Professional Documents
Culture Documents
chng minh bt ng thc trn khng kh, nhng chng ta ch quan tm bn cht thc s
ca cch lm trn. Cch lm trn a bt ng thc thnh dng tng ca cc bnh phng,
li dng tnh cht
2
0 X X R > e chng minh bt ng thc. cng chnh l tng
ca phng php S.O.S( sum of square) a bt ng thc c dng 0 S > thnh dng nh
sau:
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 S b c S c a S a b
a b c
+ + >
Nu cha lm quen vi S.O.S bn s ch gii quyt c bi ton khi m
, , 0 S S S
a b c
> .Nhng S.O.S c th gii quyt trng hp m 1 trong cc s
, , S S S
a b c
m (
v hu ht cc trng hp u xy ra nh vy).
C th chng ta c:
Gi s S =
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 S S b c S c a S a b
a b c
= + + > (*)
Nu
, , 0 S S S
a b c
>
th S 0 >
Nu a b c > > v
, , 0 S S S S S
b b a c b
+ + >
th S 0 >
Nu a b c > > v
, , 2 , 2 0 S S S S S S
a c b a c b
+ + >
th S 0 >
Nu a b c > > v
, 0 S S
b c
>
,
2 2
0 a S b S
b a
+ >
th S 0 >
Nu 0, 0 S S S S S S S S S
a b c a b b c c a
+ + > + + > th S 0 >
Nhn chung trong phng php S.O.S vic chng minh cc iu kin trn l kh n gin nu
a c BT v dng (*).
Phn kh nht trong phng php S.O.S l lm th no a bt ng thc v dng (*).
y chnh l th to ra nt c o ca phng php S.O.S khi m bn s thy rng cch biu
din di dng (*) khng phi l duy nht. Sau y l mt s cng thc c bn hay dng
cc bn thun tin hn khi chng minh BT bng phng php ny:
Phn
A
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP SOS
Trang 7
A.I.2 . Bi tp
c th ha cho iu ny chng ta hy xem xt cc v d sau
Bi A.I.1: Cho a,b,c l cc s dng . CMR:
2 2 2
( )( )( ) 4( )
12
a b b c c a ab bc ca
abc a b c
+ + + + +
+ >
+ +
Chng minh
( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
2
3 3
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
3
1
2
1 1
3 3
cyc
cyc
a b ab a b
a b a b
b a ab
a b ab a b a b a b
a b c ab bc ca a b
a b c a b c a b
+ =
+ =
+ + = +
+ + =
+ + + + =
( )( )( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
2
2
3 3 3
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
3 2
2
4 3 2 2
3
8
1
3
2
2
2
3
2 2
1
3
1
2
3
1
3 2
4
cyc
cyc cyc
cyc sym
sym sym cyc
cyc sym sym
cyc sym sym
sy
a b b c c a abc a b c
a b c abc a b c
a b
a b a b
a b a b
a b a
b c a c b c
a b ab a b
a a b a b a b
a a b a ab b a b
a b
+ + + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + +
=
+ + +
=
= +
= + +
( )
( ) ( )
3
3
2 2
4 2 2
1
3
1
2
m sym cyc sym
cyc cyc cyc
ab a b a
a a b a b a b
=
= +
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP SOS
Trang 8
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
( )( )( ) 4( )
12
( )( )( ) 4( ) 4( )
8 0
( ) 2 ( )
0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( )
cyc cyc
a b b c c a ab bc ca
abc a b c
a b b c c a ab bc ca a b c
abc a b c
a b c b c
abc a b c
S b c S c a S a b
a b c
+ + + + +
+ >
+ +
+ + + + + + +
+ >
+ +
>
+ +
+ + >
Trong :
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 ( )
( )
1 2 ( )
( )
1 2 ( )
( )
a b c
S
a
bc a b c bc a b c
b c a
S
b
ca a b c ac a b c
c a b
S
c
ab a b c ab a b c
+
= =
+ + + +
+
= =
+ + + +
+
= =
+ + + +
D thy: S
a
, S
b
, S
c
u l cc s dng. Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. Du bng
xy ra khi a b c = =
Bi A.I.2: Cho a,b,c l cc s dng. CMR
2 3 3 3
2 2 2
3( )
sym
a a b c
b a b c
+ +
>
+ +
Chng minh
2 3 3 3
2 2 2
2 3 3 3
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
3( )
3( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( )
sym
sym cyc cyc
cyc
sym
sym sym
a a b c
b a b c
a a b c
a a
b a b c
a a b b c
a ab b
b a b c
a b a b
a b
b a b c
S b c S c a S a b
a b c
+ +
>
+ +
+ +
>
+ +
+
+
>
+ +
+
>
+ +
+ + + >
trong :
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
a
b
c
b a c
S
c
b c ab
S
a
a c ab
S
b
+
=
+
=
+
=
Trng hp 1: a b c > >
D thy S
a
, S
c
> 0. Ta cn CM: 2 , 2 0
a c a b
S S S S + + >
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP SOS
Trang 9
Xt
3 3 3
3
2 2 2
3
2
2 3
2 2 3
2
2 3
54
3 2 0
( )
( ) ( ) 6 ( )
0
2 ( )
1 1 1 6
( ) ( 0
2 4 ( ) 4 ( )
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 24
( ) ( ) 0
2 4 ( ) 4 ( )
a b c abc
abc a b c
a b c a b c a b c
abc a
b c a
b c
abc bc a b c bc a b c
b c a a b c b c a b c abc
b c
abc bc a b c bc a b c
+ +
+ >
+ +
+
>
+
+ + >
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + >
+ + + +
m
3 2 2 3
2 2 ( ) a b c b a c abc a b c + > > > >
2 0
a b
S S + >
Xt
2 2 3 2 2 3
( ) ( 2 ) 2
2
a c
a b c b b a c abc a c c
S S
bc
+ + + +
+ =
m
3 2 2 3
2 2 ( ) b a c a b c abc a b c + > > > >
2 0
a c
S S + >
Trng hp 2: c b a > >
D thy , 0
a c
S S > . Ta cn CM: 2 , 2 0
a c a b
S S S S + + >
Bng cch lm nh trn ta cng s chng minh c 2 , 2 0
a c a b
S S S S + + >
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi a b c = =
Bi A.I.3: Cho a,b,c l cc s dng. CMR:
3 3 3
3
54
5
( )
a b c abc
abc a b c
+ +
+ >
+ +
Chng minh
Bt ng thc tng ng vi
3 3 3
3
2 2 2
3
2
2 3
2 2 3
2
2 3
54
3 2 0
( )
( ) ( ) 6 ( )
0
2 ( )
1 1 1 6
( ) ( 0
2 4 ( ) 4 ( )
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 24
( ) ( ) 0
2 4 ( ) 4 ( )
a b c abc
abc a b c
a b c a b c a b c
abc a
b c a
b c
abc bc a b c bc a b c
b c a a b c b c a b c abc
b c
abc bc a b c bc a b c
+ +
+ >
+ +
+
>
+
+ + >
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + >
+ + + +
(lun ng).
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi a b c = =
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP SOS
Trang 10
Bi A.I.4: Cho , , 0 a b c > .CMR
( )
( )
2
2
2 3 cyc
a b c a
b c
ab bc ca
+ +
>
+
+ +
Chng minh
Ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 3
2 2
2 3
1
4 2
3
3
2 2
4 4 2
3
cyc
cyc
cyc
sym
a b c a
b c
ab bc ca
a b c a a b c a b c
b c
ab bc ca
a b c a b c a b c
b c
ab bc ca
a b c ab bc ca
a b c b a c a b c
a b
b c c a
ab bc ca
a b
+ +
>
+
+ +
+ + + + + +
>
+
+ +
| |
| | + + + + +
|
>
|
| +
+ + \ .
\ .
| |
+ + + + | |
+ + + + + +
| >
|
|
| + +
+ +
\ .
\ .
( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
3 2 2 2
4 2
3 3 sym
a b c ab bc ca a b c a b c
b c c a
ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
| |
+ + + + + + + +
|
>
|
+ +
+ + + + + + + |
\ .
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
1
2
3 3
1 1
2 3 3
sym sym
sym
a b a b
b c c a
ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
a b
b c c a
ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
>
+ +
+ + + + + + +
| |
|
|
+ +
+ + + + + + + |
\ .
( )
2
0
a
sym
S b c >
trong :
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
2 3 3
1 1
2 3 3
1 1
2 3 3
a
b
c
S
a b c a
ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
S
a b b c
ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
S
b c c a
ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
=
+ +
+ + + + + + +
=
+ +
+ + + + + + +
=
+ +
+ + + + + + +
D thy , 0
b c
S S >
Ta s chng minh 0
a b
S S + > (theo tiu chun 2).
Tht vy:
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1
3 3
a b
S S
a b c a a b b c
ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
+ = +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + +
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP SOS
Trang 11
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2
3 3
1
0
3 3
a b
ab bc ca ab bc ca ab bc ca a b c b
a b c a
a b b c ab bc ca
S
a b c ab b c
S
c a
| |
+ + + + + + + + +
|
\ .
= + >
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
+
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi a b c = =
Bi A.I.5: Cho a,b,c l cc s dng . CMR:
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
3
2
a b c
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + >
+ + +
Chng minh
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
a b c
a b c a b c a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + + +
+ + >
+ + +
(1)
Xt v tri (1)
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2 2 2 3
2 2 2 3
2
2
8 8
2 2
4
sym cyc
cyc cyc cyc cyc cyc
cyc cyc cyc
a b c a b c
a b b c c a
a b c c a a b b c c a a
a b b c c a a b b c c a
a bc a b a b abc a a b b c c a abc a
a b b c c a a b b c c a a b b c c a
a bc a b a b
abc a b
a b b c c a
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + + + +
=
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
=
+ + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
=
+ +
=
+
( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 3
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
3
2
3 3
2
2 2
cyc
cyc cyc cyc
cyc cyc cyc
cyc
a b c a b c
c
a b b c c a a b b c c a
a b a b abc a b c a b c a b c
a b b c c a a b b c c a
a b abc a b c ab a b a b c a b c
a b b c c a a b b c c a a b b c c a
a b abc a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
=
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
= +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ +
=
+ + +
( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
2 2
3
2 2
cyc cyc
bc b c a b c a b c
a b b c c a a b b c c a
+ +
+
+ + + + + +
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )( )( )
2 2 2
2
2
2
3 2
2 2 2
3 2
2
cyc cyc cyc
sym
a b c bc b c a b c a b c
a b b c c a a b b c c a a b b c c a
a bc a b c a
b c
a b b c c a
+ +
= +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + +
=
+ + +
Xt v phi (1)
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP SOS
Trang 12
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
3
2 2
3
2
3
2 3
2 3
cyc
a b c
a b c
a b c a b c
a b c a b c
a b c a b c
b c
a b c a b c
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
=
+ + + +
=
+ + + + +
=
+ + + + +
=
Vy ( ) 1
( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2
3 2
2
2 3
3 2 1
0
2
2 3
0
sym cyc
sym
a
cyc
a bc a b c a b c
b c
a b b c c a
a b c a b c
a bc a b c a
b c
a b b c c a
a b c a b c
S b c
+ + +
>
+ + +
+ + + + +
| |
+ + +
|
>
|
+ + +
+ + + + +
|
\
.
>
Trong :
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 1
3
2 2 1
3
2 2 1
3
a
b
c
a bc ab ac
S
a b b c c a
a b c a b c
b ca ab bc
S
a b b c c a
a b c a b c
c ab bc ac
S
a b b c c a
a b c a b c
+
=
+ + +
+ + + + +
+
=
+ + +
+ + + + +
+
=
+ + +
+ + + + +
Ta d dng chng minh c , 0
a c
S S >
Theo tiu chun 3 ta cn chng minh 2 0 & 2 0
a b c b
S S S S + > + > (Phn chng minh ny
n gin, xin dnh cc bn t chng minh)
Bi A.I.6: Cho a,b,c l cc s dng .CMR:
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
6 a b c
a b c
a b c
b c a a b c
+ +
+ + + + + >
+ +
Chng minh
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP SOS
Trang 13
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
6
2
2 3
2
1 2
0
0
0
0
sym
sym
sym cyc
sym
sym
sym
a
cyc
a b c
a
a a b c
b a b c
a b a b c
a b c
b a b c
a b a b
b a b c
a b
b a b c
a c b
a b
b a b c
a c b
a b
b
S b c
+ +
| |
> + +
|
+ +
\ .
| | + +
> + +
|
+ +
\ .
>
+ +
| |
>
|
+ +
\ .
| |
+
>
|
|
+ +
\ .
+ | |
>
|
\ .
>
trong
a
b
c
a b c
S
c
b c a
S
a
a c b
S
b
+
=
+
=
+
=
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 6 3 3
0
0
a b
a b c
cyc
a b b a
b c c a
c c
a b
S S S
b a
a b c ab a c b ac b a a bc
S S S S S S
abc
ba bc abc ab ac abc ca cb abc
S S S S S S
abc
+ + + + +
+ + =
| |
+ + = + > = >
|
\ .
+ + + + +
+ + =
>
theo
tiu chun 5 bt ng thc c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi a b c = =
C th ni trong 5 iu kin ca S.O.S th iu kin 5 l kh p dng nht, c bit l khi
nhng h s , ,
a b c
S S S phc tp. Tuy nhin trong bi ton va ri p dng iu kin 5 l
hp l nht (cc iu kin cn li p dng s rt phc tp v c th khng lm c). V
vy mt iu ht sc cn thit l chng ta phi p dng 5 iu kin c bn mt cch tht
linh hot, hp l. C nh vy bn mi c th s dng c ton b sc mnh ca S.O.S
Bi A.I.7: (IMO 2005 ) Cho a,b,c > 0 tha mn 1 abc > CMR:
5 2 5 2 5 2
5 2 2 5 2 2 5 2 2
0
a a b b c c
a b c b c a c a b
+ + >
+ + + + + +
(*)
Chng minh
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP SOS
Trang 14
Cc phng php CM bt ng thc hin i ( c bit l Schur, PQR, S.O.S) u rt xem
trng vic ng bc ha bt ng thc( qua cc v d trn hn cc bn u hiu c tm
quan trng ca cng vic ny).
Vic ng bc ha (*) c thc hin thng qua nh gi sau y
( ) ( )
( )
( )
4 2 2 2
5 2 5 2 4 2
2 5 2 2 5 2 2 4 2 2
4 2 2
2
2
a a b c
a a a a abc a a bc
a b c a b c abc a bc b c
a b c
+
> = >
+ + + + + +
+ +
nh gi trn c th xem nh cha kha ca bi ton ny bi v phn CM cn li rt n gin
:
t
2 2 2
, , x a y b z c = = =
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
, ,
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
cyc cyc
x x y z z z x y x xy y
f x y z x y
x y z x y z y x z
S y z S z x S x y
x y z
+ + + + +
= =
+ + + + + +
= + + >
A.II. Mt s ng dng quan trng ca phng php
S.O.S
Mt ng dng quan trng ca S.O.S l sng to ra cc bt ng thc mi. thng
l nhng bt ng thc rt mnh, kh chng minh bng cc bt ng thc thng thng(
Cauchy, BCS...).Sau y l mt s v d quan trng v in hnh nht.
V d A.II.1: Tm hng s k tt nht BT sau ng vi mi a,b,c dng:
2 2 2
3
2
a b c ab bc ca
k k
b c c a a b a b c
+ +
+ + + > +
+ + + + +
S khc bit ln nht gia ng thc v bt ng thc l du , > s . iu ny th hin
r khi bn chng minh bi ton trn bng phng php thng thng: x l
2 2 2
ab bc ca
a b c
+ +
+ +
v
du >iu bt ng l S.O.S li gii quyt iu ny rt d dng.
Chng minh
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
1
1
2
1 1
2 2
0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
cyc
cyc cyc
cyc
a ab bc ca
k
b c a b c
a b a b
k
b c a c a b c
a b c
a b k
b c a c
S b c S c a S a b
a b c
+ + | | | |
>
| |
+ + +
\ . \ .
>
+ + + +
(
+ +
>
(
+ +
(
+ +
>
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP SOS
Trang 15
trong
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
a
b
a
a b c
S k
a b a c
a b c
S k
a b b c
a b c
S k
c b a c
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
iu kin cn: Cho c b a = = ta c
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2 2
, ( )
2 2 2
2 1
2 2 2
2 2 2 0
a b
a b k
b a b
a
a b t a b
k u a b t
a b a b t b
b
t u t
f t t ut u
(
+
>
(
+
(
| |
+
|
+ +
\ .
s = = = =
+ + | |
+
|
\ .
+ = +
= + =
( ) 0 f t = c nghim
2
3 1
' 2 2 0
2
u u u
A = + > >
iu kin :
Ta chng minh
3 1
2
k
= l hng s tt nht ca bt ng thc trn.
( )
( )( )
2 2 2
2
0
cyc
a b c
a b k
b c a c
(
+ +
>
(
+ +
(
(1)
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c > >
a b c
S S S s s
( )( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
a b
a b c a b c
S S k
a b a c a b b c
+ + + +
+ = +
+ + + +
t
2
a b
v
+
=
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
a b
a b
c v c
v c v c
v c
S S k k k
v b c a c v v c
b c c a
v
(
+
+ + (
+ +
(
+
+ > > =
+ + +
( + + +
(
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2 , 0
2
a b
v c
S S k u v c k
v v c
| |
+
( + > = >
|
|
+
\ .
(do ( )
3 1
,
2
u v c k
> = )
Do
a b c
S S S s s v 0
a b
S S + > nn 0, 0, 0
b a b c b
S S S S S > + > + > .
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP SOS
Trang 16
Theo tiu chun 2 suy ra
3 1
2
k
= th (1) ng vi mi , , 0 a b c >
Kt lun:
3 1
2
k
= l hng s tt nht bt ng thc
2 2 2
3
2
a b c ab bc ca
k k
b c c a a b a b c
+ +
+ + + > +
+ + + + +
ng vi mi , , 0 a b c >
Mt cu hi mun thu: th no l mt cch gii hay cho mt bi ton? Mt bi ton c
th c nhiu cch gii, mi cch gii mang theo mt mu sc ring, mt nt c o
ring. Chnh v th kh c th c mt cu tr li chnh xc cho cu hi trn v mi ngi
quan nim ci hay mt cch khc nhau (mt li gii hay l mt li gii ngn nhng cng
c th l mt li gii l mt s sng to c o, mang theo mt tng mi, t tng
mi). Theo nhng tiu chi trn th li gii cho bi ton trn cha phi l mt li hay.
Mc d vy nhng li gii trn mang tnh hiu qu.
Tm hng s k tt nht bt ng thc sau ng:
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
9
ab bc ca
a b c k k
a b c a b c
+ + | |
+ + + + + > +
|
+ +
\ .
R rng theo phng php S.O.S, hai bi ton ny ging nhau v mt bn cht. ngh
ra mt cch lm c o cho 2 bi trn l chuyn khng d ch ng ni l tm mt li
gii hay p dng cho tt c cc bi ton c dng trn. Nhng khi m bt ng thc pht
trin nhanh vi tc chng mt nh hin nay, th nhng phng php c in hn cha
lm hi lng nhng ngi yu thch bt ng thc. C th S.O.S khng mang li mt li
gii p mt nh BT Cauchy hay cc phng php chng minh BT c in khc,
nhng n gii c mt lp ln cc bi ton hay v kh, cng chnh l ng dng ln
lao m S.O.S mang n cho chng ta
A.III. Phng php S.O.S trong bt ng thc
hon v vng quanh.
Chng minh bt ng thc hon v vng quanh lun kh hn bt ng thc i xng.
Nhn chung khi chng minh BT hon v chng ra thng gi s ( ) ax , , a m a b c = hay ni
cch khc l xt 2 trng hp & a b c a c b > > > > . Cn trong phng php SOS, chng ta s
xt 2 trng hp & a b c c b a > > > > . Ch cn nh k 5 iu kin ca S.O.S, chng ta u d
dng l gii iiu ny.
V d A.III.1: Cho a,b,c l 3 cnh tam gic CMR 3 2 3
a b c a c b
b c a c b a
| | | |
+ + > + + +
| |
\ . \ .
Phng php gii ca bi ny( v nhiu bi BT hon v khc ) l quy ng mu s a v
dng ng bc. Rt n gin nhng hiu qu th tht khng ng!
Chng minh
Bt ng thc cn cng minh tng ng vi:
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP SOS
Trang 17
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 2 3
3 2 3
2 1
2 2
3 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
sym sym cyc
a c b a c b b c c a a b abc
a b c a c b a c b a b c b c c a a b a b c abc
b a a b a b a b a b c a b
S b c S c a S a b
a b c
+ + > + + +
( (
+ + + + s + + + + + + +
+ s + + + +
+ +
>
trong
5 5 3
5 5 3
5 5 3
a
b
c
S b c a
S c a b
S a b c
= +
= +
= +
Mc d cc h s , ,
a b c
S S S kh n gin nhng chng ta khng th ch dng 5 iu kin c
bn lm c bi ton ny.
B : Nu
( )
2
2
1 0
a c b
S S S + + + >
0 0
1 1
0 0
c b a b
c b a b
a b c b c b a b
S S S S
S S S S
> >
+ > v + >
+ +
+ > + >
th 0 S >
p dng: Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s b nm gia a v c. Xt 2 trng hp:
1. c b a > > . Khi 5 5 3 0; 8 12 0; 8 2 0
b a b b c
S c a b S S b a S S c b = + > + = > + = >
Theo iu kin 2 suy ra pcm
2. a b c > > . Khi 4 18 12 12 0
a c b
S S S c b a + + = + >
- Nu a b c b > th 0 2 c a b b c c b > > > >
( )
8 2 4 2 0
2 2 5 0
b c
c b b
S S c b b b
S S S b c a b
+ = > >
+ > + = + >
- Nu c b a b > th
( )
0 2
8 2 4 2 0
2 2 5 3 3 3 0
a b
a b b
b c a b b a c a
S S b a a a
S S S a c a b c a b
> > > + >
+ = > >
+ > + = + > + >
S dng b vi 1 = suy ra pcm.
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 18
B PHNG PHP DN BIN
B.I. Gii thiu v t t ng php dn bin
Phng php dn bin l phng php dng chng minh nhng bt ng thc trong
cc trng hp ng thc xy ra khi tt c cc bin s bng nhau (cc tr t ti tm), c mt
s bin bng nhau (cc tr t c c tnh i xng) hay khi c mt bin nm trn bin (cc
tr t c ti bin). tng chung l: nu ta a c v trng hp c 2 bin bng nhau,
hoc mt bin c gi tr ti bin, th s bin s gim i. Do , BT mi n gin hn BT
ban u, c bit nu BT mi ch cn 1 bin th bng cch kho st hm s 1 bin ta s
chng minh c BT kh n gin. Chnh v t tng l gim dn s bin nn phng
php ny c gi l phng php dn bin.
Hu ht cc BT u ri vo 1 trong cc dng ni trn, nn c th thy ng dng ca
phng php dn bin l rt ln, c bit l khi chng minh bt ng thc 3 hay 4 bin. Vi
s bin t nh vy, sau khi dn bin vic chng minh s n gin hn. Tuy nhin, phng
php dn bin cng c th c p dng trong cc trng hp n bin tng qut, bng cch s
dng nhng nh l v dn bin tng qut mt cch linh hot.
B.II. Bt ng thc i xng 3 bin t cc tr ti
tm
ng dng t tng ca phng php dn bin vo chng minh BT 3 bin i xng cc tr
t ti tm, ta rt ra cch lm sau
Gi s cn chng minh f ( x, y, z) 0 vi x, y, z tha mn tnh cht no y.
Bc 1: (K thut dn v 2 bin bng nhau) nh gi f (x, y, z) f (t, t, z) vi t l bin sao
cho (t, t, z) tha mn mi tnh cht ca (x, y, z)
Bc 2: nh gi f (t, t, z) 0.
Ch : Trong cc bt ng thc ng bc, ta thng dng k thut chun ha li
gii ngn gn v n gin hn.
Chng ta s p dng t tng trn vo mt s v d sau.
V d B.II.1: Cho x,y,z 0. Chng minh rng
3
3 x y z xyz + + > (1)
Chng minh
t
3
( , , ) 3 , , 0 f x y z x y z xyz x y z = + + >
Cch 1:
Phn
B
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 19
Bc 1: Chng minh ( , , ) ( , , ) f x y z f t t z > vi
2
x y
t
+
= . Ta c: t
2
xy suy ra:
( )
3 3 2 2
3 3
( , , ) ( , , ) 3 2 3 3 0 f x y z f t t z x y z xyz t z t z t z xyz
(
= + + + = >
Bc 2: Chng minh ( , , ) 0 f t t z >
Tht vy, ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
2
( , , ) 0 2 27 0 8 0 f t t z t z t z t z t z > + > + > ( lun ng vi t, z 0)
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. Du = xy ra khi a = b = c
Cch 2:
Bc 1: Chng minh ( , , ) ( , , ) f x y z f t t z > vi t xy = . Ta c 2t x + y suy ra:
3 3
( , , ) ( , , ) 3 2 3 2 0 f x y z f t t z x y z xyz t z xyz x y t
(
> = + + + = + >
Bc 2: Chng minh ( , , ) 0 f t t z >
Tht vy, ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
2
( , , ) 0 2 27 0 8 0 f t t z t z t z t z t z > + > + > ( lun ng vi t, z 0)
(pcm) Du = xy ra khi a = b = c
y ta nhn thy bt ng thc l ng bc nn li gii bi ton c th ngn gn hn
bng vic dng k thut chun ha
Cch 3:
Bc 1: Chun ha x + y + z = 1
3
(1) 1 3 1 27 0 xyz xyz > >
Bc 2: t ( , , ) 1 27 f x y z xyz = v
2
x y
t
+
= . Ta c
2
t xy > suy ra
2
( , , ) ( , , ) 27 ( ) 0 f x y z f t t z z t xy = >
Vy ( , , ) ( , , ) f x y z f t t z >
Bc 3: Chng minh ( , , ) 0 f t t z >
Thay z = 1 2t ta c
( ) ( )( )
2
2
( , , ) 1 27 1 2 1 6 1 3 f t t z t t t t = = + ng do t 0
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. Du = xy ra khi a = b = c
Cch 4:
Bc 1: Chun ha xyz = 1
(1) 3 3 0 x y z x y z + + > + + >
Bc 2: t ( , , ) 3 f x y z x y z = + + v t xy = . Ta c 2t x + y suy ra
( , , ) ( , , ) 2 0 f x y z f t t z x y t = + >
Vy ( , , ) ( , , ) f x y z f t t z >
Bc 3: Chng minh ( , , ) 0 f t t z >
Thay
2
1
z
t
= ta c
( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 2 1
1
( , , ) 2 3 0
t t
f t t z t
t t
+
= + = > ng do t 0
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 20
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh. Du = xy ra khi a = b = c
Mt vi nhn xt:
Trn y l mt v d m u cho php dn bin, vi bin t bng trung bnh cng hay
trung bnh nhn. y cng l nhng k thut chn bin t hay dng Bi ton ch nhm
mc ch cho chng ta ci nhn u tin v ng dng ca t tng php dn bin vo
chng minh bt ng thc.
Cch gii 3 v 4 s dng k thut chun ha, gip li gii c v ngn gn hn.Vic
chun ha cc bt ng thc ng bc cng l mt k thut hay gp trong chng minh
bt ng thc. Nu mt bi ton chun ha(tc l BT c iu kin) th n s "gi "
cho chng ta cch dn bin (phi m bo iu kin), tuy nhin, ngc li mt bi ton
cha chun ha (BTkhng iu kin) th chng ta s c nhiu cch dn bin hn (ni
chung, ta s chn cch dn bin sao cho bo ton c "nhiu" biu thc nht trongBT
- iu ny cng tng ng vi chun ha sao cho biu thc c dngn gin nht). Do
, mt s phi hp tt gia k thut chun ha v dn bin l mt iu cn thit. Tuy
nhin, khi quen vi nhng iu ny th cc bn s thy khng c s khc bit ng k
no gia chng.
S dng phng php dn bin trong chng mnh bt ng thc Cauchy trn rt n
gin do khng kh chng minh f (x , y , z) f ( t , t , z ) 0. Tuy nhin, thc ra cc bi
ton thng khng bao gi n gin nh vy. Chng ta s xt tip nhng v d khc
thy hiu qu ca phng php dn bin.
V d B.II.2: [MOSP 2001] Cho , , 0 a b c > v 1 abc = .CMR:
( )( )( ) ( ) 4 1 a b b c c a a b c + + + > + +
Chng minh
t
( )( )( ) ( ) ( , , ) 4 1 f a b c a b b c c a a b c = + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 4 1 abc a b c a b c bc b c a b c = + + + + + + + +
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s { } max , , a a b c =
C
( ) ( )
2 2
2
( , , ) ( , , ) 4 d f a b c f a bc bc b c a a b c bc
(
= = + + +
(
Xt:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 2
4 4 4
1 4 1
4 0
A a a b c bc a b c a
bc a a b c bc
a a
a a bc
| |
= + + + = + + + = + + + +
|
\ .
> + + > + >
(Do { } ax , , a m a b c = v 1 abc = .nn
4
1 4 0 bc
bc
s > )
Vy suy ra 0 d > hay ( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f a t t > (vi 0 a t > > v
2
1 at = )
C
3 2 2 3
3 2
2 4
( , , ) 2 2 4 4 8 4 2 8 8 f a t t t a t at a t t t
t t
= + + + = + + (do
2
1
a
t
= )
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 21
2
3 2
1 1 1
2(1 ) 4 1 0 t t t
t t t
| |
= + >
|
\ .
(do 1 t s )
Vy ( , , ) ( , , ) 0 f a b c f a t t > > pcm
Du = xy ra khi a=b=c=1
y, chng ta khng th chng minh trc tip ( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f a t t > m phi nh gi
thng qua vic coi a = max{a,b,c} Vic sp xp th t ca cc bin cng l mt k thut
thng gp trong chng minh bt ng thc. Nhc li l nu BT 3 bin i xng th ta
c th gi s a b c (hoac a b c), cn trong trng hp BT 3 bin hon v vng
quanh th ta c th gi s a = min{a, b, c} (hoc a = max{a, b, c}).
Phng php dn bin thng cng c dng nhiu trong cc bt ng thc c iu
kin. Vi cc BT c iu kin, ta s ko dn bin nh thng m phi lm sao iu
kin lun c tho mn. Chng hn vi K 3 xy yz zt + + = , khi chng ta mun dn 2
bin chng hn y v z bng nhau, tc l ( , , ) ( , , ) f x y z f x t t > th bin t y khng phi
l 1 i lng trung bnh ca y, z m l i lng tho mn
2
2 1 xt t + = . Ta xt mt vi v
d sau.
V d B.II.3: (VMO) Cho x, y, z l cc s thc tho mn
2 2 2
9 x y z + + = Chng minh rng:
2( ) 10 x y z xyz + + s
Chng minh
t f(x,y,z) = 2( ) x y z xyz + + v t =
2 2
2
y z +
Ko mt tnh tng qut ta gi s x s y s z
Xt d = f(x, y, z) f(x, t, t) =
2
2( 2 ) ( ) y z t x yz t +
D thy 2 0 y z t + s v
2
0 yz t s nn khi 0 x s th 0 d s
Ta xt 2 trng hp:
Nu x s 0, khi f(x, y, z) s f(x, t, t). Ta s CM f(x, t, t) s 10
Tht vy, thay t =
2 2
2
y z +
=
2
9
2
x
f(x, t, t) =
2 2
1
2 2 2(9 ) (9 )
2
x x x x + = g(x)
Do 0 x s v
2
9 x s nn | | 3, 0 x e
Vy ta xt hm s g(x) =
2 2
1
2 2 2(9 ) (9 )
2
x x x x + / | | 3, 0
g(x) =
2
2
3 5 4
2 2
18 2
x x
x
C g(x) = 0 vi | | 3, 0 x e 1 x =
Ta c BBT
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 22
x -3 -1 0
g(x) + 0
g(x)
-6
10
6
2
T BBT suy ra :
g(x) s 10 f(x, y, z) s f(x, t, t) = g(x) s 10 pcm
Du = xy ra khi x = -1, y = z =2.
Nu x > 0 y > 0, z > 0.
Khi ta s x l bi ton bng cch xt 2 trng hp
- Nu x>
3
4
th f(x, y, z)=
3
2 2 2
3 27
2( ) 2 3( ) 2 27 10
4 64
x y z xyz x y z
| |
+ + s + + = <
|
\ .
- Nu x <
3
4
th f(x, y, z)=
2 2
3 3
2( ) 2 2( 2 18 10
4 4
x y z xyz y z
| | | |
+ + s + + s + <
| |
\ . \ .
Vy BT c cm, du = xy ra khi chng hn 1 x = , 2 y z = =
V d B.II.4: [Mathlinks] Cho a, b, c l cc s dng c tch bng 1. CMR
1 1 1 6
5
a b c a b c
+ + + >
+ +
Chng minh
t f(a,b,c) =
1 1 1 6
5
a b c a b c
+ + +
+ +
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s { } max , , a a b c =
Xt d = f(a,b,c) f(a, bc , bc )
=
( )
( )
2
1 6
( )
2
b c
bc
a b c a bc
(
(
(
+ + +
Do { } max , , a a b c = nn a bc > ; 2 b c bc + >
1 6 1 2 1
( )( 2 )) 9 1 0
3 3 ( )( 2 )
a b c a bc bc
bc bc bc a b c a bc
| |
+ + + > > = >
|
+ + + \ .
(1)
T (1) suy ra d > 0.
Vy f(a,b,c) > f(a,t,t) (vi 0 a t > > v
2
1 at = ) (*)
Xt f(a,t,t) =
2
2
3
1 2 6 2 6
5 5
2 1 2
t
t
a t a t t t
+ + = + +
+ +
(do
2
1
a
t
= )
( )
( )
( )
2
4 3 2
3
1
2 4 4 2
2 1
t
t t t t
t t
= + +
+
(2)
t g(t) =
4 3 2
2 4 4 2 t t t t + + / (0,1] ( do 0 a t > > v
2
1 at = nn 0 1 t < s )
C g(t) =
3 2
8 12 8 1 t t t +
'( ) 0 ( )( )( ) 0 g t t x t y t z = = (vi , 0, 0 1 y z x < < < )
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 23
t = x
Ta c BBT
t 0 x 1
g(t) + 0 -
g(t)
g(x)
2 3
T BBT
0
( ) lim ( ) 2 ( ) 0 / (0;1]
t
g t g t g t
> = >
M
( )
( )
2
3
1
0
2 1
t
t t
>
+
( do t > 0) nn t (1) ( , , ) 0 f a t t > (**)
T (*) & (**) ( , , ) 0 f a b c > pcm (Du = xy ra khi a = b = c = 1)
V d B.II.5: Cho x, y, z 0 tha mn
2 2 2
3 x y z + + = . Chng minh rng:
( ) 7 12 9 xy yz zx xyz + + s +
Chng minh
t ( ) ( ) ( , , ) 12 9 7 12 9 7 7 f x y z xyz xy yz zx xyz xy z x y = + + + = + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
3
2
( , , ) ( , , )
9 7 7 2 0
9 7 7 2
2
14
9 7
2( )
(9 7) 2 14
x y
t t t z x y z
f x y z f t t z
z xy t xy t z x y t
x y
xy z z x y x y
z x y
x y z
x y x y
z x y x y z
+
= + + = + + =
>
+ >
| | +
> + +
|
\ .
s
+ + +
+ + + s
Do
( )
2 2
2 x y x y + s + . Ta s chng minh
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
7
9 7 2 7 9 2 3 7 z x y z z
z
| |
+ s s
|
\ .
(*)
t z = min{x,y,z} ta c 0 z 1
7
9 2
z
s v
( )
2
2 3 6 z s (*) ng.
Vy f(x, y, z) f( t, t, z). Ta s chng minh f(t, t, z) 0
2
3 2 z t = ta c
2 2 2 2
( , , ) 9 3 2 7 14 3 2 12 f t t z t t t t t = + vi
3
1,
2
t
(
e
(
t r = 1/t
2
ta phi chng minh
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 24
2
( ) 9 3 7 14 3 2 12 0 g r r r
r
= + >
9 21 3 3
'( ) 12 7 12
3 2 3 2 3 2
g r
r r r r r r r
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
vi
2
,1
3
r
(
e
(
'( ) 0 1 g r r = = vi
2
,1
3
r
(
e
(
m
2 2
' 0 '( ) (1) 0 ,1
3 3
g g r g r
| | (
< s = e
|
(
\ .
Vy ( ) (1) 0 g r g > = . Ta c iu phi chng minh. Du = xy ra khi x = y = z = 1
Qua cc v d trn, ta thy vic kho st hm s l cng vic rt hay gp trong php
chng minh th 2 ca phng php dn bin. Vic nm vng nhng kin thc v o
hm, hm s v vy l rt quan trng.
Dn bin v gi tr trung bnh rt hu dng. Tuy nhin cc cch dn bin l v cng
phong ph v uyn chuyn. Nh ni trn, vic dng k thut chun ha trong
phng php dn bin cng rt hay gp. Chng ta s xt mt v d minh ha cho iu
ny
V d B.II.6: (Iran 1996) Chng minh rng vi a, b, c 0 th
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 9
4
ab bc ca
a b b c c a
| |
+ + + + > |
|
+ + +
\ .
Chng minh
y, du = xy ra ngoi a = b = c cn c , 0 a b c = =
V BT l ng bc nn ta s chun ha 1 ab bc ca + + = (*).
t
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
( , , ) f a b c
a b b c c a
= + +
+ + +
. Ta cn chng minh
9
( , , )
4
f a b c >
Vi t tng ca dn bin, ta ngh n vic chng minh ( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f t t c > . Do ( t, t, c)
cng tha mn (*) ta c
2
2 1 t tc + = .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2
( , , ) ( , , )
4
d f a b c f t t c
t
a b b c c a t c
= = + +
+ + + +
Ta c ( ) ( )( )
2
2
2 t ct ab bc ca c t a c b c + = + + + = + + . T :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 2
4
2
4
a b t a c b c c t a c b c a c b c
a b
a c b c
a c b c
t a b t a b
d
a b b c
b c t a c b c
a b t a b a b
a c b c
a c b c b c t
+ = + + + + = + + + + +
= + + =
+ + +
+ +
= + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
= +
+ +
+ + + +
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 25
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2
2
1 2
4
t a b
a b
a c b c
a c b c b c t
| |
+ +
|
=
|
+ +
| + + + +
\ .
Gi s { } min , , c a b c = th
3
3
c s v
3
3
t >
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 , 2 t a b a c b c a c b c a c b c c t a b t + + s + + + + + = + + + s +
Do d 0, ta chng minh c ( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f t t c >
Thay
2
1
2
t
c
t
= ta c
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2
2 4
2 4 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 4 6 6 4 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 32
1 2 1 8 33 2 1
( , , )
4 4
1 1 4 1 4 1
2
1 7 15 9 9 18 9 1 1 3
9 9
4 4
4 1 4 1
t t
t t t
f t t c
t t
t t t t t t
t
t
t t t t t t t t
t t t t
+ +
+ +
= + = + = =
| | + + +
+
|
\ .
+ + + +
= = + >
+ +
Bi ton c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c hoc a = b , c = 0 v cc hon v.
y l mt bi ton rt kh. Ngay c khi dng phng php dn bin, vic chng minh
( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f t t c > v
9
( , , )
4
f t t c > u kh phc tp, i hi k thut bin i phi rt
thnh tho. y cng l mt v d in hnh th hin vic chn bin t thch hp vi iu
kin ca bi, cng nh kt hp chun ha v dn bin chng minh bt ng thc.
u im ca cch dn bin cng th hin rt r trong v d ny. Vi bt ng thc 3 bin
i xng cc tr t ti tm, c 3 hay 2 bin bng nhau, vic s dng dn bin t ra tht
hiu qu.
B.III. Dn bin bng k thut hm s
y l mt k thut rt quan trng ca phng php dn bin. Tuy nhin chng ti gii
thiu n ngay sau phn c bn nht l nhm trang b cho cc bn mt k thut cn thit trc
khi i qua cc mc sau. Hn na, chng ti ngh rng khi quen vi n th cc bn s khng
cn phi
phn bit cc tr t ti tm hay ti bin, v do mc tip theo s nh nhng hn.
Trong $2 chng ta thy rng chng t f(x, y, z) f(t, t, z) ta ch vic xt hiu d =
f(x, y, z) f(t, t, z) ri tm cch nh gi sao cho d 0. Tuy nhin, l v dng BT qu n
gin, ph hp vi cc bin i i s. Gi s ta phi lm vic vi biu thc f c dng, chng
hn, nh: f(x, y, z) = xk + yk + zk vi k > 0 th cc cch bin i i s s tr nn rt cng
knh v phc tp.
K thut hm s dng gii quyt cc trng hp nh vy. tng chnh th ny,
chng hn chng minh f(x, y, z) f(x, t, t) vi t = (y+z)/2, ta xt hm: g(s) = f(x, t+s, ts)
vi s 0. Sau chng minh g tng vi s 0 (thng thng dng cng c o hm rt tin
li), suy ra g(s) g(0), s 0, v ta s thu c iu mong mun. Mt trong nhng v d
quen thuc vi cc bn l dn bin bng hm li, tuy nhin di y chng ta s quan st k
thut dn bin trong bi cnh tng qut hn, cn vn v hm li s c tr li mt mc
sau trong bi ton vi n bin.
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 26
Chng ti nhn mnh rng, y l mt k thut kh, bi n cha ng nhng nt rt tinh t
ca phng php dn bin. Nhng v d sau y th hin rt r v p v sc mnh ca
phng php dn bin.
V d B.III.1: Cho 0 k > v , , 0 a b c > .CMR:
3
min 2,
2
k k k
k
a b c
b c c a a b
| | | | | |
+ + >
`
| | |
+ + +
\ . \ . \ . )
(*)
Chng minh
Bc 1: Ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc khi
3
2
2
k
=
ln3
1
ln 2
k = (!)
Tht vy
Nu
ln3 ln3 3 3
0 1 1 2 2 min 2,
ln 2 ln 2 2 2
k k
k k
s < + < < =
`
)
Do
ln3
0 1
ln 2
k s <
nn
ln3 ln3 ln3
1 1 1
ln 2 ln2 ln 2
k k k
a b c a b c
b c c a a b b c c a a b
| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ + > + +
| | | | | |
+ + + + + +
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ .
Vy cn CM
ln3 ln3 ln3
1 1 1
ln 2 ln2 ln 2
2
a b c
b c c a a b
| | | | | |
+ + >
| | |
+ + +
\ . \ . \ .
hay nhn xt (!) ng.
Nu
ln3
1
ln 2
k > lm tng t .
Bc 2: Vi
ln3
1
ln 2
k = ,ta s cm BT ng.
Khng mt tnh tng qut c th gi s 1 a b c + + = v b c a > > .
t
2
b c
t
+
= v
2
b c
m
= suy ra , , 1 2 b t m c t m a t = + = = . Khi :
1 2
(*) ( ) 2
2 1 1
k k k
t t m t m
f m
t t m t m
+ | | | | | |
= + + >
| | |
+
\ . \ . \ .
vi
ln3
1
ln 2
k =
V c a > nn 3 1 0 t m > > , v 1 2 b c t > + = nn
1 1
2 3
t > >
Ta s kho st ( ) f m trn min | | 0, 3 1 m t e vi
1 1
,
3 2
t
(
e
(
l hng s.
Ta c
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
'( ) 0
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 )
k k k k
k k k k
k t m k t m k t m k t m
f m
t m m t t m m t
+ + + +
+ +
= > >
+ +
| | | |
1
( ) ln( ) ln( ) ln(1 ) ln(1 ) 0
1
k
g m t m t m t m t m
k
+
= + + >
Ta c
1 1 1 1 1
'( ) 0
1 1 1
k
g m
t m t m k t m t m
+ | | | |
= + + + >
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
(1)
2 2 2 2
2 1 2(1 ) 1 1
0 0
( )( ) 1 (1 )(1 ) 1 (1 )
t k t t k t
t m t m k t m t m t m k t m
+ +
+ > + >
+ +
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 27
Do
ln3
1
ln 2
k = nn
1
2
1
k
k
+
>
\ . \ .
| |
1 1
1
1 2
1 1
2 (1 2 )
'( ) 0 2 (1 )(1 2 )
(1 ) 2
k k
k
k k
k k k
kt k t
h t t t t
t t
+
+ +
= s s
(2)
Trong bt ng thc cui, v tri l hm ng bin theo t v v phi l hm nghch bin theo
t, v lu la
1
3
t s nn chng minh (2) ta cn chng minh:
1 2
1
1 1 2
2 1 1
3 3 3
k k
k
+
( | | | || |
s
| | | (
\ . \ .\ .
. Bt ng thc ny ng nn ( ) h t nghch bin, suy ra
1
( ) 2.
3
h t h
| |
> =
|
\ .
Vy bi ton c chng minh.
Nhn xt: thy c nt p ca bi ton ny, ta xt cc trng hp c bit.
Trng hp 1 k = , ta thu c BT Nesbit:
3
2
cyc
a
b c
>
+
Trng hp
1
2
k = , ta c Bt thc sau:
2
cyc
a
b c
>
+
y l 1 bi ton kh th v vi 1 li gii n gin s dng BT thc AM - GM:
2 2( )
2
2 ( )
cyc cyc
a a a b c
b c a b c a b c
+ +
= = =
+ + + +
V d B.III.2: (Phm Kim Hng) Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c c tch bng 1. Chng minh
rng:
a)
( )( )( ) ( )
4
2 2 2
81 1 1 1 8 a b c a b c + + + s + +
b)
( )( )( ) ( )
6
3 3 3
64 1 1 1 a b c a b c + + + s + +
Chng minh
a) t ( ) ( ) ( )( )
4
2 2 2
( , , ) 8 81 1 1 1 f a b c a b c a b c = + + + + + . Gi s a b c ta c c 1.
Xt hm s
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 28
( )( )
( )
4
2
2 2 2
2
4
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
( ) ( , , ) 8 81 1 1 1
8 81 1 1
b b b
g t f ta c ta c c a t
t t t
b b
ta c c a b a t
t t
| |
| |
= = + + + + +
| |
\ .
\ .
| |
| |
= + + + + + +
| |
\ .
\ .
vi ,1
b
t
a
(
e
(
ta c:
( )
( )
3
2
2 2
2 3
3
2
2 2
2
'( ) 32 81 2 1
32 162 1
b b b
g t a ta c a t c
t t t
b b b b
a ta c a ta c
t t t t
| |
| | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
| || | | || |
= + + + +
| | | |
\ .\ . \ .\ .
t
b
d ta
t
= + , d thy c 1 nn
1
2
d
c
c
s s . Vy
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 2
3
32 32.9 32.9. 432 216 1 162 1
2
d c d c d d d c d c + > + > = > + > + do c 1
Do
2
,1 0
b b
t a
a t
(
e >
(
. Vy '( ) 0 g t > g(t) ng bin trn ,1
b
a
(
(
(1) ( , , ) ( , , )
b
g g f a b c f s s c
a
| |
> >
|
|
\ .
vi s ab =
Thay
1
s
c
= ta c
( )
4 2
2
2
9 9 5 3
5 4 3 2
2 2 2 2
2 1
( , , ) 8 81 1 1
1
8 16 24 96 87 78 99 120 21 94 47 0
f s s c c c
c c
c
c c c c c c c c c c
c
| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
= + + + + + + + + + >
| |
|
\ . \ .
Bt ng thc c chng minh. Du = xy ra khi a = b = c = 1
b) t ( ) ( )( )( )
6
3 3 3
( , , ) 64 1 1 1 f a b c a b c a b c = + + + + + . Gi s a b c nn c 1.
Xt hm s ( ) ( , , )
b
g t f at c
t
= vi ,1
b
t
a
(
e
(
( ) ( ) ( )
6 6
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3
( ) 64 1 1 1 64 1 1
b b b b
g t at c a t c at c a t a b c
t t t t
| | | |
| | | |
= + + + + + = + + + + + +
| | | |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
( )
( )
5
3 2
3 2 3
2 6
5
2
2 2 3
2 2 2
3
'( ) 6 64 3 1
6 192 1
b b b t
g t a ta c a t c
t t t
b b b b
a ta c a a t ab c
t t t t
| |
| || |
= + + +
| | |
\ .\ .
\ .
| |
| || | | |
= + + + + +
| | | |
\ .\ . \ .
\ .
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 29
V ,1
b
t
a
(
e
(
nn g(t) 0 nu
( )
5
2
2 2 3
2
32 1
b b
ta c t a ab c
t t
| |
| |
+ + > + + +
| |
\ .
\ .
t
2
2 2
2
b
d t a ab
t
= + + , ta c:
5 4
3
b b
ta c ta c
t t
| | | |
+ + > + +
| |
\ . \ .
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
3 2 2 2 3 6 72 36 1 32 1
bc
d ab tac d d d c d c
t
| |
= + + + > + > > + > +
|
\ .
v c 1
Vy g(t) 0 hay g(t) ng bin trn ,1
b
a
(
(
, do (1)
b
g g
a
| |
>
|
|
\ .
tc l
( , , ) ( , , ) f a b c f s s c > vi s ab = .
Thay
1
s
c
= , ta c:
( )
6 2
3
6 4 3
2 1
( , , ) 64 1 1
64
12 4 32 112 0
f s s c c c
c c c
c c c c c c
c c
| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
= + + + + >
(do c 1). Ta c iu phi chng minh
y l mt v d v cch dn bin v trung bnh nhn. C th thy vic bin i, nh gi
cng nh kho st hm s l kh phc tp. ngh ra nhng li gii nh vy cn c mt
s kin tr rn luyn. V vy iu quan trng nht ca chng ta l phi c thc lm n
ni n chn, khng c b d gia chng, d phi i mt vi nhng bin i rt
khng khip. Khi gii c bi ton chng ta s cm thy mnh nhn c thnh qu
xng ng.
Tip theo l mt bt ng thc m kh n gin, nhng vic gii n th khng d cht no.
Phng php dn bin l mt phng php hiu qu gii bi ton ny.
V d B.III.3: Cho
, , 0
3
a b c
a b c
>
+ + =
. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
2 2 2
3 3 3
ab bc ca
S
c a b
= + +
+ + +
Chng minh
Khng mt tng qut a b c.
t a = s + t, b = s t th
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( )
( )
3
3 3
c s t c s t s t
S f t
c
s t s t
+
= = + +
+
+ + +
Kho st f(t) trn | | 0, t s c e
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
| | ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
'( )
3
3 3
3 3
8
4 2
, 0, , 3 , 3
3
c s t c s t
c c t
f t
c
s t s t
s t s t
cst s t u v
cst t
t s c u s t v s t
uv u v c
= + +
+
+ + + ( (
+ + +
+
= + e = + + = +
+
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 30
C 2 2 s a b = + > , vy
3
1,
2
s
(
e
(
nn (3 2 ) 1 cs s s = s . Mt khc ( )
2
3 4, u s t = + + >
( )
2
2
3 3 v s t c = + > + do | |
2
4
0, (*)
3
cst t
t s c
uv c
e s
+
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 16 u v s t s t s t
( (
= + + + >
(1)
V ( ) ( ) ( )( )
3
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
4 3 3
8 3 16 3 3 4
3
cs s t c
cs u v c cs s t c
| | + + + + +
+ + = + + + s
|
\ .
Thay c = 3 2s v t s c = 3s 3 ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
4 3 3 4 3 2 6 3 3 3 2
12 8 6 9 18 9 9 12 4 36 30 6 6 2 3 12
cs s t c s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s
+ + + + + s + + + +
= + + + + + + = + = s
Do
3
1,
2
s
(
e
(
. T suy ra ( )( )
2 4
8 3 4 cs u v c + + s (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2
8
(**)
3
cst s t u v
t
u v c
+
s
+
T (*) v (**) suy ra f (t) 0 vi | | 0, t s c e
Vy
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 (3 2 )
( ) (0) ( )
3 3 3
3 3 2
cs s s s s
f t f g s
s c s
s
s = + = + =
+ + +
+
(1)
Kho st g(s) trn
3
1,
2
s
(
e
(
. Ta c
( )( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 3 3 2 8 12
6 8 3 2 6 4
'( )
3
3 3 2
108 3 4 1 3 6
6 24 18 12 24
3
3 3 2 3 3 3 2
s s s s
s s s s s
g s
s
s
s s s s s
s s s s
s
s s s
(
+
+
= +
( +
+
+ +
+ +
= + =
( ( +
+ + +
D thy s
2
3s + 4 > 0 v s
2
-3s + 6 =
33 3 33 3
2 3
s s
| || |
+
+
| |
| |
\ .\ .
nn g (s) dng trn
(1,s
0
) v m trn (s
0
,3/2) vi
0
33 3
2
s
=
Vy
3
1,
2
s
(
e
(
th ( )
0
11 33 45
( )
24
g s g s
s = (2)
Vy gi tr ln nht ca S l
11 33 45
24
, c = 6 33 v cc
hon v
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 31
B.IV. Bt ng thc 3 bin cc tr t ti bin
Nu nh trong phn trc chng ta c th hiu "dn bin" l "y hai bin li gn nhau", th
trong trng hp ny ta phi hiu "dn bin" ngha l "y 1 bin ra bin". Chng hn nh
xt BT f(x, y, z) 0 vi x, y, z 0, ta c th hi vng vo nh gi f(x, y, z) f(0, s, t), trong
s, t l cc i lng thch hp sinh ra t cc bin a, b, c (ta s gi y l k thut dn 1
bin ra bin). Tt nhin ta s chn s, t sao cho hiu d = f(x, y, z) f(0, s, t) l n gin v c
th nh gi thun li. Cui cng ta ch vic kim chng f(0, s, t) 0.
T l thuyt nh vy n thc hnh cng l c mt vn . Chng ta s xt mt s v
d rt ra nhng kinh nghim cho mnh v vic dn bin ra bin
V d B.IV.1: Cho a, b, c 0, ab + bc + ac = 1 (*). Chng minh rng
1 1 1 1
2
2 a b c b a c
+ + > +
+ + +
Chng minh
D thy ng thc khng xy ra ti tm (a = b = c =
1
3
). Ta ngh n vic mt bin bng 0.
Ta s chng minh ( , , ) (0, , ) f a b c f s t > vi s, t thch hp. Ly
1
, s a b t
a b
= + =
+
tha mn (*)
Vic xt hiu y kh kh khn. Ta biu din ( , , ) f a b c v cc bn x = a + b v c nh sau:
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2
2
1 1 1 1
( , , )
2
1 1 2 2 1
( )
1
b c c a
f a b c
a b c b a c a b b c c a
c a b c b c c a
c x c
g c
a b x b c c a c
+ + +
= + + = +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
= + = + =
+ + + +
Ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
3 3
2 2 2 2
2
2
1
1 2 2 1 .
1
2 2 2 1
'( )
1
1 1 2 2 1
1 1
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
c
c
c
c c x c
c
c x c
g c
c
c c c c x c
c cx c c
c c x c c c x c
+
+
+ + + +
+
+ +
=
+
+ + + + + +
+
= =
+ + + + + + + +
Gi s c = max {a, b, c} ta c
2 2
1 0 c cx ab c = s . Vy g (c) 0. Do g (c) nghch
bin. Li c cx = ca + ab ab + bc + ca 1 hay
1
c
x
s .
Do
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 32
( )
2
2
2
3 2
2 2
2
2
2
2 1
2
1 1
1 1 1 2 2 1 1
( ) .
( 1) 1
1
1
( , , ) (0, , )
1
x
x
x
x x x x
x x
g c g x
x x x x x x
x
x
x
x f a b c f s t
x x
+
+ +
+ +
+ + + | |
> = + = + = +
|
+ +
\ . +
= + + >
+
Ta cn phi chng minh
2
1 1
( ) 2
1 2
x
h x x
x x
= + + > +
+
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
3 3
2 2
1
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
1
'( ) 1
1 2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1
x x
x
x x x x x
x
h x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x
+
| |
+ + | +
= + + = + =
|
+
| + +
\ .
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2
3
4 3 2
3 3
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1
1 1
2 1 2 1 1 2 1
1 2 4 2 1
2 1 1 2 1
x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ + + +
= =
| |
+ + + + +
|
\ .
+ + + +
=
| |
+ + + +
|
\ .
Do x 0 nn h(x) dng khi x > 1 v m khi x < 1. T ta thy h(x) h(1) =
1
2
2
+ vi
x 0.
Bt ng thc c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi c = 0 a = b = 1 v cc hon v.
Vic dn bin ra bin y rt tinh t, th hin c vic chn s, t v vic bin i f (a, b,
c) thnh g(c) nh lm. Chng ta c th thy vic quy t bt ng thc 3 bin v 2 bin
v ri 1 bin trong chng minh trn. Trong cc bc chng minh, vic dng o hm l
ht sc quan trng.
Ni ring v vic bin i bt ng thc t 3 bin thnh 2 bin, y l mt k thut kh
kh v tinh t, i hi mt s thnh tho v k nng bin i. Tuy nhin, nu thnh tho
th y cng l mt cng c ht sc hu dng chng minh bt ng thc bng phng
php bin i. Vic bin i nhiu khi cng tht phc tp. Hy vng chng ta s c kin
tr rn luyn k thut ny.
V d B.IV.2: (Jack Grafukel) Cho , , 0. a b c > Chng minh rng:
5
4
a b c
a b c
a b b c c a
+ + s + +
+ + +
(1)
Nhn xt
Ta xt xem du = xy ra khi no.
Do a b c = = khng tho mn nn mt cch t nhin ta ngh n trng hp bin l 0 c = , khi
bt ng thc (1) tr thnh
5
4
a
b a b
a b
+ s +
+
(2)
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 33
Chun ho 1 a b + = . Ta c (1)
2
5 1
1 0
4 2
b b b
| |
+ s >
|
\ .
( lun ng)
V bt ng thc xy ra khi 3 0, 0 a b c = > = (v cc hon v).
Do du bng xy ra khi c 3 bin ri nhau nn khn th thc hin phng php dn bin v 2
bin bng nhau. Ta s thc hin theo phng php dn mt bin v bin.
Chng minh
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s { } ax , , a m a b c = , chun ha cho 1 a b c + + = .
t
2
a c
t
+
= v
2
a c
s
= , th , , 1 2 a t s c t s b t = + = =
Khi bt ng thc (1) ( )
1 2 5
4 1 1 2
t s t t s
f s
s t t s t
+
= + + s
+
(3)
Ta s chng minh ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
ax 0 , 1 f s m f f s vi | | 0; s t e
Ta c ( )
( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
1 1 2 1
'
1 2
2 1 2 1
t s t
f s
s t t
s t t s
+
= + +
+
+
V cha xc nh c du ca s bn ta o hm tip
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 5 5
2 2 2
3 3 1 2
1
''
1 4 1 4 1
t s t
f s
s t s t t s
+
= + +
+ +
.S dng 1 2 0 b t = > suy ra
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
5 7 7 7 7
2 2 2 2 2
15 15 1 2 15 1 2
9 18 3 33
''' 0
4 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1
t s t t
s t
f s
s t s t t s s t t s
+
+
= + = + >
+ + +
Do ( ) | | ''' 0 0; f s s t > e nn theo nh l Rolle th phng trnh ( ) ' 0 f s = c ti a 2 nghim
trn | | 0; t . Mt khc d dng chng minh ( ) ' 0 0 f s v ( ) ' 0 f t > , nn ( ) ' f s ch c th i
du ti a 1 ln trn ( ) 0; t , v hn na ( ) ' f s ch c th c mt trong cc dng sau:
( ) ( ) ' 0, 0; f s s t > e hoc ( ) ( ) ' 0, 0; f s s t < e Hoc ( ) ' f s c dng 0 + trn ( ) 0; t . Tuy
nhin trong c 3 trng hp th ( ) f s cng ch c th t cc tr ti bin. T suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
ax 0 , 1 f s m f f s vi | | 0; s t e
D dng chng minh ( )
5
0
4
f s v ( )
5
4
f t s nn ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
5
ax 0 , 1
4
f s m f f s s
Ch : Bng cch tng t ta c th chng minh bi ton tng qut sau:
Cho , , 0 a b c > v ( ) 0;1 k e Khi ta c BT:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 k
k k k k
a b c
C a b c
a b b c c a
+ + s + +
+ + +
Vi
2
1
k
C k k = +
Trong trng hp 3 bin, thng thng chng ta c nh 1 bin v thay th 2 bin cn li.
Tuy nhin, i khi chng ta c th lm khc hn bng cch ch thay th 1 bin hoc thay
th c 3 bin. Sau y l mt v d v phng php dn bin ra bin trong bt ng thc
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 34
hon v, cng l v d minh ha vic c nh 2 bin v thay th 1 bin. Li gii ca bi
ton kh n gin, gip ta hiu r hn v t tng c bn ca dn bin ra bin.
V d B.IV.3: Cho a, b, c 0, chng minh rng
( ) ( )( )( )( )
2
2 2 2
4 a b c a b c a b b c c a + + > + +
Chng minh
t
( ) ( )( )( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
( , , ) 4 f a b c a b c a b c a b b c c a = + + + + Khng mt tng qut, gi
s c = min{a, b, c}. Nu a b c th VT 0 BT hin nhin ng. V vy ta ch cn xt b
a c.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
( , , ) ( , , 0) 4
( ) 4
( ) 4
( ) 4
f a b c f a b a b c a b a b a b c b c c a a b ab
a b c a b b a a b c bc ab c ac ab a b
a b c a b b a a b bc c ac c bc ab c ac
a b c a b b a c a b a b c bc a
= + + + + + + + (
(
= + + + + + + + + +
(
= + + + + + + + +
= + + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) 4
0
b c ac
a b c a b b a c a b ab c
( +
= + + + + + +
>
M
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
( , , 0) 4 2 0 f a b a b b a ab a ab b = + = + >
Vy ta chng minh xong. Du bng xy ra khi
2 2
0, 2 0 c a ab b = + = hay
( )
0, 3 1 c a b = = v cc hon v.
B.V. nh l dn bin mnh S.M.V v bt ng thc 4
bin
nh l S.M.V
B Gi s a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
l dy s thc ty . Ta thc hin lin tip php bin i
sau
1. Chn i, j { } 1, 2,..., n e l 2 ch s sao cho
a
i
= min {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
} a
j
= max {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
}
2. Thay a
i
, a
j
bi
2
i j
a a +
(nhng vn gi ng th t ca chng trong dy s)
Khi sau v hn ln thc hin bin i ni trn th mi s a
i
u tin ti gii hn
1 2
...
n
a a a
a
n
+ + +
=
CHNG MINH
Php bin i ni trn, t gi tr i ta s gi l php bin i . K hiu dy ban u l
1 1 1
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a . Sau mt php bin i ta c dy mi k hiu l
( )
2 2 2
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a . Lm tng t,
t dy
( )
1 2
, ,...,
k k k
n
a a a ta thu c dy mi k hiu l
( )
1 1 1
1 2
, ,...,
k k k
n
a a a
+ + +
. Khi vi mi s
nguyn 1, i n = ta phi chng minh
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 35
1 2
...
lim ,
k n
i
k
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +
= =
Ta t
( )
1 2
min , ,...,
k k k
k n
m a a a = v
( )
1 2
max , ,...,
k k k
k n
M a a a =
D thy php bin i khng lm tng gi tr ca M
k
v khng lm gim gi tr ca m
k
. V
m
k
v M
k
u l cc dy b chn nn tn ti
lim
k
k
m m
= lim
k
k
M M
=
Ta phi chng minh m = M. Phn chng gi s M > m, t d
k
= M
k
m
k
. Ta c mt nhn xt
n gin sau y
Nhn xt. Gi s sau mt s php bin i dy
1 1 1
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a tr thnh dy
( )
1 2
, ,...,
k k k
n
a a a
sao cho
1 1
2
k
M m
m
+
= th ta c
1 1
2
2
M m
m
+
=
Tht vy, khng mt tnh tng qut ca bi ton ta gi s
1 1 1
1 1 2 1
...
n
M a a a m = > > > = . cho
gn, ta s k hiu
i
a thay cho
1
i
a .
Nu
1
2
n
k
a a
m
+
= v k l ch s nh nht tha mn th
2
1,
i k
a m i n > = . iu ny suy ra trc
tip t tnh cht khng gim ca m
i
v ch rng
1 2
2
a a +
l mt s hng no ca
dy
( )
2 2 2
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a .
T nhn xt trn ta thu c mt kt qu quan trng hn. t
{ } { }
{ } { }
: | 2 | 2
: | 2 | 2
k k l k k k l
k k l k k k l
S k l k m M m S k m M m
P k l k m M M P k m M M
+
+
= - > + = = + =
= - > + = = + =
Nu S hoc P c v hn phn t, gi s |S| = th, vi mi k S
1 1 1 1
2 2 2
k k k k k
k k k k
m M M m d
d M m M
+ + + +
+
= = s =
V d
r
l dy gim nn nu |S| = th lim 0
r
r
d
= v do M = m.
Nu khng, th |S|, |P| < +. Ta c th gi s |S| = |P| = 0 m khng lm nh hng n kt
qu ca bi ton. Khi vi mi k > 1 th s
1
2
n
a a +
khng th l s nh nht hay ln nht
trong dy
( )
1 2
, ,...,
k k k
n
a a a v nh vy ta c th xt bi ton p hn vi n 1 s, sau khi b
i mt s
1
2
n
a a +
. Bng phng php quy np n gin ta thu c pcm.
T b trn y ta suy ra mt kt qu trc tip
NH L DN BIN MNH S.M.V Nu : ,
k
f I R R I c = [, ] x [, ] x x
[, ],, R l hm l i n t c i xng v b chn di tha mn iu kin
1 2 1 2
( , ,..., ) ( , ,..., )
n n
f a a a f b b b >
Vi
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
b b b l dy thu c t dy
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
a a a theo php bin i , th ta c
1 2
( , ,..., ) ( , ,..., )
n
f a a a f a a a > vi
1 2
...
n
a a a
a
n
+ + +
= .
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 36
Bng nh l ny, khi s dng dn bin ta ch cn chn ra s nh nht v s ln nht.
nh l v dn bin c chng minh kh cht ch v c mt kt qu mnh hn hon ton
bng kin thc s cp, chng ta hon ton c th p dng c.
Ngoi ra php bin i c th khc hn, chng hn thay thnh
2 2
,
2
a b
ab
+
hoc
bt k mt dng trung bnh no khc. Ty theo gi thit ca bi ton m ta cn chn cch dn
bin cho ph hp.
V d B.V.1: [IMOSL, Vit Nam ngh] Cho , , , 0, 1 a b c d a b c d > + + + =
Chng minh rng:
1 176
27 27
abc bcd cda dab abcd + + + s + (1)
Chng minh
ng thc xy ra khi
1
4
a b c d = = = = hoc
1
, 0
3
a b c d = = = = ( v cc hon v ).
Do , nhng nh gi thng thng rt d ri vo b tc.
t ( )
176
, , ,
27
f a b c d abc bcd cda dab abcd = + + +
Ta c:
( ) ( )
176
, , ,
27
f a b c d ab c d cd cd a b
| |
= + + +
|
\ .
t ( ) ( )
2 1 176
, , , , ,
2 2 2 27
a b a b
k f a b c d f c d a b c d cd
+ + | | | |
= = +
| |
\ . \ .
Nu
176
0 0 ( , , , ) , , ,
27 2 2
a b a b
c d cd k f a b c d f c d
+ + | |
+ > s s
|
\ .
Khi theo nh l dn bin mnh ta c
1
( , , , ) , , ,
4 4 4 4 27
a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d
f a b c d f
+ + + + + + + + + + + + | |
s =
|
\ .
pcm.
Nu ( ) ( )
( )
3
176 1
0 , , ,
27 3 27
c d a b
c d cd f a b c d cd a b
( + + +
+ s s + s =
(
pcm.
Trn y l mt v d kh in hnh v th hin r u im ca phng php dn bin
mnh. Phng php ny hu dng nht khi s dng vi bt ng thc 4 bin. Chng ta
s xt mt v d s dng nh l S.M.V bng cch thay s ln nht v 1 s bng trung
bnh cng ca chng.
V d B.V.2: Cho , , , 0 a b c d > v 4 a b c d + + + = Chng minh rng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
8 abc bcd cda dab abc bcd cda dab + + + + + + + s
Chng minh
t ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
, , , f a b c d abc bcd cda dab abc bcd cda dab = + + + + + + +
Gi s a b c d > > > .Xt hiu: ( ) , , , , , ,
2 2
a c a c
f b d f a b c d
+ + | |
|
\ .
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 37
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
4 2 0
2
a c a c
b d ac b d b d
a b
b d abcd b d
(
+ | | | |
= + + + +
( `
| |
\ . \ .
(
)
| |
> + + >
|
\ .
(do
2 2
abcd b d > )
V vy ( ) , , , , , , .
2 2
a c a c
f a b c d f b d
+ + | |
s
|
\ .
Theo nh l , ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc
vi
4
, 4 3 , 0
3
a b c x d x x = = = = s s
D dng chng minh:
4 3 2
28 16 12 8 0 x x x s vi
4
0
3
x s s (S dng o hm)
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 1 a b c d = = = =
V d B.V.3: [Bt ng thc Tukervic] Cho , , , 0 a b c d > . Chng minh rng:
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 a b c d abcd a b b c c d d a a c b d + + + + > + + + + +
Chng minh
Gi s a b c d > > > . Xt :
( )
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
, , , 2 f a b c d a b c d abcd a b b c c d d a a c b d = + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
, , , 2 f a b c d a b c d abcd a c b d a c b d = = + + + + + +
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
, , , , , , 0 f a b c d f ac b ac d a c a c b d
(
= + >
Do theo nh l S.M.V, ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc khi a b c t = = =
Khi Bt ng thc cho
4 4 3 4 2 2 4 3 3 2 2
3 2 3 3 3 t d t d t t d d t d t d t d + + > + + + >
Hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM.
ng thc xy ra a b c d = = = hoc , 0 a b c d = = = v cc hon v.
V d B.V.4: Cho , , , 0 a b c d > v 4 a b c d + + + = .Chng minh rng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a b c d a b c d + + + + > + + + +
Chng minh
t ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
, , , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f a b c d a b c d a b c d = + + + + + + + +
V gi s a b c d s s s .Xt hiu: ( ) , , , , , ,
2 2
a c a c
P f a b c d f b d
+ + | |
=
|
\ .
Ta s chng minh 0 P > .Tht vy, d thy 2 a c + s nn
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
4
1
1 1 1 0
2 2 16
a c ac
a c
a c a c
| |
(
+ +
+ | |
| + + + = >
(
|
|
\ .
(
\ .
M theo bt ng thc AM-GM th: ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1
2
a c
a c
+ | |
+ + s +
|
\ .
.
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 38
Do : ( ) , , , , , ,
2 2
a c a c
f a b c d f b d
+ + | |
>
|
\ .
Vy ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc vi , 4 3 a b d x c x = = = = :
Ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 3
2
, , , 4 3 1 1 4 3 1 5 3 f x x x x x x x x
(
= + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6 4 2 2 3 2
3 3 1 9 24 17 3 3 1 5 3 x x x x x x x x x = + + + + + + +
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
9 24 44 72 81 68 54 36 12 x x x x x x x x = + + + +
( ) ( )
2
6 5 4 3 2
9 6 23 2 18 12 12 1 x x x x x x x = + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
3 1 2 5 2 1 10 3 2 1 0 x x x x x x x x
(
+ + + + >
Vy Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 1 a b c d = = = =
V d B.V.5: Cho , , , 0 x y z t > tho mn 4 x y z t + + + = . Chng minh rng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 125 131 x y z t xyzt + + + + s +
Chng minh
t: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 131 f x y z t x y z t xyzt = + + + +
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s x y z t > > > . Khi :
V x y z t > > > nn 2 y t + s . Do d thy: ( ) ( ) 9 1 3 1 3 131 y t yt + + >
Vy ta c ( ) , , , , , ,
2 2
x z x z
f x y z t f y t
+ + | |
s
|
\ .
. Theo nh l S.M.V th bt ng thc s c
chng minh xong nu 1 4 3 x y z a t a = = = > > =
Tht vy, khi cn chng minh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3
1 3 1 3 4 3 125 131 4 3 1 3 4 50 28 0 a a a a a a a ( + + s + + s
D thy bt ng thc nu hin nhin ng.
Vy BT cho c chng minh. Du = xy ra khi 1 x y z t = = = =
hoc
4
, 0
3
x y z t = = = = v cc hon v
B.VI. Dn bin bng hm li
Hm li l mt cng c c bn dn bin cc bt ng thc dng c in.
bn c tin theo di chng ri xin nhc li cc kin thc c bn sau y:
1. nh ngha: Mt hm s : , f a b
l
l
l
c gi l li nu:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 , , , , 0,1 f tx ty tf x t f y x y a b t
l l
_ \
l l
l l
2. Tnh cht:
2.1 Gi s f l hm c o hm n cp 2 trn khong (a,b). Khi f li trn [a,b] khi v ch
khi
( )
''( ) 0, , f x x a b _ \ .
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 39
2.2 Nu hm f li trn [a,b] th f lin tc trn [a,b]. Ngc li , nu f lin tc trn [a,b] th f
li trn [a,b]
( ) ( )
( )
, , ,
2 2
f x f y
x y
f x y a b
1
= _ \
( )
2.3 Bt ng thc Jensen: Gi s f l hm s li trn [a,b]. Khi ta c
(i)
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
...
...
, , ,..., ,
n
n
n
f x f x f x
x x x
f x x x a b
n n
1
l
_ \
l
l
( )
(ii) Vi x
i
l n s thuc on [a,b] v
i
l n s khng m c tng bng 1 ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
... ...
n n n n
f x x x f x f x f x _
Cc bn c th thy tnh cht 2.2 v m rng ra l bt ng thc Jensen c ng dng trc tip
vo phng php dn bin c bit l cc bt ng thc c in. Mt s cc bi ton kh vi
cc dng ton ny l s kt hp gia phng php hm li v cc phng php khc trn cc
min xc nh khc nhau.
Chng ta s cng s dng hm li chng minh mt bt ng thc c in, l bt ng
thc Cauchy
V d B.VI.1: Cho n s thc dng x
i
. Chng minh rng:
1 2
1 2
...
...
n
n
n
x x x
x x x
n
+ + +
>
Chng minh
Lgarit 2 v. Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
ln ln ... ln ...
ln
n n
x x x x x x
n n
+ + + + + + | |
>
|
\ .
Hm s ( ) ln( ) f x x = i t
+
kh vi 2 ln v ( )
2
'' 0, 0 f x x x
= < > . Do vy hm
( ) ( ) g x f x = s tha ( ) '' 0, 0 g x x > > . Vy g l hm li. T p dng BT Jensen ta c
ngay iu phi chng minh.
Bng cch chng minh tng t v p dng nh l 2.3 (ii) ta cng d dng chng minh c
bt ng thc Cauchy dng suy rng.
V d B.VI.2: (V ch Ba Lan 1992) Cho x,y,z tha mn x + y + z = 1. Chng minh rng
2 2 2
9
1 1 1 10
x y z
x y z
+ + s
+ + +
(1)
Chng minh
Xt ( )
2
1
t
f t
t
=
+
, khi ( ) ( ) ( ) (1) 3
3
x y x
f x f y f z f
+ + | |
+ + s
|
\ .
Ta s chng minh f lm hay f li. Ta c ( )
( )
( )
2
3
2
2 3
''
1
t t
f t
t
=
+
nn ''( ) 0, 0, 3 f t t
(
> e
.
Vy nu , , 0, 3 x y z
(
e
th bi ton c gii quyt.
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 40
Trong trng hp cn li th chc chn ta s c du bt ng thc thc s. Do vy c vic
chia thnh nhiu trng hp con xt. n gin, ta gi s x y z > > .
Do 1 x y z + + = v x, y, z khng ng thi | | 0,1 e nn z < 0, suy ra ( ) 0 f z < .
Nu
1
2
y < th
2 2 2
1 2 9
0
1 1 1 2 5 10
x y z
x y z
+ + < + + =
+ + +
nn ta ch xt khi
1
2
y >
Nu
1
0
2
z > > th cng vi
1
2
y > ta c
2 2 2 2 2
4 4 9
1 1 1 5 5 10
1 1
1 1
2 2
x y z x y
z
x y z
+ + s + + = <
+ + +
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
, do , ta ch cn xt khi
1
2
z <
Nu
1
3
2
z > > th:
2 2 2
1 1 3 7 9
1 1 1 2 2 10 10 10
x y z
x y z
+ + s + = <
+ + +
Nu 3 z < th: 2 1 4 x x y z > + = > nn x 2 v do
2 2 2
2 1 9
0
1 1 1 5 2 10
x y z
x y z
+ + < + + =
+ + +
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
Tt nhin li gii trn cha phi l ngn gn so vi nhiu li gii khc cho bi ton ny
m chng ti c bit. Tuy nhin t tng ca n hon ton trong sng. y, nu thay
v mong mun dn bin ton cc (dn 1 ln 3 bin) bng vic hi vng hp l hn l dn
c 2 bin v bng nhau th li gii s ngn hn. Tht vy, nu c 2 trong 3 bin x, y, z
thuc on 0, 3
(
th dng hm li ta dn c 2 bin ny v bng nhau, v bi ton
ch cn 1 bin, xem nh gii quyt xong. Trong phn cn li th vic chia trng hp s
n gin hn. Nh vy, chng ta c thm mt k thut dn 2 bin v bng nhau l s
dng hm li.
Mc d y l mt cng c tt, nhng mt im yu rt d nhn ra l trong BT, cc
bin phi nm trong cc biu thc c lp nhau ( c th vit thnh dng f(x1) + ...+
f(xn)). Trong khi , nhng BT m ta gp phn ln khng c iu , v ta s phi
lm vic vi dng tng qut hn l f(x1, ..., xn). Chng ta s phi thit lp cc kt qu v
dn bin cho dng tng qut ny mc sau.
K thut dn bin bng hm li cng c th c p dng trong vic dn bin ra bin
nh l: Cho | | : , f a b l mt hm li, Khi ( ) ( ) ( ) { } | | max , , , f x f a f b x a b s e
CHNG MINH
V f lin tc nn f t gi tr ln nht ti | |
0
, x a b e
Xt khi | |
0 0 1 0
| | | | 2 , x a x b x x a a b s = e .
Theo nh ngha hm li ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 0
2 2
2
a x
f a f x f f x
+ | |
+ > =
|
\ .
m
( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( ) ( )
0 1 0
max , f x f a f x f a f x > = .
Vi
0 0
| | | | x a x b > chng minh tng t.
Sau y l mt v d p dng
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 41
V d B.VI.3: (USA TST 2004) Cho a b c 0. Chng minh rng
( )
2
3
2 3 a c a b c abc > + +
Chng minh
t ( )
( )
2
3
3 2 f b a b c abc a c = + +
( ) ( )
3
3
2 2
2.
' 1 '' 0
3
ac abc
f b f b
b b
= = > nn f l hm li. p dng nh l trn ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
max , f b f a f c < . Mt khc
( )
( ) ( )
2
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 4 0 f a a c a c a c c a c a c a c ac = + = + + + s (BT
Cauchy)
( )
( ) ( )
2
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 4 0 f c a c ac a c a ac ac ac ac = + = + + + s (BT
Cauchy)
Vy bi ton c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c
Tng qut ha bi ton trn, ta c mt kt qu kh th v m cch chng minh hon ton
tng t:
Cho
1 2
... 0
n
a a a > > > > . Chng minh rng:
( )
( )
2
1 1 2 1 2
1 ... ...
n
n n n
n a a a a a n a a a > + + +
V d B.VI.4: Cho | | , , , , 0 a b c p q p q e < s . Tm gi tr ln nht ca
a b c
S
b c a c a b
= + +
+ + +
Chng minh
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1
'
x y z y z
f x f x
z y x z x y y z
x z x y
= + + =
+ + + +
+ +
( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
''( ) 0
y z
f x
x z x y
= + >
+ +
| | , , , , 0 x y z p q p q e < s
Vy f l hm li. T nh l trn ta d thy S t cc tr khi b s (a, b, c) c k s bng p
v 3-k s bng q.
Theo BT Nesbit th S 3/2. M vi k = 0 hay 3 th S = 3/2, v vy S s t cc tr khi k = 1
hoc k = 2.
t S
1
= S khi k = 1 v S
2
= S khi k = 2. Ta c
( )
1 2
2 3 2 2 3 2
3
2 2
2 2
4 4
0
S S
q p p q
p q q p q p
q p p p q p q q q p
q p
s
+ s +
+ +
+ + s + +
>
Lun ng do q p
Vy gi tr ln nht ca S l
2
2
p q
p q p
+
+
khi a, b, c c 2 s = p v 1 s = q.
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 42
B.VII. Dn bin khng xc nh - UMV
nh l UMV:
Cho ( ) { }
1 2
, ,..., / 0, 1, 2,.., ,
n
n i
D x x x x x i n D c = e > = ng v b chn. Gi Al t hp
cc phn t trong Dc t thnh phn bng 0 v n t thnh phn bng nhau( ) 0 t > .
- Xt 2 php bin i
1 2
, : T T D D nh sau: Vi mi phn t
( )
1 2
, ,..., \
n
a a a a D = e A, chn ra hai ch s sao cho { } min 0, 1, 2,..,
i t
a a t n = > = v
{ }
1 2
ax , ,...,
j n
a m a a a = ,sau thay ,
i j
a a bi
( )
, ,
i j
a a e ( ng vi
1
T ) v
i j
a a ' ' < < < ( ng vi
2
T ).
- : f D lin tc tho mn: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1 2
min , , f a f T a f T a a D > e
Khi ta c ( ) ( ) { }
min ,
y
f x f y x D
eA
> e
V d B.VII.1: Cho , , 0 a b c > .Chng minh rng:
( ) ( )
3 3 3
9 4 8 , , a b c abc a b c ab bc ca + + + + + + > (1)
Chng minh
t ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
, , 9 4 8 , , f a b c a b c abc a b c ab bc ca = + + + + + +
u tin, chng ta th dn hai bin bng nhau, xt hiu:
( ) ( )
( )
2
, , , , 3 3 9 8
2 2 4
b c
b c b c
f a b c f a b c a
+ + | |
= + +
|
\ .
R rng chng ta cha th c kt lun g. Chng ta tip tc th dn mt bin v 0:
( ) ( ) ( ) , , , , 0 3 3 9 8 f a b c f a b c b c a bc + = + +
R rng, biu thc ( ) 3 3 9 8 b c a + + hoc m, hoc khng m, hay l ta c:
( ) ( ) , , min , , ; , , 0
2 2
b c b c
f a b c f a f a b c
+ + | |
> +
`
|
\ . )
p dng nh l U.M.V: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, , min , , ; , , 0 ; , 0, 0 f a b c f x x x f y y f z >
vi ; ;
3 2
a b c a b c
x y z a b c
+ + + +
= = = + +
Mt khc: ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 3 2
, 0, 0 4 0; , , 12 24 12 12 1 0 f z z z f x x x x x x x x = + > = + = >
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 2
, , 0 2 8 8 2 2 0 , , 0. f y y y y y y y f a b c = + = > >
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh, du = xy ra ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , 0, 0, 0 ; 1,1,1 ; 2, 2, 0 a b c =
Cc bn c th nhn thy r rng ngha ca UMV qua bi ton trn, khi m vic hai
kiu dn bin thg thng l dn hai bin bng nhau v y bin ra bin khng t hiu
qu. Nhng s lin h gia 2 k thut ny gip chng ta s dng UMV mt cch ht
sc hiu qu.
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 43
V d B.VII.2: Cho , , , 0 a b c d > tho mn 4 a b c d + + + = . Chng minh rng:
( )
2 4 a b c d abc bcd cda dab + + + > + + + +
Chng minh
t ( )
( )
, , , 2 4 f a b c d a b c d abc bcd cda dab = + + +
Xt cc hiu:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
, , , , , , 2 2
2 2 4
a b
a b a b
f a b c d f c d a b a b c d ab
| |
+
+ + | |
| = + + +
|
|
\ .
\ .
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
8
4 4
2
a b a b
c d c d X
a b a b a b
(
(
+ = +
(
+ + + +
(
( ) ( ) , , , , 0, , f a b c d f a b c d +
( )
( )
( )
( )
4
2 a b a b c d ab c d ab Y c d
ab a b a b
(
(
= + + + = =
(
+ + +
D dng chng minh:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
4 8
2
ab a b a b
a b a b a b
>
+ + +
+ + + +
Hay Y X > nn ( ) ( ) , , min , , , ; , 0, ,
2 2
c d Y
a b a b
f a b c f c d f a b c d
c d X
+ s + + | |
> +
`
|
+ >
\ . )
p dng nh l UMV ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4
, , , min 1,1,1,1 ; , , , 0 ; 2, 2, 0, 0 ; 4, 0, 0, 0 0
3 3 3
f a b c d f f f f
| |
> =
`
|
\ . )
ng thc xy ra ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , 1,1,1,1 ; 4, 0, 0, 0 a b c d = .
V d B.VII.3: Cho
1 2
, ,..., 0
n
a a a > tho mn
1 2
... .
n
a a a n + + + = Tm
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 1 1
min ... ... ...
n n
n
S a a a a a a
a a a
| |
= + + + + + + +
|
\ .
Chng minh
t ( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 1 1
, ,..., ... ... ...
n n n
n
f a a a a a a a a a
a a a
| |
= + + + + + + +
|
\ .
Xt cc hiu:
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
3 4
1 1 1
, ,..., 0, , ,..., 2 ... ...
n n n
n
f a a a f a a a a a a a a a
a a a
(
| |
+ = + + +
( |
(
\ .
(*)
( )
1 2 1 2
1 2 3
, ,..., , , ,...,
2 2
n n
a a a a
f a a a f a a
+ + | |
|
\ .
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 44
( )
2
1 2
3 4
3 4
1 1 1
2 ... ...
4
n
n
a a
a a a
a a a
( | |
= + + +
( |
(
\ .
(**)
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 3 3
, ,..., min 0, , ,..., , , , ,...,
2 2
n n n
a a a a
f a a a f a a a a f a a
+ + | |
> +
`
|
\ . )
Do vy, p dng nh l UMV ta c: ( )
1 2
1,
, ,..., min , ,..., , 0, 0,..., 0
n
k n
n n n
f a a a f
k k k
=
| |
>
|
\ .
Hay gi tr nh nht ca S l:
1
2 2
min 2 , ,
1 1 2
n
n n n
n
n n n
| |
+
`
|
\ .
)
B.VIII. Dn bin ton min (EMV)
tt c cc php dn bin trc, chng ta thy rng cc bin u c mt i lng
khng i, thng l tng, tng bnh phng, tng hon v hay tch Phng php dn bin
ton min cng c mt i lng khng i, nhng i lng li hon ton mi, l a
b , b c , c a
T tng ch o ca phng php dn bin ton min l chng minh khi tng hoc
gim cc bin i cng mt i lng, bt ng thc yu i hoc khng i. T ch cn
chng minh bt ng thc vi 1 bin bin. iu ny c bit hu dng vi cc bt ng
thc hon v.
Khi dn bin ton min trong bt ng thc n bin, vi 1 bin bin, ta cn phi chng
minh bt ng thc vi n 1 bin kh kh khn. V vy ng dng ch yu ca dn bin ton
min l trong bt ng thc 3 bin.
B.VIII.1 . EMV vi bin ti 0:
V d B.VIII.1: Chng minh vi mi s thc khng m a, b, c ta lun c
( )( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 4 a b c abc a b b c c a + + >
Chng minh
Bt ng thc tng ng vi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2 2
8 a b c a b b c c a a b b c c a
(
+ + + + >
(1)
Khng mt tng qut gi s c = min {a, b, c}. Thay a = a c, b = b c, c = 0 th a b, b c,
c a khng i cn a + b + c gim i. Vy v tri ca (1) gim i cn v phi khng i. Do
ta ch cn chng minh bi ton trong trng hp a, b c = 0. Khi bt ng thc tng
ng vi
( )
3 3
4 a b ab b a + >
iu ny hin nhin ng v
( ) ( )
2 2 2 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 ab a b a b a b ab b a b b a s + s s s +
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c.
Bi ton trn n gin nhng th hin rt r t tng ca php dn bin ton min. Mt cch
hon ton tng t ta cng chng minh c bi ton vi 4 bin
Chng minh vi mi a, b, c, d khng m
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 45
( )( )( ) ( )
4 4 4 4
4 2 a b c d abcd a b b c c d d a + + + > a
V d B.VIII.2: Cho a, b, c 0 tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh:
2 2 2
4 a b b c c a abc + + + s
Chng minh
Trc tin, mun s dng k thut dn bin ton min, ta phi loi b iu kin bng cch
thun nht ha bt ng thc hay a bi ton tr thnh:
Cho a, b, c 0. Chng minh rng ( )
3
2 2 2
4
27
a b b c c a abc a b c + + + s + +
iu ny
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
3
2
8 6 3 27 0
( , , ) 4 4 27 0
a abc b b c bc c b
f a b c a b c b c a b b c c a
+ + >
= + + + >
R rng ta c: { } ( , , ) ( , , ), 0, min , , f a b c f a x b x c s x a b c > e (
V vy ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc khi c = 0: ( )
3
2
4
27
a b a b s +
p dng bt Cauchy ta c: ( )
3
3
2
4
2 2
4 . . 4
2 2 3 27
a a
b
a a
a B b a b
| |
+ +
|
= s = +
|
|
\ .
Bt ng thc c chng minh
Du = xy ra khi a = b = c = 1 hoc a = 2, b = 1, c = 0 v cc hon v.
V d B.VIII.3: Cho a, b, c 0 i mt phn bit. Chng minh rng
2 2 2
a b b c c a a b b c c a
b c c a a b b c c a a b
+ + + | | | | | |
+ + > + +
| | |
+ + +
\ . \ . \ .
(1)
Chng minh
Gi s c = min{a, b, c} v t
( )
2 2 2
, ,
a b b c c a a b b c c a
f a b c
b c c a a b b c c a a b
+ + + | | | | | |
= + +
| | |
+ + +
\ . \ . \ .
Ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
c a c b a b
a b b c c a
b c c a a b b c a b c a c b
+ + +
+ + = +
+ + + + + + +
Vy khi gim mi bin i | | 0, x c e do a b, b c, c a khng i nn ( ) , , f a b c gim.
Vy ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc vi c = 0, tc l
2 2 2
a b b a a b b a
b a a b b a a b
+ | | | | | |
+ + > + +
| | |
+
\ . \ . \ .
Chun ha b = 1, ta cn chng minh: ( )
2
2
2
1 1
1 1
1 1
a a
a a
a a a a
| |
+ + > + + +
|
+
\ .
Kho st hm s trn ta s c iu phi chng minh
B.VIII.2 . EMV vi bin trong tam gic
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 46
V d B.VIII.4: Cho a, b, c l di cnh ca mt tam gic (c th suy bin). Tm gi
tr ln nht ca biu thc: ( ) , ,
a b c
f a b c
b c c a a b
= + +
+ + +
Chng minh
Gi s a = max{a,b,c}. Ta c bin i n gin sau:
( )
( )
( )( )
2
3
, ,
2 2
b c
f a b c
a b a c
= +
+ +
D thy ( ) ( ) | | , , , , , 0, f a b c f a x b x c x x k s e . Trong k l i lng thch hp m
chng ta s tm. T ch cn chng minh bt ng thc trong trng hp mt bin bin.
Th cho x = k = min {a,b,c} tc l cho 1 bin = 0, chng hn c = 0.
Khi ( ) , , 0
a b
f a b
b a
= + . Khng th kt lun g v max trong trng hp ny. l do khi
cho c = 0, ta cng cho lun a = b (do a, b, c l 3 cnh tam gic). V vy ( ) , , f a b c yu i rt
nhiu.
Ch rng, do a = max {a, b, c} nn iu kin cn v a, b, c l 3 cnh tam gic (c th
suy bin) l a b+c. do vy ta nhn thy ngay b + c chnh l bin ca bin a. t ta s y a
v b + c.
Cho x = b + c a 0. Khi
( )
( )( )
3
, , 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
b c bc
f b c b c
c b b c b c c b
+ = + + = s
+ + + +
ng thc xy ra khi a = b, c = 0 v cc hon v. Vy max f(a, b, c) = 2.
V d B.VIII.5: Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh tam gic. Chng minh rng
4 3 3
a b c a c b
b c a c b a
| | | |
+ + > + + +
| |
\ . \ .
(1)
Chng minh
( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
(1) 7 6 0
7 0
a b c a c b a c b a b c
b c a c b a c b a b c a
a b b c c a a b c b c a c a b
| | | |
+ + + + + + + + >
| |
\ . \ .
+ + + >
Nu cng gim a, b, c i x 0 th v tri gim.V vy nh bi trn, ta ch cn chng minh bt
ng thc vi c = a + b, tc l
( ) ( )( )
2
3 3 3 3 2 2
2
2 3
7 0 2 2 7 7 0
7 7
2 2 0.
4 8
ab b a a b a b a b a b ab a b
b b a a b a
+ + + + > + + >
| |
+ + >
|
\ .
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi ch khi a = b = c
Qua cc v d trn, c th thy rng ci kh ca EMV chnh l bin i bt ng thc v
dng cha cc bin a b, b c, c a ph hp. Vic ny i hi mt qu trnh rn luyn
lu di. Tuy nhin mt khi bin i xong. Vic p dng EMV tr nn kh d dng.
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 47
B.IX. nh l dn bin tng qut {GMV
GENERAL MIXING VARIABLES}
Trong mc ny, chng ti s gii thiu nh l GMV dng dn bin cho n s. y l mt
nh l rt tng qut, bao gm gn nh ton b cc kh nng ca dn bin.
1. Chng ta bt u bng mt s nh ngha trong khng gian
n
.
nh ngha 1:
Khng gian
n
l tp hp cc b th t ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x x = vi , .
n
i
x i e
Mt dy
( ) { } 1, 2, ,
, ,...,
m m m n m
x x x x = trong
n
gi l hi t v ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
n
z z z z = e nu
tng dy
, i m
x hi t v
i
z khi , 1, 2,..., m i n = .
Cho .
n
D c Mt hm s : f D gi l lin tc trn D nu : Vi mi d
{ }
m
x D c v vi mi z D e sao cho { }
m
x hi t v z th ta u c: ( )
m
f x hi t v
( ) f z
nh ngha 2: Cho
n
D c . Ta ni:
D ng nu vi mi dy v vi mi
n
z e sao cho { }
m
x hi t v z th ta u c
z D e .
D b chn nu tn ti s thc M sao cho: ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x x D = e
th , 1, 2,...,
i
x M i n s = .
nh l Welerstrass: Cho D ng v b chn trong
n
v :
n
f D lin tc. Th f t
gi tr nh nht trn D, ngha l tn ti
0
x D e sao cho: ( ) ( )
0
, . f x f x x s e Chng ta
cng c nhng kt qu tng t vi gi tr ln nht.
Bnh lun: nh l ny l mt m rng ca mt kt qu kh quen thuc: Cho | | , a b l 1
khong ng trong v | | : , f a b lin tc th f c gi tr nh nht trn | | , a b .
Do , v mt trc gic th nh l 1 kh r rng.
2. nh l GMV: Ta s lun gi thit rng:
D l mt tp con trong
n
, v A l mt tp con ng ca D.
: f D l mt hm s lin tc sao cho f c gi tr nh nht trn A .
1 2
, ,..., :
k
T T T D D l cc php bin i sao cho ( ) ( )
1
... ,
k
T x T x x x = = = eA
Ta s t ra cc tiu chun gi tr nh nht ca f trn A cng chnh l gi tr nh nht
ca f trn D. Ta c:
nh l GMV1: Nu
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1,
min , \
j
j k
f x f T x x D
=
> e A
1, , j k x D = e ta c ( ) lim
m
j
m
T x
eA , trong ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1
,
m m
j j j j
T x x T x T T x
= =
Th ( ) ( ) { }
min ,
y
f x f y x D
eA
> e .
nh l GMV2: Nu
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 48
D ng v b chn trong
n
.
( ) ( ) ( )
1,
min , \
j
j k
f x f T x x D
=
> e A
Th ( ) ( ) { }
min ,
y
f x f y x D
eA
> e , hn na ng thc khng xy ra trn \ D A.
nh l GMV3: Nu
D ng v b chn trong
n
.
( ) ( ) ( )
1,
min , \
j
j k
f x f T x x D
=
> e A
Tn ti cc hm s
j
h lin tc tho mn: ( ) ( ) ( )
, \
j j j
h x h T x x D > e A.
Th ( ) ( ) { }
min , .
y
f x f y x D
eA
> e
Chng minh GMV1: Ly tu . Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )
1,
min
j
j k
f x f T x
=
> v bng quy np suy ra
( ) ( ) ( )
1,
min ,
m
j
j k
f x f T x x D
=
> e . Do f lin tc v ( ) lim
m
m
T x
eA nn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1,
1,
lim min min lim min
m m
j j
m m y j k
j k
f x f T x f T x f y
eA =
=
| |
> = > |
|
\ .
Hn na, nu ( ) ( ) ( )
1,
min
j
j k
f x f T x
=
> th do ( ) ( ) ( ) min
j
y
f T x f y
eA
> nn ( ) ( ) min
y
f x f y
eA
>
Chng minh GMV2: Do nh l Weierstrass, tn ti
0
x D e sao cho ( ) ( )
0
, f x f x x D s e .
Nu
0
x eA th ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
1,
min
j
j k
f x f T x
=
> , mu thun. Vy
0
x eA v ta c pcm.
Chng minh GMV3: Ly
0
y eA sao cho ( ) ( ) { }
0
min
y
f y f y
eA
= . Gi s phn chng rng tn
ti z D e sao cho ( ) ( )
0
. f z f y < Do ( )
j
h x b chn di trn D nn bng cch cng thm
mt hng s khi cn, ta c th gi s ( ) 0, , 1, 2,...,
j
h x x D j k > e = .
Chn 0 > nh ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1
k
j
j
f z h z f y
=
+ <
t ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1,
min ,
j
j k
g x f x h x x D
=
= + e th : g D lin tc v hn na
( ) ( ) ( )
1,
min , \
j
j k
g x g T x x D
=
> e A v ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
0
min
y
g z f y g y
eA
< s .
iu ny mu thun vi nh l 2, hay gi thit phn chng l sai, suy ra pcm.
Bnh lun: Tuy hnh thc pht biu ngn gn nhng GMV c tm ng dng cc k rng
ri. C mi mt ( hay mt vi ) php bin i T thch hp l ta li c mt tiu chun dn
bin. Chng hn, ta c ngay hai h qu sau y.
H qu 1:[Phm Kim Hng, SMV Strongly Mixing Variables] Cho:
n
D R c l mt tp ng, b chn v ( )
0
, ,..., s s s s D = e .
Php bin i T nh sau: Vi mi b n s ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a , ta chn ra s ln nht v s
nh nht ri thay th bng trung bnh cng ca chng. Gi s rng : T D D .
: f D l mt hm s lin tc, i xng tho mn: ( ) ( ) ( )
, f a f T a a D > e .
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 49
Khi : ( ) ( )
0
, f a f s a D > e
Chng minh: Chn ( )
2
1 2
1
, ,...,
n
n i
i
h a a a a
=
=
th d thy : h D lin tc v
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, \ h a h T a a D s > e . p dng nh l GMV3 ta c pcm.
Ghi ch:
Ta cng c th p dng GMV1, khi d ch cn kim tra vi mi a D e th ( )
0
lim
m
m
T a s
= .
S kin ny kh r rng v mt trc gic, v ngh bn c t chng minh. Vi cch lm
na, chng ta c th b qua gi thit T ng v b chn (ngha l H qu 1 trn ng vi mi
tp con D ca
n
sao cho ( ) T D D c )
H qu 2: [inh Ngc An, UMV Unefine Mixing Variables] Cho:
( )
1 2
1
, ,..., 0, onst
n
n
n i i
i
D x x x x x x c
=
c = e > =
`
)
. Gi A l t hp c t thnh phn
bng 0 v n t thnh phn bng nhau ( ) 0 t > .
: f D lin tc, i xng tho mn:
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
, ,..., min , , ,..., , 0, , ,...,
2 2
n n n
a a a a
f a a a f a a f a a a a
+ + | |
> +
`
|
\ . )
Th ( ) ( ) { }
min ,
y
f x f y x D
eA
> e
Chng minh: Chn 2 php bin i
1 2
, : T T D D nh sau: ( ) ( )
2 2
, T a T a a a = = eA v
vi mi phn t ( )
1 2
, ,..., \
n
a a a a D = A, chn ra 2 ch s i sao cho
{ } min 0 1, 2,...,
i t
a a t n = > = avf { }
1 2
ax , ,...,
j n
a m a a a = , ng vi
1
T ta thay ,
i j
a a bi trung
bnh cng ca chng, ng vi
2
T ta thay ,
i j
a a bi
( )
0,
i j
a a + . Th ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1 2
min , , f a f T a f T a a D > e
Chn ( )
2
1 1 2
1
, ,...,
n
n i
i
h a a a a
=
=
v th
1 2
, : h h D lin tc v
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
0
, \ , 1, 2,...
j j j
h a h T a a D s j n > e = . p dng GMV3 ta c pcm.
Ghi ch: Ta cng c th kim tra vi mi a D e th ( ) ( )
2
0
lim 0,..., 0, ,...,
m
m
T a r r
=
ri p dng GMV1.
Do y l mt phn kh kh nn ta s ch xt mt v d sau:
V d B.IX.1: (Bt ng thc Cauchy) Cho n s thc khng m x
1
,x
2
,,x
n
. Chng minh rng
1 2 1 2
... ...
n
n n
x x x n x x x + + + >
Chng minh
Chun ha
1 2
... 1
n
x x x = v chng minh
1 2
...
n
x x x n + + + > .
Tt nhin ta ch xt khi ,
i
x n i s
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 50
Xt ( ) | | { }
1 2 1 2
, ,..., | 0, , ... 1
n i n
D x x x x x n x x x = = e = th d thy D ng v b chn.
Xt ( ) { }
0
1,1,1...,1 x A = = . Xt : f D lin tc nh sau:
Vi mi ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x x D = e th ( )
1 2
...
n
f x x x x = + + +
Xt : \ T D D A nh sau: Vi mi ( )
1 2
, ,..., \
n
x x x x D = e A th tn ti
i j
x x = v ta t
T(x) l b thu c t x sau khi thay x
i
v x
j
bi trung bnh nhn ca chng. Khi d thy
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0
i j
f x f T x x x = > . Vy ta c th p dng GMV2 suy ra
( ) ( )
0
, f x f x x D > e , hn na du = ch xy ra khi x = x
0
.
B.X. Bi tp
Bi B.X.1: Cho , , 0 a b c > tho mn 1 abc = . Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
3 1 1 1
6
2
a b c a b c
a b c
| |
+ + + > + + + + +
|
\ .
Chng minh
t ( )
2 2 2
3 1 1 1
, , 6
2
f a b c a b c a b c
a b c
| |
= + + + + + + + +
|
\ .
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s { } min , , a a b c =
Xt hiu ( )
( )
, , , , d f a b c f a bc bc =
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
b c
b c b c b c b c
bc bc
(
= = +
(
(1)
Do { } min , , a a b c = v 1 abc = nn
1 bc >
( ) ( )
2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
4, 4 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
b c b c
bc bc
+ > s + > = >
Nn t (1) suy ra ( ) ( ) 0 , , , , d f a b c f a t t > > (vi
2
, 1 a t at s = )
Xt ( ) ( )
2 2
3 3 1 2
, , 2 6 2
2 2
f a t t a t a t
a t
| |
= + + + +
|
\ .
( )
2
6 5 4 3 2
2 4 4
3 3 1 1
3 6 6 12 6 3 2
2 2 2
t
t t t t t t
t t t t
= + + = + +
( ) ( )
2
4 3 2
1 4 3 4 2 t t t t t = + + + (2)
t ( ) | )
4 3 2
4 3 4 2, 1, g t t t t t t = + + + e +
C ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
3
4 3 1 4 2
2
g t t t t t x t y t
| |
' = + + =
|
\ .
(Vi 0,1 2 x y < < < )
( ) 0
2
t y
g t
t
=
' =
=
Xt bng bin thin
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
PHNG PHP DN BIN
Trang 51
t 1
y
2 +
( ) g t '
2 + 0 - 0 +
( ) g t
6
( ) g y
5
+
Vy t Bng bin thin ta c ( ) | ) 5 0 / 1, g t > > + nn t (2) ( ) , , 0 f a t t > hay
( ) , , 0 f a b c > (pcm)
Du = xy ra khi 1 a b c = = =
Bi B.X.2: Cho , , 0, 3 a b c a b c > + + = Chng minh rng:
( )( ) ( )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
36 a b c a b b c c a ab bc ca + + + + s + +
Chng minh
Khng mt tng qut gi s a b c > > . t
( ) ( ) ( )( )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
, , 36 f a b c ab bc ca a b c a b b c c a = + + + + + +
Khi ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
3 3
3 3
, , 0 36 f a b c a b c a b c a b c + = + + + +
M ( ) ( ) 36 36 a b c ab bc ac + s + +
( )
( )
3
3 3 3 3
3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
a b c a b c
a b b c c a a b c
+ + s + +
+ + s +
( ) ( ) , , , , 0 f a b c f a b c > +
Do ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc trong trng hp c = 0 hay
( ) ( )
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
36 36 ab a b a b a b a b > + > +
t t = ab, a + b = 3 nn bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
( ) ( )
2 2 3 2
36 27 9 6 3 4 3 t t t t t t > > + > vi
9
0,
4
t
(
e
(
iu ny hin nhin ng theo
bt Cauchy cho 3 s khng m
3 3
, , 4
2 2
t t
Vy bi ton c chng minh, du bng xy ra khi c = 0, ab = 2 , a + b = 3 v cc hon v
1, 2, 0 a b c = = = v cc hon v
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 52
C BT NG THC SCHUR
V PHNG PHP BIN I
PQR
C.I. Bt ng thc Schur
C.I.1 . L thuyt
a) Bt ng thc Schur dng chnh tc
Cho a,b,c 0, k l s thc bt k th ta lun c
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0
k k k
a a b a c b b c b a c c a c b + + >
CHNG MINH
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s 0 a b c > > > khi ta c
VT = ( )( ) ( )[ ( ) ( )] 0
k k k
c c a c b a b a a c b b c + >
iu ny hin nhin ng. Bt ng thc Schur c chng minh
Du = xy ra a=b=c hoc a=b,c=0 cng cc hon v.
Cc trng hp thng gp ca Schur
Vi k=0
2 2 2
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0
k k k
a a b a c b b c b a c c a c b
a b a c b c b a c a c b
a b c ab bc ca
+ + >
+ + >
+ + > + +
Vi k=1
2
3 3 3
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0
3 ( ) ( ) ( )
k k
a a b a c b b c b a c c a c b
a a b a c b b c b a c c a c b
a b c abc ab a b bc b c ca c a
+ + >
+ + >
+ + + > + + + + +
Vi k=2
2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k k k
a a b a c b b c b a c c a c b
a a b a c b b c b a c c a c b
a b c abc a b c ab a b bc b c ca c a
+ + >
+ + >
+ + + + + > + + + + +
b) Cc dng suy rng ca bt ng thc Schur
nh l 1: Bt ng thc Schur suy rng 1(Vornicu Schur)
Phn
C
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 53
Xt bt ng thc ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0 x a b a c y b c b a z c a c b + + > (1)
Khi (1) ng vi mi 0 a b c > > > v , , 0 x y z > nu tho mn 1 trong cc kh nng sau:
1. x y > hoc y z >
2. ax by >
3. bz cy > (nu a,b,c l 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic)
4. x y z + >
5.
2 2 2
2( ) x y z xy yz xz + + s + +
CHNG MINH
Nu x y > th ta c ( )( ) ( )[ ( ) ( )] 0 VT z a b b c a b x a c y b c = + >
Nu z y > th ta c ( )( ) ( )[ ( ) ( )] 0 VT x a b a c b c z a c y a b = + >
Vi 0 a b c > > > th ( )
a
a c b c
b
> V vy ta c
( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )[ ( ) ( )] ( )( ) 0
a b b c ax by
VT z a b b c a b x a c y b c z a b b c
b
= + > + >
Do 0 a b c > > > v a,b,c l di 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic nn ( )
b
a c a b
c
>
( )( ) ( )[ ( ) ( )]
( )( )( )
( )( ) 0
VT x a b a c b c z a c y a b
b c a b bz cy
x a b a c
c
= +
> + >
4. Ta c
2
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
. .
( . . )
2
( )
x a b a c y b c b a z c a c b
x a b a c z c a c b y b c a b
a c a c
x z y
b c a b
a b b c
x z x z y
b c a b
x z xz y
x z y
x z y
+ + >
+ >
+ >
+ + + >
+ + >
+ >
+ >
Ta c
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0
( )( ) ( )[( ) ( )] ( )( ) 0
( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) 0(*)
x a b a c y b c b a z c a c b
x y z a b y z x b c z x y c a
x y z a b y z x a b c a z x y c a
y a b y z x c a a b z c a
+ + >
+ + + + + >
+ + + + + + >
+ + + >
Nu y=0 th
2 2 2 2 2
2
2( ) 2
( ) 0
x y z xy yz xz x z zx
z x z x
+ + s + + + s
s =
Khi
2
(*) ( ) 0 z c a > (lun ng)
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 54
Nu 0 y = ta coi VT l tam thc bc hai vi bin (a - b). chng minh (*)ng ta chng
minh 0 A s . Tht vy
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0 ( ) ( ) 4 ( ) 0
( ) 4 0 2( )
y z x c a yz c a
y z x yz x y z xy yz xz
A s + s
+ s + + s + +
(Do cc nh l t nh l 2 tr i khng c dng nhiu trong chuyn nn ch c vit
mang tnh gii thiu m khng c chng minh c th.)
nh l 2: Cho p,q,x,y,z,a,b,c l cc s dng tho mn (a,b,c) v (x,y,z) l cc b
n iu cng chiu.Khi ta lun c
[( )( ) ( )( )] [( )( ) ( )( )]
[( )( ) ( )( )] 0
p p q q q q p p p p q q q q p p
p p q q q q p p
x a b a c a b a c y b c b a b c b a
z c a c b c a c b
+ + +
+ + >
Cc bt ng thc h qu: Cho , , , , , , 0 a b c m n p q > Ta c
[ ( )( ) ( )( )] 0
m p p q q m q q p p
cyc
a a b a c a a b a c + >
( )
( )( ) 0
m n n m p p p p
cyc
a b a b c a c a + >
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
0
m n n m p p p p q q q q q q q q p p q q
cyc
a b a b a b a c a b a c a b a c a b a b
(
+ + >
nh l 3: Xt bt ng thc sau, trong mi hm s f : ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 f a b f a c f a d f a e >
Bt ng thc ng th hm s f phi tho mn 2 iu kin sau :
f l hm n iu tng
. ( ) 0 x f x x > e
nh l 4: Bt ng thc Schur m rng cho tam gic
Cho tam gic ABC v A
1
B
1
C
1
c cc cnh ln lt l a,b,c v a
1
,b
1
,c
1
.Khi ta c:
1 1 1
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0 1 a bc a b a c b ac b c b a c ab c a c b
+ + > >
Mnh : Cho M l mt im nm trong tam gic ABC. Cc ng thng AM, BM, CM ct
cc cnh BC, CA, AB ln lt ti A
1
, B
1
, C
1
.Khi (a.MA.MA
1
, b.MB.MB
1
, c.MC.MC
1
) l
di 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic.
S dng mnh trn v nh l 4 ta c cc h qu sau
2
( )( ) 0
( )
a
cyc
a b c a
cyc cyc
m
a b a c
a
a m bc m m m
>
> +
( )( ) 0
cyc
x
x y x z
y z
>
+
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 55
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
1
. 0
0
0
cos 0
cyc
a a
cyc
cyc
cyc
MAMA a b a c
m h a b a c
IA a b a c
A a b a c
>
>
>
>
C.I.2 . V d
V d C.I.1: Bt ng thc Nebit
3
2
a b c
b c a c a b
+ + >
+ + +
(*)
Chng minh
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
(*) 2[ ] 3( )
3 (1)
a a b a c b b c b a c c a c b a b b c c a
a b c abc ab a b bc b c ca c a
+ + + + + + + + > + + +
+ + + > + + + + +
V (1) lun ng theo bt ng thc Schur bc 1 nn bt ng thc Nebit c chng minh.
Nhn xt: Vi bt ng thc Nesbit ta c rt nhiu cch chng minh khc nhau nhng
vic quy ng mu s vi cc bt ng thc 3 bin dng n gin l suy ngh rt t nhin
v cch chng minh sau khi quy ng l v cng n gin.Tuy nhin khng phi bt ng
thc no cng c p dng bt Schur trc tip nh vy.Sau y s tm hiu mt bt ng
thc nh vy
V d C.I.2: Cho , , 0 a b c > CMR
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
3( ) a b c ab bc ca
A
b bc c c ca a a ab b a b c
+ +
= + + >
+ + + + +
Chng minh
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
.
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 3
A a b bc c b c ca a c a ab b a b c
a b c
A
a b bc c b c ca a c a ab b
a b c
A
ab a b bc b c ca c a abc
(
+ + + + + > + +
+ +
>
+ + + + +
+ +
>
+ + + + +
Mt khc ta d dng nhn thy
2
( ) 3( ) a b c ab bc ca + + > + +
Nn ta cn chng minh
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( )
( )
3
2( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) (*)
a b c
a b c
ab a b bc b c ca c a
a b c a b c ab a b bc b c ca c a abc
a b c a b b c c a abc a b c ab a b bc b c ca c a
a b c abc a b c ab a b bc b c ca c a
+ +
> + +
+ + + + +
+ + > + + + + + + + (
+ + + + + > + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + > + + + + +
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 56
Bt ng thc (*) lun ng theo bt ng thc Schur bc 2
pcm
Du = xy ra a=b=c
V d C.I.3: Cho , , 0 a b c > v 3 a b c + + = CMR
3
(*)
2
a b c
a bc b ac c ab
+ + >
+ + +
Chng minh
Ta c
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
3 3( ) 2 ( )
2 2 2
2 ( )
(*)
2
2 ( )
0
2
2 2
0
3 2 2
0
(
cyc
cyc cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
ab bc ca a b c bc
ab bc ca ab bc ca
a a b c bc
a bc ab bc ca
a a b c bc
a bc ab bc ca
a ab bc ca a bc a b c bc
a bc a b c
bc a bc ab ac
a bc
bc a
+ + +
= =
+ + + +
+
>
+ + +
| |
+
>
|
|
+ + +
\ .
+ + + + (
>
+ + +
+
>
+
+
| | ) 2 2
0
( )( )
0
( )( )
0(1)
( )
cyc
cyc
cyc
b c a bc ac ab
a bc
bc a c a b
a bc
a b a c
a a bc
+ +
>
+
>
+
>
+
t
( )
1 1 1
, ,
( ) ( )
x y z
a a bc b b ca c c ab
= = =
+ + +
v , , 0 a b c > nn , , 0 x y z > v ta c
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) (1) 0(2) x a b a c y b c b a z c a c b + + >
Mt khc khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a b c > > khi ta c
( ) ( )
1 1
c a bc b b ac
>
+ +
Nn (2) ng theo nh l Schur suy rng
pcm
Du = xy ra a b c = =
V d C.I.4: Cho , , 0 a b c > .Chng minh rng
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
0
a bc b ac c ab
b bc c c ac a a ab b
+ + >
+ + + + + +
Chng minh
Ta c
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 57
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
cyc cyc cyc
cyc cyc
a bc a ac ab bc ac ab bc
b bc c b bc c b bc c
a b a c ab a b
b bc c a ac c b bc c
+ +
= +
+ + + + + +
= +
+ + + + + +
V
( )
( )( )
2
2 2 2 2
0 , , 0
cyc
ab a b
a b c
a ac c b bc c
> >
+ + + +
nn ta cn chng minh
( )( )
2 2
0
cyc
a b a c
b bc c
>
+ +
(*)
Mt khc khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a b c > > khi ta c
( )( )
( )( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
0
a b a b c
b bc c a ac c a ac c b bc c
+ +
= >
+ + + + + + + +
( a b c > > )
Nn theo nh l Schur suy rng ta c(*) lun ngpcm
Du = xy ra a b c = =
V d C.I.5: Cho , , 0 a b c > .Chng minh rng
3 3 3
a abc b abc c abc
a b c
b c a c a b
+ + +
+ + > + +
+ + +
Chng minh
Ta c:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 3 3
3
2
cyc
a abc b abc c abc
A a b c
b c a c a b
a abc
a
b c
a
a b a c
b c a bc b c a
+ + +
= + + + +
+ + +
| |
+
= |
|
+
\ .
=
+ + + +
t
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
2
2
2
,
,
a
x
b c a bc b c a
b
y
a c b ac a c b
c
z
a b c ab a b c
=
+ + + +
=
+ + + +
=
+ + + +
Ta c ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) A x a b a c y b c b a z c a c b = + +
Mt khc khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s 0 a b c > > > th ta c
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 58
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
0
0
0(*)
x y
a b ac c a c a ab b a bc b c b c bc
a b ac c a b a bc b c
a b ab
a b ac c a b a bc b c
a b c a ab b c a b abc
a b ab
a b ac c a b a bc b c
>
+ + + + + + + >
+ + + +
+ >
+ + + + +
(
+ + + +
+ >
+ + + + +
V 0 a b c > > > nn
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 0 c a ab b abc c ab ab abc abc + + > + = >
( ) * lun ng
Nn theo nh l Schur suy rng ta c pcm
Du = xy ra a b c = = hoc 0 a b = > , 0 c = cng cc hon v
V d C.I.6: Cho , , 0 a b c > CMR
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 3 3
3
2
a abc b abc c abc
b c a c a b
+ + +
+ + >
+ + +
Chng minh
V
3
2
a b c
b c a c a b
+ + >
+ + +
nn ta cn chng minh
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
3 3 3
3 3 3
2
0
cyc
a abc b abc c abc a b c
b c a c a b
b c a c a b
a
a b a c
b c b c a bc a b c
+ + +
+ + > + +
+ + +
+ + +
>
+ + + + +
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c > > khi ta c
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
0
. . (1)
b c a a b c a b ab c
c a b b c a
c a c a b c a b c b c a b c
+ + = >
+ > +
+ + + > + + +
V ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
0
. . (2)
c a b ac b c a bc c a b a b c ac bc ab
c a b ac b c a bc
c a c a b ac b c b c a bc
+ + + + = + + + + >
+ + > + +
+ + + > + + +
T (1) v (2)
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
b c b c a bc a b c c a c a b ac b a c
a b
b c b c a bc a b c c a c a b ac b a c
+ + + + + s + + + + +
>
+ + + + + + + + + +
theo nh l Schur suy rng bt ng thc (*)c chng minh
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 59
Du = xy ra a b c = =
V d C.I.7: Cho , , a b c eChng minh rng
( )
6 6 6 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 2 a b c a b c a b b c c a + + + > + +
Chng minh
V
6 6 6 2
6 6 6 2 2 2
3 3 a b c a b c a b c abc + + + = + + +
V
( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 a b b c c a ab bc ca + + s + +
Nn ta ch xt trng hp , , 0 a b c >
Theo bt ng thc Schur ta c
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
3
a a b a c b b c b a c c a c b
a b c a b c a b a b b c b c c a c a
+ + >
+ + + > + + + + +
Nn ta cn chng minh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
0
a b a b b c b c c a c a a b b c c a
a b a b b c b c c a c a
+ + + + + > + +
+ + >
Bt ng thc trn lun ng nn ta c pcm
Du = xy ra a b c = = hoc , 0 a b c = = cng cc hon v
C.II. Phng php bin i pqr
C.II.1 . a thc i xng 3 bin
a) Khi nim:
Gi s F(a,b,c) l a thc vi b 3 bin a,b,c
Ta gi F(a,b,c) l a thc i xng 3 bin nu F(a,b,c)=F(a,b,c) trong (a,b,c) l hon
v tu ca (a,b,c).
b) a thc i xng Viete
nh ngha: , , p a b c q ab bc ca r abc = + + = + + = c gi l a thc i xng
Viete
Mnh : Mi a thc i xng F(a,b,c) u biu din di dng T(p,q,r).
Cc hng ng thc ng nh
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 60
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
4 4 4 4 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
3 3
2
3 3
3
4 2 4
2
a b b c c a pq r
a b a c b c b a c a c b p q
a b c p q
a b c p pq r
a b b c c a q pr
a b b c c a q pqr r
ab a b bc b c ca c a pq r
a b c p p q q pr
ab a b bc b c ca c a p q q pr
a
+ + + = +
+ + + + + + + + = +
+ + =
+ + = +
+ + =
+ + = +
+ + + + + =
+ + = + +
+ + + + + =
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
4 2 4 b b c c a q pq r p r qr + + = + +
C.II.2 . Xy dng cc bt ng thc ca pqr
a) Xy dng cc bt ng thc t bt ng thc Schur
Vi k=0
2 2 2
2
3
a b c ab bc ca
p q
+ + > + +
>
Vi k=1
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
3
3
3
3 3 3 3 0
4 9 0
a b c abc ab a b bc b c ca c a
p pq r r pq r
p pq r
+ + + > + + + + +
+ + + >
+ >
Vi k=2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 2 2 2 2
4 2 2
4 2 4 2 0
5 4 6 0
a b c abc a b c ab a b bc b c ca c a
p p q q pr pr p q q pr
p p q q pr
+ + + + + > + + + + +
+ + + + + >
+ + >
b) Xy dng t cc bt ng thc khc
2 2 2 2 2 3 2
2 2 2 2 2 3 2
3 4 2 2 3 3 3
1, 3 4, 3 4 7, 3 2 , 10, 9 4
2, 3 5, 3 4 8, 2 3 ,11, 2 9 7
3, 27 6, 3 4 9, 2 9 7 , 12, 6
p q p q pr q p q pr q q r pqr
q pr pq qr p r pq p r qr q r pqr
p r p q p q p r pq p r q pqr
> + > > + + >
> + > > + + >
> + > + > + >
CHNG MINH
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
1, 3
3 0
0
p q
a b c ab bc ca
a b b c c a
>
+ + + + >
+ + >
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
2, 3
3 0
0
q pr
ab bc ca a b c abc
ab bc bc ca ca ab
>
+ + + + >
+ + >
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 61
( )
3
3
3, 27
27 0
p r
a b c abc
>
+ + >
(ng theo bt ng thc Cauchy vi 3 s)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
4, 3 4
( ) 3 4
0
p q pr q
a b c ab bc ca abc a b c ab bc ca
ab a b bc b c ca c a
+ >
+ + + + + + + > + +
+ + >
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
5, 3 4
3 4
0
pq qr p r
a b c ab bc ca abc ab bc ca abc a b c
a b c b c a c a b
+ >
+ + + + + + + > + +
+ + >
( )( )
4 2 2
2 2
6, 3 4
3 0
p q p q
p q p q
+ >
>
(lun ng do
2
3 p q > )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
7, 3 2
3 4 2 3 0
0
p q pr q
p q pr q q pr
ab c a b bc a b c ca b c a
> +
+ + >
+ + + + + >
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
8, 2 3
3 4 2 3 0
0
pq p r qr
pq qr p r r p q
abc c a b abc b c a abc a b c
> +
+ + >
+ + + + + >
( ) ( )
3
3
9, 2 9 7
2 4 9 9 0
p r pq
p pq r pq r
+ >
+ + >
(ng theo bt ng thc Schur v bt ng thc Cauchy)
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
3
2 2 2
10, 9 4
9 4 0
0
q r pqr
ab bc ca a b c abc a b c ab bc ca
ab ab bc ab ca bc bc ca bc ab ca ca ab ca bc
+ >
+ + + + + + + >
+ + >
(lun ng theo bt ng thc Schur)
( ) ( )
3 2
3 2
11, 2 9 7
2 4 9 9 0
q r pqr
q pqr r r pq r
+ >
+ + >
( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
12, 6
3 3 0
p r q pqr
pr p q q q pr
+ >
+ >
C.II.3 . V d
V d C.II.1: Cho , , 0 a b c > tho mn 4 ab bc ca abc + + + = . Chng minh rng
( )
2 2 2
3 10 a b c abc + + + >
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 62
Chng minh
Ta c
4
4
ab bc ca abc
q r
+ + + =
+ =
( )
2 2 2
2
2
3 10
3 6 10
3 7 6 0(1)
a b c abc
p q r
p q
+ + + >
+ >
>
Ti y ta c nhiu cch lm vi nhiu tng khc nhau nhng chc hn a s s ngh ti
vic lm gim s bin bng cch s dng bt ng Schur hoc s dng mt trong cc bt
ng thc lin h gia p v q. Sau y ti xin gii thiu 2 cch trong tng lm gim s
bin.
Cch 1: S dng bt ng thc Schur
Theo bt ng thc Schur bc 1 ta c
( )
3
3
3
9 4
9 4 4
36
(2)
4 9
p r pq
p q pq
p
q
p
+ >
+ >
+
s
+
T (1),(2) ta cn chng minh
( )( )
3
2
3 2
2
36
3 7. 6 0
4 9
5 27 24 306 0
3 5 42 102 0
3
p
p
p
p p p
p p p
p
+
>
+
+ >
+ + >
>
Mt khc ta gi s 3 p < khi ta c
3
2
1
27
3
3
4
p
r
p
q
q r
s <
s <
+ <
v l
3 p >
Nn bt ng thc trn c chng minh
ng thc xy ra 1 a b c = = =
Cch 2:Ta c
2
2
3
3
p q
p
q
>
s
Nn ta cn chng minh
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 63
2
2 18 0
3
p
p
>
>
Ti y lm tng t nh cch 1 ta c pcm
Qua v d trn cc bn hn nhn thy rng cng 1 phng php v cng mt tng
nhng vi cch la chn vic s dng bt ng thc khc nhau s lm cho vic chng
minh sau khi rt bin tr nn d dng hn
V d C.II.2: Cho , , 0 a b c > tho mn 1 abc = Chng minh rng
( )( ) ( )
3 3 3
3
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 a b c
a b c
+ + + + > + + (*)
Chng minh
Ta c
( )
3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
3 3
3 2
(*) 1
6 8 1
9 6 3 3 0(1)
ab bc ca
a b c a b c a b c a b c
abc
p pq q q
p pq q q
+ + | |
+ + + + + + >
|
\ .
+ + >
+ + >
Do 1 , 3 r p q = >
Nu 3 p q > > ta c
3 2
(1) 3 9 9 6 12 p q q pq q + + + > +
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c
3 2
3 9 9 p q q pq + + >
nn ta cn chng minh
9 9 6 12
3 4
pq pq q
pq q
+ > +
+ >
V
2
3 3 4 p q pq q q > + > + > (do 3 q > )
Nu 3 q p > > theo bt ng thc Schur bc 1 ta c
3
9 4 p pq + > nn ta cn chng minh
2 2
3 3 2
3
q q q
q
> +
>
(lun ng do r=1)
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh
ng thc xy ra 1 a b c = = =
V d C.II.3: Cho , , 0 a b c > tho mn 1 ab bc ca + + = CMR
1 1 1
3(*)
ab bc ca
a b b c c a
+ + +
+ + >
+ + +
Chng minh
Ta c
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 64
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2
2
(*) 1 3
1 1 3
4 3
2 4 3 3
3 3 2 0
1 2 3 0(1)
cyc
cyc
ab c a c b a b b c c a
ab c a b b c c a
a b c abc a b c a b b c c a
p q pr pq r
p p r pr
p p r p
+ + + > + + +
+ + > + + +
+ + + + + + > + + +
+ + >
+ + + >
+ + >
Nu 2 p > ta c (1)lun ng
Nu 2 p < theo bt ng thc Schur bc 1 ta c
3
3
4 9 0
3
9
p pq r
p p
r
+ >
s
nn ta cn chng minh
( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )
3 2
2 2 3
1 2 0
9
2 5 3 9 0(2)
p p p p
p p
p p p p
+ +
+ >
+ + s
V 2 p < v
2
3 2 3 2
3 27
5 3 9 4 0
2 4
p p p p p p
| |
+ + = + + + >
|
\ .
Nn (2) lun ng
pcm
Du = xy ra 1, 0 a b c = = = cng cc hon v
V d C.II.4: Cho , , 0 a b c > v ( )( )( ) 0 a b b c c a + + + > CMR
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 9
(*)
4
ab bc ca
a b b c c a
(
+ + + + > (
+ + + (
Chng minh
Ta c
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1 1 9
4
4 9
4 2
9
ab bc ca
a b b c c a
ab bc ca b c c a a b b c a b a c a b b c c a
ab bc ca a b a c b c b a c a c a a b c a b b c c a
a b b c c a
(
+ + + + > (
+ + +
(
(
+ + + + + + + + + + > + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (
> + + +
Theo pqr ta cn chng minh
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 65
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
4 2 2 3 2
3 4 2 2
4 4 9
4 17 4 34 9 0
4 9 5 4 6 9 0(1)
q p q p pq r pq r
p q p q q pqr r
pq p pq r q p p q q pr r pq r
(
+ >
+ + >
+ + + + + >
V (1) lun ng nn ta c pcm
Du = xy ra a b c = = hoc , 0 a b c = = cng cc hon v
Nh ta thy 3 v d u khi bi cho cc iu kin rng buc gia cc bin p,q,r
th vic bin i, vic chng minh cng nh nh hng cch lm kh n gin tuy nhin
v d 4 khi khng c iu kin th vic bin i tr nn kh khn hn. gii quyt vn
ny chng ra s dng phng php chun ho c iu kin gia cc bin gip vic
chng minh tr nn d dng hn. Sau y l mt vi v d v phng php bin i pqr
kt hp chun ho.
V d C.II.5: Cho cc s thc khng m a,b,c CMR
( )( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(*) a b c ab bc ca a b c a b b c c a + + + + > + + + +
Chng minh
Do (*) l bt ng thc thun nht bc 6 nn khng mt tnh tng qut ta chun ho
1 ab bc ca + + = Khi ta c
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 2 2 2 2
4 2 2 3
4 2 3
4 2 2
4 2 4 2 2
4 2 4 2 2 4
5 2 4 0
5 4 6 2 3 0(**)
a b c ab bc ca a b c a b b c c a
p p q q pr q p q q pr
p p pr p p r pr
p p p r
p p pr pr p
+ + + + > + + + +
+ + >
+ + > +
+ + >
+ + + >
M theo bt ng thc Schur ta c
4 2 2
4 2
5 4 6 0
5 6 4 0
p p q q pr
p p pr
+ + >
+ + >
V
2
3 3 p q > = nn (**) lun ng ta c pcm
Du = xy ra a b c = = hoc , 0 a b c = = cng cc hon v
V d ***:Cho , , 0 a b c > Chng minh rng
( )( )
3 3 3
4.
5(*)
a b c ab bc ca a b c
b c a c a b a b c
+ + + +
+ + + >
+ + + + +
Chng minh
Do bt ng thc cn chng minh l bt ng thc thun nht bc nn ta chun ho
1 a b c + + = hay 1 p = Khi ta c
1 2 3 4
(*) 5
1 3 3
q r q
q r q r
+
+ >
+
Mt khc ta li c:
1 2 3 4 1 3 3 4
1
1 3 3 1 3 3
q r q q r q
VT
q r q r q q r
+ +
= + > + +
+ +
(do 0 r abc = > )
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
BT NG THC SCHUR V PHNG PHP BIN I PQR
Trang 66
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c
( )
( )
1 3 3 4
1 3 3 4
2 4
1 3 3 1 3 3
5
q r q
q r q
q q r q q r
VT
+
+
+ > =
+ +
>
pcm
Du = xy ra ( )
3 5 3 5
, , , , 0 ; , , 0
2 2
a b c x x x x
| | | |
+
e
| | `
| |
\ . \ . )
cng cc hon v (vi x l s
dng bt k)
V d C.II.6: Cho , , 0 a b c > Chng minh rng
2 2 2
4 4 4
6(*)
ab bc ca bc ca ab ca ab bc
a bc b ac c ab
+ + + + + +
+ + >
+ + +
Chng minh
Khng mt tnh tng qut chun ho q=3. Khi ta c
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
(*) 3 6
1 1 1
2
1 2
2 3
2 2
cyc
cyc cyc cyc
cyc
bc ca ab
a bc b ca c ab
bc ca ab
a bc b ca c ab
bc b ca c ab a bc b ca c ab
b c b c ab a b abc a b c a b c abc a b c
a b c b c abc a b c
+ + + (
+ + >
(
+ + +
+ + +
+ + >
+ + +
+ + + > + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
> + + + +
(1)
(
(
Theo pqr ta c
( )
( )
2 2 2 3 2 2 3
2 3 3 2
2 2
(1) 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3
4 2 3 3 3 3
3 36 4 7 0(2)
q pr p q q pr pr q pqr r r r p pq r
r r p pq r q pqr r
p r pr
+ + + + + + +
> + + + +
+ >
Mt khc ta c
2 2 2
3 4 3 36 p q pr q p q pr + > + >
9 3
4 0
3
pq r p r
p
r r
> >
| |
>
|
\ .
Nn ta c
( )
2
8
(2) 3 3 36 4 0
3 3
p pr
p pr r r
| |
+ + + >
|
\ .
Bt ng thc trn lun ng nn ta c pcm
Du = xy ra , 0 a b c = = cng cc hon v
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
Phng php SS (SchurS.O.S)
Trang 67
D Phng php SS
(SchurS.O.S)
D.I. Gii thiu
Nh bi t mi bt ng thc 3 bin( i xng hoc hon v) u c th bin i c v
dng tiu chun ca S.O.S:
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 S b c S c a S a b
a b c
+ + > . Tuy nhin vic bin i
v dng tiu chun ny thng khng d dng( c bit l vi nhng bi bt ng thc 3 bin
hon v vng quanh). Hn na khi lm bt ng thc bng phng php S.O.S t hng phi
xt 2 trng hp( & a b c c b a > > > > ). y l iu kh bt tin. Phng php SS ra i
cng t nhng bt tin ny gy ra.SS( Schur - SOS ) l phng php a bt ng thc 3
bin thnh dng:
( ) ( )( )
2
M a b N c a c b +
trong & M N l 2 biu thc i xng vi a v b . Nh vy ch cn gi s
( ) max (min) , , c a b c = v chng minh , 0 M N > th bt ng thc c chng minh. Cng
nh S.O.S th phng php SS cng c nhng khai trin rt quan trng:
( ) ( )( )
2
2 2 2
a b c ab bc ca a b c a c b + + = +
( )( ) ( )( )( )
2
3 3 3
3 a b c abc a b c a b a b c c a c b + + = + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
2
6 2 ab a b bc b c ca c a abc c a b a b c a c b + + + + + = + +
( ) ( )( )
2
2 2 2
3 a b b c c a abc c a b b c a c b + + = +
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
4 2
cyc cyc
a abc a a b c a b ab a c b c c a c b
(
( = + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
2
3
2 2
cyc cyc
a b c abc a a c b c a b ab ac bc c a c b + = + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
2
3 2
sym cyc
a b abc a ca cb a b a ac c a c b = + + +
( ) ( )( )
2 1 1
3
a b c
a b c a c b
b c a ab ac
+ + = +
( ) ( )( )
2 2
6
cyc
b c a b
a b c a c b
a ab abc
+ +
= +
Phn
D
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
Phng php SS (SchurS.O.S)
Trang 68
( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )
2 3 1 2
2 2
cyc
a a b c
a b c a c b
b c a c b c a b b c a c
+ +
= +
+ + + + + +
( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )
2 2
2
1 1
3
sym
c a c b k k k a k b kc
k a b
a kb
a kc ak c bk c a kb b ka c kb
(
+ + +
+
= +
+ + + + + +
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2
a b c a b c
b c a c a b
a b c a b c
a b c
a b c a c b
a c b c a b b c c a
+ + =
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
+
+ + + + +
Nhn chung, t tng ca SS c phn kh ging vi S.O.S, cn cc php bin i ca SS
thng kh hn S.O.S, tuy nhin cc hng lm sau bin i a dng v n gin hn S.O.S.
Chnh v vy chng ta cn s dng linh hot v hp l hai phng php ny.
D.II. Phng php SS vi cc bt ng thc t cc
tr ti tm
V d D.II.1: Cho , , 0 a b c > Chng minh rng
( )
2 2 2
4
2
a b c
b c a c a b
a b c ab bc ca
+ +
+ + +
+ + > +
+ +
Chng minh
Cch 1: Phng php SS
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:
( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
6 4 1
2
4 4
2 4 4
0
2
a b c
b c a c a b
a b c ab bc ca
a b c a c b
a b
a b c a c b
ab abc ab bc ca ab bc ca
a b
a b c a c b
ab ab bc ca abc ab bc ca
bc ca ab a b ab bc c
a b
ab ab bc ca
(
+ +
+ + + | |
( + + >
|
+ +
\ . (
+
+ > +
+ + + +
+ | | | |
+ >
| |
+ + + +
\ . \ .
( + + + +
+
(
+ +
(
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2 2
2
2
2
4
0
2
2
0
2
0 (1)
a abc
c a c b
abc ab bc ca
a b ab c ab a b
bc ca ab
a b c a c b
ab ab bc ca abc ab bc ca
bc ca ab a b c ab a b
a b c a c b
ab ab bc ca abc ab bc c
lllllll
a
(
>
(
+ +
(
(
+ + + ( +
( + >
(
+ + + +
( (
(
( + + +
+ > (
(
+ + + +
( (
Khng mt
tnh tng qut gi s ( ) max , , c a b c = .D dng chng minh c bt ng thc (1) ng.
Cch 2: Phng php S.O.S
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
Phng php SS (SchurS.O.S)
Trang 69
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
4
2
2 4 1
cyc
a b c
b c a c a b
a b c ab bc ca
a b a b c
b a ab bc ca
+ +
+ + +
+ + > +
+ +
| | + + | |
+ >
| |
+ +
\ .
\ .
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
1 2
0
2 0
0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
cyc cyc
cyc
cyc
cyc
a b a b
ab ab bc ca
a b
ab ab bc ca
c ab bc ca abc a b
bc ac abc a b
S b c S c a S a b
a b c
>
+ +
| |
>
|
+ +
\ .
+ + >
+ >
+ + >
trong :
2 2
2 2
2 2
S ba ca abc
a
S cb ab abc
b
S bc ac abc
c
= +
= +
= +
Gi s a b c > > ( trng hp a c b > > ta lm tng t).Theo iu kin 2: a b c > > v
, , 0 S S S S S
b b a c b
+ + >
th bt ng thc c chng minh).
V d D.II.2: Cho , , 0 a b c > Chng minh rng
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
a bc b ac c ab a b c
b c a c a b
b c c a a b
+ + +
+ + > + +
+ + +
+ + +
Chng minh
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
0
0
0
cyc
cyc
a bc b ac c ab ab ac ba bc ca cb
b c c a a b b c c a a b
a bc ab ac
b c
a b a c
b c
c a c b
a c b c
a b
a b b c c a
+ + + + + +
+ + > + +
+ + + + + +
+
>
+
>
+
(
+ > (
+ + + (
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
Phng php SS (SchurS.O.S)
Trang 70
( )( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3
2 2 2
0
0
a c a c b c b c
c a c b
a b
a b b c c a
a a c ac c b b c bc c
c a c b
a b
a b b c c a
(
+ +
( + >
( + + +
(
+ +
( + >
( + + +
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
0
0 (1)
a b c a b c a b
c a c b
a b
a b b c c a
c a c b
a ab b ca cb c
a b
a b b
a
c
a
c a
a a
(
+
( + >
( + + +
+ + + +
+ >
+ + +
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s ( ) min , , c a b c = . D thy (1) ng.
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi a b c = =
V d D.II.3: Cho , , 0 a b c > Chng minh rng
( )
( )
2
2 3 3
2 11
3
sym
a b
abc
a b c
b c
3
+
+ >
+ +
+
Chng minh
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
( )
( )
2
2 3 3 3
2 2
3 0
3
sym
a b
abc
a b c
b c
+
+ >
+ +
+
Mt khc:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3
sym
a b a b c a b c a b c
a b c a c b
b c a b b c a b b c
+ + + + + + +
= +
+ + + + +
(1)
( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
2
3 3 3 3 3 3
2
2 2
3 3
a b c
abc
a b c a c b
a b c a b c
+ +
(
= +
+ + + +
(2)
T (1)&(2) ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
2 3 3 3
2
2
2 2 3 3 3
2 2
3 3 3
2 2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2
2 2
3 0
3
2 2
3
2 2 2
0
3
3 2 2
3 2 2 2
sym
a b
abc
a b c
b c
a b c a b c
a b
a b c a b b c
a b c a b c a b c
c a c b
a b c a b a c
a b c a b c a b c a b b c a b
a b c a b c a b c a b a c
+
+ >
+ +
+
(
+ + + +
(
+ + ( + +
(
+ + + + + +
( + >
+ + ( + +
(
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
( )( ) 0 c a c b
(
>
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s ( ) max , , c a b c =
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
Phng php SS (SchurS.O.S)
Trang 71
Ta cn chng minh:
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2
3 3 3
3 2 2 0
3 2 2 2 0
a b c a b c a b c a b b c
a b c a b c a b c a b c a b a c
+ + + + + + + + >
+ + + + + + + + + + >
Tht vy:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )( )
2
3 3 3
2 2 2
3 2
4
a b c a b c
a c b c a b c a b c
+ + + +
> + + + + + +
>
( )( )( ) ( )
( )( )( ) ( )
( )( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
3 2 2 2 0
3 2 2 0
3 2 2 2 0
a b c a b b c a b c
a b c a b b c a b c b
a b c a b b c ab ac bc b
a b c a b b c
a b c a b c a b c a b a c
a b c a b c a b c a b b c
a b c a b c a b c a b a c
> + + + + + +
(
> + + + + + + +
> + + + + + + +
= + + + +
+ + + + + + + + >
+ + + + + + + + >
+ + + + + + + + >
D.III. Phng php SS vi cc bt ng thc cc
tr khng t ti tm
Phng php SOS v SS t ra kh hiu qu vi cc bt ng thc 3 bin khng cha
cn, nhng mt yu t kin quyt a v dng chun ca phng php l bt ng thc
phi c du bng t ti tm. Tuy nhin vi nhng bt ng thc du bng khng xy ra ti
tm, chng ta cng vn c th p dng phng php SS chng minh. Cc bi ton sau y
s minh ha cho k thut ny.
V d D.III.1: Cho
, , 0
3
a b c
a b c
>
+ + =
. Chng minh: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
27
4
a b c b c a c a b + + + + + s (1)
Chng minh
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
(1)
4
4 (2)
a b c
a b c b c a c a b
a b c b c a c a b a b c
+ +
+ + + + + s
+ + + + + s + +
ng thc khng xy ra ti tm m ti
3
, 0
2
a b c = = = v cc hon v nn nu ta gi nguyn
bt ng thc nh trn th kh c th bin i v dng chun ca phng php SOS v SS.
Chng ta s xut hin tng cng thm mt biu thc khng m vo v tri ca bt ng
thc (2) c thm iu kin ng thc xy ra ti tm 1 a b c = = = nhng vn phi bo ton
iu kin ng thc cng xy ra ti
3
, 0
2
a b c = = = . i lng cng thm l kabc. Cho a
= b = c = 1 ta s c k = 3. Gi s c = min (a , b, c) ta s chng minh BT mnh hn
MT S PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC
Phng php SS (SchurS.O.S)
Trang 72
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 2 2
4 3 a b c a b c b c a c a b abc ( + + > + + + + + +
(3)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
3 6 4 3
0
a b c a b ab a c ac b c bc abc a b c b c a c a b abc
a b c a b c a c b c
( + + + + + + + + + > + + + + + +
+ + >
iu ny ng do c = min (a,b,c)
Bc tinh t nht trong li gii trn chnh l tng chuyn t BT (2) v BT (3).
Cng vic tng chng lm cho BT cht hn li gip to BT cc tr t ti tm c
th chng minh bng phng php SS hay SOS. i vi nhng bt ng thc c du
bng xy ra ti bin, i lng cng thm vo thng c dang k.abc.f (a, b, c) m
bo c du bng BT ban u vn xy ra ti bin v du bng BT mi c xy ra ti
tm. T chng ta c th thy, vic tm f (a, b, c) thch hp chnh l nt tinh t, cng
nh kh nht ca vic bin i ny.
V d D.III.2: Cho
, , 0
2
a b c
a b c
>
+ + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
2 2
2 2
4 2 2 0 ac bc ab c ab c ac bc a b abc a b a c b c
(
+ + + + + >
Gi s ( ) min , , c a b c = bt ng thc trn ng, ta c iu phi chng minh
V d D.III.4: Chng minh
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 1 1 1
, , 0
5
a b c
a b c
b c c a a b b c c a a b
| |
+ + > + + >
|
+ + + + + +
\ .
Chng minh
Ta s chng minh bt ng thc mnh hn:
( )( )( )( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 1 1 1 36
5 5
a b c a b c
b c c a a b b c c a a b a b b c c a a b c
| |
+ + > + + +
|
+ + + + + + + + + + + \ .
( )
( )( )( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
12 36
5 5
sym sym sym
a b c a a a b c
b c b c b c a b b c c a
+
+ > + +
+ + + + + +
Ta c th chng minh c cc bt ng thc sau:
2
2 2
4 4
5 5
sym sym
a a
b c b c
>
+ +
(1)
( )( )( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 4 1
.2
5 5
sym
a a b c
b c a b b c c a
| |
| + >
|
+ + + +
\ .
(2)
( )
( )( )( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8
2
sym
a b c a b c
b c a b b c c a
+
> +
+ + + +
(3)
Cng 2 v ca (1), (2) v (3) ta c iu phi chng minh.
Phng php S.S t ra kh hiu qu ngay c trong cc bt ng thc du = khng
xy ra ti tm. Tuy nhin, mt nhc im ca phng php ny l vic bin i kh
phc tp do khng mang tnh i xng nh phng php S.O.S Vic bin i thnh dng
chun ca phng php l mt k nng ht sc quan trng. Bn cnh , vic chng
minh M v N dng trong cc bi ton cng khng h n gin, thng yu cu nhng
chng minh kh di, c th dng o hm Tuy nhin, xt v tng th, phng php S.S
c ng li r rng v chng minh c rt nhiu bt ng thc kh. V vy, y l mt
phng php mnh bn cnh cc phng php khc, lm phong ph thm cc cch
chng minh bt ng thc hin i.
Trang 74
LI KT
y l sau 1 thng thc hin, chuyn ca chng ti hon
thnh. Mi ngi u rt tm c vi kt qu lm vic ny ca
mnh. Mt ln na, chng em xin gi li bit n su sc n thy gio on
Thi Sn v nhng ngi gip chng em hon thnh chuyn ny.
Nh chng ti ni, bt ng thc l mt trong nhng mng kin thc
kh v rt a dng ca ton hc. Cc phng php trnh by trong chuyn
ca chng ti khng phi l nhng phng php mu, ch l mt trong
nhng hng i trong v vn cch tip cn ca cc bi ton bt ng thc.
Chng ti hy vng sau khi c xong chuyn ny, cc bn s vn dng mt
cch sng to nhng phng php c trnh by vo gii ton t kim
chng sc mnh ca tng phng php v c bit l s tm ti khm ph ra
nhng phng php mi c o cho ring mnh.
Trn Tin t v cc cng s
Lu Trung Kin Nguyn Hng c Th Hng Vn
V
Mt s phng php chng minh
bt ng thc
Phng php S.O.S
Phng php dn bin
Phng php P.Q.R
Phng php S.S
----------------------------------------
Trn Tin t
Lu Trung Kin
Nguyn Hng c
Th Hng Vn
Lp 10 Ton trng THPT chuyn Trn Ph Hi Phng
Thng 5/2009