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Non-crystalline ceramics Composed of various types of metallic oxides (mainly) Used for household containers, window, lenses, fibre glass, etc.
Glasses
Glass-Ceramics
Good dielectric properties. Widely used as ovenware, tableware, oven window, electrnic As substrate for printed circuit boards, heat exchangers, etc.
Ceramics: Clay Products
packaging industries.
Better mechanical properties, low thermal expansion and shocks, high temperature properties, better biocompatability.
Main ingredient is natural clay. It is mixed with water and other After shaping, the product is dried, fired, glazed and so on. Main product groups are structural products (bricks, tiles,
sewer pipes) and whitewares (uses ???).
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Mostly inert at severe environment at high temperature. Wide variety of product, but main product is brick. Mainly used as furnace lining in steel and power generation
industries, glass factories, heat treatment furnaces, etc.
High melting point materials inert to decoposition at high temperature, good thermal insulating property.
Very high purity oxide with very little porosity. Main groups are alumina (tube furnace), magnesia (tube
Special Refractories
furnace and other engineering products), beryllia, zirconia, silicon carbide (heating elements in furnaces), carbon and graphites (crucible for furnace), etc.
Abrasive ceramics are used to wear or cut away of Uses: Grinding, polishing or lapping wheels.
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Might be mixed with other component as bricks, sand, stone, Very common cement is the portland cement, which is a
mixture of clay and lime bearing component (lime stone). The mixture is calcined and then ground.
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Advanced Ceramics
Mechanical Components: Microsensors and microactuator. Microactuator then responses as positioning, moving,
filtering, pumping, etc.
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Optical Fibre
Made of high purity silica, free from minute levels of Fully defect free that can absorb, scatter or attenuate light beam. Needs very advanced and high quality processing technique.
Optical Fibre in Communication
contaminants.
In metallic wire signal transfer is electronic, whereas in OF it is For simultaneous 24,000 telephone calls if we need 33 tons of
copper, then optical fibre it is possible from 0.1kg of OF materials. Diameter of OF is 5 to 100 micrometer.
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Recently, Si3N4 has replaced many metallic components. Silicon nitride is inferior interms of tensile strength, so in many Silicon nitride is lighter (density 3.3) compared to steel (7.84).
So, hybride ball-bearing is lighter. The modulus of elasticity of silicon nitride is 320 GPa, which is 200 GPa for steel. So, hybrid ball bearing is resistant to 30-40% higher speed compared to that of steel ball bearing system. cases ceramic balls and steel races are used in combination. This combination is known as hybrid bearing.
In past beraing metals which are hard, strong, corrosion resistant were used to make ball and race components.
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Polymeric Materials
It is one type of hydrocarbon. Two gross categories: Natural and Natural: Wood, rubber, wool, cotton, leather, silk, etc. Synthetic: Synthetically produced, wide varieties, superior to
natural one. Ethylene Acetylene synthetic.
Saturated Polymer: Where double or triple covalent bond exists. Saturated: When elements have single bond. For further entry of
atom, one bonded atom must be replaced, as methane, ethane.
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Isomerism
Same composition with different atomic arrangement, butane.
Branched Polymers
Besides end to end chains, side chains are also formed due to change in synthesis parameters. Side chain formation reduces the density. Example: LDPE.
Crosslinked Polymers
Adjacent linear chains are joined by covalent bonds at various locations. This is done by adding foreign atoms or molecules. Example: Most of rubber is crosslinked in this way called vulcanization.
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Network Polymers
Heavily crosslinked polymer is called network polymer. High temperature and good mechanical properties. Epoxy, phenol-formaldehyde, etc.
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Thermoplastic Polymers
Polymers which soften and liquefy on heating and solidify and harden on cooling. Most linear and branched polymers are thermoplastic. Generally soft and recyclable. PE, PVC, PS, PP, etc.
Thermosetting Polymers
Becomes permanently hard during processing and do not soften on heating Epoxy, phenol-formaldehyde, polyester, etc. 10-50% bonds are branched. Stronger than thermoplastic polymers, better thermal and dimensional stability.
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Copolymers
For better service properties two or more polymers are synthesized together. May be various types, in general four types.
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Elastomers
It has ability to be deformed to a large extent and can elastically To be elastomers polymers must be amorphous, chain bond
rotation must be of free movement type, delayed onset of plasticity.
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Composite Materials
Composite is a multi-phase material, where each constituent Examples: 1. Pearlite composed of very hard and brittle In the present state composite is artificially made.
phases contribute for required combination of unusual properties. cementite and very soft and ductile ferrite. TS of cementite is 5000psi and for ferrite it is 40000psi. TS of peralite is 120,000psi, where a synergism is operative which difficult to explain.
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Matrix phase is continuous and surrounds the filler/reinforcing Depending on required properties, reinforcing phases might be of
different shape, size, spatial distribution to fulfill the target. phase(s).
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Classification of Composites
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For better property combination critical Critical length depends on diameter, tensile
and shear strength of the fiber.
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Various materials of different shape, size, distribution and Matrix Phases might be metallic, ceramic or polymeric. Depending
on matrix phases composites are named as MMC, CMC or PMC. concentration.
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