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Daniel, Volume 30
Daniel, Volume 30
Daniel, Volume 30
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Daniel, Volume 30

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The Word Biblical Commentary delivers the best in biblical scholarship, from the leading scholars of our day who share a commitment to Scripture as divine revelation. This series emphasizes a thorough analysis of textual, linguistic, structural, and theological evidence. The result is judicious and balanced insight into the meanings of the text in the framework of biblical theology. These widely acclaimed commentaries serve as exceptional resources for the professional theologian and instructor, the seminary or university student, the working minister, and everyone concerned with building theological understanding from a solid base of biblical scholarship.

Overview of Commentary Organization

  • Introduction--covers issues pertaining to the whole book, including context, date, authorship, composition, interpretive issues, purpose, and theology.
  • Each section of the commentary includes:
  • Pericope Bibliography--a helpful resource containing the most important works that pertain to each particular pericope.
  • Translation--the author's own translation of the biblical text, reflecting the end result of exegesis and attending to Hebrew and Greek idiomatic usage of words, phrases, and tenses, yet in reasonably good English.
  • Notes--the author's notes to the translation that address any textual variants, grammatical forms, syntactical constructions, basic meanings of words, and problems of translation.
  • Form/Structure/Setting--a discussion of redaction, genre, sources, and tradition as they concern the origin of the pericope, its canonical form, and its relation to the biblical and extra-biblical contexts in order to illuminate the structure and character of the pericope. Rhetorical or compositional features important to understanding the passage are also introduced here.
  • Comment--verse-by-verse interpretation of the text and dialogue with other interpreters, engaging with current opinion and scholarly research.
  • Explanation--brings together all the results of the discussion in previous sections to expose the meaning and intention of the text at several levels: (1) within the context of the book itself; (2) its meaning in the OT or NT; (3) its place in the entire canon; (4) theological relevance to broader OT or NT issues.
  • General Bibliography--occurring at the end of each volume, this extensive bibliography contains all sources used anywhere in the commentary.
LanguageEnglish
PublisherZondervan
Release dateDec 3, 2019
ISBN9780310526162
Daniel, Volume 30
Author

Dr. John Goldingay

John Goldingay (PhD, University of Nottingham; DD, Archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth) is professor of Old Testament at Fuller Theological Seminary, but lives in Oxford, England. His numerous books include An Introduction to the Old Testament, A Reader’s Guide to the Bible, Reading Jesus’s Bible, and commentaries on Psalms, Isaiah, and Daniel. He has also authored Biblical Theology, the three-volume Old Testament Theology, and the seventeen-volume Old Testament for Everyone series, and has published a translation of the entire Old Testament called The First Testament: A New Translation.  

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    Daniel, Volume 30 - Dr. John Goldingay

    Editorial Board

    Old Testament Editor: Nancy L. deClaissé-Walford (2011–)

    New Testament Editor: Peter H. Davids (2013–)

    Past Editors

    General Editors

    Ralph P. Martin (2012–2013)

    Bruce M. Metzger (1997–2007)

    David A. Hubbard (1977–1996)

    Glenn W. Barker (1977–1984)

    Old Testament Editors

    John D. W. Watts (1977–2011)

    James W. Watts (1997–2011)

    New Testament Editors

    Ralph P. Martin (1977–2012)

    Lynn Allan Losie (1997–2013)

    Volumes

    *Forthcoming as of 2019

    **In Revisions as of 2019

    Word Biblical Commentary

    30

    Daniel

    Revised Edition

    John Goldingay

    Old Testament Editor: Nancy L. deClaissé-Walford

    New Testament Editor: Peter H. Davids

    ZONDERVAN ACADEMIC

    Daniel, Volume 30

    Copyright © 1996, 2019 by John Goldingay

    ePub edition December 2019: ISBN 978-0-310-52616-2

    Requests for information should be addressed to:

    Zondervan, 3900 Sparks Dr. SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546

    Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture translations are those of the author.

    Any internet addresses (websites, blogs, etc.) and telephone numbers in this book are offered as a resource. They are not intended in any way to be or imply an endorsement by Zondervan, nor does Zondervan vouch for the content of these sites and numbers for the life of this book.

    No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.

    Quotations from S. Pace, Daniel, appear by permission of the publishers, Smith and Helwys, Macon, GA.

    Contents

    Editorial Preface

    Author’s Preface

    Abbreviations

    Commentary Bibliography

    Introduction

    Text and Commentary

    I. Four Young Exiles Gain Insight and Prestige without Losing Holiness (1:1–21)

    II. The God of the Heavens Reveals the King’s Dream to Daniel and the Empire’s Destiny to Nebuchadnezzar (2:1–49)

    III. God Vindicates His Power When Three Judahites Choose Burning Rather Than Compromise (3:1–30)

    IV. Nebuchadnezzar Testifies to Kingship and Sanity Threatened, Lost, and Restored (4:1–37 [3:31–4:34])

    V. Belshazzar Fails to Learn from His Father’s Experience and Is Put Down (5:1–31 [5:1–6:1])

    VI. God Vindicates His Power When Daniel Chooses the Lion Pit Rather Than Compromise (6:1–28 [2–29])

    VII. God on High Reveals the World’s Destiny to Daniel (7:1–28)

    VIII. Gabriel Explains Daniel’s Vision of the Breaking of the Greek Empire (8:1–27)

    IX. Daniel Prays for the End of His People’s Desolation and His Prayer Is Heard (9:1–27)

    X. A Celestial Figure Reveals to Daniel What Will Happen to His People at the End of the Era (10:1–12:13)

    Conclusion

    Scripture and Extrabiblical Index

    Subject Index

    Author Index

    Editorial Preface

    The launching of the Word Biblical Commentary in 1977 brought to fulfillment the dream of a new commentary series on the books of the Bible. The founding editorial board determined to include a number of features in the commentary series that were distinctive at the time and remain essential features of a trustworthy commentary in the twenty-first century.

    The original editorial board sought authors from around the world who, while broadly identified as evangelical in its positive, historic sense, represented a rich diversity of denominational allegiances, and who could offer the best in biblical scholarship. It was important for the editors that while these authors were scholars actively engaged in teaching in university and seminary settings, they were also involved in church ministry. That commitment continues today as revisions and updates are undertaken on various volumes in the series.

    The board determined that the layout of the commentary series would follow a format consciously designed to assist readers at different levels. First, authors were to use their own Translations of the texts as the basis of their comments and exegesis, examining carefully the textual, linguistic, and structural evidence and providing ample explanatory Notes. Thus, in the words of the original editorial board, while the series is based on the biblical languages, it seeks to make the technical and scholarly approach to a theological understanding of Scripture understandable by—and useful to—the fledging student, the working minister, and colleagues in the guild of professional scholars and teachers as well. As revisions and updates are produced, the same careful attention to translation has been maintained. Second, an extensive Bibliography at the beginning of each section provided the reader with ample information on the then state of scholarship and an opportunity to dig deeper. That continues in the revisions and updates with only slight changes to the format of the bibliographies. Third, the section titled Form/Structure/Setting discussed the redaction, genre, sources, and tradition. They concern the origin of the text, its canonical form, and its relation to the biblical and extrabiblical contexts in order to illuminate the structure and character of the text. And finally, the Comment and Explanation sections first offered a verse-by-verse interpretation of the text and dialogue with interpreters, engaging with current opinion and scholarly research and then discuss its relevance to the ongoing life of faith communities today. These two important sections are maintained in the revised and updated volumes, and to aid in reading, footnotes are now employed in place of in-text citations. The on-going revisions and updates also incorporate extensively new scholarship and provide insights into the relevance of the biblical texts for faith communities in the twenty-first century.

    The current editorial board, in the spirit of the founding editorial board, pray that If these aims come anywhere near realization, the intention of the editors will have been met, and labor of our team of contributors rewarded.

    Old Testament Editor: Nancy L. deClaissé-Walford

    New Testament Editor: Peter H. Davids

    Author’s Preface

    One bright and cold January day in about 1981, a year or two after inviting me to write the Word Biblical Commentary on Daniel, David Allan Hubbard asked me for lunch at the Waldorf Hotel in London to discuss the possibility of my joining the faculty at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. I had eventually accepted the first invitation, but I didn’t think seriously about the possibility of moving to Fuller until nearly twenty years later, when I was honored to be invited to occupy a chair endowed in David Hubbard’s name. As I prepare to give up this chair another twenty years later, I dedicate this second edition of the commentary to his memory.

    But not to him alone. I dedicated the first edition to my teenage sons, Steven and Mark, expressing the hope that they might stand with Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. I now have two teenage grandchildren, and I am delighted to reflect on the fact that one is called Daniel, while the other is called Emma, which on one understanding is an abbreviation of a name whose significance all four heroes of this book would affirm, God is with us.

    It was in writing on Daniel that I learned the craft of commentary writing, which I then sought to hone in writing on Isaiah, Psalms, and Hosea to Micah. I looked forward to coming back to Daniel, partly to see what I would now do differently. I first worked through the original edition of this commentary as if it were a draft that I was reworking and tidying up. Then I read as much as I could of the voluminous scholarship on Daniel published over the past thirty years, which you will find reflected in the text. It didn’t make me change my mind about big things, but it did give me new things to say. I am grateful to John Camden for producing the indexes for this commentary, fresh from his honeymoon.

    John Goldingay

    If sometime you write something

    It should go down into the ears of Maecius

    And those of your father, and ours, and it should be suppressed until the ninth year.

    It will be able to be destroyed,

    What you have not published; a voice sent out does not know how to return.

    Si quid tamen olim

    scripseris, in Maeci descendat iudicis aures,

    et patris, et nostras; nonumque prematur in annum.

    Membranis intus positis, delere licebit

    quod non edideris: nescit vox missa reverti.¹

    I am aware of the plausible nature of allegories, but . . . I am not captivated by these enticements myself, and wish all my hearers to be persuaded of this,—nothing can be better than a sober treatment of Scripture.²

    We have now given the views that seem to us clear or probable. Let us now ask God to pardon any slips or errors; for what we have given is not any positive opinion, but merely a probability. The Almighty himself has said that the words are shut up and sealed till the time of the end. At that time it shall be revealed at the hand of the wise; the wise shall understand. God Almighty, in His mercy and loving-kindness, bring near their realisation. Amen.³


    1 Quoted from Horace’s The Art of Poetry 386–90 by Cowe, The Armenian Version of Daniel, ix. Maecius Tarpa was a drama critic.

    2 Calvin, Daniel 2:242.

    3 Yephet, Daniel, 87.

    Abbreviations

    General Abbreviations

    Biblical Texts and Versions

    Primary Literature

    Old Testament

    Where the chapter and verse numbers in English translations and in printed Hebrew/Aramaic Bibles differ, the English reference is provided first. For example, in 4:1–3 [3:31–33] the first reference is the one in English Bibles, the second is the one in printed Hebrew/Aramaic Bibles.

    New Testament

    Deuterocanonical Works

    Old Testament Pseudepigrapha

    Mishnah, Talmud, and Rabbinic Works

    Dead Sea Scrolls

    Josephus

    Secondary Literature

    Commentary Bibliography

    Abadie, P. Du temps prophétique au temps apocalyptique dans le livre de Daniel. Pages 183–207 in Les prophètes de la Bible et la fin des temps. Edited by J. Vermeylen. Paris: Cerf, 2010.

    Abbott, E. A. The Son of Man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910.

    Abel, F.-M. Antiochus Épiphane. RB 50 (1941): 231–41.

    Ackroyd, P. R. The Temple Vessels—a Continuity Theme. Pages 166–81 in Studies in the Religion of Ancient Israel. Leiden: Brill, 1972. Repr., pages 46–60 in Studies in the Religious Tradition of the Old Testament. London: SCM, 1987.

    [Adams, R. N.] The Jewish Missionary: A New and Literal Interpretation of the Visions of Daniel. London: Nisbet, 1849.

    Adeyemo, T. Daniel. Pages 989–1012 in Africa Bible Commentary. Edited by Adeyemo et al. Nairobi: WordAlive, 2006.

    Adler, W. Introduction and The Apocalyptic Survey of History Adapted by Christians: Daniel’s Prophecy of 70 Weeks. Pages 1–31 and 201–38 in The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity. Edited by VanderKam/Adler.

    Aejmelaeus, A. Function and Interpretation of in Biblical Hebrew. JBL 105 (1986): 193–209.

    Albertz, R. Israel in Exile. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2003. Translation of Die Exilszeit by D. Green. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2001.

    ———. Der Gott des Daniel. Stuttgart: KBW, 1988.

    ———. The Social Setting of the Aramaic and Hebrew Book of Daniel. Pages 171–204 in The Book of Daniel. Vol. 1. Edited by Collins/Flint.

    Albo, J. Book of Principles. 4 vols. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1929–30. Translation of by I. Husik.

    Albrecht, O. Luthers Arbeiten an der Übersetzung und Auslegung des Propheten Daniel in den Jahren 1530 und 1541. Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 23 (1926): 1–50.

    Alexander, J. B. New Light on the Fiery Furnace. JBL 69 (1950): 375–76.

    Alexander, P. S. Remarks on Aramaic Epistolography in the Persian Period. JSS 23 (1978): 155–70.

    Alfrink, B. Darius Medus. Bib 9 (1928): 316–40.

    ———. Die Gaddsche Chronik und die Heilige Schrift. Bib 8 (1927): 385–417.

    ———. L’idée de résurrection d’après Dan xii, 1–2. Bib 40 (1959): 355–71. Repr., Studia Biblica et Orientalia, 221–37. Rome: Pontifico Istituto Biblico, 1959.

    ———. Der letzte König von Babylon. Bib 9 (1928): 187–208.

    Allen, S. On Schedl’s Attempt to Count the Days of Daniel. AUSS 4 (1966): 105–6.

    Allen, L. C. Isaiah 1iii. 11 and Its Echoes. Vox Evangelica 1 (1962): 24–28.

    Alomía, M. Daniel. 2 vols. 2nd ed. Lima: Ediciones Theológika, 2009 and 2008.

    ———. Lesser Gods of the Ancient Near East. PhD diss., Seventh Day Adventist Theological Seminary, 1987.

    Alon, A. The Natural History of the Land of the Bible. London: Hamlyn, 1969.

    Alonso Díaz, J. La conversión de Nabucodonosor en bestia. Cultura biblica 20 (1963): 67–74.

    Alonso Schökel, L., et al. Daniel, Baruc, Carta de Jeremias, Lamentaciones. Madrid: Cristiandad, 1976.

    Alt, A. Die Deutung der Weltgeschichte im Alten Testament. ZTK 56 (1959): 129–37.

    ———. Zur Menetekel-Inschrift. VT 4 (1954): 303–5.

    Altheim, F., and Stiehl, R. Die aramäische Sprache unter den Achaimeniden. Frankfurt: Klostermann, 1962.

    Altpeter, G. Textlinguistische Exegese alttestamentlicher Literatur. Bern: Lang, 1978.

    Anderson, G. A. Sin: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.

    Anderson, J. G. Double and Triple Stories, the Implied Reader, and Redundancy in Matthew. Pages 71–89 in Reader Response Approaches to Biblical and Secular Texts. Semeia 31. Edited by R. Detweiler. Atlanta: SBL Press, 1985.

    Anderson, R. The Coming Prince. London: Hodder, 1881. 13th ed., London: Pickering, 1939.

    ———. Daniel in the Critics’ Den. Edinburgh: Blackwell, 1885. 4th ed., Glasgow: Pickering, 1922.

    ———. Unfulfilled Prophecy and The Hope of the Church. London: Prophecy Investigation Society, 1917. 2nd ed., London: Thynne, 1917.

    Anderson, R. A. Signs and Wonders: A Commentary on the Book of Daniel. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984.

    Anderson, R. B. A Touch of the Holy. RevExp 109 (2012): 593–98.

    Anderson, S. D. Darius the Mede. PhD diss., Dallas Theological Seminary, 2014.

    Andreasen, N.-E. A. The Role of the Queen Mother in Israelite Society. CBQ 45 (1983): 179–94.

    Andrews, D. K. Yahweh the God of the Heavens. Pages 45–57 in The Seed of Wisdom: Essays in Honour of T. J. Meek. Edited by W. S. McCullough. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964.

    Angel, A. R. Chaos and the Son of Man. London: Bloomsbury, 2006.

    ———. The Sea in 4Q541 7.3 and in Daniel 7:2. VT 60 (2010): 274–78.

    Anklesaria, B. T. Zand-î Vohûman Yasn. Bombay: privately published, 1957. Repr., Bombay: Cama Oriental Institute, 1967.

    Anon. A New Interpretation of Daniel xi. Liverpool: Barker, 1866.

    ———. Remarks on the Book of Daniel and on the Revelations. New York: Greenleaf, 1794.

    Ap-Thomas, D. R. Notes on Some Terms Relating to Prayer. VT 6 (1956): 225–41.

    Aphrahat. Select Demonstrations. Pages in 345–412 in Gregogy the Great, Ephraim Syrus, Aphrahat. NPNF 2/13. Translated by J. Gwynn. Repr., Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989.

    Appler, D. Digging in the Claws. Pages 121–36 in Focusing Biblical Studies. Edited by J. L. Berquist and A. Hunt. London: Bloomsbury, 2014.

    Archer, G. L. The Aramaic of the Genesis Apocryphon Compared with the Aramaic of Daniel. Pages 160–69 in New Perspectives on the Old Testament. Edited by J. Barton Payne. Waco, TX: Word, 1970.

    ———. Daniel. Pages 1–157 in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Vol. 7 Edited by F. E. Gaebelein et al. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985.

    ———. The Hebrew of Daniel Compared with the Qumran Sectarian Documents. Pages 470–81 in The Law and the Prophets: Old Testament Studies Prepared in Honor of Oswald Thompson Allis. Edited by John H. Skilton. [Nutley, NJ]: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1974.

    ———. Modern Rationalism and the Book of Daniel. BSac 136 (1979): 129–47.

    Armerding, C. Dan 12, 1–3. BSac 121 (1964): 153–58.

    ———. Russia and the King of the North. BSac 120 (1963): 50–55.

    Armistead, D. B. The Images of Daniel 2 and 7. Stulos Theological Journal 6 (1998): 63–66.

    Arnold, B. T. The Use of Aramaic in the Hebrew Bible. JNSL 22/2 (1996): 1–16.

    ———. Word Play and Characterization in Daniel 1. Pages 231–48 in Puns and Pundits: Word Play in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near Eastern Literature. Edited by S. B. Noegel. Bethesda, MD: CDL, 2000.

    ———. Wordplay and Narrative Techniques in Daniel 5 and 6. JBL 112 (1993): 479–85.

    Ashby, G. W. Theodoret of Cyrrhus as Exegete of the Old Testament. Grahamstown: Rhodes University Press, 1972.

    Ashley, T. R. The Book of Daniel Chapters 1–6. PhD diss., St. Andrews, 1975.

    Aspinwall, W. A Brief Description of the Fifth Monarchy. London: Livewell Chapman, 1653.

    ———. An Explication and Application of the Seventh Chapter of Daniel. London: Livewell Chapman, 1654.

    ———. The Work of the Age: or, The Sealed Prophecies of Daniel Opened and Applied. London: Livewell Chapman, 1655.

    Astour, M. C. Greek Names in the Semitic World and Semitic Names in the Greek World. JNES 23 (1964): 193–201.

    Asurmendi, J. El libro de Daniel en la investigación reciente. Estudios Bíblicos 55 (1997): 509–40.

    Athas, G. In Search of the Seventy ‘Weeks’ of Daniel 9. JHebS 9/2 (2009).

    Atzerodt, I. Weltgeschichte und Reich Gottes im Buch Daniel. Christentum und Wissenschaft 10 (1934): 241–59.

    Auberlen, C. A. The Prophecies of Daniel and the Revelations of St John. 2nd ed. Basel: Bahnmeier, 1854. Translated by A. Saphir. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1856.

    Auchincloss, W. S. Darius the Median. BSac 66 (1909): 536–38.

    Audet, J.-P. A Hebrew-Aramaic List of Books of the Old Testament in Greek Transcription. JTS n.s. 1 (1950): 135–54.

    Augustine of Hippo. The City of God. Translated by H. Bettenson. Repr., London: Penguin, 1984.

    ———. Letters. Vol. II. Translated by W. Parsons. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1953.

    ———. Expositions on the Book of Psalms. NPNF 1/8. Translated by A. C. Coxe. Repr., Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989.

    Aukerman, D. Darkening Valley. New York: Seabury, 1981.

    Auscher, D. Les relations entre la Grèce et la Palestine avant la conquête d’Alexandre. VT 17 (1967): 8–30.

    Avalos, H. I. The Comedic Function of the Enumerations of the Officials and Instruments in Daniel 3. CBQ 53 (1991): 580–88.

    ———. Daniel 9:24–25 and Mesopotamian Temple Rededications. JBL 117 (1998): 507–11.

    ———. Nebuchadnezzar’s Affliction. JBL 133 (2014): 497–507.

    Avravanel, I. . Stettin: Grassmann, 1860.

    Backus, I. The Beast. Reformation and Renaissance Review 3 (2000): 59–77.

    Baeck, L. Der ‘Menschensohn.’  Pages 313–24 in Aus drei Jahrtausenden. Berlin: Schocken, 1938. Translated by W. Kaufmann, Judaism and Christianity, 23–38. New York: Leo Baeck Institute, 1958.

    Bailey, D. P. The Intertextual Relationship of Daniel 12:2 and Isaiah 26:19. TynBul 51 (2000): 305–8.

    Baillet, M. Qumrân grotte 4.III (4Q482–4Q520). DJD 7. Oxford: Clarendon, 1982.

    ———. Un recueil liturgique de Qumrân, grotte 4: ‘Les paroles des luminaires.’  RB 68 (1961): 195–250.

    ———. et al. Les ‘petites grottes’ de Qumrân. DJD 3. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1962.

    Baker, D. W. "Further Examples of the waw explicativum." VT 30 (1970): 129–36.

    Balcer, J. M. The Athenian Episkopos and the Achaemenid ‘King’s Eye.’  American Journal of Philology 98 (1977): 252–63.

    Baldwin, D. D. Free Will and Conditionality in Daniel. Pages 163–72 in To Understand the Scriptures. Edited by D. Merling. Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University, 1997.

    Baldwin, J. G. Daniel. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1978.

    ———. Is There Pseudonymity in the Old Testament? Them 4 (1978–79): 6–12.

    ———. Some Literary Affinities of the Book of Daniel. TynBul 30 (1979): 77–99.

    Ball, C. J. Daniel and Babylon. Exp viii, 19 (1920): 235–40.

    Baltzer, K. Das Bundesformular. Neukirchen: Neukirchener, 1960. Rev. ed., 1964. Translated by D. E. Green, The Covenant Formulary. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971.

    Balz, H. R. Methodische Probleme der neutestamentlichen Christologie. Neukirchen: Neukirchener, 1967, esp. 48–112.

    Bampfylde, G. The Prince of the Host in the Book of Daniel and the Dead Sea Scrolls. JSJ 14 (1983): 129–34.

    Bardenhewer O. Des heiligen Hippolytus von Rom Commentar zum Buche Daniel. Freiburg: Herder, 1877.

    Bardy, G.  ‘Introduction’ to Hippolyte. Pages 7–66 in Commentaire sur Daniel. Translated by M. Lefèvre. Paris: Cerf, 1947.

    Bar-Hebraeus, G. [= A. al-F. Grighor]. . 13th century. Edited and trans. by J. Freimann as Scholien zum Buche Daniel. Brünn: Epstein, 1892.

    Baris, S. D. "The American Daniel as Seen in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter." Pages 173–85 in Biblical Patterns in Modern Literature. Edited by D. H. Hirsch and N. Aschkenasy. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1984.

    Barker, K. L. Premillennialism in the Book of Daniel. MSJ 4 (1993): 25–43.

    Barker, M. Apocalyptic. ExpTim 89 (1977–78): 324–29.

    Barkhuizen, J. H. Romanos Melodos: Kontakion 8 ‘On the Three Children.’  APB 16 (2005): 1–28.

    Barnes, A. Notes, Explanatory and Practical, on the Book of Daniel. Rev. ed., London: Routledge, 1853.

    Barnes, R. B. Prophecy and Gnosis. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988.

    Barr, D. L. The Apocalypse as a Symbolic Transformation of the World. Int 38 (1984): 39–50.

    Barr, J. Biblical Words for Time. London: SCM, 1962. Rev. ed., 1969.

    ———. Daniel. Pages 591–602 in Peake’s Commentary on the Bible. Edited by M. Black and H. H. Rowley. New York: Nelson, 1962.

    Barrett, C. K. The Background of Mark 10:45. Pages 1–18 in New Testament Essays: Studies in Memory of Thomas Walter Manson 1893–1958. Edited by A. J. B. Higgins. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1959.

    Barrett, D. S. Patterns of Jewish Submission in the Hellenistic-Roman World. Prudentia 5 (1973): 99–115.

    Bartelmus, R. . St, Ottilien: Eos, 1982.

    Barth, C. Diesseits und Jenseits im Glauben des späten Israel. Stuttgart: KBW, 1974.

    Barth, K. Die kirchliche Dogmatik. Zürich: Evangelischer, 1932–67. Translated by G. W. Bromiley et al., Church Dogmatics. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1936–69.

    Barthélemy, D. Critique textuelle de l’Ancien Testament 3: Ézéchiel, Daniel, et les 12 Prophètes. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck, 1992.

    ———. Les devanciers d’Aquila. Leiden: Brill, 1963.

    ———and Milik, J. T. Qumran Cave 1. DJD 1. Oxford: Clarendon, 1955.

    Barton, G. A. The Composition of the Book of Daniel. JBL 17 (1898): 62–86.

    ———. The Story of Aḥiḳar and the Book of Daniel. AJSL 16 (1899–1900): 242–47.

    Barton, J. Oracles of God. London: DLT, 1986.

    ———. Theological Ethics in Daniel. Pages 661–70 in The Book of Daniel. Vol. 2. Edited by Collins/Flint. Leiden: Brill, 2001.

    Basson, A.  ‘A King in the Grass.’  Journal for Semitics 18 (2009): 1–14.

    Bauckham, R. J. "Daniel with an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature . . . by John J. Collins." EvQ 59 (1987): 164–65.

    ———. The Delay of the Parousia. TynBul 31 (1980): 3–36.

    ———. The Rise of Apocalyptic. Them 3, 2 (1977–78): 10–23.

    ———. Theology after Hiroshima. Scottish Journal of Theology 38 (1985): 583–601.

    ———. Tudor Apocalypse. Abingdon: Sutton Courtenay, 1978.

    Bauer, H. Menetekel. Vierter deutscher Münzforschertag zu Halle. 27–30. Halle: Gebauer-Schwetschke, 1925.

    Baumgarten, J. M. The Heavenly Tribunal and the Personification of Ṣedeq in Jewish Apocalyptic. ANRW ii 19, 1 (1979): 219–39.

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    ———. Ein Vierteljahrhundert Danielforschung. Theologische Rundschau 11 (1939): 59–83, 125–44, 201–28.

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