity, the next obstacle I had to overcome on my journey to a greater understanding of UFO propulsion was how the effect of inertia worked. Right from the start I somehow intuitively knew that my mass field lines, which had so readily described the action of gravity, would also be able to rationalize the effect of inertia. This detail was absolutely required by the Equivalence Principle previously discussed and any new theory of gravitation that can not also explain inertia will, mostly likely, not be valid. But, there was a bit of a problem here. Inertia only requires a single mass, not two as needed to display gravitational effects. I would have to figure out how inertial forces could be generated by my hypothetical mass field lines as they radiated off into space from a single mass source. However, before we consider that, we need to do a quick review of the property of inertia at this point.

In physics, inertia has been defined for centuries as the property of mass which causes it to resist any change in its state of motion. This resistance takes the form of a force that is mysteriously produced by the mass whenever some externally applied force is applied to the mass in order to change its current state of motion. The state of motion of the object refers to its speed and direction prior to the application of the external force. Ultimately, the intensity of the property of inertia that can be displayed by any massive object is related to the total mass of all of the subatomic particles within the object. Thus, since a one cubic foot cube of lead contains many more subatomic particles than a one cubic foot cube of wood, we find that the intensity of the inertial property displayed by the cube of lead is much greater than that displayed by the cube of wood. Some simple examples now will help to make these concepts more understandable for the reader.

Imagine that you are standing in the large hall of some building and wearing slip resistant shoes so that you will not slide on its recently cleaned stone floors. In front of you are two large cubes of material. One is a solid cube of wood and the other is an identically sized cube of stone (that is, both cubes have the same volume). Each cube is resting on some sort of low square platform which has a small, almost frictionless wheel attached to each of its four corners that helps to support the cube off of the floor.

As an experiment, you begin to push on the cube of wood and note that, with modest effort and a steadily applied force, you can make it accelerate at a certain rate. Thus, you are changing its state of motion as far as its speed is concerned. However, as you push on the cube of wood, you also note that you feel it pushing back on your hands. Of course, since you are wearing slip resistant shoes, you do not slide back in the opposite direction (however, in reality, both you and the Earth below you are moving backward a bit, but, because of the huge mass of the Earth compared to that of the cube of wood, your and the Earth’s backward motion are imperceptible). If you were trying this same experiment while wearing roller skates, then the force you felt from the cube would cause a very discernible backward motion in your body. In this situation, you would be physically detached from the huge mass of the Earth and the force the cube exerted on you as you pushed on it would be almost completely used to accelerate only your body (including your clothing and the skates attached to your feet, of course) in the direction opposite to that in which the cube and its supporting platform were accelerated.

Next you decide to repeat this experiment by pushing on the cube of stone that is also resting on a low platform equipped with wheels.

This time, however, you immediately notice that you must apply much more force to the cube of stone if you want to make it accelerate at the same rate as was caused by your pushing on the wood cube. And, you also note that the force you feel exerted back on your hands by the stone cube is much stronger than you felt when you accelerated the wood cube.

The reasons for this discrepancy between the force you must apply to both cubes to produce the same rate of acceleration is due to the difference in masses between the two cubes. The stone cube, being more massive, is said to have more inertia than the less massive wood cube.

In the above experiment with the cubes, you were changing their states of motion by changing their speeds and not the directions in which they moved. However, the effect of inertia is also displayed when the speed of an object is kept the same and only its direction of motion is changed. Consider the following two experiments.

Perhaps as you finish the above experiment, you are informed that a carnival has come to town and that one of the features of this traveling carnival is that it offers customers rides on various portable rides that have been temporarily set up. One of the more popular rides is a carrousel or merry-go-round that consists of a large circular floor that is rotated by machinery while people sit on wooden horses and other fanciful animals that are securely attached to the rotating floor and further secured by a vertical pole that extends from the animal to the rotating circular roof of the ride.

You now decide to try the following experiment. You will transport the two cubes, one of wood and the other of stone, and their carrier platforms to the carnival and then see what happens as you place them, one after another, on the floor of the carrousel. You will place them one at a time at the same distance from the center of rotation of the carrousel’s floor and attach ropes to them which will stretch from them to your position which will be near the center of rotation of the carrousel. You will be secured to the floor of the carrousel by a harness so that you can not move. Finally, the carrousel will be started up and allowed to reach a fixed maximum rate of rotation. This will assure that the speed of the cubes around the center of rotation of the carrousel will be the same for both the wood and stone cubes.

The purpose of this experiment is to determine how much force you must apply in order to keep a particular cube at its original distance from the center of rotation of the carrousel when the ride is moving at its maximum rate of rotation. Since passengers riding on the carrousel must firmly hold on to the vertical poles that extend from their wooden horses and other animals to the ride’s roof to prevent being thrown off of the moving ride, you know that you will need to hold the rope attached to a cube tightly or it, too, will tend to be thrown out toward the outer edge of the ride’s rotating circular floor.

You begin your experiment using the wooden cube and notice that, after the ride has reached its maximum fixed rate of rotation, you must pull on the rope with a modest amount of force to keep the cube at its original location on the carrousel floor. If you tighten your pull on the rope, however, you can draw the cube closer to you and if you loosen your pull, the cube immediately begins moving away from you on its wheeled platform.

When this experiment is repeated with the stone cube, however, you are astonished at how much more force you must apply to keep it at its starting position. In fact, you must really strain to pull the cube closer to you and you are even having trouble keeping it at its original distance from the center of rotation of the carrousel.

As the experiment continues with the stone cube, you eventually tire from the strain of the force you must apply to hold it at its original position and you must relax your pull on the rope. Immediately, you note that the cube of stone and its platform slide directly away from you and out toward the edge of the carrousel’s rotating circular floor. In fact, the stone cube actually goes past the edge and off of the carrousel as you completely release the rope attached to it. You are concerned that it may continue rolling radially outward from the point at which it left the carrousel and, perhaps, injure someone on the grounds of the carnival.

When the carrousel is stopped, you decide to locate the stone cube and make an interesting discovery. The cube of stone and its platform, after rolling off of the outer edge of the carrousel, did not continue to move directly away from the center of rotation of the carousel at the point at which they left the ride’s rotating floor. Rather, they actually continued to move along on a straight tangential path that started at the point at which they rolled off of the ride’s circular rotating floor and contacted the ground surrounding the ride. Fortunately, no one was injured and the grassy ground over which the wheels of the stone cube’s platform rolled provide enough drag to safely slow the cube to a stop before it could collide with anybody.

In the above experiments with the cubes at the carnival, we again see the effects of inertia. In each case, you had to apply a center of rotation directed force to a cube, via its attached rope, in order to cause a change in its state of motion. But, in these cases, you did not change the speed of a cube. As long as a cube was at a fixed distance from the center of rotation of the carrousel, its speed around the center of the rotating carrousel remained constant, but the effect of your continuously applied steady force on a cube was to continuously cause a change the direction in which the cube moved. If at any time, such as when your hands and arms weakened with the stone cube experiment, you failed to supply this constantly applied force, the cube and its platform would continue moving in the last direction they were moving in before you tired and stopped exerting a force on them. As you noted when you recovered the stone cube, this direction would always be at a tangent to any circular motion the stone previously possessed.

It’s important to remember here that there is a big difference between the cubes and the various animals that are moving along with the rotating carrousel’s circular floor. The animals (and anybody riding on them) are physically attached to the floor and roof of the ride and these structures automatically apply forces to the animals to keep them at their fixed locations as the carrousel turns. The cubes, on the other hand, rest on platforms with wheels attached to them and are not physically attached to the ride other than through the ropes one must pull on in order to keep the cubes and their platforms in position. Thus, the positions of the cubes on the rotating ride become very sensitive to the amount of force applied to them through the ropes.

In the carrousel experiments above, the reason that more external force needed to be supplied to the stone cube rather than the wood cube to keep it moving in its circular path around the center of the ride is exactly the same as the reason you needed to push the stone cube harder when you had it in located on the flat floor of the hall. The stone cube has much more inertia than the wood cube and this, ultimately, is due to the fact that the stone cube contains a greater quantity of mass possessing subatomic particles than does the wood cube.

In classical physics, the center of the carrousel directed force that you supplied to the cubes is referred to as centripetal force and the force due to inertia that the cubes then exerted on you while you were pulling on the ropes attached to them is referred to as centrifugal force. Also, just as the force you exert on the cubes continuously alters their directions of motion around the center of the ride, the forces they exert on you would cause you to move relative to the carrousel floor if you were not secured to the ride with a harness. (In reality, the centrifugal force exerted on your body due to the inertia of a cube does cause you, the carrousel, and the Earth below you to counter rotate at all times around a point in space located somewhere between the center of a cube and the center of the Earth. However, due to the huge mass and inertia of the Earth compared to that of a cube, this point is space is so close to the center of the Earth that the resulting counter rotation becomes imperceptible for all practical purposes.)

While the different effects observed in the above experiments are all due to the different amounts of inertia of the cubes involved and, ultimately, to the different quantities of subatomic particles contained within each cube, there are, however, a few notable differences between the two sets of inertia experiments.

The one performed in the hall used an applied force to change the speed component of a cube’s state of motion while the one performed on the carrousel used an applied force to change the directional component of a cube’s state of motion. In the hall experiment, the force you supplied pushed the cubes away from you and the inertial force (sometimes referred to as a reactional force) that they exerted on you pushed you away from them. On the carrousel, however, the force you applied to the cubes (known as centripetal force) pulled them toward you as the inertial force (known as centrifugal force) that they exerted on you pulled you toward them.

However, these relationships between the applied forces and their resulting inertial forces in both sets of experiments are actually quite arbitrary and due only to the way in which the experiments were performed. In the hall, one could just as easily have pulled on ropes attached to the cubes to pull them toward him as he felt himself pulled toward the cubes. And, on the carrousel, one could just have easily have secured himself near the ride’s outer rim and pushed the cubes toward the center of rotation of the ride’s revolving circular floor to keep them in place as he felt himself pushed away by the cubes toward the rim of the moving carrousel.

One of the things about inertial effects that should be obvious from the above experiments is that, as in the case of gravity, they are always two sided. Thus, when a force is applied to a massive object to alter its state of motion by either increasing or decreasing its speed or changing its direction, whatever is supplying that force (a human being’s muscles in the above experiments) will also always feels an equal, but opposite force which tends to alter its state of motion. This detail is obscured in the above experiments whenever the person applying the force to a cube can maintain fixed contact with the more massive Earth below himself. However, it becomes immediately obvious when a person is no longer firmly attached to his surroundings (for example, if one put on roller skates in the hall or unfastened his harness on the carrousel).

So, now that we have completed this brief review of the concept of inertia and some of the ways in which objects manifest it, let us finally see how this effect can also be described by using the new model for gravitation. As was previously mentioned, this new model considers any massive object to be constantly radiating a mass field away from itself that can be thought of as a huge collection of