Microencapsulation

M.G.ISWARIYA 11MAT03
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II M.Tech ATM

Introduction

Microencapsulation is a technique by which solid, liquid or gaseous active ingredients are packaged within a second material for the purpose of shielding the active ingredient from the surrounding environment. material inside the microcapsule is referred to as the 7/30/12 core, internal phase, or fill,

The

All

the three states of matter, i.e. solid, liquid and gases, may be encapsulated and affect the size and shape of the capsules. capsulated particles produce their required effect when their core material is released. There are four typical mechanisms by which the core material is released from a microcapsule:

The

Mechanical rupture of the capsule 7/30/12 wall

Features of microcapsule
Typically,

the lowest particle size of microcapsules is 1m and the largest size is 1mm. consist of a core and a wall (or shell). configuration of the core can be a spherical or irregular particle, liquid-phase suspended solid, solid matrix, dispersed solid and aggregates of solids or liquid 7/30/12

Microcapsules The

Classification
Mononuclear Poly

nuclear types

Matrix

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Reasons for Encapsulation

To To

protect reactive from the environment

substances

convert liquid active components into a dry solid system separate incompatible components for functional reasons mask undesired properties of the active components protect
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To To To

the

immediate

Advantages
Rendering

liquids into powders, to prevent clumping and improving mixing. active ingredients from oxidation, heat, acidity, alkalinity, moisture or evaporation. ingredients from interacting with other compounds in the system, which results in their degradation or polymerization.
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Protecting

Preventing

Materials
Core Material:
The

core material defined as the specific material to be coated can be liquid or solid in nature. solid core can be a mixture of active constituents, stabilizers, diluents, recipients and releaserate retardants or accelerators. core material composition provides 7/30/12 definite flexibility and

The

The

Coating The

Materials

coating material should be capable of forming a film that is cohesive with the core material; chemically compatible and nonreactive with the core material; and the desired coating properties, such as strength, flexibility, impermeability, optical properties, and stability.
7/30/12 typical coating properties

Be

Provide

The

1.

The functionality the capsule needs to provide in the finished product. The type of coating material, i.e.. The coating material should not react with either the ingredient to be encapsulated, or the formulation in which the capsulate will be added. The processing 7/30/12 conditions the

Choice of Encapsulation Technique

2.

3.

5.

The mechanism of release of the active agent from the microcapsule, e.g.. agitation. pH, pressure, solubility, time, etc. The type of release (targeted, sustained or controlled) of the active ingredient. The particle size, density, and stability requirements for the active ingredient. The cost of the capsules and the cost of 7/30/12 the formulation or

6.

7.

8.

Microencapsulation Technologies

Physico Chemical Processes

Physico

mechanical Processes

Coacervation Polymer-polymer

Spray-drying FluidizedPan

incompatibility
Solvent

bed technology coating disc

evaporation
Encapsulation

Spinning

by Co-extrusion supercritical fluid 7/30/12

Physico-Chemical Processes Coacervation

First The

the core material is dispersed into a polymer solution. second polymer solution is then added to the prepared dispersion. of the shell material onto the core particles occurs when the two polymers form a complex. process is triggered by the addition of7/30/12 or by changing the salt

Deposition

This

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Polymer-polymer incompatibility
Also This

called separation.

phase

method utilizes two polymers that are soluble in a common solvent; yet do not mix with one another in the solution. polymers form two separate phases, 7/30/12 one rich in the

The

Solvent Evaporation
It

is the most extensively used method of microencapsulation. an aqueous solution of the drug. added to an organic phase consisting of the polymer solution in solvents 7/30/12 like

Prepare Then

This

emulsion is then added to a large volume of water containing an emulsifier like PVA or PVP to form the multiple emulsions (w/o/w). double emulsion is then subjected to stirring until most of the organic solvent evaporates, leaving solid microspheres. microspheres can then be 7/30/12 washed and dried.

The

The

Polymer Encapsulation by Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Fluids

Supercritical

fluids - highly compressed gasses -properties of both liquids and gases. and nitrous oxide (N2O). small change in temperature or pressure causes a large change in the density of supercritical fluids.
Supercritical fluid containing the active ingredient and the shell material are maintained at high 7/30/12 pressure and then released at

CO2 A

Steps:

Hydrogel microspheres
Microspheres

made of gel-type polymers, such as alginate, are produced by dissolving the polymer in an aqueous solution. suspending the active ingredient in the mixture.
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Then,

Extruding

through a

Physical Processes Spray-Drying

Microencapsulation

by spraydrying is a low-cost commercial process which is mostly used for the encapsulation of fragrances, oils and flavors.

Steps:

Core particles are dispersed in a polymer solution and sprayed into a hot chamber. The shell7/30/12 material solidifies onto the core particles as the solvent

Spray-congealing
This

technique can be accomplished with spray drying equipment when the protective coating is applied as a melt. core material is dispersed in a coating material 7/30/12 melt.

The

Fluidized-Bed Technology
Solid

particles to be encapsulated are suspended on a jet of air and then covered by a spray of liquid coating material. rapid evaporation of the solvent helps in the formation 7/30/12

The

Pan coating
Solid

particles mixed with a coating material.

are dry

The

temperature is raised so that the coating material melts and encloses the core particles, and then is solidified by cooling. the coating material 7/30/12 can be

Or,

Co-Extrusion
A

dual fluid stream of liquid core and shell materials is pumped through concentric tubes and forms droplets under the influence of vibration. shell is then hardened by chemical cross linkings, cooling, 7/30/12 solvent or

The

Spinning Disk
Suspensions

of core particles in liquid shell material are poured into a rotating disc. to the spinning action of the disc, the core particles become coated with the shell material. coated particles 7/30/12 are then cast from the

Due

The

Microencapsulation for textiles

Antimicrobial

fabrics: These finishes are used for the prevention of microbial attack on the fabric. A biocide is the active ingredient in this case, and is released by the appropriate means to achieve the desired antimicrobial finish. repellent fabric: The insect repellent is the core material and is encapsulated and later 7/30/12 applied on the fabric. The fabric

Insect

Cosmetic-textiles:

Aloevera or other such products are encapsulated to give skin moisturising or to render a personal sense of well being. chromic textiles: Photo chromic dyes, which change colour in response to UV light, are incorporated inside the microcapsules. These find application in product labelling, etc.
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Photo

Conclusion
Microencapsulation

system offers potential advantages over conventional drug delivery systems and also established as unique carrier systems for many. significant advances have been made in the field of microencapsulation, still many challenges need to be rectified during the appropriate selection of 7/30/12 core materials, coating materials

Although

References
Microencapsulation

Technology and Applications, Rama Dubey, T.C. Shami and K.U. Bhasker Rao, Defence Science Journal, Vol. 59, No. 1, January 2009, pp. 82-95 Process, Techniques and Applications, Hammad umer, Hemlata Nigam, Asif M Tamboli, M. Sundara Moorthi Nainar,International 7/30/12 Journal of Research in

Microencapsulation:

Thank you
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