T H E C O I N A G E OF S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

C. E. BLUNT, C. S. S. LYON, and B. H. I. H. S T E W A R T

I N T R O D U C T O R Y

WE think it desirable to explain how this paper came to be written under our joint names. For some years we have independently been aware of the shortcomings of the accepted chronology and classification of the coinage of the southern kingdoms in the age of the decline of the power of Mercia following the death of Offa. One of us, too, has been unhappy at the doubt which has been cast on the authenticity of certain coins in the Mercian series. Research in both these fields led us to write papers, read before the Society in successive years,1 that not only overlapped to an appreciable extent but which happily showed a very broad measure of agreement on the interpretation of the surviving material. We therefore felt that a single definitive publication, resulting from the integration of our separate researches, would be more valuable than two distinct papers, and this we now offer. Brooke classified the ninth-century coinage according to the kingdom from which a named ruler derived his primary authority. While this may be a satisfactory basis for the coinages of the kings of Kent and of East Anglia, whose mints were, of necessity, located within their own immediate territories, it is quite unsuitable for the issues of the kings of Mercia, who were at times in a position to employ these same mints to strike the bulk of their own coinage. This is also true to a lesser extent, at a later stage, of the coins of the kings of Wessex. Most of the difficulties presented by Brooke's analysis solve themselves when the coins are classified according to issuing mint rather than titular authority. In the absence of any mint-signature on the majority of the coins, this first necessitates grouping them by moneyers and then seeking typological and stylistic affinities between the coins of different moneyers, using such coins as bear mint-signatures or are otherwise implicitly related to particular mints in order to associate groups of moneyers with their respective mints. We believe that the arrangement of the illustrations demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach without the necessity for us to explain all the steps by which we evolved our own classification. We start with a brief historical survey and, after dealing with the coinage from 796 to c. 805 as a whole, consider the coins of each mint in turn, and endeavour in each case to justify our attributions and our chronology. In appendixes we discuss the hoard evidence and the authenticity of the disputed Mercian coins to which reference has already been made. We have added a corpus of the material available, listed under kings and archbishops, in the hope that this will be found useful as a ready means of reference. We shall be reviewing in the following pages the penny coinage from the death of Ofia in 796 to that of Wiglaf in 840. The only series of which we do not include a detailed
1 M a r . 1962 ' T h e C o i n a g e of S o u t h e r n E n g l a n d d u r i n g t h e D e c l i n e of M e r c i a ' b y L y o n a n d F e b . 1963 ' T h e C o i n a g e of M e r c i a 8 2 3 - 8 4 0 ' by B l u n t .

Stewart;

C 2220

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

account are the coinages of the East Anglian king ^Ethelstan I and of the Wessex kings Ecgberht and ^Ethelwulf. The links of the former with the East Anglian issues in the names of Mercian kings are discussed but thereafter the coinage of East Anglia develops independently and we have thought it best to leave it for separate treatment. The coinages of Ecgberht and ^Ethelwulf of Wessex have recently been discussed elsewhere,1 but our study impinges on them, particularly that of Ecgberht, and leads to new attributions of some of the coins. We review in detail the coinage in the names of the Mercian kings Coenwulf, Ceolwulf I, Beornwulf, Ludica, and Wiglaf; of the Kentish kings Eadberht Praen, Cuthred, and Baldred; of Archbishop /Ethelheard, so far as his coinage took place in Coenwulf''s reign, and of Archbishop Wulfred (Archbishop Ceolnoth's coinage is touched on, but a great part of it lies outside our period and, it is felt, should be left for separate detailed treatment); and of Eadwald, a shadowy figure whom we give reasons for identifying as an historically unrecorded king of East Anglia. The scope of this study is deliberately confined to problems of chronology, attribution, and authenticity. We have limited ourselves at this stage to inquiring where, when, and under whose authority the various issues were struck, and do not pretend to have investigated the general monetary and economic background. Consequently we do not discuss variations in weight standards, areas of circulation, volume of output, and minting techniques except in so far as these considerations are germane to the points of arrangement at issue.
HISTORICAL OUTLINE

Before considering the coinage of the period, it is necessary to outline the historical framework into which it is to be fitted. Almost all the coins are struck in the names of the lords temporal or spiritual of south-east England, that is to say, the kings of Mercia, Kent, East Anglia and Wessex, and the archbishops of Canterbury. Table A at the end of the paper shows the various personalities involved and their relative chronology.2 Arrangement of the coins depends to a major extent upon the known availability of the mints in Kent, Mercia, and East Anglia to individual rulers. It is therefore desirable to sketch what is known of the political history of the period from documentary sources.3 At the end of this paper we have summarized such numismatic evidence as we consider may be significant to the historian in that it corroborates, extends, or challenges any aspects of this picture. On the death of Offa in July 796 his son Ecgfrith, who had been crowned king of the Mercians in 787 during his father's lifetime, succeeded him as overlord of the southern English; he survived only 141 days. He in turn was succeeded by a distant cousin, Coenwulf.4 In Kent a revolt against the Mercian rule after the death of Offa was successfully carried out under Eadberht Praen, an apostate clerk, who secured the throne and held it for two years until Coenwulf succeeded in deposing him in 798.5 Although yEthelheard
1 C . E . B l u n t , ' T h e C o i n a g e of E c g b e o r h t ' , BNJ xxviii, p p . 4 6 7 - 7 4 (cited a s B l u n t , Ecgberht)-, R . H . M . D o l l e y a n d K . S k a a r e , ' T h e C o i n a g e of / E t h e l w u l f ' , Anglo-Saxon Coins (1961), p p . 6 3 - 7 6 . 2 T h e d a t i n g f o l l o w s generally t h e Handbook of British Chronology, p u b . R o y a l H i s t o r i c a l Society, 2 n d e d n . , 1961. 3 T h i s s u m m a r y is b a s e d u p o n Sir F r a n k S t e n t o n Anglo-Saxon England, p p . 2 2 2 - 3 4 ( r e f e r r e d t o h e r e a f t e r as ' S t e n t o n ' ) . 1 F o r t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p see t h e g e n e a l o g i c a l t a b l e s in P r o f e s s o r D . W h i t e l o c k ' s The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, E y r e & S p o t t i s w o o d e , 1961, p . 212. 5 S t e n t o n , p . 225.

3 T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

remained Archbishop of Canterbury, his support of Mercian authority forced him temporarily to abandon his see when the uprising in 796 took place, and for a period at least he was on the Continent. Between 796 and 798 Coenwulf carried on negotiations with Pope Leo III for the transference of the see to London, but the pope refused to sanction so great a departure from long established custom 1 and Coenwulf's recapture of Kent obviated the need to press the matter further. ^Ethelheard, at whose request Eadberht Praen had been anathematized, was thus enabled to return to his see;2 the Kentish throne was in the same year given by Coenwulf to his brother Cuthred. After Cuthred's death in 807 Kent again became a Mercian province.3 The subordination of Wessex to Mercia, secured by the marriage of its king Beorhtric to Offa's daughter, ended in 802. In that year Beorhtric died, and was succeeded by Ecgberht, an old rival, who had been driven abroad by Offa. 4 For twenty years he had little or no influence outside Wessex, but he never apparently became a dependant of Coenwulf. Mercian influence in Northumbria had also come to an end with the death of another son-in-law of Offa, ^Ethelred, who was murdered in 796.5 Coenwulf's authority when established thus embraced Mercia (as extended by Offa at the expense of Wessex), Kent, Sussex, Essex, and East Anglia. Of the last of these, virtually nothing is known from documentary sources until the accession of Eadmund in 855. At Canterbury ^Ethelheard died in May 805, to be succeeded by his archdeacon Wulfred, who was consecrated in August. Until 817 he was on close terms with Coenwulf, but from that year until 821, when a settlement was imposed, king and archbishop were engaged in a dispute of such seriousness that the latter seems, during that period, to have ceased to exercise his office.6 This quarrel apart, our knowledge of the political history of southern England in the ninth century is almost a blank until Ceonwulf's death. Coenwulf died in Wales in 821, and the Mercian throne passed to his brother Ceolwulf who continued the Welsh campaign until he was deposed in 823; with him the old royal line of Mercia seems to have come to an end. In the thirty years that followed, four kings, whose birth and origins are unknown, ruled in Mercia: Beornwulf, 823-5; Ludica, 825-7; Wiglaf, 827-9 and 830-40; and Berhtwulf, 840-52. Perhaps in an attempt to secure continuity with the old royal line, Wiglaf's son, Wigmund, was married to r i f l e d , daughter of Ceolwulf, but Wigmund never succeeded to the Mercian throne. Sir Frank Stenton states that Beornwulf's authority was recognized in Essex, Middlesex, and Kent, and that he was the dominant figure in southern England as late as the summer of 825.7 But before the year was out he had been defeated by Ecgberht of Wessex at the battle of Ellendun, which brought to an end the ascendancy of the Mercian kings and was one of the decisive events of Anglo-Saxon history. Later in the same year Beornwulf was killed by the East Angles who had been in revolt against their Mercian overlord. After Ellendun, Ecgberht sent an army to Kent which successfully ousted a King Baldred, of whom virtually nothing else is known, and the men of Kent, Essex, Surrey, and Sussex submitted to him. After 825 there were no more kings of Kent, and Canterbury was thenceforward a see whose archbishop derived his temporalities from the West Saxon king. Wulfred continued to hold it until his death in 832. Following a brief tenure
1 5

S t e n t o n , p . 225. I b i d . , p. 223.

2 0

Ibid., p p . 2 2 4 - 5 . Ibid., p. 227.

3 7

Ibid., p. 223. Ibid., p. 229.

Ibid., p. 208.

THE COINAGE OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND,

796-840

by a prelate named Feologild, the see was vacant until the consecration a year later of Ceolnoth, who survived until 870. Beornwulf was succeeded on the Mercian throne by Ludica, one of his ealdormen, 1 in a kingdom now reduced to Mercia, Lindsey, Middle Anglia, and the provinces of the Hwicce and Magonsaetan. 2 In 827 Ludica was in turn succeeded by Wiglaf. Two years later Ecgberht defeated him and conquered Mercia. In 830, however, Wiglaf, in the words of the Chronicle, 'obtained the Mercian kingdom again', a phrase which Sir Frank Stenton understands to imply that it was not granted to him by Ecgberht but was probably recovered by a Mercian revolt. 3 Wiglaf's exact status throughout his second reign cannot be established, but charters make it clear that he became an independent ruler at least by 836 and that he had authority in Middlesex in 831. In 839 ^Ethelwulf succeeded Ecgberht as King of Wessex, but the Mercian kingship, though deprived of all external authority, continued in the persons of Berhtwulf, who acceded on the death of Wiglaf in 840, and of Burgred who followed him in 852 and reigned until he was expelled by the Danes in 874. Up to this time London remained a Mercian town. 4
MATERIAL

The material available for our study varies in quantity owing, no doubt, to the incidence of hoards. Of Coenwulf it is reasonable to believe we have a fairly representative selection and of Ceolwulf I, with his two-year reign, and of Baldred, the length of whose reign must remain in doubt, we have more than our fair share. Of the three last Mercian kings whom we discuss, Beornwulf, Ludica, and Wiglaf, surviving specimens are very few and this may in part reflect the unhappy state of the Mercian kingdom at this time, when military considerations may have overridden economic ones. Of Eadwald and Eadberht Praen we again have few surviving coins, but the fact that the one had certainly three moneyers and the other five may point to a larger coinage than survival would suggest. Cuthred's coinage, though still comparatively rare today, seems to have been on a fairly substantial scale. Of Archbishop iEthelheard's coinage with the Mercian king Coenwulf no more than fifteen specimens are recorded. It is thus almost as rare as his coinage with Offa of which twelve specimens are known. The absence of a moneyer's name both here and on the early issues of Wulfred may indicate that one moneyer only was being employed. From later in Wulfred's time, however, a substantially larger number of coins is known and the names of four moneyers are found. This fact, coupled with the removal of the royal name, points to an extension of the archbishop's coining rights.
1 P r o f e s s o r W h i t e l o c k h a s very k i n d l y p o i n t e d o u t t o us t h a t F l o r e n c e of W o r c e s t e r ( T h o r p e , vol. i, p . 266) writes ' t o w h o m [i.e. B e o r n w u l f u s ] L u d e c a n h i s k i n s m a n succeeded b u t a f t e r a s p a c e of t w o years, while h e w i s h e d t o a v e n g e his p r e d e c e s s o r , h e w a s killed b y t h e s a m e E a s t A n g l e s ' . She r e m a r k s , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e u s e b y F l o r e n c e of W o r c e s t e r of t h e accusative f o r m Ludecan in this sentence, w h e r e t h e n o m i n a t i v e f o r m Ludeca w o u l d h a v e b e e n correct, s h o w s t h a t t h e L a t i n e n t r y c a n n o t b e early, f o r n o early w r i t e r w o u l d h a v e m a d e this m i s t a k e . W i l l i a m of M a l m e s b u r y (ed.

S t u b b s , p . 95) says ' L u d e c a n u s w a s o p p r e s s e d b y t h e s a m e A n g l e s a f t e r a r u l e of t w o years, i n t e n d i n g t h e v e n g e a n c e of his p r e d e c e s s o r ' . T h e s a m e criticism applies t o this text a n d P r o f e s s o r W h i t e l o c k c o n s i d e r s t h a t t h e t w o c a n n o t , in t h i s instance, b e r e g a r d e d as independent authorities. The statements made, theref o r e , t h a t L u d i c a w a s a k i n s m a n of B e o r n w u l f ' s a n d t h a t h e w a s killed b y t h e E a s t Angles, m u s t b e t a k e n w i t h reserve. 2 Stenton, pp. 229-31. 3 i I b i d . , p . 231. I b i d . , p . 232.

5 THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

Broadly, therefore, for the earlier part of our period we may be reasonably satisfied with the material at our disposal, but for the later we must be conscious of the inadequacy of what we have. In this later period we are, however, fortunate to have, thanks to the Middle Temple hoard with its ninety-two coins of Ecgberht, a good supply of material in the name of the king of Wessex, much of it struck at Canterbury. The following table, compiled from the corpus in Appendix 3, summarizes the material which we consider in detail in this paper:
Titular authority Kings of Mercia Coenwulf Ceolwulf I Beornwulf Ludica Wiglaf Kings of Kent Eadberht Praen Cuthred Baldred Anonymous No. of coins recorded 273 70 19 4 6 No. of coins recorded Titular authority Archbishops of Canterbury /Ethelheard (with Coenwulf) 15 Wulfred 47 Anonymous 23

King of E. 11 65 36 19 Eadwald

Anglia

THE

NON-PORTRAIT

COINAGE, A N D

796-c.

805,

AT

THE

C A N T E R B U R Y

L O N D O N I AND

MINTS TABLE C)

(PLATES

II A N D

Eadberht Praen, 796-798, King of Kent (PI. I) Eadberht Praen's coins have, as might be expected, survived on a very small scale. They follow closely the latest coins of Offa and in fact a die-link between the two has been recorded. 1 All have as obverse type the king's name and title in three lines. On the reverse, those of Babba, Ethelmod, and Iaenberht (PI. I, E.P. 1, 2, and 3) have a similar three-line design in which the moneyer's name fills one or two lines; the coin of Ethelnoth (PI. I, E.P. 4) uses a reverse die of Offa's with the moneyer's name in two lines and a 'bone-shaped' object between; the coin of Tidheah (PI. I, E.P. 5) has the moneyer's name in two oval lunettes. Of the five moneyers who worked for Eadberht Praen, Iaenberht and Tidheah are confined to him; Babba, Ethelmod, and Ethelnoth struck for Offa and the first two for Coenwulf as well. The Ethelmod found striking for Ceolwulf I is likely to be another man of the same name. It is noteworthy that none of Eadberht Praen's moneyers is found striking for Cuthred, his immediate successor on the Kentish throne. All of Eadberht Praen's coinage was presumably struck at Canterbury. The coinage of Coenwulf, King of Mercia: first group, without bust (Pis. I and II) From what has been said in the historical introduction, it will be seen that, for the first two years of his reign, Coenwulf was denied the Canterbury mint and, the numismatic evidence suggests, that of East Anglia as well. Unless, therefore, no coinage was issued in this period, it must have come from some other mint.
1

See R . H . M . D o l l e y in BNJ xxviii, p p . 2 4 3 - 8 .

THE COINAGE OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND,

796-840

In the later part of Offa's reign there had begun to emerge definitive types which were struck by more than one moneyer, in contrast with his earlier issues where the selection of type, within certain broad limits, seems to have been left to individual whim. OfTa's new practice was continued and carried further by Coenwulf with the result that the coinage can now be placed into groups which, at the southern mints at any rate, appear often to have run in sequence. Group I. Coenwulf's first substantive issue has as obverse type a rounded M (for Merciorum) continuing the circular legend. The reverse presents a tribrach, with hooked ends, with the moneyer's name in the angles. The arms of the tribrach are formed of two lines with sometimes a third dotted line between (e.g. Pl. I, Cn. 10 and 9). Comparable reverse types were used by Cuthred (Pl. I, Cd. 4) and Archbishop /Ethelheard (Pl. IT, JE 1). Both forms of tribrach are found on coins of the moneyer Duda (Pl. I, Cn. 6 and 7) which may confidently be attributed to Canterbury. Coins of this tribrach type were struck for Coenwulf by no less than sixteen moneyers. Prior, however, to the introduction of this substantive type, which we have called B, there were three other varieties (A) represented by no more than six coins in all today, which may be regarded as transitional. These provide some clue as to the continuity of the coinage and suggest that a third minting-place for Offa may now be presumed. The first transitional variety, A (i), known from three specimens by the moneyers Ludoman (Pl. II, Cn. 1) and Wilhun (Pl. II, Cn. 2), carries on (broadly) a reverse type used by these two moneyers on late coins of Offa. The obverse has a type comparable to, but not identical with, late coins of Offa. 1 It shows the king's name and title in three lines, starting as on Offa's coins with the middle line, and reading in the order centre, bottom, top. The experimental nature of these coins is suggested by the difficulty the engraver has had in fitting the longer name of the new king into the middle line: on two of the coins the final F of Coenwulf is put on the bottom line after REX; on the third it has been got on to the right line by the expedient of omitting the second letter, o. On the next variety the king's name is also spelt in the latter way. The second transitional variety, A (ii), known from two specimens both by the moneyer Diola (Pl. II, Cn. 3), has a similar obverse to the last, but the reverse has the tribrach found on the substantive type, though of a slightly different form. In this case the ends of the arm are of the 'bone' shape found horizontally on late coins of Offa, 2 on one of Eadberht Praen (Pl. I, E.P. 4), and one of Coenwulf (PI. I, Cn. 4). All three moneyers of varieties A (i) and (ii) struck the substantive tribrach issue for Coenwulf but are not found on later types or on coins of Cuthred. 3 The fact that the reverse of A (i) continues a type used by Offa, and is struck by moneyers who worked for him, strongly suggests that the two issues followed one another fairly closely. If this is so, they must have come from some mint other than Canterbury. We have no specific evidence where that mint was, but the virtual absence of isolated finds from central Mercia 4 suggests that it would be wrong to look for a mint there at this time. London was already an important port under Mercian control and is the most likely choice for a Mercian king deprived of Canterbury. If this is so, then the
1 C . E . B l u n t , ' T h e C o i n a g e of O f f a ' in Anglo-Saxon Coins (1961) (cited a s B l u n t , Offa), pi. vi, 102 a n d pl. vii, 104. - e.g. ibid., pl. vi, 91. 3 D e a l l a , f o u n d l a t e r a t C a n t e r b u r y , is a v a r i a n t f o r m of D i o l a , b u t is p r o b a b l y a s e p a r a t e i n d i v i d u a l , 4 BNJ xxviii, p p . 459 ff.

7 THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

comparable coins of Offa by these two moneyers are likely to be from the London mint as well. The implications of this for the coinage of Offa are outside the scope of this paper. The second transitional variety, A (ii), clearly provides a link between the first transitional and the substantive tribrach type and shows that the tribrach was introduced at 'London'. In contrast to these two transitional varieties the third, A (iii) (PL I, Cn. 4), links the coinage of Eadberht Praen to the substantive tribrach issue of Coenwulf (B). It is represented by a single specimen which has as obverse type the M of the substantive type. The reverse has a horizontal 'bone' similar to that on coins of Offa and on one of Eadberht Praen (PL I, E.P. 4). The moneyer, Seberht, is found striking for the Kentish king Cuthred. It is apparent therefore that we have here to do with a Kentish moneyer. The coin can probably be regarded as in the nature of a 'mule', for, although Seberht is not known to have worked for either Offa or Eadberht Praen, the reverse type is associated with both kings and is not found elsewhere on coins of Coenwulf. This variety may therefore be regarded as the earliest of Coenwulf's Kentish issues and, since we have no indication of a mint at Rochester operating as yet, can be attributed to Canterbury and to a date immediately after its recovery in 798. That the name of the king on the coins was, except in cases of disputed succession, often not changed for some months after his accession is generally recognized as mint practice in medieval, as much as in later, times. That this was the case at the end of the eighth century is suggested by the absence of any coins in the name of Offa's successor, Ecgfrith, who reigned four and a half months until December 796. Coinage in Coenwulf's name is therefore not likely to have begun to appear from the London mint until towards the end of the first half of 797 and the two transitional varieties from that mint may accordingly be dated mid-797 to 798. On the other hand he may, in the circumstances of his recovery of the Kentish kingdom, have thought fit to start a coinage at Canterbury in his own name as soon as possible after he regained possession of it. The substantive tribrach type probably began therefore in 798. If it is accepted that Coenwulf struck at a mint outside Kent, probably London, in the first two years of his reignand the evidence adduced below certainly suggests that this mint was operating later in the reignthere is no reason to believe that it closed again when Canterbury was recovered. The question then arises how to distinguish the coins of the substantive tribrach type of these two mints. The table of moneyers (Table C)1 shows that a number of moneyers may be associated with Canterbury from the fact that they struck coins in the name of a king of Kent. Of the remainder Diola, Ludoman, and Wilhun have already been associated with the 'London' mint. We have treated as undetermined the coins of Ciolhard, Eama, Ibba, and Pendwine. Pendwine we put in this group merely because we have not seen the only coin in his name of which we have a record and because the name is not found elsewhere. It might well prove, if the actual coin were available for inspection, that he could be associated with London. The other three moneyers, Ciolhard, Ibba, and Eama (PI. I, Cn. 14-16), have a special feature in common, namely that each struck, in Offa's last issue, coins that, as regards their reverses, are comparable in type and differ from the type peculiarly associated with Offa's last coinage. One specimen of the latter by each moneyer has survived and on each
1

p. 73 b e l o w .

THE

COINAGE

OF SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,
1

796-840

the moneyer's name is disposed in the quarters of a cross. The normal type has the moneyer's name in one or two lines horizontally. It seems therefore that these three moneyers, whose coins of Coenwulf we had put in a separate grouping before we had appreciated that they formed a comparable separate grouping under Offa, hang together in isolation and the possibility that they worked at yet another mint cannot entirely be ruled out. It will be noticed that the only one of these three to continue after the tribrach type is Ciolhard. That Eama and Eanmund are variant forms of the same name has been suggested,2 but the difference in style between their coins for Coenwulf (Pl. I, Cn. 15 and Pl. II, Cn. 19) suggests that in this instance they may represent separate moneyers, just as apparently do Eaba, Eoba, and Oba. Both lbba and Ciolhard struck coins for OlTa's earlier, as well as his later, issues and the earlier coins3 show the characteristics one has come to associate with Canterbury. Find-spots of Ibba coins are, for the earlier issues of Offa, Italy (?) 2, Trewhiddle hoard (?) 1, Castor, Northants. 1; for the later, Kilkenny, Ireland; 4 for the two coins of Coenwulf, Shropshire (allegedly) and Breedon-on-the-Hill, Leics. Find-spots of Ciolhard coins for the earlier issues of Offa are Austria and Weston, Hunts. No findspots are recorded for the later coins discussed here. The style of the coins of these two moneyers on the earlier issues of Offa is different to that on the later. This might suggest that two men of the same name were working as moneyers in quick succession; on the other hand Ibba is a far from common name. Attempts to divide the coins of Ceolhard (who continued striking into Ceolwulf's reign) into two groups on the basis of the various spellings of the proto- and deutero-theme (Ceol-, Ciol-, -hard, -heard) produced no conclusive results, but in this case the fact that the name is found over twenty-five years must make it possible that two men were involved. This, however, must at present remain quite uncertain as must the possible alternative suggestion in the case of Ibba that he moved from Canterbury to another mint. The evidence of find-spots, slight though it is, rather suggests that his later coins were not issued from Canterbury. The evidence of the later coins of Ceolhard, which are discussed below, points to a similar conclusion and in this case to the London mint. The only other moneyers that need be discussed here are Eoba, Eanmund, and Wighard (Pl. I, Cn. 9; Pl. II, Cn. 19 and 21). The last two we attribute to London. This we have done in part on stylistic grounds and in part because of two coins of Coenwulf in their names that have the king's bust. These are discussed below. Eoba may be accepted as a Canterbury moneyer; his name is found on coins issued by the Kentish kings Ecgberht and Heaberht. First Coinage of Cuthred, King of Kent, without the bust (Pl. I) Cuthred's first coinage, which appears to have been inaugurated a year or two after his accession in 798 is, like that of Coenwulf, without bust. Basically there are two obverse and two reverse types, each with a number of minor variants which can be seen from the illustrations. Obverse 1. Tribrach, with smaller tribrach in a circle in the centre (Pl. I, Cd. 11).
1 2 3

Blunt, Offa, pl. vi, 87, 90, 101. BNJ xxix, p p . 9 f. Blunt, Offa, pl. iv, 23, pl. v, 61-65.

4 T h e a u t h o r i t y f o r this s o m e w h a t unexpected p r o v e n a n c e is fully c o n f i r m e d in JRSAI, 2nd series, vi, p p . 72-73. W e owe this reference to M r . Dolley.

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

Obverse 2. Cross, with sometimes a pellet or a wedge in each angle (Pl. I, Cd. 8). Reverse 1. Cross moline, in the centre a circle containing a cross or pellet (Pl. I, Cd. 10). Reverse 2. Tribrach of varying forms, sometimes with a circle in the centre containing a pellet or a smaller tribrach (e.g. Pl. I, Cd. 6). Both obverses are found combined with both reverses. All the coins of this issue are rare, in fact we can record no more than twenty-one specimens in all, by the moneyers Duda, Eaba, Seberht, Sigeberht, and Werheard and, since few are exact duplicates, it is probable that we have not as yet a representative selection of the entire issue. All these moneyers worked also for Coenwulf and it is apparent that Cuthred shared the Canterbury mint with his brother. It will be noticed that on all these early coins the king is described as C V B R E D R E X in contrast to the portrait pieces where he is invariably described as R E X C A N T . Coinage of Archbishop /Ethelheard with the name of Coenwulf (Pl. II) There must be some doubt as to which is the obverse and which the reverse on these early ecclesiastical issues on which the name of the moneyer does not appear, but we have followed Brooke in regarding the side with the name of the archbishop as the obverse and the side with the king's name as the reverse. The obverse type continues the legend that starts round the coin. In all but one case the letters in the centre are EP following the AR that ends the circumscription (Arc/z/ep/Scopus) (Pl. II, JE. 1-2). The exception is a coin on which the whole of the circumscription is taken up with the archbishop's name; as a result the letters in the centre become AR (Pl. II, JE. 3). The reverse type generally shows a rounded M with an abbreviation mark over it, as on the coins of Coenwulf's substantive tribrach issue (Pl. II, JE. 2), but a few show a tribrach, between the arms of which are the king's name, title, and ethnic (Pl. II, JE. 1). It is not apparent which reverse was used first. Coins with the tribrach have a Roman E in the obverse type which is the form found on Offa's few coins with this type; 1 on the reverse of these coins, moreover, it would seem that the engraver had difficulty in fitting so long a legend as C O E N V V L F REX M into the space available to him. In each case one of the vs is relegated to a position near the centre and in one the x of REX is similarly placed. These two factors taken together might point to this being the earlier type. The first point, however, is vitiated by the fact that it is extremely doubtful if there was any continuity between ^Ethelheard's coinage in the name of Offa and his coinage in the name of Coenwulf. ^Bthelheard is known to have regarded London as a possible alternate seat for the Metropolitan and 'towards the end of the eighth century there was a moment when the removal of the Archbishop's seat from Canterbury (to London) was under serious consideration'. 2 But it is doubtful if we are justified in taking this as evidence that, on Coenwulf's losing Canterbury, yEthelheard moved his mint to London. It is on record that, during Eadberht's usurpation, the archbishop fled to the Continent and it seems more likely that during this period his coining activities were suspended until Coenwulf recovered Canterbury.
1

B l u n t , O f f a , p!. vii, 137-8.

S t e n t o n , Anglo-Saxon

England,

pp. 224-5.

10

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

As was the case with Iaenberht, none of the coins of ^Ethelheard have any indication of a moneyer's name. This suggests that, at this time, a single moneyer was working for the archbishop. ^Ethelheard's death took place in 805, two years before the death of Cuthred. His successor's coins show affinities with the portrait coins of the Kentish king and, as none of the coins of ^Ethelheard does so, the change from the non-portrait to the portrait coins may have taken place about the time of his death in 805.
T H E R O Y A L M I N T AT C A N T E R B U R Y A F T E R c. 805

( P L A T E S I I - I V A N D T A B L E D A F T E R P. 12)

The starting-point for any attempt at identifying the products of the royal mint at Canterbury during this period must inevitably be the mint-signed coins of Ceolwulf, Baldred, and the profile Anonymous issue, and to a lesser extent, because it is further away in time, the Dorob C monogram type of Ecgberht. Only one moneyer (Sigestef) is known to have struck coins for Ceolwulf bearing the Canterbury mint-signature, and this exception seems to have been for a special reason which we discuss later; but five others (Diormod, Oba, Swefherd, Tidbearht, and Werheard) joined him in proclaiming the mint of origin of the profile Anonymous issue or of a clearly related group of portrait coins of Baldred. No moneyer, apart from these, is known to have taken part in this Anonymous issue (the facing Anonymous issue being evidently related to the archiepiscopal series), and coins of Baldred by other moneyers are quite distinct stylistically and, in our opinion, are not to be regarded as products of the Canterbury mint. The same six moneyers also struck for Coenwulf and for Ecgberht. Among the issues of Coenwulf that can be attributed to the later part of his reign, only one other moneyer (Dealla) struck coins that can be associated stylistically with those of the six moneyers, and he is not known after Coenwulf's death. In the early portrait Canterbury issue of Ecgberht (Blunt Group I) 1 no other moneyer's name is found, and in the non-portrait issue (Group 2) a single new moneyer (Wulgar) is known. The pattern suggests that the complement of moneyers striking in the king's name at Canterbury at this time was, in fact, six, and by projecting stylistically forwards into the reign of yEthelwulf and backwards to the reign of Cuthred we are able to attribute to this mint a series of issues which may well have been struck by a group of moneyers that was, in general, of this size. During this period the obverse types used by the Canterbury moneyers were, with few exceptions, common to them all. Standard reverse types were also used, although less consistently. The coinage of this mint can therefore be treated as a whole and considered chronologically. Coenwulf and Cuthred: Introduction During the reign of Coenwulf the coinage falls naturally into three main groups, the first of which (Group II) is distinguished by the small size of the flans (0-7-0-75 in.) and the general neatness of the portraiture. Coins of Cuthred of this group have, however, survived in appreciably greater numbers than those of Coenwulf, and its issue cannot long have outlasted the former's death in 807. Probably not later than c. 810 the flan
1

Blunt, Ecgberht, pp. 467 ff.

11 T H E

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

size was increased (0-75-0-85 in.) and new reverse types introduced, although the typical portrait of Group II continued in use for a time (Group III). The bulk of the large-flan issues, however, carried a new and less complex portrait (Group IV) and with its introduction the obverse inscription, which was previously interrupted as a general rule by the king's bust, became continuous except on the coins of one moneyer (Oba). The portrait of Group IV continued in use into the reign of Ceolwulf, and indeed through to the Anonymous issue also. At least two reverse types are found coupled with obverses of both Groups III and IV, and although this may merely mean that more than one reverse type was in issue simultaneously, the possibility must be admitted that the Group IV portrait was originally adopted concurrently with that of Group III. We have given the reverse types of Coenwulf alphabetical suffixes, but no indication of sequence is necessarily intended. Coenwulf (IIA) and Cuthred (II): Cross and Wedges type, c. 805-c. 810 (Pl. II) On the coins of this type, which are struck on small flans and depict on the reverse a cross pommee with a wedge in each angle, the portrait is finely drawn and the obverse inscription is almost invariably divided by the Icing's bust. On one variety of the moneyer Sigeberht (Cd. 20) the inscription begins at the king's right shoulder, but the style of portraiture is unusual. On another variety of the same moneyer (Cd. 21) the inner circle is omitted on the obverse; otherwise it is always present. The moneyer's name, where it ends in D or T, is always found in the genitive form, e.g. Verheardi moneta, 'the money (or die) of Werheard'. The type is unlikely to have been introduced much before 805, since there is no corresponding portrait issue in the name of Archbishop ^Fthelheard and since we can, with reasonable confidence, attribute Archbishop Wulfred's earliest coinage to the period of the Cross and Wedges issue. Four moneyers (Beornfreth, Eaba, Sigeberht, and Werheard) are known to have struck this type for both Cuthred and Coenwulf, with in addition two (Duda and Heremod) for Cuthred alone and one (Seberht) for Coenwulf alone. It is probable that the type continued after Cuthred's death in 807, because some coins in the name of Coenwulf (e.g. Cn. 24) are of rather less fine style than the majority of the coins of the issue. There is no historical reason why the two kings should not have shared the mint during Cuthred's lifetime, but the survival of more than twice as many coins of Cuthred as of Coenwulf may be significant, and no die-links between coins of the two kings have yet been discovered. Coenwulf (IIB and C): Cross and Quatrefoil type and Sigeberht's Triple Aura1 (AnnuletTriangle-Trefoil) type, c. 805-c. 810 (Pl. II)" There are two other types of Coenwulf, also struck on small flans, which seem to be contemporary with the Cross and Wedges issue. One of these was used by the moneyer Duda, who is not known for Coenwulf in the Cross and Wedges issue, nor in the later,
1 We have used the label 'Triple Aura' for the annulet-triangle-trefoil type without meaning to argue that the coin-design had such significance at this early date. The correspondence, however, if fortuitous is indeed remarkable. In Byzantine iconography the Triple Aura symbolized the simultaneous emanation of uncreated light from the three persons of the Trinity. Its use to connote Christ in Glory is supposed to have

been the outcome of Hesychast speculation in the fourteenth century. It is variously depicted by different combinations of three circular or angular concentric mandorlas (see e.g. R. Byron and D. Talbot Rice, The Birth of Western Painting, 1930, pis. 8, 31, 33, 62, and 75 and note to pl. 35). A similar form to that on the coin occurs on the head of a churchwarden's staff in Holy Trinity Church, Guildford.

12

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

large-flan issues. The cross and wedges design is replaced by a cross and quatrefoil, with a pellet in each angle of the cross (Cn. 31), but the style of the obverse cannot be distinguished from that of the Cross and Wedges issue. Tidbearhta new moneyer, who may have been Duda's successorstruck coins with this reverse type, on one of which the spelling of his name without the A is unique (Cn. 33). Tidbearht's coins, neither at this stage nor later, exhibit the genitive, but the small flan is sufficient to give the coin an early date. If the style of portrait be thought to be more in keeping with that on late coins of the reign, it is only necessary to consider its similarity to that on a Cross and Wedges coin by Seberht (Cn. 27) and on one of Cuthred by the moneyer Sigeberht (Cd. 20) and to note its finer engraving. The second type is known only from a unique coin by Sigeberht himself, on which the reverse design is a combination of a trefoil, a triangle, and an annulet, superimposed on one another (Cn. 34). The inscription begins by the king's right shoulder, but the temptation to associate it for this reason with later coins must be resisted, bearing in mind the small flan, the absence of any coins of later issues by Sigeberht, and the existence of the same feature on the coin of Cuthred just mentioned (Cd. 20) from which the design of the bust is clearly derived. Coenwulf (IIIA and IVa): Pincer Cross type, c. 810-c. 820 (Pl. Ill) The name we have given to this type, which is invariably found associated with the larger size of flan, represents an oversimplification of the design, which incorporates a cross and wedges within what can best be described as a pincer cross. It is the earliest type of a new moneyer, Diormod, and the latest of Beornfreth, the other known moneyers being Tidbearht and Werheard. Beornfreth appears to have ceased to be a moneyer before the introduction of the Group IV portrait, but what may be a transitional coin of his (Cn. 36) has the Group III portrait with the inscription unbroken. The moneyer's name is no longer found in the genitive except on coins of Werheard of the earlier style (Cn. 39). The change of style coincides with a change in the last letter of moneta from a normal barred A to an inverted v, which is common also to Groups I VB to I VF below, although this alteration is not made in any A occurring in the moneyer's name. Sometimes, too, the angular M replaces the rounded form. Close dating of the Pincer Cross coins is difficult, particularly as coins of Group IV (Cn. 44-46) are predominant. On the basis of the number of surviving coins the issue must have been quite extensive, and probably began soon after the small-flan coins of Group II ceased to be struck. The change in style (assuming that there was no overlap) would seem to have occurred relatively early, and the type probably ceased to be issued before the introduction of the Crescent Cross type (Group IVD). Coenwulf (IIIB and IVB): Cross Moline types (excluding those of Oba), c. 815? (Pl. Ill) A cross moline, without inner circle, is found associated with the earlier large-flan portrait on only two coins, by the moneyers Tidbearht and Werheard (Cn. 40-41). With inner circle it occurs on a small group of coins bearing the later portrait, all of which are by the moneyer Diormod and two of which are die-linked to Pincer Cross coins of the same moneyer (Cn. 47(a) to 44(d), andillustrated47(c) to 44(e)). It is possible that the coins of Group I I I B are to be dated earlier than those of Group I I I A , and Group IVB later than Group IVA, but equally the Cross Moline and Pincer Cross

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

13

types might have been issued concurrently. No firm dating of the Cross Moline coins is therefore possible at this stage of our knowledge. Coenwulf (IIIc and IVc): Cross Crosslet types, c. 810-c. 820 (PI. Ill) The use of the cross-crosslet design at Canterbury under Coenwulf was limited to the moneyer Dealla, who is the only moneyer of that king at this mint not known to have issued coins in the name of any other ruler. From the rarity of his coins with the earlier portrait (Cn. 42-43), it may perhaps be implied that he was not active until some time after the beginning of the large-flan coinage. For some reason he alone of the king's Canterbury moneyers used dies which depicted the royal head without diadema characteristic feature of some of the Rochester issues of the timeand coins with this feature by Dealla (Cn. 53-55) are among the least rare issues of the reign. On some of his reverse dies the inscription is divided in three by crosses (e.g. Cn. 54). His CrossCrosslet types must have extended over several years, in parallel with issues of different types by other moneyers. Coenwulf (IVd): Crescent Cross type, c. 820 (PI. Ill) This type, having for its central reverse design four crescents back to back in cruciform, is known for the three moneyers of the Group IVA Pincer Cross coins, Diormod, Tidbearht, and Werheard, and also for Dealla (Cn. 56-59). It docs not occur with the early portrait, and if confirmation of a late dating is needed, the type was copied at Rochester on Coenwulf's latest coins of that mint and on coins of his successor. Coenwulf (IVEand IVF): ' A' type of Sigestef and Cross Fourcliee type of Swefherd, c. 820 (PI. Ill) These are the only known types struck for Coenwulf by their respective moneyers, who may be assumed to have been appointed in the last years of the reign. Sigestef's type (Cn. 60) results from the detaching of the final letter of moneta from the circular inscription; he also used this type for Ceolwulf, and it was imitated at Rochester in that reign also. Swefherd's is quite singular (Cn. 62). Coenwulf (IVG and IVH): Cross Moline and Cross and Wedges types of Oba, c. 815-c. 820 (PI. Ill) Although Oba's obverse dies conform in their portraiture to the general principles of Group IV, they were apparently prepared by a different engraver from that employed by the other moneyers. This engraver preferred to let the bust break the inscription, and to use a barred A in moneta instead of the inverted v typical of Group IV. The most logical sequence of Oba's types places first the Cross Moline coins with unbroken inscription and diamond-shaped o in Oba (Cn. 63-64), and second the coins of basically similar type but which have the inscription divided into three by crosses (Cn. 65). Finally there are the Cross and Wedges types on which the reverse inscription remains divided, but with the diamond-shaped o replaced by the round form (Cn. 67-69): modified in this way the divided inscription is also found on coins of the Anonymous issue (An. 3). An apparently transitional coin between Groups IVc; and IYH has, in effect, a combination of the designs of both types, and carries the later form of divided inscription (Cn. 66).

14

T H E

C O I N A G E

OF

S O U T H E R N

E N G L A N D ,

796-840

Despite his use of the Cross and Wedges design, Oba cannot be regarded as other than a late moneyer of Coenwulf. Ceolwulf: Portrait issues, c. 821-2 (Pl. Ill) That only two Canterbury moneyers are known to have struck coins for Ceolwulf cannot be without significance. The volume of surviving coinage of Ceolwulf at Rochester and at the East Anglian and Mercian mints, and the number of coins of these two moneyers themselves, are sufficient to suggest that Oba and Sigestef were probably the only Canterbury moneyers who acknowledged the authority of Ceolwulf, and that we must look to the Anonymous issues for the bulk of the Canterbury coinage struck during this reign. Oba's portrait coins (CI. 1) are from obverse dies cut by the same hand as those used by him for Coenwulf. The reverse type, a three-line inscription divided by hook-ended lines, is new and must be compared with the similar type used by the moneyer Eanwulf at Rochester and by some East Anglian moneyers, but Sigestef's coins (CI. 2) continue the reverse type he used for Coenwulf. There can have been little lapse of time between, for example, the engraving of the dies for Cn. 60 and CI. 2, and in fact we have little doubt that Ceolwulf's few portrait coins by Oba and Sigestef were struck early in his short reign. The Profile Anonymous c. 822-c. 826 (PL IV) issues and the Bonnet type of Baldred and Ecgberht,

Cn. 60

CI. 2

An. 4
FIG. 1

An. 9

Ba. 2

Ec. 1:7

The Profile Anonymous type, bearing the name of the moneyer on the obverse in place of a king's name and carrying the mint-signature Dorobernia Civitas in several lines on the reverse,1 was struck by at least five of the six moneyers active at Canterbury at the end of Coenwulf's reign and during the years immediately following his death.
There are two different reverse varieties, one having the inscription in three lines, usually as DOROB/ERNIAC/IVITAS with a triangle of pellets above and below, and the other taking the form - + -/DORO/ BERNIA/CIVITA/'S- with minor variations. Each obverse
1

variety is found combined with both reverse varieties, although the evidence of the archiepiscopal series suggests that the second reverse variety was on the whole later than the first (see p. 21).

15 T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

It can be divided into two main varieties, the first and clearly earlier variety having a bare, though diademed, head similar in style to that found on late coins of Coenwulf and on portrait coins of Ceolwulf (An. 1-7) and the second and later variety having an apparently covered head with diadem ties (An. 8-10). These will be referred to subsequently for convenience as Anonymous-Bare Head and Anonymous-Bonnet respectively, although no suggestion that the engraver really meant to depict any kind of headgear is intended. Anonymous-Bare Head coins are known by Diormod, Oba, Sigestef, Swefherd, and Werheard, the portrait on Oba's coins being of the distinctive form already noted for his coins of Coenwulf and Ceolwulf. Anonymous-Bonnet coins have survived from only two moneyers, Diormod and Swefherd. Tidbearht is not known for either variety. Baldred's Bonnet type portrait issue, with the moneyer's name restored to the reverse and a necessarily shortened mint-signature (DRVR CITS and contraction marks, for Dorovernia Civitas) is, in our opinion, later in date than the Anonymous-Bonnet issue. Not only are the portraits on Baldred's coins stylistically inferior to those on the Anonymous coins, but there is also a unique 'mule' of an Anonymous-Bonnet obverse with a Baldred reverse (An. 11), the obverse being evidently a later striking from the same die as An. 9-10, which are normal coins of the Anonymous issue with the full Dorobenrici Civitas reverse. The archiepiscopal series provides supporting evidence for the order of these types, in the form of a sequence of moneyers which cannot be satisfactorily interpreted otherwise.1 Five moneyers are known for this issue of Baldred, viz. Diormod, Oba, Sigestef, Swefherd, and Tidbearht. Of these, Oba's coins are exceptional in still showing the head bare, though the portrait is less finely drawn than on his Anonymous coins. The king's name is spelt Baldred on Oba's and Tidbearht's coins and on one variety of Diormod's (Ba. 2) but is otherwise Beldred. No significance can be attached to the fact that Werheard, the missing moneyer, is also unknown for the Anonymous-Bonnet issue, because so few coins of either type have survived. Ecgberht's early portrait coins (Blunt Group 1) bear a very similar 'bonneted' head, although if anything the engraving is cruder than on Baldred's coins. However, the reverse design, unlike Baldred's, is not standardized. Each moneyer uses his own motif and. with the exception of Diormod and Werheard, moneta is omitted. It is remarkable that the seven known specimens of this issue, which are of widely different provenances, are representative of no fewer than five moneyers (with Oba missing), and that they prove to be from only four obverse dies.2 Statistically it is improbable that more than two or three obverse dies remain to be identified, and the issue must have been very brief indeed. We thus have a group of portrait coins which span, at the most, a period of four years. Those of Baldred seem unlikely to have begun to be issued before 823. The Profile Anonymous issues, which are earlier, may have taken place largely, if not entirely, during the reign of Ceolwulf, but it is difficult to date them exactly in view of the conflicting evidence of the non-portrait coins of the period, which are discussed in the next section.
Infra, p. 21. Of the coins listed on p. 468 of BNJ xxviii, there are obverse die-links between nos. 2 and 7, nos. 3 and
2 1

4, and nos. 5 and 6. No. 4 is Coats 529, no. 5 Hunter 530, and no. 7 is in the British Museum ex L. A. Lawrence (ill. above, fig. 1).

16

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

The non-portrait issues of Ceolwulf, Baldred, and Ecgberht, c. 822-c. 828 (Pl. IV) For the first time since the Tribrach and related types of Coenwulf and Cuthred in the earliest years of the century, the Canterbury mint issued during Ceolwulf's reign a group of coins without the royal portrait. This group is further distinguished in that, whereas the king's name is always spelt C E O L V V L F on portrait coins of the mint (as it is also on East Anglian coins), on the non-portrait coins it is invariably spelt C I O L V V L F (as also on all the coins we attribute to Rochester and London). Moreover, and again for the first time since the Tribrach issue, the word moneta is omitted from the reverse. The omission characterizes the non-portrait issues in the names of Ceolwulf, Baldred, and Ecgberht. For this reason we group these issues together, and after describing them in detail, we discuss in the next section their relationship with each other and with the portrait issues of the same period. The designs of Ceolwulf's non-portrait coins were apparently inspired by the issues of the London mint; as we point out elsewhere in this paper, 1 the cross-crosslet, which is a feature of both the obverse and reverse of CI. 4, the obverse of CI. 3 and the reverse of CI. 5, is commonly found on the reverse of coins of Coenwulf and Ceolwulf by the group of moneyers whom we associate with that mint. It is not found earlier at Canterbury except on coins of the moneyer Dealla and on one coin of Archbishop Wulfred. The obverse design of CI. 5 seems likely to have originated at London, since not only is it used there by three moneyers but also Sigestef is at pains to record the Canterbury origin of his coinsthe first time that an English penny bears the name of king, mint, and moneyer. The reverse design of the non-portrait coins of Oba (a cross with a pellet in each angle, and disconnected moline ends interrupting the inscription) bears a close resemblance to that on his non-portrait coins for Baldred, so close that it would be difficult to put forward any convincing chronology that did not place these issues adjacent to one another (cf. CI. 3 and Ba. 8-11). The obverse of Baldred's non-portrait issue is typically a plain cross within an inner circle, the inscription round the coin reading + B E L D R E D R E X CANT. This design reflects that on contemporary Frankish coins,2 and the type is known for all six moneyers active at the time. In Werheard's case no coin is known with the ethnic, an omission applicable to some only of the coins of other moneyers (e.g. Ba. 12a, Sigestef). A variety by the moneyer Swefherd has a cross-crosslet in place of the plain cross (Ba. 14). Diormod, Sigestef, Swefherd, and Werheard use a plain cross on the reverse also, though in Diormod's case (Ba. 7) the inscription is interrupted by a cruciform pattern of the initial cross and three forks attached to the inner circle. The close stylistic and epigraphical similarity between the reverses of these coins of Sigestef, Swefherd, and Werheard and some of those they struck for Ecgberht (whether portrait or non-portrait) is significant (cf. Ba. 12 and Ec. 1:6, 3 Ba. 13 and Ec. 1:7, Ba. 16 and Ec. 2:13-14). Tidbearht's reverse design for Baldred is a cross with one forked limb (Ba. 15). This is not found on any of his coins for Ecgberht, but epigraphically there is a close resemblance. Ecgberht's coins of Blunt, Group 2 need not be considered further here, except that
Infra, p. 30. We are uncertain whether this has any significance, e.g. in the context of trade with the Carolingians, though we consider this subject to be outside the scope
2 1

of our paper. 3 Ec. 1:6 denotes Ecgberht, Group 1, no. 6 as listed in Blunt, Ecgberht, p. 468.

17 T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

we should draw attention to the close similarity of the reverses of two coins of Sigestef (Ec. 1:5 and 2:4) to that of one of his coins for Ceolwulf (CI. 4).

Ba. 12 (b)

Ec. 1:6
FIG.

Ec. 2:4

The relative chronology of the portrait and non-portrait issues after the death of Coenwulf, c. 821-c. 828 The stylistic patterns which emerge from the last two sections are clear but are difficult to interpret. They may be summarized as follows: (a) Portraiture. The portraits on Ceolwulf's coins are such that they must have followed closely Coenwulf's latest coins. The Anonymous-Bare Head coins have a similar portrait and must be next in the portrait series. There is then a change to a covered head, soon followed by a deterioration in style, supporting the placing of the Baldred Bonnet type after the Anonymous-Bonnet coins; this is confirmed by the Swefherd 'mule' of the two issues and by the independent evidence of the archiepiscopal series. Ecgberht's early portraits are similar to but, if anything, less neat than Baldred's. (b) Omission of'moneta'. The omission of moneta is common to the non-portrait issues of Ceolwulf and Baldred and the non-portrait and early portrait issues of Ecgberht, although one moneyer (Diormod) does include it (as MNET) on his coins for Ecgberht. It is never excluded from coins of the other issues. (c) Standardization of reverse type. The reverse type is standard for all moneyers in the Anonymous issues and Baldred's Bonnet issue. Otherwise it varies from moneyer to moneyer. (d) Other reverse type affinities. Oba's non-portrait coins for Ceolwulf and Baldred are closely related; so are some of Sigestef's for Ceolwulf to his early portrait coins for Ecgberht. The non-portrait coins for Baldred by Swefherd and Werheard are closely related to their early coins for Ecgberht. (e) Differences in spelling. On Ceolwulf's portrait coins, his name is spelt with an E, but on his non-portrait coins it is spelt with an I. On Baldred's non-portrait coins his name is invariably spelt 'Beldred', but on his portrait coins it is sometimes spelt 'Baldred'. C 2220 c

18

THE COINAGE OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND,

796-840

Dorovemia is spelt thus, by implication, on Baldred's 'Bonnet' coins with the contracted form D R V R CITS. On Sigestef's Rex Mercioru coins of Ceolwulf, and also on coins of the Anonymous issues, however, the v is replaced by b, and Ecgberht's Dorob C monogram (Blunt Group 3) depends upon the same substitution. The difficulty is not in the chronology of the portrait issues and the non-portrait issues separately, but in their relationship to each other. This can be seen from the discordant effect created by the non-portrait issues in the following table:
Ecgberht '5 isa o 1 fi 1 u "o S "5 2 O a.
*

s
s 5 a c 5!
*
*

Feature Portrait Standard reverse type Moneta Dorovernia Oba Sigestef Other moneyers

t
* * * *

dt t t t t
* * *

1 5 C a o a)
* * *

"S 1 , -a A

t t Note * denotes that the feature occurs regularly

*
* *

i" t t t
*

Q 5 c1 j a. s: 1 1 t f t t t f t % t t t
3
*

'S

*
*

* *

t denotes that the feature does not occur J denotes that the feature occurs irregularly

If our interpretation of the numismatic and historical material is correct, the coinage of Ceolwulf and Baldred and the Anonymous issues are all to be dated to the four years 821-5. We do not know how great the demand for coin was during this period, and therefore we cannot tell whether individual dies were, as a rule, worn out within a few weeks or used spasmodically over a period of several months or more. There are, in fact, substantial difficulties in the way of forming the portrait and non-portrait issues into a single consecutive series. On the basis of style and typological affinities, it would appear by no means unlikely that portrait and non-portrait dies were being cut and used simultaneously, at least under Baldred and at the beginning of Ecgberht's rule in Kent. There is no reason why a mint should not at this stage have struck parallel series of different type, though in this case such would seem likely to have derived from policy rather than accident. Since the output of the Canterbury royal mint had become relatively standardized in the ninth century, some reason should probably be sought beyond the alternate availability of two die-cutters with different tastes in types and spelling. The affinity of the non-portrait issues with contemporary Carolingian types could be a relevant factor. However this may be, a case could be made out for Ceolwulf's non-portrait coins having been rather later in date than his portrait coins. Not only is there a change in the spelling of the king's name and a resemblance to the non-portrait coins of Baldred and Ecgberht, but also the moneyers Oba and Sigestef, who alone struck for Ceolwulf, are at present unknown for the rare 'Anonymous-Bonnet' issue. To place Ceolwulf's nonportrait coins later than any of the anonymous coinage would, however, throw the problem of the raison d'etre of the latter and the attitude of the moneyers Oba and Sigestef into higher relief, and we doubt whether a purely numismatic solution is possible at this stage of our knowledge.

19 T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

Ecgberht and Mhehvulf, c. 828-c. 840. Although not strictly within the scope of this paper, we think it desirable to record briefly the immediate effect on. the classification of the remaining coins of Ecgberht and the early issues of ^Ethelwulf which our research appears to produce. It would not, however, be appropriate to develop the subject here in any detail. The transitional Canterbury issues of Blunt Groups 1 and 2 of Ecgberht gave way probably quite quickly to the standardized monogram type of Group 3, which seems then to have lasted until the end of the reign: reasons are given in the Rochester section of this paper for the attribution of Group 4 to that mint. ^Ethelwulf's first Canterbury issue was, we think, the non-portrait Saxoniorum type with moneyer's name, of which only two specimens occurred in the Middle Temple hoard. Of the remaining 26 coins of the reign in that hoard at least 22, and perhaps all 26, are in our opinion to be associated with the Rochester mint, and it may be that, at least in respect of its iEthelwulf component, this hoard was gathered in an area where Rochester coins were more plentiful than those of Canterbury. Subsequent issues of the Canterbury mint are to be seen in the types which have in a recent paper 1 been shown to be stylistically related to the Saxoniorum type.
ARCHBISHOP W U L F R E D ' S (PLATE VIII MINT AND AT C A N T E R B U R Y E, P . 73) (805-32)

TABLE

I. Coins omitting a moneyer's name (c. 805-?) None of the coins of Wulfred's predecessors, Iaenberht and iEthelheard, bore either a portrait or a moneyer's name. They all, however, included the name and title of the Mercian king. The omission of the moneyer's name may thus have been due to lack of space, orperhaps more probablyto the archbishop having had only one moneyer, since, when the royal authority was omitted by Wulfred, his earliest coins included not a moneyer's name, but the mint-signature (itself in a sense superfluous). An early date for these coins (Wu. 1 and 2) can be sustained on grounds other than the omission of the moneyer's name. For example, the small flan size is similar to that of Cuthred and Coenwulf's Cross and Wedges issue and of the associated issues of Coenwulf that link with it. The portrait and bust 2 are drawn with more attention to detail than on other coins of Wulfred, as can be instanced by the inclusion of the crosses on the pallium on no. 2a. The readings are in full, viz. V V L F R E D I A R C H I E P I S C O P I on the obverse, D O R O V E R N I A E C I V I T A T I S on the reverse. The use of the genitive on the obverse is noteworthy. It does not occur on his subsequent issues nor indeed on any other English coin. Unparalleled at this stage in the English series also is the genitive form of the mint-name and designation on the reverse.3 Of the reverse designs, the cross-crosslet motif (Wu. 1) is reminiscent of early coins
1 R. H. M. Dolley and K. Skaare, 'The Coinage of iEthelwulf, King of the West Saxons, 839-58', AngloSaxon Coins (Methuen, 1961), pp. 63 ff. 2 The tonsured head would seem to have been inspired by the earliest portrait on a papal coin, that

of Adrian I (d. 795). 3 B. H. I. H. Stewart, ''Moneta and Mot on AngloSaxon Coins', BNJ xxxi (1963), p. 31; Samuel Pegge, An Assemblage of Coins Fabricated by Authority of the Archbishops of Canterbury, 1772, p. 6.

20

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

of Archbishop iEthelheard, 1 but the alpha-omega (Wu. 2) is new. As there seems to have been only one active moneyer (Saeberht) at the beginning of the next issue, we think it unlikely that these alternative designs signify two moneyers. It is possible that the unnamed moneyer of the early issue may, in fact, have been the same Saeberht, in that Cuthred and Coenwulf had a moneyer of similar name (spelt' Seberht') and in the 820's the name of one moneyer (Swefherd) occurs on both royal and archiepiscopal coins. II and III. The First Monogram type (before 823) The introduction of the moneyer's name relegated the mint-signature to the central design, usually in monogrammatic form. The first and commonest of such types of Archbishop Wulfred is easily distinguished from a later, Second Monogram, type (group VII) by its complexity.2 The coins are struck on larger flans than the previous issue, and the archbishop's bust usually breaks the obverse inscription, which is thus shortened to V V L F R E D A R C H I E P I (group III). The lack of any contraction mark over the D suggests that the genitive form was not intended (Wu. 4-8). A transitional group (II), however, significant for the chronology of the series, continues the full legend of group I, though the lettering on both sides is larger, and on some specimens the inscriptions begin at irregular points in relation to the types. The bust, though still wholly contained within the circumscription, is less intricate and has a large pellet each side of the cheek (Wu. 3). Coins of group I and some of group II have a straight fringe of hair across the forehead, whereas in group III the hair is peaked between the eyebrows. The letter M of Moneta is of rounded form, and the final A is barred or unbarred. The left o in the monogram is diamond-shaped. Saeberht is the only moneyer of group II. Group III, the normal First Monogram type, is more plentiful and saw the appearance of a second moneyer, Swefherd. Indications of sequence can be gained from comparison with the regal series, where the final A on the reverse took on a distinctive, unbarred form during the currency of the Pincer Cross type, and rounded M gave way to the Roman form; both these developments can be noted in Wulfred's group III. An early indicator also is the diamond-shaped left o in the reverse monogram. Coins with all three early features, rounded M, barred A, and diamond o, sometimes singly, sometimes in combination, are known for both moneyers. Another featurethis perhaps a late onewhich occurs on some coins of both moneyers is the inclusion of triple pellets in the field on either side of the archbishop's face (Wu. 6 and 8);3 the obverse dies of one moneyer, Luning, in group IV exhibit a similar ornamentation. Swefherd presumably began to coin quite soon after the start of group III, but on the evidence of surviving coins, and if our criteria of relative chronology are valid, his main activity seems to have been concentrated rather later in the group. The precise dating of the First Monogram type must remain an open question. We have no doubt that it preceded the Anonymous issue, and we therefore date it before
e.g. Hunter 392 (Blunt, Offa, 135). There are difficulties in its exact interpretation. Dorovernia could be read from the main pattern, except that it apparently lacks an E and on some specimens the diagonals are not joined to the upright
2 1

to form N and A. The loose c and v perhaps stand separately for Civitas. 3 Copied, perhaps, from the pendants on Byzantine imperial portraits (J. P. C. Kent in Anglo-Saxon Coins, P. 14).

21

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

823. Were it not for the historical evidence, it would have been natural to suggest a dating of c. 815 to c. 822 by analogy with the regal coinage, but in the face of Wulfred's known quarrel with Coenwulf from 817 to 821 this dating is difficult to accept. It could be that the type was issued both before and after the quarrel, and that the bulk of Swefherd's coins, and those of Saeberht's which resemble them, are to be dated to the later period. IV. Anonymous (Tonsured Head) issue (c. 822-3) Although it is tempting to associate it with the quarrel of 817-21, there can be no doubt, in view of the close similarity between the reverses, that the Anonymous (Tonsured Head) issue (group IV) (Wu. 9-14) is the archiepiscopal counterpart of the regal Anonymous issues, and it can therefore be dated with confidence to the period when the Canterbury moneyers were disinclined to acknowledge Ceolwulf any longer but had not accepted the authority of Baldred. As in the regal series, there is a deterioration in style during the course of the archiepiscopal issue. At first the moneyers Saeberht and Swefherd used dies which seem to have been prepared by the engraver of the later First Monogram dies. The obverses, which show the archbishop's tonsured bust enclosed within an inner circle, have not only the double necklines which are characteristic of the type, but also two curved horizontal lines of drapery, and the reverses include the mint-signature in three lines, with triple pellets above and below (Wu. 9, 10). Towards the end of this phase (i), Saeberht appears to have been replaced by a new moneyer, Luning (Wu. 11). In phase (ii) the horizontal drapery is omitted and the portrait becomes a mere caricature. On the reverse the mint-signature is extended so that the final s is on a line by itself, flanked by two pellets, as is the cross which precedes the inscription. The moneyers are Swefherd and Luning (Wu. 12,13), until at the very end of the issue Luning gives way to another new moneyer, Vilnod, of whom only one specimen of this issue is known (Wu. 14). V. Transitional and VI. The Baldred type (c. 823-c. 825) Group IV was replaced by a new type which we have designated the Baldred type (group VI) because the reverse design is identical to that of Baldred's Bonnet issue viz. the contracted mint-signature D R V R CITS in two lines within an inner circle. The obverse follows the style of portraiture of the second phase of group IV, but this becomes progressively more degraded: the bust remains within the inner circle, frequently with pellets in the field, and the archbishop's name and title are restored in the form V V L F R E D A R C H I E P I S . The moneyers are Swefherd and Vilnod (Wu. 17 and 18). At about the time of the change from group IV to VI, and perhaps transitionally between them, occur two varieties of hybrid coin (group V), both with reverses appropriate to and probably belonging to group IV, phase (ii). One (group V, i) is apparently a direct mulegroup Vl/group IV (ii) (Wu. 15). The other variety (group V, ii) consists of two curious coins (Wu. 16 a and b) bearing simply the name V V L F R E D around a bust which extends to the edge of the coin, coupled with an 'Anonymous' reverse of the second phase; these appear to be hybrids, for there is no moneyer's name and the obverse dies seem to have been altered. There is also a true coin of group VI from an obverse die that shows signs of alteration and may, in fact, previously have borne a moneyer's name (Wu. 1 la).

22

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

VII. The Second Monogram type (c. 830). Only one coin of Wulfred is known of a type which can definitely be attributed to the period after Ecgberht of Wessex assumed power in Kent (Wu. 19). It bears on the obverse a crude bust of the archbishop which extends to the edge of the coin, with the inscription P L F R E D A R C E P S , and on the reverse the Dorob C monogram of group 3 of Ecgberht. The moneyer is Swefherd, spelt in this instance as S P E F H E A R D . From its similarity to a coin of Archbishop Ceolnoth of similar reverse type by the moneyer Wunhere (BMC pi. xiii, 7) it can be dated to the last years of Wulfred's archiepiscopate; it has little, if any, affinity with group VI. The rarity of this 'Second Monogram' type suggests either that the 'Baldred' type continued for some years after 825, or that the archbishop's coinage rights were not immediately confirmed by Ecgberht. Numismatically the latter explanation is to be preferred, for such indications as there are from the surviving coins suggest that the precedent created by the Anonymous issues in the alignment of the reverse designs of royal and ecclesiastical coins was followed for a time at least.

T H E (PLATES

M I N T IV A N D

OF

R O C H E S T E R TABLE F, P. 7 4 )

V AND

The existence of a mint at Rochester in the early 820's is evidenced by two surviving coins of Ceolwulf bearing the ancient name of the city, Dorobrevia (PI. V, CI. 17-18). A small group of coins of Ecgberht inscribed with an abbreviation of Sanctus Andreas Apostolus has also been recognized as a product of this mint, and the absence of a moneyer's name on these as well as on the Dorobrevia coins has been interpreted as indicating a one-moneyer mint. 1 These coins cannot be separated stylistically from a substantial group of coins of Coenwulf, Ceolwulf, Baldred, Ecgberht, and iEthelwulf by moneyers named Ealhstan, Dun(un), Eanwulf, Ethelmod, Cobba, and Beagmund. This group, which from the inclusion of coins of Baldred must be regarded as Kentish, is nevertheless set apart from the issues of the Canterbury mint in type, in spelling of the kings' names,2 in the absence of an anonymous issue, andinitiallyin the use of engraved lettering. Furthermore, the relative commonness of coins of Ceolwulf in this group as compared with those of Baldred is in marked contrast to the corresponding rarity of Canterbury coins of Ceolwulf. The Grateley Laws of ^Ethelstan show that, in the mid-tenth century, the king had two moneyers at Rochester and the bishop one. We know of no reason why, a century earlier, there should not similarly have been two issuing authorities, and it is our belief that the coins without moneyer's name are to be regarded as episcopal and the others as royal issues of the Rochester mint. The case for the 'St. Andrew' coins being an ecclesiastical issue is strong, for Rochester Cathedral is dedicated to that saint and there is a reference in a charter dating from the mid-ninth century "to a community of
1 2

Blunt, Ecgberht, p. 473. Ceolwulf's name is invariably spelt CIOLVVLF,

Baldred's either BALDRED or BEALDRED, and Ecgberht's always ECGBEORHT.

23
1

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

St. Andrew; it would indeed be surprising if there could have been an episcopal mint in the second city of Kent in the absence of a mint there for the king.2 The normal establishment of moneyers for the king at Rochester during the period under review was, as we endeavour to demonstrate below, apparently two. This complement, coupled with a single moneyer for the bishop, shows a noteworthy correspondence to the Grateley figures. The coinage of this mint does not fall into such clear typological divisions as that at Canterbury, but nevertheless it is possible to consider it in sequence without the necessity for reviewing the issues of each moneyer separately. Coenwulf (I): Early issues, c. 810-c. 820 (Pl. IV/V) No coins of Cuthred can convincingly be assigned to Rochester. Those of the moneyer Sigeberht, as has been pointed out above,3 can be distinguished in some respects from the coins of the other Canterbury moneyers, but not to such an extent that they must be regarded as incompatible with a Canterbury attribution. The earliest coin of the moneyers which we associate with Rochester is by Ealhstan, and apparently copies the Cross and Wedges type of Canterbury, although modifying it into a cross with pellets (Cn. 70). The flan is small, the dies apparently engraved, and the bust divides the inscription. Later coins of this group by Ealhstan have larger flans and the portraiture is much cruder. One coin repeats the reverse design of the previous one (Cn. 71) and others bear a cross moline (Cn. 72) and a cross-crosslet (Cn. 75): all these are from engraved dies. A variety which is probably transitional between Groups I and II has a cross pattee and wedges on the reverse and the obverse inscription begins by the king's right shoulder instead of being divided by the bust (Cn. 76): punches appear to have been employed in the lettering. Probably also to be included in this group are two pieces by Dun bearing cross-crosslets on the reverse. One of these (Cn. 73) is from dies which are of better workmanship than is normally found at Rochester at this time. The portrait was probably cut by the engraver of the normal Group IV Canterbury portrait and punches were undoubtedly used, yet the bust divides the legend, a feature unknown on Group IV Canterbury coins except those of the moneyer Oba, who used a different engraver. The other variety is, however, clearly struck from dies not made at Canterbury (Cn. 74): the inscription, which begins by the right shoulder, is engraved. It seems probable that both coins are by the same moneyer, and are both to be attributed to Rochester even though Canterbury may have supplied the dies for one of them. Coenwulf (II): Late issues, c. 820 (Pl. V) The late issues are distinguished by the similarity of the portraits, and of one of the two types, to those of Ceolwulf. The obverse inscription invariably begins by the king's right shoulder, and the portraiture is similar to but cruder than that of Group IV at Canterbury. Both Dun (as Dunn) and Ealhstan use variants of the Canterbury Crescent Cross type (Cn. 77-81) and on one coin Ealhstan adopts a cross potent with an open lozenge in the centre (Cn. 82). Punched lettering has now become standard.
1 A. J. Robertson, Anglo-Saxon Charters, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1956), p. 14. It is of interest to note that the deed is a settlement by a certain Dunn. 2 This point was not considered in the discussion of the minting-place of Ecgberht, Group 4 in Blunt, 3 Ecgbert, pp. 471-2. Supra, p. 11.

24

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

Ceolwulf (I): With bust, c. 821-3 (Pl. V) Ceolwulf's coins fall into two groups which are not necessarily chronological; one where the king is shown with bust as on coins of Coenwulf, and the other where there is a head only, within an unbroken inner circle. The portraiture in both cases is rudimentary. The first group is known for Dun and Ealhstan, and for a new moneyer, Eanwulf. Dun uses an alpha and omega design (CI. 6), while Ealhstan on one type brings the TA or the A of moneta into the centre (CI. 7-8) as does Sigestef at Canterbury, and on another continues the cross and crescents design (CI. 9). Eanwulf also adopts the A of moneta for one of his types, although in one case (CI. 10) a superfluous A is retained in the inscription. Another coin (CI. 12) carries his name and moneta in three lines in similar fashion to Oba's portrait coins for Ceolwulf at Canterbury. Ceolwulf (II): With head, c. 821-3 (Pl. Y) This group is known from two coins of Ealhstan with cross-crosslet (CI. 13), one of Eanwulf with central A (CI. 14) and another with a crescent cross design (CI. 15), and a single coin by a new moneyer, Ethelmod, also with central A (CI. 16). In addition there are the two coins bearing the mint-name but no moneyer's (CI. 17-18) which have already been associated with the bishop's mint; one of these has the TAS of Cibitas in the centre, and the other an A. The similarity between the obverses of these seven coins leaves no room for doubt that they all belong to the same mint. No coins are known of either Ealhstan or Eanwulf after Ceolwulf's reign: Ethelmod seems to have replaced them both. It is difficult to say whether Eanwulf succeeded Ealhstan or whether the complement of moneyers was temporarily increased to three to meet the extra demand for coin which there seems, on the evidence of the surviving coins, to have been at this time, presumably because of the equivocacy of the Canterbury mint. 1 Baldred (I): With c Rex H\ c. 823-5 (Pl. V) The significance of the title which distinguishes this group is not clear. If it refers to the Saxon name for the city, Hrofesceastre, it may infer that Baldred was not at the time in control of the whole of Kent: we defer a detailed discussion of this subject to a later section of the paper. 2 The portrait (which includes bust) is neater than on Ceolwulf's coins, and is unusual in the use of a rounded M to form an ear and^the neckline. The letter R always appears virtually as F. Four coins of Dun(un) are known, and two of Ethelmod. Two of Dun(un)'s have a cross moline on the reverse (Ba. 17-18), one has a wheel design (Ba. 19), and the design on the fourth, a fragment, is uncertain (Ba. 20). Ethelmod's coins both have the wheel design (Ba. 21). , Baldred (II): With Rex alone, c. 823-5 (Pl. V) In this case the bust is more characteristic of the mint, and the lettering is normal. The three known specimens are all by Ethelmod, with the wheel design (Ba. 22-24). On the last of these the king's name is spelt Bealdred. No obviously episcopal coins of Baldred's reign are known.
1

Vide infra, p. 41.

Infra, p. 41.

25 T H E

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

Ecgberht, c. 825-39 and AZthelwulf from 839 The coins of Ecgberht which we now assign to a royal mint at Rochester are those of Blunt Group 4. They comprise portrait types of Dun(un) and Ethelmod and nonportrait types of Ethelmod and two new moneyers, Cobba and Beagmund. The attribution of five coins with no moneyer's name but with the name of St. Andrew to an episcopal mint has already been mentioned.

Ecgberht (St. Andrew) RCL 459

yEthelwulf (Beagmund) BMA 419

yEthelwulf (Occid. Sax) BM

FIG.
3

/Ethelwulf (Beagmund) Coats 539

/Ethelwulf (Brid) RCL 463

Berhtwulf (Brid) RCL 3596

The Middle Temple hoard contained no fewer than twenty-two portrait coins of ^Ethelwulf by Beagmund and Dun. One of these, by Beagmund, bears the same reverse design as, and is stylistically very similar to, a St. Andrew coin of Ecgberht (Fig. 3), thus providing further evidence for the location of the two mints in the same city. Later, non-portrait, issues of Beagmund and Dun and certain other moneyers, which were not represented in the Middle Temple hoard, may also be attributed to Rochester. These have a distinctive style of lettering which, as has already been noted, 1 is also found on the unsigned Saxoniorum Occidentalium issue, four specimens of which were in the hoard, and is an indication that this issue may have emanated from the bishop's mint in Rochester. The subsequent history of the two Rochester mints is beyond the scope of this study2 but it seems at least possible that Berhtwulf had coinage rights there since, on grounds of style, Brid appears to be a Rochester moneyer (Fig. 3).

EAST

ANGLIA

( P L A T E S V A N D VI A N D TABLE G, P. 74)

The recognition of coins in the name of Mercian kings, which linked with others in the name of an historically unknown king vEthelstan and, through ^Ethelweard, with the historically known king Eadmund of East Anglia (855-69), has for some time secured general acceptance of the idea that Coenwulf, Ceolwulf, and Beornwulf issued coins
R. H. M. Dolley and K. Skaare, art. cit., p. 71. It seems clear, however, that the two officinae distinguished by Dolley and Skaare for much of jEthelwulf's reign are, in fact, two different mints, one
2 1

at Canterbury and the other at Rochester. Admittedly both occur in the Dor-b-\Cant issue; however, Dor-bcan equally well serve as an abbreviation for Rochester as for Canterbury. Cant presumably denotes Kent.

26

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

from a mint in East Anglia. More recently coins of Offa have also been attributed to this mint. 1 We find no difficulty in accepting Brooke's attributions to East Anglia but we believe that his list should be extended. In particular we would reinstate Eadwald as an (historically unknown) king of East Anglia, reigning c. 796-8. This attribution was rejected by Brooke who included him in his list of kings of Kent as an historically unknown king who ruled 1 c. 798-801 ?' on the grounds, amongst others, that 'history seems to leave a gap between Eadberht and Cuthred which his coins are capable of filling '.2 Current thinking does not accept this ' gap': the Handbook of British Chronology (1961) accepts without reservation that Cuthred acceded in 798. Numismatically the most significant evidence is Eadwald's unique coin by the moneyer Wihtred (Pl. VI, Ea. 3). This moneyer links unquestionably with the East Anglian series on his coins for Coenwulf and Ceolwulf (which were accepted as such by Brooke) and it is quite inconsistent to separate his solitary coin in the name of Eadwald from his other issues. We would also attribute to an East Anglian mint the coins struck by Lul for Coenwulf (Pl. V, Cn. 97-98). This follows in part from our attribution of the coins of Eadwald, Lul's coins for Coenwulf having the same reverse type, and in part from their being stylistically so distinct from the coins that may be associated with Canterbury. The moneyer Werbald Brooke regarded as of Canterbury. 3 We believe he worked in East Anglia. The conclusive evidence would lie in finding his name on a coin of ^Ethelstan but this is not recorded; however, the style of his coins (Pl. VI, CI. 29, Be. 1, L. 3) is the crude one associated with East Anglia and the reverse type with the moneyer's name in three lines across the field is closely paralleled on coins of ^Ethelstan's by the moneyers Eadgar 4 and Monna. 5 Such find-spots as there are support this attribution. Brooke sought to divide the coins by the moneyer Eadnoth between Canterbury and East Anglia.0 Some of those struck by him for Beornwulf and the solitary surviving one for Ludica he attributed to Canterbury; others of Beornwulf and, of course, those in the name of ^Ethelstan he attributed to East Anglia. The division in the coins of Beornwulf he based on style. Those he attributed to East Anglia were, he says, 'similar in type but of coarse work, with different style of portrait'. We do not believe that this distinction can be sustained. The coin illustrated by Brooke as of Canterbury (Pl. VI, Be. 3) is remarkably similar in style to coins by other moneyers that he attributed to East Anglia (e.g. Pl. VI, Be. 2). At a time when so few moneyers were working, the strongest evidence would be needed before one could accept the seemingly arbitrary division of coins in the name of one moneyer between two mints at the same point of time. We cannot see that this evidence exists. We give below the moneyers who, we believe, may properly be associated with East Anglia. Clearly their coins form a homogeneous group and, we believe also, came from a single mint. It may be significant that, when mint-names first appear in any number on the coins in the time of ^Ethelstan (King of All England), a single mint served the whole of the former kingdom of East Anglia as compared with a widespread network in other parts of England. It is likely that this reflected an earlier practice.
See Blunt, Offa, p. 49. For Brooke's full argument see his English Coins, pp. 15-16. His argument that similar coins by the moneyer Lul are found in the name of Offa is, of course, vitiated if it is accepted that these too are East Anglian.
2 1

(See Anglo-Saxon Coins, pp. 49-50.) 3 English Coins, p. 28. 4 Lockett sale, 2671. 5 English Coins, pl. viii. 8. 6 Ibid., p. 28.

27 T H E

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

We have listed the coins by moneyers because we believe that this best demonstrates the essential continuity of the series. Table G at the end of this paper also brings this out. LUL (Pl. V). A moneyer already known for Offa. 1 A coin of exactly similar type was struck by him for Eadwald (Ea. 2) and, with a similar reverse, for Coenwulf (Cn. 98). The coins of the last named, which must have been issued early in his reign, show a crude bust on the obverse, at a time when the corresponding Canterbury issues bore no bust, and it is interesting to note, even at this early date, the preference in East Anglia for coins with the royal bust, a feature very noticeable in the tenth century. Lul discontinued striking relatively early in Coenwulf's reign.
E A D N O T H (Pl. V). This moneyer is not known for Offa, but two (possibly three) specimens of those he struck for Eadwald have survived (Ea. 1). They are similar in type to Lul's. A moneyer of this name is found striking for Beornwulf but, since there is a gap of some twenty-five years between the two issues, is likely to have been another man of the same name.

(Pl. VI). A moneyer of Offa's, 2 who produced a coin for Eadwald (Ea. 3) of the same type as his coins for Offa. He also worked for Coenwulf and for Ceolwulf. His latest issues for Coenwulf (Cn. 110) can be identified because a similar type is struck by Wodel for both kings (Cn. 113, CI. 31). His intermediate issues, all of which are represented today by one, or at most two, surviving specimens, show a variety of reverse types, most of which are exclusive to this moneyer (Cn. 103-9). Cn. 109 approaches the type that links with Ceolwulf and so must also be late. Wihtred continued striking under Ceolwulf. Two coins are known, of generally similar style, with the moneyer's name in three lines between two crook-ended lines (CI. 30).
WIHTRED F O T R E D or B O T R E D (Pl. V). A moneyer spelling his name Botred had already worked for Offa 3 in a group attributed to the East Anglian mint and dated c. 790-c. 792. Whether this is the same man as the Botred or Fotred found on coins of Coenwulf and Ceolwulf must remain doubtful. There would appear, if he were so, to have been an interruption in his activities. His output in any case would seem to have been small. Of Coenwulf three coins are known (Pl. V, Cn. 99-100). On the first he spells his name Botred; on the other two Fotred. This latter spelling is found on his only coin in the name of Ceolwulf (Pl. V, CI. 25). W O D E L (Pl. VI). This moneyer started relatively late in Coenwulf's reign and was active in Ceolwulf's. All his coins for Coenwulf show some form of cross, voided in the centre (Cn. 111-13); the reverse of the last is almost identical with that of a unique Ceolfwulf coin4 (CI. 31). Wodel's more plentiful issue for Ceolwulf has the reverse with the moneyer's name in three lines (sometimes spelt Woddel) between two crook-ended lines (CI. 32). H E R E B E R H T (Pl. VI). This moneyer struck two distinctive types for Coenwulf (Cn. 101-2), both of crude workmanship. The former, with cross-crosslet on the reverse, has

See, for example, English Coins., pi. v. 20. Blunt, Offa, pl. vii. 115. Ibid., pl. vii. 108-9. 4 R. H. M. Dolley (BNJ xxviii. 247) has claimed this to be a die-link; whilst the dies are undoubtedly
2 3

very similar, and indeed may even be the same, one of us is not convinced of their identity. However, the value of the connexion between coins of the two reigns remains,

28

THE

COINAGE

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SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

a meretricious finish of a kind to make it suspect, but fortunately an unquestionable hoard provenance for one specimen removes any doubts as to authenticity. Two specimens of the second type are recorded both from the same reverse die; five of the first from four obverse and four reverse dies. Under Ceolwulf, Hereberht seems also to have been a relatively prolific moneyer; nine specimens are recorded, all of the same type (CI. 28). Five obverse and six reverse dies have been noted. This completes the list of East Anglian moneyers known to have worked for Coenwulf.
E A C G A ? (Pl. VI). The name of this moneyer must remain doubtful. On his only surviving coin of Ceolwulf (CI. 26) it may be read E A C G V ; on the four known coins in the name of Beornwulf (Be. 2) it may be read G A F V C (twice), F V C G V , and E V C G V . In all cases the G is of the minuscule form. All are the same type with a cross-crosslet on the reverse. E A D G A R (Pl. VI). Four coins in the name of Ceolfwulf are recorded of this moneyer, from three pairs of dies (CI. 27). Two coins, from different dies, are found in the name of Beornwulf (Be. 5). These six coins are all of the same general type with a crudely drawn bust on the obverse and, on the reverse, the moneyer's name in two lines with a variety of ornaments in between. Eadgar's name is found on a coin of Ludica and on a fragment which clearly belongs to this series but cannot be attributed with certainty (L. la and b). The fragment (L. 1 b) has hitherto been attributed to Cuthred. It came to the British Museum in 1950 from the L. A. Lawrence collection without provenance, but may confidently be equated with Carlyon-Britton 1617 (b) and Rashleigh 84. In both sale catalogues the moneyer's name was read EABBA. Eaba (though his name is never found with BB on the coins) was a moneyer of Cuthred's and, as the opening letters of the king's name are clearly cv and the third may be a B, the attribution to Cuthred seems reasonable enough. Stylistically, however, the coin stands apart from the whole of the Kentish series but fits naturally into that of the East Angles. Close examination of the moneyer's name reveals that, while the third letter could be a B, it is more likely to be a slightly damaged D. The fourth letter is at least as likely to be a G as a B and, having in mind Eadgar's coin of the same type that bears Ludica's name in full (L. 1 a), we believe the correct reading to be - | - E A D G A ( R M O N E ) T A . On the obverse all that can be seen with certainty is + c v EX. So little can be seen of the third letter that it is not possible to say with confidence what it is, but it could equally well, amongst others, be a D or a D. In seeking to interpret the legend, regard must be had to the fact that Eadgar was a notoriously careless moneyer. On a coin of Beornwulf (Be. 5b) he uses a A as the initial letter of the king's name and on another of the same type (no. 5a) the initial letter appears to be D. There are, moreover, cases in the East Anglian series where c is demonstrably used in place of L. This occurs, for example, on the obverse of two of Wihtred's coins (Cn. 104-5) where the king's name is spelt C O E N V V C F . Finally, were the coin an issue of Cuthred's, it would be unique among his 'portrait' coins in not reading R E X C A N T . On Eadgar's coin which bears the name of Ludica in full the obverse legend ends, as on the fragment, REX. While the attribution cannot be established with certainty, we feel on the evidence available that it is better placed among the coins of Ludica than among those of Cuthred to which it bears no resemblance. Eadgar's name is also found on coins of yEthelstan

29

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

of East Anglia. On the Ludica, the fragment, and one of the coins of ^Ethelstan the reverse type is a cross-crosslet and it will be apparent that the three coins are stylistically closely linked. It is possible that Eacga and Eadgar are different forms of the same name. Professor Whitelock has very kindly told us that in The Place-names of Devon (EP-NS, p. 77) it is suggested that Yagland is 'Eagga's Land' with Ecigga as a pet form of Eadgar. The spelling CG on the coin for GG need present no difficulty; one can compare frocga and Bucgan beside frogga and Buggan, &c. The two names begin at about the same time on the coins but Eadgar continues after Eacga had dropped out. They may represent the same moneyer since it is hardly to be expected that two with such similar names would be working in a mint which seems at its zenith to have employed no more than seven moneyers. Stylistically, however, the coins differ radically and the possibility of their being separate moneyers cannot be ignored.
W E R B A L D (Pl. VI). This moneyer struck for Ceolwulf, Beornwulf, and Ludica. His coins are all of one type with the moneyer's name in three lines on the reverse. Of Ceolwulf three specimens are known (CI. 29) and of Beornwulf, four (Be. 1). Of Ludica there is a solitary specimen (L. 3). The find-spots are significant. One of the Ceolwulf's was in Roach Smith's collection and is therefore probably a London find; another is from Burgh Castle near Great Yarmouth. One of the Beornwulf's was from Hadstock, Essex, another from near Cambridge. The find-spots of the remainder are not recorded. While Werbald is not found striking for the East Anglian kings, a link is provided with the coins of JEthelstan by the moneyers Eadgar and Mon(na) referred to above and below where the name is similarly spread across the field. E A D N O T H (Pl. VI). This moneyer's name reappears under Beornwulf (Be. 3) (it has already been suggested that he cannot be the same man as the moneyer of this name who struck for Eadwald). He also struck for Ludica (L. 2) and for ^Ethelstan of East Anglia.2 All his coins for the Mercian kings are of the same type with a cross-crosslet on the reverse. Find-spots again are outside Kent. Three of the five recorded specimens of Beornwulf have hoard provenances, one each from the Middle Temple hoard in London, the Dorking hoard, and the Delgany hoard. The Ludica is from the Suffolk hoard (which is discussed on p. 43). The only specimen of ^Ethelstan with the king's bust has no recorded find-spot. M O N N A (Pl. VI). This moneyer first appears under Beornwulf and is also found on coins of jEthelstan of East Anglia. No coin of his for Ludica has, however, been found as yet. Of Beornwulf four specimens are known, each from different dies. Of these one is from the Delgany hoard (Be. 4) and two from the Suffolk hoard. The fourth is said (probably wrongly) to be from the Trewhiddle hoard. 3 Monn is a fairly prolific moneyer for Jithelstan, but of his coins with the king's bust it would seem that only one specimen each, of two types, has survived.4

If the interpretation of the material set out above is correct, we have evidence of an increasingly active mint in East Anglia in the first quarter of the ninth century. The five
1 2

e.g. BMC 4 and BMAcqns. 230. e.g. English Coins, pl. viii. 7.

3 1

See Archaeologia, xcviii (1961), pp. 110-11. BMC 5 and Lockett sale 409.

30

THE

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OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

moneyers operating during Coenwulf's twenty-six-year reign are to be compared with 6 or 7 in Ceolwulf's reign and 4 or 5 in Beornwulf's reign, each of two years. Perhaps the most significant point that emerges is that, with one possible exception that is discussed on page 35, all of the few surviving coins of Beornwulf and Ludica emanated from the East Anglian mint. Of Canterbury there is no trace at all in these two reigns and apart from 'the possible exception' (PI. VII, c) there is no trace of a London mint until Wiglaf reopened it on his accession in 827.
THE M E R C I A N MINT, AT L O N D O N (?)

(PLATE VII AND TABLE H, P. 74)

A small group of coins in the names of the Mercian kings Coenwulf, Ceolwulf, and Wiglaf was issued by moneyers who did not, apparently, at any time strike in the names of kings of Kent or of East Anglia, and whose mint may therefore reasonably be assumed to have been situated in Mercia proper. London would be the natural place for such a mint, although it is not named on the penny coinage before its brief occupation by the West Saxon king Ecgberht in 829-30. The naming of it in this case may have been due to the fact that it was the first occasion of its use by a king of Wessex; it would indeed be remarkable had Ecgberht's short period of authority there been marked by the opening of a mint for the conqueror where none had previously existed under the Mercian royal house. It is therefore not unreasonable to attribute to the London mint the series of coins, set out in Table H at the end of this paper, which cannot be related to either the Kentish or Anglian groups, and which are specially linked together and with Mercia by the non-portrait type of Ceolwulf. The spellings Ciolwulf and Ecgberht, which are invariable, also help to distinguish the series from those of other mints, Canterbury in particular. With the exception of a few coins which apparently imitate the cross-and-wedges and cross moline reverses of Canterbury, the reverse type is characteristically a cross-crosslet, generally without an inner circle. In this section such coins are referred to as the London series for convenience without it being intended to imply that the attribution is beyond doubt. It will be seen from Table C that the two moneyers, Eanmund and Ceolheard, who struck what may be considered the earliest of the Coenwulf portrait coins in the London series, are also known for the earlier tribrach issue. Earlier in this paper the suggestion is made that tribrach coins by these two, and by some other moneyers, may have been struck at London. After the tribrach type, the dating of coins in the London series depends largely on stylistic comparison of individual examples. Engraving styles vary more than in the Kentish and East Anglian groups. On the other hand, there is a sufficient number of points of contact between the dies of different moneyers to suggest that they were all working, some concurrently, at a single mint; and there are also indications of the sequence in which the coins of each moneyer were struck. On the basis of these correspondences the table has been constructed, although the pattern is by no means certain in detail. From the few surviving coins, the careers of individual moneyers appear to be continuous; but because the number of coins known today is so small, it must be quite possible that a new hoard of the period containing further specimens would considerably alter the pattern. On the other hand, it is remarkable how representative the

31

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

currently extant sample of the issue seems to be in some respects; for example, all of the same trio of moneyers are known for late Coenwulf types, Ceolwulf portrait, and Ceolwulf non-portrait, though five of the nine varieties involved (including two of the three moneyers in the Ceolwulf non-portrait type) are represented by a single specimen only. Consequently, the complete non-existence of coins of Beornwulf and Ludica by any of these three moneyers must carry with it quite a strong implication that the mint was not striking during their reigns; the particular claims of one coin to disprove this are discussed later. The careers of the various moneyers may be traced before the series is treated as a whole: that is to say, the coins in the table will be treated first horizontally, then vertically. Eanmund, a moneyer of the early (tribrach) group, is only represented by a single portrait coin of doubtful authenticity (Cn. 83). It weighs only 11 gr. and although pitted and corroded as if it had lost weight, it is small and can hardly have weighed originally more than 15-16 gr. at most. Its obverse has a bust derived from a late Roman portrait, dividing the inscription + C O E N V V L / F R E X ~ M (rounded), without an inner circle. The reverse has the usual type for the series, a cross-crosslet, with the inscription + E A N M V N D I M _ O in tall, elegant letters. The genitive may well derive from copying of the usage of Heremod, Werheard, and Sigeberht at Canterbury in the Cuthred/Coenwulf group. In spite of the low weight, the style of the piece is exactly right for the period, and if it is not an authentic coin it certainly represents ancient dies. The fine style of lettering (including the form of N used by Ceolheard on his two early coins), the use of the genitive, and the fact that Eanmund is known for earlier, but not for later, issues, suggests that the coin should be dated early in the series, just after the tribrach type, perhaps contemporary with the genitive-using Canterbury issues (c. 805-10). Ceolheard is again a name found on the tribrach type of Coenwulf and, if the same man, he had a longish career as a moneyer until the reign of Ceolwulf. Two only of his coins call him Ciolheard (instead of Ceolheard) and these two appear to be the earliest. Cn. 84 has a neat bust and inscription, copying very closely the Canterbury cross-andwedges type of Cuthred and Coenwulf; the reverse, though with larger lettering and smaller central type is also a direct copy of the Canterbury cross-and-wedges type. The reverse inscription (CIOLI-IEARD MON) is the only one of this moneyer to have H for ' h ' . The second early coin (Cn. 85), also perhaps contemporary with the Canterbury type it copies, has a beautifully engraved reverse inscription ( C I O L I I E A R D M O N I T A ) around an elegant cross moline. These two coins both show a characteristic N, made of a fulllength upright followed by a v which does not extend downwards to the level of the upright. All of this moneyer's other coins spell his name Ceolheard and are of cross-crosslet reverse type, but in other respects they vary widely in appearance. Two with very similar reverses reading CEOLIIEARD M (rounded) have a relatively well-drawn Romanstyle diademed portrait, based on a later fourth-century model (e.g. Valens), the one facing left (Cn. 86b), the other right (Cn. 86o). On each the obverse inscription begins above the head and is broken by the bust before REX; there is no inner circle. Another with similar reverse (Cn. 87) has an obverse copied, perhaps at two removes, from the Cuthred/Coenwulf Canterbury style bust, the die possibly having been copied from the obverse of the earlier Ceolheard coin (Cn. 84).

32

THE

COINAGE

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SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

Another pair, with very close reverse dies, has the same reverse reading as above but with pellets freely scattered about the letters. The first of the obverses (Cn. 88a) copies, though very roughly, an Arcadian style of portrait with a small head on a tall bust; the other obverse (Cn. 886) could be, in turn, a very rude copy of the first, adding an inner circle. Late in Coenwulf's reign must come a coin (Cn. 89) whose obverse and reverse correspond very closely with Ceolheard's portrait coin of king Ceolwulf (CI. 19). Face, hair, and inscriptions are all engraved very similarly on the two coins, and the obverse dies at least must have been cut by the same hand (n.b. hair). The inscription on the reverse (the moneyer's name only) begins in an angle, not at a point, of the cross-crosslet. Curious marks occur between the letters in each case: wedges on the Coenwulf coin which may be merely ornamental, and lines on the Ceolwulf coin which could possibly be traces of an earlier engraving of the die. Ceolheard's known career ends with the non-portrait type of Ceolwulf (CI. 20), the reverse of which has four crosses disposed about a pellet, instead of the normal crosscrosslet. It spells his name -hard, with no e, and includes the abbreviation M O N . There are good grounds for attributing to this moneyer a gold solidus, the obverse of which reads C I O L H / E A R D before and behind a tolerably good representation of a late Roman diademed portrait-bust, perhaps in the style of Valens and from the same prototype as served for the less close representation on two of Ceolheard's pennies (Cn. 86 a and b).1 Wigher. A single portrait coin exists with the reverse inscription apparently W I G H E R m, interspersed with pellets (Cn. 90). The third letter of the moneyer's name is equivocal, and we have considered whether the coin might have been struck by the East Anglian moneyer Wihtred, whose name could be read from the inscription. 2 On a number of grounds it could plausibly be a London coin, perhaps of the same moneyer who struck the tribrach type of Coenwulf in the name Wighard. The reverse design, a form of cross moline with pellets, is represented in the East Anglian series, but the cross moline also occurs, though once only, on an undoubted London coin (Ceolheard, Cn. 85). The pellets dotted about the type, and between the letters of the inscription, singly or in groups, can be paralleled on a number of London coins (e.g. iElhun, Cn. 91 and 92; Ceolheard, Cn. 88 a and b), but the inner circle on the reverse occurs only once otherwise on a London coin of Coenwulf (Ceolheard, Cn. 84). The most apparent London feature is the depiction of the neck and bust, with the shoulders drawn in a continuous line, like two tabs, out of the inner circle, suggesting the hand of the same engraver as cut the die for the only comparable obverse which we have seena London coin of the moneyer Ceolbald (Cn. 94). An East Anglian attribution, however, remains possible.3 A^lhun or Q^Ihun, on the basis of surviving coins, was a contemporary of Ceolheard in the later years of Coenwulf and under Ceolwulf, but alone of Coenwulf's London group moneyers survived to issue pieces in the name of Wiglaf. All his coins have the cross-crosslet reverse. His name is variously spelt ^Elh(u)un, Elhuun or (El(l)hu(u)n. Taylor Combe read the name Huunoell in his report on the Dorking hoard, a reading
1 The attribution of the solidus to this moneyer was proposed by Mr. Pagan in a paper delivered to the British Numismatic Society in March 1963. For an illustration of this coin see Brooke's English Coins,

pl. lxv. 3. 2 As by Miss Robertson, with a query, in the Hunter and Coats Sylloge, no. 348. 3 Cf. the reverse of Cn. 107 on Pl. VI.

33

THE

COINAGE
1

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

accepted by Hawkins. Brooke, however, preferred GEllhun, and for this reading he received some support from two coins in the Middle Temple hoard (Wi. 1 b and c). The name is also apparently the same as on the non-portrait Ceolwulf (CI. 22) where it is followed by (T>~, the latter probably an abbreviation mark. On the reverse of a portrait coin of the same king (CI. 21) it appears as ^Elhun, and as ^Elhuun or Elhuun on coins of Coenwulf (Cn. 91 and 92). It is possible that the o developed from copying a chevronbarred A as a lozenge, a feature noticeable in the East Anglian series; however, apparently the earliest spelling with o, on the Ceolwulf non-portrait coins, has a round o. At any rate, all these coins were presumably struck by one moneyer and are so treated here. A moneyer with the same deuterotheme, Wilhun, struck in the tribrach type of Coenwulf. vElhun does not appear to have coined in the earliest post-tribrach period. Of his three Coenwulf coins, one (Cn. 93) has a reverse very similar to his Ceolwulf portrait coins (CI. 21), the obverse apparently being ultimately derived from the Cuthred/Coenwulf Canterbury style. Two pieces which are not connected with Ceolwulf and may thus be earlier have different, sans-serif letters interspersed with wedges. One obverse (Cn. 91) has a left-facing Roman diademed profile, without inner circle, like the Copenhagen coin of Ceolheard; the other (Cn. 92) has a right-facing bust of neater style. The portrait on yElhun's Ceolwulf coin, also Roman inspired, is again of quite different style. Three coins, all from different but similar pairs of dies, are known of Wiglaf by CElhun. On two of the reverses (Wi. 1 a and c) the inscription is divided into four by crosses opposite the ends of the cross-crosslet. The obverse die of one (Wi. la) is in an advanced state of deterioration, large flaws and pitting having occurred in the inscription. The obverse dies of the other two (Wi. 16 and c) are engraved with wholly grotesque faces, not unlike some found in the East Anglian series. Ceolbald was a moneyer under Coenwulf and Ceolwulf. Of the latter,2 his portrait (CI. 23) and non-portrait (CI. 24) coins are very closely similar in style, probably the same die-cutter's work. The reverse type of his Coenwulf coins, which spell his name Ceolbeald, is not the cross-crosslet, but a plain cross with wedges (Cn. 94) or pellets (Cn. 95) in the angles, possibly derived, via Ceolheard's early coin (Cn. 84) from the cross-and-wedges Canterbury reverse of the Cuthred period. The obverses do not appear to be early: one (Cn. 94) looks like a derivative of ^Elhun's right-facing style bust (Cn. 92) or, indirectly (perhaps via Ceolheard's early coin Cn. 84) of a Cuthred-style bust, while the other (Cn. 95) has a distinctive bust, diademed, laurelled, and draped in way highly reminiscent of that on the Louis the Pious gold solidus. Eretcod (? Ethelmod) appears as a moneyer's name ( E R E T C O D M O N E T ) on a single reverse die of a nondescript style and rough workmanship (Cn. 96). It is coupled with two similar obverses of Coenwulf which do not seem to be related closely to the coins of that king struck in Kent or East Anglia. They are included here as of the London mint, in that they must be presumed to be Mercian in origin and in that the cross-crosslet reverse type associates them more with London than elsewhere. The portrait and epigraphy on one of them are somewhat comparable to the obverse of Ceolheard (Cn. 86a). Burgherd is known only as a moneyer for Wiglaf by a single coin from dies closely resembling those used by CElhun for the same king (Wi. 2).
1 2

Silver Coins of England, 3rd ed. 1887, p. 49. On these the name is spelt Ciolbald, with an i
D

as in die king's name.

c 2220

34

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

Redmudli is the moneyer of three coins all from different dies in the name of Ecgberht Rexfn1 which, in the spelling of the king's name (Ecgbeorht, &c., elsewhere), the use of the Mercian title, the obverse type (a cross potent), and the style of engraving, are very closely linked with a coin whose reverse reads + L V N / D O N I A / C I V I T ~ . Of similar style also are two coins by the same moneyer in the name of W I G L A F R E X T , both from the same pair of dies, one struck before (Wi. 3d) and one after (Wi. 3b) the addition of pellets in the field of the reverse. The pedigree and authenticity of the latter coin are discussed in Appendix 2. The overall chronological pattern is less easy to establish, though for the 820's the changes of ruler's name facilitate the task. Ceolwulf inherited the portrait/cross-crosslet type from Coenwulf, and added to it the Rex Merciorum non-portrait type, which was coined by all three moneyers known to have been active at the time. (Elhun's and Ceolbald's dies for this were probably cut by the same man. This is the clearest example of a standardization of type in the London series; the addition of the mint-name, Dorobernia, to Sigestef's version of this type at Canterbury may mean that he was conscious that he was copying a London type. With one possible exception there are no recorded coins of Beornwulf, and certainly there are none of Ludica, that can be attributed to the London mint, which seems thus to have been dormant until the advent of Wiglaf in 827. By that time GElhun alone of Ceolwulf's moneyers still remains, but Burgherd appears (with a coin stylistically very close to (Elhun's), perhaps as a successor to either Ceolheard or Ceolbald, who struck their last known coins for Ceolwulf, or else to (Elhun in a mint reduced to (or revived with) a complement of one moneyer only. Continuity of the moneyer (Elhun and of the traditional London cross-crosslet reverse associates these coins with Wiglaf's first reign. Ecgberht's capture of London in 829/30 provided the first opportunity for a West Saxon king to use that mint and to style himself as Rex M(erciorum) on his coins. His Lundonia coin (Pl. VII, A) is very close in style to three separate pieces struck for him by the moneyer Redmudh (Pl. VII, B), whose coins for Wiglaf can most naturally be attributed to that king's second reign, after he had recovered Mercia and the London mint in 830. Only two specimens are known from the single pair of Wiglaf dies by Redmudh. Why pellets were added to the reverse die between the striking of these two examples which have come down to us cannot be explained: they may have been purely ornamental, or designed to obliterate flaws in the field of an old die. However that may be, these coins are all that can be attributed to Wiglaf's second reign. Their close affinity to Ecgberht's coins by Redmudh tends to put them close to 830; the London mint perhaps soon afterwards lapsed into a further period of inactivity. On the other hand, a coin (BMC 139) by the moneyer Tatel of Berhtwulf (839-52) is struck from dies which may have been engraved by the same hand as Ecgberht's and Wiglaf's coins by Redmudh, to which it is also linked by the cross potent type. For the reign of Coenwulf, on the other hand, the chronological indications are few and ambiguous and the coins of the several moneyers, though sometimes corresponding closely, equally often diverge. Ceolheard and iElhun are the moneyers most closely associated by types and in style. So far as the earlier stages are concerned, links with the tribrach issue through the
1

B l u n t , Ecgberht,

p . 473.

35 T H E

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

moneyers Eanmund and Ceolheard, and perhaps Wigher, have been noticed above, as have Ceolheard's cross-and-wedges and cross moline reverses derived from Canterbury coins of the period of Cuthred and immediately afterwards. At the end of the reign there are also useful links with Ceolwulf, especially Ceolheard's two coins (Cn. 89 and CI. 19), both of which display an unusual and distinctive arc of pellets forming an inner fringe to the hair. jElhun and Ceolheard both use two types of bust, one based on those of Cuthred-style at Canterbury, and the other directly on Roman diademed portraits, the latter group being characterized by a curiously pointed nose. The Cuthred-style sequence could be: first, the early Ceolheard (Cn. 84); then a later Ceolheard (Cn. 87) whose obverse is close to that of an ^Elhun (Cn. 93), of which the reverse links in style with Ceolwulf (CI. 21). The Roman pointed-nose busts are, to left by ^Elhun (Cn. 91) and Ceolheard (Cn. 866), to right by Ceolheard (Cn. 86o). The parallel course, and close connexion, of the two groups is shown by reverse stylistic links between them. Thus three very similar reverses of Ceolheard are combined with the Roman pointed-nose bust, facing left (Cn. 86b) and right (Cn. 86tf), and with a Cuthred-derived portrait (Cn. 87), whilst a Cuthred-derived bust of very similar appearance (Cn. 93) is linked to Ceolwulf through jElhun's reverse (CI. 21). There are even ties between the supposedly earliest coins and those that must be late in the reign of Coenwulf. Ceolheard's moline coin, for example (Cn. 85), is at first glance much like the same moneyer's late cross-crosslet coin (Cn. 89) which in turn links to Ceolwulf (CI. 19); the resemblance may be accidental, but it cannot be overlooked. Further, the Eanmund cross-crosslet coin (Cn. 83), which, because of this moneyer's known activity in the tribrach issue but not in the later Coenwulf series, should be early, has an obverse which is only comparable to that of a coin of Ceolbald (Cn. 95), plausibly thought to derive from the solidus of Louis the Pious, who acceded in 8151. In view of these difficulties, it is necessary to leave the exact chronology of the London series from c. 805 to the end of Coenwulf's reign an open question. For although individual obverses or reverses seem to be connected firmly with early or later phases, they often link by close similarities of style with coins at the opposite ends of the scale. There is, of course, no need to suppose that the London mint struck continuously throughout the reign of Coenwulf. The coins are sufficiently rare to suggest not; and in the 820's and 830's there were almost certainly periods when the mint was inactive, if not actually closed. Further, though there are undoubtedly some correspondences between the coins of different moneyers, especially JElhun and Ceolheard, there are equally divergences which suggest that different die-cutters were employed from time to time as the need arose, which is less likely to have been the case if three moneyers were striking continuous, parallel series. There remains the question of whether a single fragment (Pl. VII, c) should be considered as representing the use of the London mint by Beornwulf. Arguments have previously been put forward for ascribing the piece to Berhtwulf.2 Its obverse type is a small cross with a line in each angle, within a small inner circle surrounded by
P. Grierson,'La Date des monnaies d'or de Louis Le Pieux', Le Moyen Age, 1963, pp. 67-74; 'D'apres Failure generale de ce buste, on peut penser qu'il est copie sur un solidits d'or de Louis le Pieux plutot que sur un de ses deniers d'argent' (p. 74). For the chrono1

logy of Coenwulf's coinage, it only matters that the prototype dates from 815 or later. The chance that Coenwulf's engraver was copying independently from a similar Roman prototype seems remote, 2 BNJ xxix, p. 10.

36

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

+ B V V L F R Y X ; the reverse reads + B E O V L F around a cross-crosslet, with no inner circle. With this exception, no coins of Beornwulf and only two of Berhtwulf are known without portrait. One of the latter, by the moneyer Tatel, has been attributed to the London mint on the grounds of similarity of type and die-engraving with the Lundonia and Redmudh coins. There are undoubted epigraphical affinities between the fragment and Tatel's coin, on which the obverse type is also comparablea cross potent with a line in each angle. On these grounds a Berhtwulf attribution has been thought the more likely. However, the reverse type belongs characteristically to the London series prior to 830, particularly resembling that on coins of Wiglaf here attributed to his first reign (827-9), and on this score it must be a possibility that the fragment represents a London issue of Beornwulf (823-5). The moneyer's name Beoulf gives no positive help, being without parallel alike in the 820's and 840's. On the other hand, there is no other evidence that Beornwulf or Ludica issued coins except in East Anglia, and it could be that Wiglaf only revived the London mint in 827 after the loss of East Anglia. There is thus at least as good a case for imagining that no coinage took place at London between 823 and 827, as that it was operating but that no certain examples of its output survive today. Perhaps, too, a Beornwulf coin of London might be fairly expected to bear the moneyer's name OElhun, Ceolbald, or Ceolheard. None of these arguments is conclusive, but this one difficulty, the reverse type, stands in the way of an attribution to Berhtwulf. It is hard to insist on a dating after 839 for a coin on which the cross-crosslet type, not contained within an inner circle, corresponds so closely with that of the earlier London issues which end with Wiglaf (827-9) over a decade earlier (cf. Wi. la). In this connexion, however, it must be remarked that there are traces of alteration on the reverse die: v is over an F, there are small wedges (e.g. to the top left of the initial cross) raised on the coin which might be traces of earlier letters, and at other points there are curious marks which could suggest the plugging of cavities in the die. It seems just a possibility that, on the reopening of the London mint by Berhtwulf, a new inscription might have been cut round the original design on an old but still serviceable reverse die belonging to the earlier period. Whether or not this explains the use of the old London type, the reasons against the coin belonging to Beornwulf seem on balance to outweigh the testimony of the cross-crosslet, and it would be safer, on the basis of evidence presently available, to reassert the provisional attribution to Berhtwulf. CONCLUSIONS

In the course of this paper we have surveyed the coinage of southern England from the death of Offa until it became a West Saxon monetary province with the eclipse of Mercia. Since in a number of respects our conclusions differ from previous views of the subject, it may be useful to summarize them here and to bring out the points where they accord with or seem to differ from those suggested by the relatively meagre documentary sources. For convenience we have set out in tabular form the rulers of the kingdoms of Mercia, Kent, East Anglia, and Wessex and the Archbishops of Canterbury (Table A), rendering in italics entries which depend upon numismatic evidence alone; and a chronological table (B) of the mints suggesting when and for which authorities they were striking.

37

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

Mints and Coinage As in the reign of Offa, Canterbury was the principal mint in southern England and during the 820's, and probably earlier, appears to have had a normal complement of six moneyers working for the king. The coins of Archbishop ^Ethelheard and the earliest coins of Archbishop Wulfred are without a moneyer's name. Subsequent issues of Wulfred, on which the moneyers are identified, begin in the name of Saeberht alone; at this stage, therefore, it seems that only one moneyer was operating for the archbishop. A second name, however, soon appears and two seem then to have been the normal complement, at least until late in his archiepiscopacy. The style of the coins issued for king and archbishop is often very similar and in two instances, at different periods, the same moneyers' namesSaeberht and Swefherdare found in both series, which indicates that at times the two offices may have been combined. However, the Grately Laws speak of two moneyers for the archbishop and one for the abbot (of St. Augustine's), and if this was a continuation of ancient custom it could be that the latter's coins were struck in the king's name and were issued by one of the archbishop's moneyers. Since coinage rights were essentially a royal prerogative, it may be assumed that the archbishop's right to coin stemmed from the king; Wulfred exercised such a right while kings of Mercia, Kent, and Wessex successively ruled in Kent. In both regal and archiepiscopal series there is a curious anonymous issue, which we date c. 821-3, that suggests a major disturbance apparently at the time of Baldred's emergence in Kent, during which the Canterbury moneyers were in doubt as to whose authority they should respect. There is in the royal series at Canterbury a standardization of obverse types and a less complete though significant uniformity of reverses, which make it possible in the case of this mint alone to arrange the coins in a chronological sequence that is applicable in general terms to all moneyers. Such standardization, and the mint organization which it implies, together with the number of moneyers and the volume of output, suggest that Canterbury had an importance of its own at this stage in English monetary history. Coins without a moneyer's name from an ecclesiastical mint at Rochester have been identified previously for Ceolwulf and Ecgberht. We have put forward reasons for believing that a royal mint was operating even earlier in that city; it does not appear to have been active during the reign of Cuthred, and perhaps was opened c. 810. Its output under Coenwulf was smaller than it subsequently became, particularly under Ceolwulf, whose use of the Canterbury mint was perhaps cut short by the circumstances which gave rise to the anonymous issue. Under Ecgberht, Rochester's activity may have been intermittent. Its complement appears generally to have been two moneyers, one of whom may also have been associated with the bishop's mint. Since Canterbury was denied to Coenwulf in the first two years of his reign, another mint, probably London, must have been the iource of his earlier issues. Five moneyers at least coined at this mint during the first years of Coenwulf, a greater number than subsequently, and probably the result of the Canterbury and East Anglian mints being denied to the Mercian king. From the introduction of portrait types (c. 805) London's output appears spasmodic and, until the reign of Ceolwulf when uniformity is most apparent, the individual moneyers pursued somewhat separate courses. However, though the style of the coins varies enormously, with rare exceptions the reverse type became standardized as a cross-crosslet. At least three moneyers were working concurrently in Ceolwulf's reign and late in Coenwulf's, and this may have been the regular

38

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

complement at this stage. On the basis of surviving specimens, however, London's output was considerably less abundant (at least after c. 805) than that of any of the other mints. In East Anglia, probably at a single mint, coinage was issued more or less continously from the later part of Offa's reign and, though the volume of output and the number of moneyers employed at this mint apparently varied according to political as well as economic necessity, its total output seems only to have been exceeded by that of Canterbury. In the 790's there were no more than three or four striking, but in the short reign of Ceolwulf I, whose output at Canterbury was negligible, no less than seven moneyers struck in the East Anglian series, and there were still five under Beornwulf. Reverse types varied greatly from moneyer to moneyer. There is some divergence of style in die-cutting which need not necessarily indicate more than one mint. In general, the careers of individual moneyers at the various mints appear to have been continuous and, except where surviving specimens are unduly rare, the varieties in the name of any one moneyer should form a more or less consecutive record of his output. However, there were manifestly insufficient dies used in the later part of the reign of Coenwulf to account for continuous minting by six moneyers at Canterbury, two at Rochester, three at London, and three or more in East Anglia. Clearly there were times when a mint, whose output depended upon demand for coin coupled with a supply of silver, may have been inactive for weeks and months, or even longer; equally it is not to be assumed that in every phase of coining at any mint all the moneyers in office took part. The same may also be true of engravers. Some well-defined groups of coins are struck from dies prepared by engravers whose style or idiosyncrasies are characteristic and readily identifiable. There are strong grounds for associating the work of an individual engraver with a single mint and a particular phase of time. Indeed, the mint attributions in this paper depend largely upon the analysis of such styles. But chronologically it need not be the case that, once an engraver appeared on the scene, he either worked continuously or exclusively. For example, various styles of portrait are found in the London series and shared by two or more moneyers, but the evidence of reverses implies that these portrait styles, which are undoubtedly the work of different engravers, were not consecutive but recur intermittently, as if the mint had two or three engravers, of very unequal ability and with preferences for different prototypes, upon whom it could call. And at Canterbury, c. 821 to 828, the portrait and non-portrait types of Ceolwulf, Baldred, and Ecgberht, which types were probably the work of different engravers, must -because of the changes of rulerhave been issued either concurrently or alternately, necessitating the simultaneous or alternate activity of at least two engravers. Such considerations need to be borne in mind in attempting to establish the sequence of issues at each mint. There seems to have been little official communication between mints: at least not enough to result in any real uniformity in their output. To such extent as types are shared between mints, they appear to derive from imitation. Canterbury types, as might be expected, were the most copied models: for example, Cuthred-style busts occur at London and Rochester; the cross-and-wedges and moline reverses were both copied at London; Rochester fairly consistently derives reverse designs from Canterbury coins of Coenwulf; and Canterbury influence perhaps reached East Anglian engravers in the form of some of Cuthred's non-portrait designs. London's cross-crosslet was popular in East

39 T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

Anglia, and the Rex Merciorum non-portrait type of Ceolwulf was closely copied by one moneyer at Canterbury. Such mutual exchanges of type are only of limited value chronologically; outside Canterbury, engravers appear to have imitated suitable models haphazardly as they came to hand, which would have only indirectly reflected the sequence of types in the original series. And extraneous prototypes were just as readily adopted: late Roman portraits at London (suggesting the possibility of the discovery of a hoard buried c. 400), Frankish non-portrait designs at Canterbury in the earlier 820's, and even a solidus of Louis the Pious for a London obverse style. In the absence of hoards from within the reign of Coenwulf which would show what of the products of the various mints were in currency together, absolute chronology of any kind is, except at Canterbury, hardly attainable. In the series struck at other mints affinities with Ceolwulf give an indication of lateness, and occasionally a copy can be given a terminus post quern dating dependent upon its prototype. A further difficulty is that minting was either intermittent or of uneven volume, so that there are obvious dangers in establishing a sequence, assuming that it is to be spread evenly over the period covered, and thus ascribing absolute dates for types or individual specimens according to their relative positions in the series. This is particularly hazardous in the case of the coinage of Coenwulf with portrait, at all mints, and of Wulfred before 821. After that date political upheavals and changes of ruler enable rather more accurate chronology to be applied to the coins of the next decade. Nevertheless, if for the sake of argument the surviving Canterbury regal coins recorded in the corpus (Appendix 3) for the period c. 805-25, representing an average of just under twelve for each year, could be regarded as a fair cross-section of a coinage constant in output, the lengths of the various issues would be:
Number of recorded coins
71 19 91 It 19 27 238 coins

Issue
Coenwulf/Cuthred, G r o u p II Coenwulf, G r o u p III C o e n w u l f , G r o u p IV Ceolwulf Anonymous Baldred

Hypothetical length of issue

6 years 1J years 7-J- years 1 year 1 * ' years 2 2-i- years 20 years

These hypothetical periods are not inconsistent with the conclusions we have reached on other grounds in our analysis of this coinage. However, the correlation may be no more than fortuitous. Historical implications Considerable reservations are to be had in using numismatic material as evidence for political history. However, although the value of this material is relatively slight for periods when authority was vested for many years in one ruler, such as Coenwulf of Mercia, it may be significant for times when power changed hands suddenly and irregularly and with it the control of mints.

40

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

Ecgfrith, Offa's son, acceded to the Mercian throne in 796 but survived less than five months. No coins in his name are known, and it is likely that none was struck. The Chronicle records that a usurper, Eadberht Praen, took possession of the kingdom of Kent in the same year that Offa and Ecgfrith died. The reference to Eadberht follows the record of Ecgfrith's accession and death, but the order of entries within the year is not chronological; and, since the latter died in mid-December, Eadberht probably acquired Kent and the Canterbury mint during Ecgfrith's lifetime. The very close ties between Eadberht's coins and the late issues of Offa support this. At London, where the Mercian succession was not so interrupted, the mint was presumably available to Ecgfrith, but the advent of a new ruler was frequently not recorded on coinage immediately. Two moneyers are represented by coins of East Anglian style with the sequence of royal names Offa-Eadwald-Coenwulf. Though there is no other evidence for such a rising, the coins suggest the possibility of a revolt in East Anglia soon after Offa's death like the Kentish, perhaps during the reign of Ecgfrithunder a King Eadwald (? c. 796-8). His coins are of the greatest rarity and are followed by portrait issues in the name of Coenwulf, suggesting that the revolt was suppressed and Eadwald removed within a short time, perhaps about the time that Kent was recovered by the Mercian king (798). Thus only the London mint was available to Coenwulf at the start of his reign, and his non-portrait coinage must have originated there. Continuity of types and moneyers indicates that this mint had already been in operation under Offa. Canterbury was recovered in 798 and since the types of Eadberht lead directly on to those of Coenwulf, it would appear that the Mercian king almost immediately began to use the royal mint, which he was soon to share with his brother Cuthred whom he had placed on the Kentish throne. Archbishop ^Ethelheard, who had abandoned his mint along with his see during the Kentish rising, resumed the privilege of coinage which he had previously exercised under Offa. Since he was abroad for some of the time and there is no strong numismatic argument for his having coined during 796-8, it is safer to suppose that his issues were interrupted for two years than that his mint was temporarily accommodated at London with that of Coenwulf. The ending of series of coins in the name of Archbishop ^Ethelheard, who died in 805, and of King Cuthred, who died in 807, gives a useful indication of chronology for the earlier issues of Coenwulf. Royal portrait issues in Coenwulf's and Cuthred's names from dies engraved in a style comparable to that of the earliest coins of Archbishop Wulfred (cons. 805) probably originated about 805there are no related coins of ^Bthelheardbut well before 807, for Cuthred's are plentiful. 1 They continued after that date in the name of Coenwulf only and confirm that Kent reverted to being a Mercian province until the advent of Baldred. There is no firm evidence to suggest when the Rochester mint was opened. On the ground that its earliest identifiable product copies the cross-and-wedges type from Canterbury, the date must lie after 805. Rochester coins of Coenwulf are relatively scarce and mostly resemble those of Ceolwulf; it is not therefore easy to justify a date before, say, c. 810. Wulfred's first issue marks the end of the recognition of royal authority on the archiepiscopal coins and the introduction of the tonsured portrait which became general
1

F o r f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n of t h e d a t i n g of C u t h r e d ' s c o i n a g e see p . 72.

41 T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

during his archiepiscopate and that of Ceolnoth (833-70). Both features are indicative of Wulfred's status and of good relations between king and prelate, though the reintroduction of a portrait on the royal coinage would have given a natural opportunity for the archbishop to copy the facing portrait which had been adopted by Pope Adrian I (d. 795). There is no obvious break in the coinage of Wulfred which can be associated with the period of his quarrel with Coenwulf, 817-21. At first sight it might seem natural to attribute the anonymous tonsured-head coins to this period, but these cannot plausibly be separated from the parallel anonymous regal series which can confidently be dated after Coenwulf's death. On the death of Coenwulf in 821, London, Rochester, and the East Anglian mint continued to coin for his successor, Ceolwulf. Output must have been considerable, for the number of moneyers involved and of extant coins is high for a two-year reign. But at Canterbury only two of the six moneyers active at this time are known to have struck for Ceolwulf, and the number of surviving coins, while small, is sufficient to indicate the improbability of the lack of coins of other moneyers being due merely to the accident of survival. Surviving coins of Canterbury and Rochester, later Coenwulf to 825
Canterbury
Coenwulf Ceolwulf Profile A n o n y m o u s 91 ( g r o u p I V only) 11 19

Rochester
15 (all issues) 21

Baldred

27

The coinage of the Rochester mintas might be expected from its smaller complement of moneyersis generally on a lesser scale than that of Canterbury, and the exception in the case of coins in Ceolwulf's name is striking. On the evidence of surviving coins, as set out above, it would appear reasonable to consider that most if not all of the anonymous issue should be attributed to a period when Ceolwulf was using the Rochester mint, though even if the anonymous group is added to the Canterbury issues of Ceolwulf the proportion of Rochester coins would still be higher in relation to those of Canterbury than in the immediately preceding and subsequent periods. Perhaps, with Canterbury's allegiance equivocal, Ceolwulf increased the output of Rochester. Doubt must remain as to whether Baldred obtained possession of either mint before Ceolwulf's deposition from the Mercian throne. The use of the title Rex H (which may allude to the name of Rochester, Hrofe(s)ceastre) could be thought to imply that Baldred was there acknowledged king at a time when he was not recognized throughout Kent. Since the number of Baldred's surviving coins of Rochester is low compared with Ceolwulf's, it is safer to assume that he did not coin at Rochester long if at all before Ceolwulf's expulsion from Mercia (823), though the acquisition of the Canterbury mint might have removed a temporary need for extra output from Rochester. At Canterbury the survival figures suggest that the period from the accession of Ceolwulf (821) to the expulsion of Baldred (825) could be divided about equally between coinage either in the name of Ceolwulf or with no king's name, and coinage in the name of Baldred. It could be that Baldred was striking Rex H coins at Rochester before coins in his name superseded the anonymous issues at Canterbury, though in view of Ceolwulf's known authority in Kent up to 823, coinage in Baldred's name at Rochester

42

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

could hardly be dated before that year. The exact chronology of the coins of this period must remain uncertain. However, the general picture on the numismatic evidence seems to be that Baldred acquired the Rochester and Canterbury mints, not necessarily simultaneously, about the time of Beornwulf's accession to the Mercian throne and of the deposition of Ceolwulf; before this, in view of the anonymous issues, there appears to have been a phase of political uncertainty at Canterbury. Baldred, known to have been ousted by Ecgberht in 825, is a shadowy historical figure for whom the coins are the most solid evidence. Professor Whitelock has drawn our attention to charters issued by Beornwulf in 824 and 825 (BCS 378 and 384) dealing with lands in Kent, which support the suggestion which has been made that Baldred may have been a Mercian dependant. 1 However, both charters are concerned with the settlement of the lawsuit about the inheritance of King Coenwulf, and are not fresh grants of estates by Beornwulf. Certainly there is no evidence of any coinage in Kent in the name of a Mercian king after Ceolwulf, such as was found when Coenwulf's brother Cuthred was on the Kentish throne. There has been a tradition 2 adopted by numismatists that Baldred's coinage was spread over a long period, and even continued from that of Cuthred. If our interpretation of the numismatic evidence of the Rochester and Canterbury mints is correct, it would seem that he had no royal status during Coenwulf's reign; and that, though he may have had Mercian connexions, he may nevertheless have been a rival of Ceolwulf's, with a claim sufficient to cause uncertainty of allegiance at Canterbury but insufficient for him to be acknowledged king of Kent until about the time of Ceolwulf's deposition. His eventual acknowledgement at Canterbury also resulted in a resumption of issues in Wulfred's name (which the new king must have sanctioned). Reverting now to the coinage of Ceolwulf, of his mints outside Kent London seems to have closed before or at the end of the reign, though his successor on the Mercian throne, Beornwulf, continued to strike on a (relatively) considerable scale in East Anglia. No London coin is known for either Beornwulf or his successor Ludica, and it seems that their coinage was confined to East Anglia, where they both met their deaths. With Ludica's defeat in 827, the East Anglian kingdom seems to have been lost to Mercia; coins identify the local ruler who followed him as one ^Ethelstan, of whom history has no other record. Ecgberht of Wessex, having evicted Baldred from Kent, proceeded immediately to employ the Rochester and Canterbury mints to produce coinage in his name, probably his first although he had been king of Wessex for over twenty years. Wulfred does not immediately appear to have regained the right of coinage from the new king, for his coins, which were of some number under Baldred, seem to cease abruptly in 825; there is only one coin of his which can certainly be attributed to the period 825-33, and this, by stylistic affinity, is close to a variety struck by Ceolnoth after 833. Wiglaf, who succeeded to the Mercian throne in 827, apparently no longer had the East Anglian mint available to him. His coins were struck at London, which seems at this stage to have been duly reopened as the only mint available to the king of Mercia. Two years later, Ecgberht defeated him and marked his conquest of Mercia by issuing
Handbook of British Chronology, p . 10, a n d S t e n t o n , p. 229. 2 e.g. G . C. B r o o k e in a m a n u s c r i p t q u o t e s H e n r y
1

of H u n t i n g d o n as saying B a l d r e d r e i g n e d eighteen years, a n d in English Coins, p. 17, gives his dates as 807-25.

43 T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

coins on which he claimed the title Rex Merciorum and advertised his use of the London mint by name. His control was, however, short-lived. A non-portrait issue by Wiglaf, struck by a moneyer (Redmudh) who worked for Ecgberht in 829-30, may date from his second reign and so bear out the statement in the Chronicle that Wiglaf regained the Mercian kingdom. But this issue is known from a single pair of dies and his later years, during which time perhaps he struck no coinage, are both historically and numismatically obscure.
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

In preparing this paper we have been particularly fortunate in the help and encouragement we have received from a number of scholars and a still larger number of institutions and collectors. Our debt to the latter will be readily apparent from the coins listed in the corpus and we are most grateful to them. Professor D. Whitelock has at all stages lent a ready ear to our many inquiries and has helped us in a large number of ways over a period that is historically so obscure; Mr. R. H. M. Dolley has given us the benefit of his wide knowledge of the Anglo-Saxon coinage as a whole. To the numerous institutions that have provided casts and photographs for illustration we are very grateful, particularly to the authorities at the British Museum who, over a long period, have been most generous in their supply of casts and in granting permission for photography, without which this study could never have been carried out.

APPENDIX

HOARDS
T h e t w o r e c o r d e d s o u r c e s o f c o i n s o f t h i s p e r i o d of o u t s t a n d i n g i m p o r t a n c e a r e t h e D e l g a n y h o a r d (Inventory, 1 1 7 ; s e e a l s o BNJ x x x i , p p . 1 1 - 1 2 ) a n d t h e M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d ( I n v e n t o r y , 3 6 6 ) . T h e D e l g a n y h o a r d w a s d e p o s i t e d c. 8 2 8 , t h e l a t e s t M e r c i a n c o i n s b e i n g t w o of B e o r n w u l f , t h e l a t e s t W e s s e x c o i n s t h r e e o f E c g b e r h t , o n e o f h i s e a r l y g r o u p s , t w o of t h e t y p e w i t h t h e C a n t e r b u r y m o n o g r a m . T h e a b s e n c e o f c o i n s o f W i g l a f i n a h o a r d o f t h i s s i z e (well o v e r 100 c o i n s ) s u g g e s t s t h a t , r a r e t h o u g h t h e y a r e , it is u n l i k e l y t o h a v e b e e n d e p o s i t e d m u c h , if a t all, a f t e r h i s a c c e s s i o n a n d t h e e q u a l a b s e n c e of a n y s p e c i m e n of t h e relatively plentiful coins of ^Ethelstan of E a s t Anglia s u p p o r t s the view expressed earlier t h a n h e a c c e d e d o n t h e d e a t h of L u d i c a in 827 r a t h e r t h a n o n the d e a t h of B e o r n w u l f i n 825. T h e M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d w a s d e p o s i t e d c. 8 4 2 , t h a t is t o s a y j u s t o u t s i d e t h e p e r i o d u n d e r r e v i e w . I n c o n t r a s t t o D e l g a n y t h i s h o a r d c o n t a i n e d n o less t h a n f o u r c o i n s o f W i g l a f a n d t h i r t y - n i n e o f i E t h e l s t a n b u t , curiously, n o n e of L u d i c a . O f a h o a r d f o u n d in S u f f o l k ( a n d h i t h e r t o v i r t u a l l y u n p u b l i s h e d ) t h e r e is t a n t a l i z i n g l y l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n , a l t h o u g h w h a t t h e r e is is s i g n i f i c a n t . H a w k i n s i n h i s English Silver Coins, 3 r d e d . , 1887, p . 35, s a y s , i n a f o o t n o t e r e f e r r i n g t o a c o i n o f B a l d r e d t h a t h a d b e e n l o t 2 6 0 i n t h e C u f f s a l e o f 1 8 5 4 , t h a t it h a d b e e n ' f o u n d w i t h o t h e r s o f t h e s a m e p e r i o d a b o u t 1852, in S u f f o l k ' . T h e C u f f s a l e c a t a l o g u e d o e s n o t give t h e p r o v e n a n c e of t h e B a l d r e d b u t u n d e r lot 294, a coin of B e o r n w u l f , h a s a n o t e : ' T h i s a n d t h e t w o f o l l o w i n g coins w e r e f o u n d in S u f f o l k . ' T h e t w o f o l l o w i n g coins a r e a s e c o n d B e o r n w u l f a n d a Ludica. T h a t H a w k i n s is w r o n g i n d a t i n g t h e find a s l a t e a s a b o u t 1852 c a n b e d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t C u f f ' s L u d i c a is i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e 1840 e d i t i o n o f R u d i n g ' s Annals ( P l . C , 9 ) a n d in t h e 1841 e d i t i o n o f H a w k i n s ' s English Silver Coins ( n o . 7 9 ) . B o t h it a n d o n e o f t h e B e o r n w u l f s a r e m e n t i o n e d a s b e i n g i n C u f f ' s c o l l e c t i o n i n L i n d s a y ' s Coinage of the Heptarchy, p u b l i s h e d i n 1 8 4 2 , p . 112. R e c e n t l y t h e r e h a s c o m e t o l i g h t a l e t t e r f r o m J . B . B e r g n e t o J o n a t h a n R a s h l e i g h d a t e d A u g u s t 1868 w h i c h gives s o m e i n d i c a t i o n of t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e h o a r d a n d t h r o w s s o m e v a l u a b l e light o n it.1
1

T h e letter is a m o n g a n u m b e r of R a s h l e i g h p a p e r s in t h e possession of M r . L y o n .

44

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840
Foreign Office A u g : 11 1 8 6 8

T h e letter r u n s as follows:

M y d e a r Sir, I h a v e r e a d with m u c h interest y o u r p a p e r in t h e N o . of t h e N u m c C h r o n i c l e just p u b l i s h e d o n t h e s i x finds o f A n g l o - S a x o n p e n n i e s & t h r e e o f s t y c a s . Y o u a r e , h o w e v e r , I t h i n k , m i s t a k e n i n i n c l u d i n g t h e L u d i c a i n t h e D o r k i n g find. I t f o r m e d p a r t o f a h o a r d d i s c o v e r e d 3 0 y e a r s a g o o r m o r e i n S u f f o l k , w h i c h c a m e i n t o the h a n d s of Y o u n g t h e dealer & w a s b o u g h t of h i m in t h e m a s s b y M r . Cuff. I f e a r n o r e c o r d either of t h e place of discovery, o r of t h e coins f o u n d , has b e e n p r e s e r v e d ; b u t I h a v e a letter o f C u f f ' s w r i t t e n i n a n s w e r t o a n e n q u i r y o f m i n e a b o u t h i s B a l d r e d , in w h i c h h e s a y s ' M y B a l d r e d is v e r y s i m i l a r t o H a w k i n s 57, d i f f e r i n g o n l y in t h e n a m e o f t h e m o n e y e r & a little in t h e p o r t r a i t . I t w a s o n e of the Suffolk coins, a n d c a m e to m e in c o m p a n y with the Coenvulfs, L u d i c a &cet & c e t ' a n d (he m i g h t I b e l i e v e h a v e a d d e d ) t h e C i o l v u l f s , of w h i c h h e h a d m o r e t h a n e v e r y b o d y else, m u s e u m & all, p u t t o g e t h e r . T h e r e m a y h a v e b e e n a L u d i c a a m o n g t h e c o i n s f o u n d a t D o r k i n g , b u t a t a l l e v e n t s it w a s n o t C u f f ' s . W a s i t t h e o t h e r o n e , w h i c h H a w k i n s s a y s is i n W i g a n ' s C a b i n e t ? Y o u r s very sincerely,
J. B . BERGNE

Jon. Rashleigh Esq. ' M y B a l d r e d ' , t h e o n l y o n e of t h i s k i n g i n t h e C u f f sale, is t h e c o i n t o w h i c h H a w k i n s r e f e r s i n h i s f o o t n o t e . I t is c l e a r t h e r e f o r e t h a t all c a m e f r o m t h e s a m e h o a r d . M a t t h e w Y o u n g , t h e w e l l - k n o w n d e a l e r , t h r o u g h w h o m it will b e s e e n C u f f a c q u i r e d t h e h o a r d , d i e d o n 12 J u l y 18371 s o t h a t its d i s c o v e r y m u s t h a v e b e e n p r i o r t o t h a t d a t e . I n f a c t it w a s p r o b a b l y p r i o r t o 1829. H a w k i n s , in a p a p e r r e a d b e f o r e t h e S o c i e t y o f A n t i q u a r i e s o n 26 N o v e m b e r 1829 a n d p u b l i s h e d i n Archaeologia, vol. xxiii, i l l u s t r a t e s e v e r y o n e of t h e e i g h t c o i n s of C e o l w u l f I t h a t w e r e in t h e C u f f s a l e i n 1 8 5 4 . N o l e s s t h a n five o f t h e s e a r e o f t h e g r o u p w h i c h w e a s s o c i a t e w i t h E a s t A n g l i a , a l l by m o n e y e r s n o t k n o w n to R u d i n g . T h e rarity of these coins supports Bergne's suggestion that s o m e at least c a m e f r o m the Suffolk h o a r d . T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h i s h o a r d w o u l d b e g r e a t l y e n h a n c e d if m o r e d e t a i l e d p a r t i c u l a r s w e r e a v a i l a b l e . I t is f o r i n s t a n c e a t l e a s t p o s s i b l e t h a t s o m e o f C u f f ' s 12 c o i n s o f / E t h e l s t a n o f E a s t A n g l i a , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e p o r t r a i t p i e c e s o f w h i c h C u f f h a d t w o o f t h e s i x n o w k n o w n , c a m e f r o m i t . B u t , e v e n a s i t is, t h e e v i d e n c e o f a h o a r d p r o v e n a n c e f o r a c o i n o f L u d i c a is i m p o r t a n t , e s p e c i a l l y a s t h e a u t h e n t i c i t y o f t h e coin in question h a s been doubted.2 T h e Suffolk h o a r d m a y conveniently b e s u m m a r i z e d as follows: Suffolk (exact Mercia: find-spot u n k n o w n ) , b e f o r e 1837, p r o b a b l y b e f o r e 1829. A R . A n g l o - S a x o n p e n n i e s , n u m b e r u n k n o w n . D e p o s i t c. 8 3 0 ? C o e n w u l f : ( m o r e t h a n o n e ; n o details) Ceolwulf I: ( p r o b a b l y : n o details) B e o r n w u l f : M o n n a , 2. L u d i c a : E a d n o t h , 1. East Anglia: ^Ethelstan I: ? Kent: B a l d r e d : T i d b e a r h t , 1.

D i s p o s i t i o n : T o Y o u n g t h e d e a l e r w h o s o l d it e n t i r e t o J. D . C u f f . T h e B a l d r e d n o w F i t z w i l l i a m , Sylloge 434; the t w o B e o r n w u l f s respectively C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n sale 282 a n d G r a n t l e y sale 861; t h e L u d i c a is BMC 116. T h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h w e a r e d e p e n d e n t o n t h e s e h o a r d s f o r o u r m a t e r i a l f o r t h i s p e r i o d is s h o w n b y the following table:
MERCIAN KINGS

Delgany

Middle Temple
.. 21 1

Suffolk
? ? ? See b e l o w , p . 4 b .

Canterbury
Coenwulf early 6 with bust - 2 6 Ceolwulf I 3 Num. Soc., 1 8 3 7 - 8 , p p . 221.

See Proc.

45 T H E C O I N A G E OF S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840 Middle London

Coenwulf early with bust Ceolwulf I W i g l a f 1st r e i g n 2 n d reign

Delgany
8 4

Temple

Suffolk

Rochester
Coenwulf Ceolwulf I 4 3 9 6 2

.. 3 1

1
5 ? ? ? 2

East Anglia
Coenwulf Ceolwulf I Beornwulf Ludica 3 3 4

KENTISH KINGS

Canterbury
Eadberht Praen Cuthred Anon Baldred 2 5 5 5 . . 2 1 1 4 9

Rochester
Baldred . ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY /EtheLheard/Coenwulf Wulfred Anon . . . . KINGS OF WESSEX Ecgberht Canterbury Rochester London Winchester KINGS OF EAST ANGLIA Eadwald /Ethelstan I /Ethelweard

1 7 4

9 4

3 ..

77 9 2 4

?1 39

O t h e r h o a r d s t h a t c o n t a i n e d c o i n s of t h e p e r i o d u n d e r review include S e v i n g t o n , D o r k i n g ( w h i c h c o n t a i n e d o n e o f t h e r a r e t r a n s i t i o n a l c o i n s of C o e n w u l f a n d a W i g l a f ) , a n d T r e w h i d d l e ( b u t s o m e o f t h e e a r l y c o i n s m a y b e i n t e r l o p e r s ) . 1 T h e s e w e r e all d e p o s i t e d a f t e r 840. R a s h l e i g h , in his s u m m a r y of a n u m b e r of A n g l o - S a x o n h o a r d s t h a t a c c o m p a n i e d his a c c o u n t of t h e T r e w h i d d l e h o a r d , listed a coin of L u d i c a as having been f o u n d at D o r k i n g , but Bergne's letter disputes t h i s , a l t h o u g h i n t h e l a s t s e n t e n c e h e s o m e w h a t i n c o n s i s t e n t l y s u g g e s t s t h a t , if t h e r e w a s o n e , i t m i g h t b e t h e W i g a n s p e c i m e n ( n o . la i n t h e c o r p u s t h a t f o l l o w s ) . W e h a v e f o u n d n o n o t e a m o n g t h e R a s h l e i g h p a p e r s t o s u p p o r t h i s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t D o r k i n g c o n t a i n e d a L u d i c a . P o s s i b l y it w a s a s l i p o n his part. APPENDIX 2

T H E Q U E S T I O N OF A U T H E N T I C I T Y
T h e c o i n s of B e o r n w u l f , L u d i c a , a n d W i g l a f a r e of s u c h rarity t h a t f o r g e r y , o r t h e s u s p i c i o n o f f o r g e r y , i s b o u n d t o a r i s e , a n d i n s o m e c a s e s a u t h e n t i c i t y h a s b e e n q u e s t i o n e d w i t h o u t , w e will s u g g e s t below, sufficient reason.
1

Archaeologia,

xcviii (1961), p . 110.

46

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

Fortunately, as has been s h o w n above, there are h o a r d provenances for a n unusually large p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e c o i n s o f t h e s e k i n g s : o f B e o r n w u l f 9 o r 10 o u t o f t h e 19 s u r v i v i n g s p e c i m e n s ; o f L u d i c a 1 o u t o f 3 o r 4 ; o f W i g l a f 5 o u t o f 6. I n addition, a n u m b e r of specimens c a n be traced b a c k sufficiently far to preclude the possibility of their b e i n g f a b r i c a t i o n s of m o d e r n f o r g e r s : b o t h t h e B e o r n w u l f a n d t h e L u d i c a in t h e H u n t e r collection a r e listed in Charles C o m b e ' s inventory, p r o b a b l y d r a w n u p a s h o r t time b e f o r e H u n t e r ' s d e a t h in 1 7 8 3 ; x t h e B e o r n w u l f , n o . 3 b i n t h e l i s t t h a t f o l l o w s , w a s i n a s a l e i n 1 8 2 8 : a n o t h e r , n o . 5b, w a s i n t h e s e v e n t e e n t h - c e n t u r y C o t t o n c o l l e c t i o n ; t h e W i g l a f , n o 3 b ( o f w h i c h m o r e i s s a i d b e l o w ) , is i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e P e m b r o k e p l a t e s , p u b l i s h e d in 1746. It h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e B e o r n w u l f s a i d t o h a v e b e e n f o u n d a t T r e w h i d d l e m a y i n f a c t h a v e b e e n a n i n t e r l o p e r . I f t h i s is s o , i t w o u l d b e t h e s p e c i m e n i l l u s t r a t e d b y S p e e d in 1611.2 I t is t h u s a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e r e is a n u n u s u a l p r o p o r t i o n of s p e c i m e n s t h a t c a n b e a c c e p t e d w i t h o u t r e s e r v a t i o n as g e n u i n e a n d in c o n s e q u e n c e a solid c o r p u s of m a t e r i a l a g a i n s t w h i c h t o set possible forgeries. T h e S u f f o l k L u d i c a , n o . 2 , is o n e o f t h e c o i n s o n w h i c h s u s p i c i o n h a s f a s t e n e d . U n t i l r e c e n t l y i t h a d b e s i d e it i n t h e t r a y i n t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m a y e l l o w h e a d i n g l a b e l w i t h t h e w o r d ' F a l s e ' w r i t t e n o n it, in a h a n d t h a t has n o t been identified. H o w e v e r , h e a d i n g labels seem t o h a v e been a fairly recent i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m , s o t h a t t h e n o t e is l i k e l y t o h a v e b e e n a r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t o n e . B e r g n e ' s letter, a l r e a d y q u o t e d , serves t o s h o w t h a t this s p e c i m e n c a m e t o C u f f f r o m Y o u n g b e f o r e 1837 a s p a r t o f a h o a r d . T h e o n l y q u e s t i o n is w h e t h e r t h e h o a r d w a s ' s a l t e d ' b y t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of a f o r g e r y of a g r e a t rarity b e f o r e being sold t o Cuff. I n this c o n n e x i o n the i n t e r v e n t i o n of Y o u n g in the t r a n s a c t i o n m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s s i g n i f i c a n t . A l t h o u g h Y o u n g m u s t h a v e m o r e t h a n s u s p e c t e d (if i n d e e d h e d i d n o t actually k n o w ) t h a t t h e p a r c e l of n i n t h - c e n t u r y coins w a s a h o a r d , h e seems t o h a v e e n j o y e d a g o o d r e p u t a t i o n as a dealer. Professional s t a n d a r d s as regards h o a r d s were then n o t as high as they are t o d a y b u t t h e r e is n o t h i n g t o l e a d u s t o b e l i e v e t h a t Y o u n g w o u l d h a v e b e e n likely t o h a v e b e e n p a r t y t o s o f r a u d u l e n t a t r a n s a c t i o n as ' s a l t i n g ' a h o a r d f o r the p u r p o s e of p e r s o n a l profit. I n o u r view, o n t h e evidence of t h e Suffolk p r o v e n a n c e , t h e a u t h e n t i c i t y of t h e British M u s e u m L u d i c a c a n be a c c e p t e d without reservation. H u n t e r ' s L u d i c a c a n also b e a c c e p t e d w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n . It w a s illustrated b y F o u n t a i n e i n 1705 a n d h a d a l r e a d y b e e n e n g r a v e d i n t h e 1 6 9 5 e d i t i o n o f C a m d e n ' s Britannia a n d in the second edition of Speed's

History of Great Britaine.

A m o r e c o n t r o v e r s i a l c o i n i s t h e L u d i c a b y t h e m o n e y e r E a d g a r ( n o . l a i n t h e l i s t ) . T h i s w a s first p u b l i s h e d i n t h e 1 8 4 1 e d i t i o n o f H a w k i n s ' s Silver Coins w h e r e i t i s s a i d t o w e i g h 19 g r . a n d t o b e i n M r . W i g a n ' s cabinet. H a w k i n s n o t e s t h a t it o m i t s t h e M e r c i a n ethnic. M r s . M a r t i n h a s m o s t k i n d l y s u p p l i e d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t W i g a n b o u g h t it f r o m C u r e t o n , t h e dealer, i n 1837 f o r 5. H a i g h first h e a r d of it a s a result of H a w k i n s ' s p u b l i c a t i o n a n d , in a letter a d d r e s s e d t o J. Y . A k e r m a n , d a t e d 2 2 S e p t e m b e r 1 8 4 1 , s a y i n g a s m u c h , h e a s k s if A k e r m a n c a n o b t a i n a s e a l i n g - w a x i m p r e s s i o n f o r h i m . 3 R u d i n g ' s 1840 e d i t i o n , w h i c h w a s e d i t e d b y A k e r m a n , 4 d o e s n o t m e n t i o n it, b u t it is d e s c r i b e d t h o u g h n o t i l l u s t r a t e d i n L i n d s a y ' s Coinage of the Heptarchy p u b l i s h e d in 18425 a n d b y H a i g h i n his Coinage of the East Angles, p u b l i s h e d i n 1 8 4 5 , w h e r e h e c o n c l u d e s , c o m p a r i n g a c o i n o f y E t h e l s t a n w i t h the Wigan Ludica: T h e t y p e a n d t h e n a m e of t h e m o n e y e r o n the reverse of this piece a r e exactly t h e s a m e as t h o s e o n a c o i n of L u d i c a , K i n g of t h e M e r c i a n s , i n M r . W i g a n ' s c a b i n e t , a n d t h e w o r k m a n s h i p o f b o t h is s o strikingly similar, t h a t n o o n e w h o h a s seen t h e m c a n d o u b t t h a t the dies f r o m w h i c h they were struck were engraved by the same hand.6 T h i s p a r t o f W i g a n ' s c o l l e c t i o n w a s b o u g h t en bloc i n 1 8 7 1 b y t h e P a r i s firm o f R o l l i n & F e u a r d e n t . T h e W i g a n L u d i c a is n e x t m e t i n t h e a c c o u n t s o f T h o m a s C o a t s w h o b o u g h t it i n 1877 t h r o u g h J o h n G r a y , a G l a s g o w dealer. B u t it w a s n o t in t h e collection w h e n it c a m e t o t h e H u n t e r i a n M u s e u m i n 1 9 2 4 . 7 W h a t w o u l d a p p e a r t o b e t h e s a m e c o i n (it a n s w e r s e x a c t l y t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n a n d w e i g h s 18 g r .
1 See Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles, Hunterian and Coats Collections, i, no. 354 and p. xi.

Archaeologia, xcviii (1961), p . 110. T h i s l e t t e r is in t h e British M u s e u m C o i n R o o m a n d w a s m o s t c o u r t e o u s l y b r o u g h t t o o u r a t t e n t i o n by

3

M r . R . H . M . Dolley. 4 T h e a u t h o r i t y f o r this s t a t e m e n t is DNB u n d e r 5 Ruding. p p . 38 a n d 112. c O p . cit., p p . 8 - 9 . 7 G l a s g o w Sylloge, p a g e f a c i n g pl. ix.

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t h o u g h n o w a little c h i p p e d ) w a s exhibited at a m e e t i n g of t h e British N u m i s m a t i c Society a b o u t 1949 as o n e of a parcel recently acquired by a m e m b e r f r o m a M i d l a n d jeweller a n d for the m o s t p a r t consisting of b l a t a n t forgeries. T h e parcel w a s later acquired by A . H . Baldwin & S o n s L i m i t e d as p a r t of their c o m m e n d a b l e policy of t a k i n g forgeries off t h e m a r k e t wherever possible. F o r m a n y years it l a y f o r s a f e t y i n t h e i r f o r g e r i e s c a b i n e t , b u t a l w a y s w i t h t h e f e e l i n g t h a t it m i g h t in f a c t o n e d a y b e s h o w n to be genuine.

FIG. 5

S i n c e t h i s i s p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t c o n t r o v e r s i a l c o i n in t h i s s e r i e s a n e n l a r g e d d i r e c t p h o t o g r a p h is given h e r e (Fig. 4). T h e c o i n o f j E t h e l s t a n t o w h i c h H a i g h r e f e r s is a l s o i l l u s t r a t e d ( F i g . 5). C o m p a r i s o n with the o t h e r t w o u n d o u b t e d coins of L u d i c a brings o u t the following points of d i f f e r e n c e . T h e e y e o n t h e W i g a n c o i n is a l m o n d - s h a p e d ; o n t h e o t h e r t w o r o u n d . T h e c i r c l e s o n b o t h s i d e s a r e b e a d e d , t h a t is t o s a y m a d e u p o f p e l l e t s l i n k e d t o g e t h e r b y a t h i n l i n e l i k e a c l o s e l y k n o t t e d n e c k l a c e ; o n t h e o t h e r t w o t h e b e a d i n g is s m a l l e r a n d m o r e c l o s e l y s p a c e d s o t h a t t h e d r a u g h t s m a n ' s g u i d i n g l i n e is o n l y o c c a s i o n a l l y v i s i b l e . T h e b u s t o n t h e W i g a n c o i n , w h i c h is n o t s u r r o u n d e d b y t h e c u s t o m a r y i n n e r c i r c l e , is m a d e u p o f m a r k s s c a t t e r e d i n a m o r e o r less h a p h a z a r d w a y ; o n t h e H u n t e r

48

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coin similar m a r k s are used but are neatly arranged within two h o o p s ; o n the Suffolk coin dots only a r e u s e d o n t h e b u s t . T h e W i g a n c o i n h a s n o e t h n i c ; t h e H u n t e r a n d C u f f c o i n s b o t h r e a d R(e)x Me. O n the reverse the m a i n differences t o be n o t e d a r e t h e use o n the W i g a n coin of a f o r m of M n o t f o u n d o n t h e o t h e r t w o a n d o f a r e v e r s e d D f o r o i n t h e final w o r d . S t r u c t u r e o f d e s i g n o n t h e W i g a n c o i n is m o r e l o o s e l y k n i t t h a n o n t h e S u f f o l k c o i n , b u t a c o m p a r a b l e l o o s e n e s s m a y b e d e t e c t e d o n t h e H u n t e r coin. T h e W i g a n c o i n , w h e n w h o l e , m u s t h a v e w e i g h e d 19 t o 2 0 g r . w h i c h is l e s s t h a n t h e H u n t e r ( 2 1 - 4 ) a n d t h e S u f f o l k c o i n (22-7). These points t a k e n cumulatively suggest the need for the closest scrutiny before the coin c a n be a c c e p t e d a s g e n u i n e . O n e m u s t n o w t u r n t o t h e p o i n t s i n its f a v o u r . H a i g h ' s c o m m e n t q u o t e d a b o v e a b o u t t h e similarity of t h e w o r k m a n s h i p o n W i g a n ' s coin a n d o n a c o i n o f y E t h e l s t a n ' s is s i g n i f i c a n t a n d is b o r n e o u t b y f r e s h e x a m i n a t i o n . E a d g a r , o n h i s c o i n s s t r u c k f o r ^ E t h e l s t a n , u s e d m o r e o v e r t h e f o r m o f M f o u n d o n t h e W i g a n c o i n . T h e c o i n is s t r u c k a n d t h e d i e s w o u l d a p p e a r t o b e e n g r a v e d a s t h e y s h o u l d b e . T h e l e t t e r i n g is w h a t o n e w o u l d e x p e c t a n d t h e u s e of a r e v e r s e d D f o r o w o u l d s e e m m o r e likely t o o c c u r o n a g e n u i n e c o i n t h a n o n a f o r g e r y . T h e D in its n o r m a l f o r m is f o u n d o c c a s i o n a l l y a s a c a p i t a l i n p l a c e o f a n o i n A n g l o - S a x o n m a n u s c r i p t s . T h e c o i n is c e r t a i n l y n o t a n o v e r - s t r i k e , a t e c h n i q u e u s e d b y a t l e a s t o n e n i n e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y f o r g e r t o s e c u r e a g o o d e d g e f o r his p r o d u c t s . U n d u e i m p o r t a n c e s h o u l d n o t b e a t t a c h e d t o t h e f o r m of t h e bust. E a d g a r w a s a n i n d i f f e r e n t stylist a s his c o i n s f o r C e o l w u l f I s h o w (e.g. PL V I , CI. 27, a c o i n w h i c h m a y u s e f u l l y b e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e W i g a n L u d i c a ) . T h e a b s e n c e o f t h e e t h n i c is p r o b a b l y n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ; i t is n e v e r f o u n d o n c o i n s o f B e o r n w u l f . T h e a b s e n c e o f t h e i n n e r c i r c l e o n t h e o b v e r s e is a f e a t u r e n o t f o u n d o n a n y o t h e r c o i n o f B e o r n w u l f , L u d i c a , o r W i g l a f . I t is, h o w e v e r , o c c a s i o n a l l y o m i t t e d o n c o i n s o f C e o l w u l f t h a t a r e h e r e a t t r i b u t e d t o L o n d o n (e.g. Pl. V I I , CI. 21). P e r h a p s t h e m o s t d i s q u i e t i n g p o i n t r e m a i n i n g is t h e a l m o n d - s h a p e o f t h e e y e . T h e r e is g e n e r a l l y a r e m a r k a b l e c o n s i s t e n c y a t t h i s t i m e i n depicting t h e eye as a circle e n c l o s i n g a pellet. E a d g a r , h o w e v e r , s e e m s t o h a v e h a d i n d e p e n d e n t ideas. O n t h e c o i n o f C e o l w u l f c i t e d a b o v e ( P L V I I , C I . 2 7 ) t h e e y e b r o w is d e p i c t e d b y a s e m i c i r c l e o f d o t s a n d t h e e y e itself b y a pellet w i t h a s m a l l c r e s c e n t b e l o w . A m u c h c r u d e r f o r m , o m i t t i n g t h e e y e b r o w , i s f o u n d o n o n e o f h i s c o i n s f o r B e o r n w u l f . T h u s t h o u g h t h i s f e a t u r e is s l i g h t l y u n u s u a l it d o e s n o t i n o u r view justify c o n d e m n a t i o n . Forgeries generally fall into t h r e e classes: purely imaginative w o r k o n the forger's part, such as the alleged 'Offering P e n n y ' of A r c h b i s h o p iEthelheard, p r o d u c t s based o n c o m p a r a b l e material suitably a l t e r e d t o a d d t o t h e i r r a r i t y a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e i r v a l u e , a n d o u t - a n d - o u t c o p i e s of o r i g i n a l s . If t h e W i g a n L u d i c a is a f o r g e r y , i t c l e a r l y c o m e s i n t h e s e c o n d c l a s s a n d a s c l e a r l y is i n s p i r e d b y t h e j E t h e l s t a n c o i n b y t h e m o n e y e r E a d g a r t o w h i c h H a i g h r e f e r s . O f t h i s c o i n o n e e x a m p l e o n l y is k n o w n , BMC 4. I n t h e i n v a l u a b l e list of p r o v e n a n c e s of t h e A n g l o - S a x o n c o i n s i n t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m , M r . D o l l e y a n d M r s . M a r t i n p u t t h i s a m o n g t h e c o i n s w i t h u n d a t e d p r o v e n a n c e s , t h a t is c o i n s t h a t w e r e i n t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m p r i o r t o 1 8 3 8 w h e n d e t a i l e d r e g i s t e r s w e r e first k e p t . 1 I t is, h o w e v e r , i l l u s t r a t e d i n R u d i n g , p i . 17, 5 ( o n e o f T a y l o r C o m b e ' s p l a t e s ) a n d i s t h e r e s t a t e d t o b e i n T y s s e n ' s c o l l e c t i o n . I t m a y t h e r e f o r e b e a s s u m e d t h a t it p a s s e d t o t h e N a t i o n a l C o l l e c t i o n w i t h t h e A n g l o - S a x o n p o r t i o n of T y s s e n ' s c a b i n e t w h i c h w a s a c q u i r e d in toto i n 1 8 0 2 . A n e n g r a v i n g of t h e zEthelstan E a d g a r w o u l d t h e r e f o r e h a v e b e e n available t o a f o r g e r as his m o d e l in t h e 1830's. W h a t is s i g n i f i c a n t , h o w e v e r , is t h a t b o t h i n t h e R u d i n g p l a t e a n d i n t h e t e x t t h i s c o i n is a t t r i b u t e d t o / E t h e l s t a n , K i n g o f A l l E n g l a n d , 9 2 4 - 3 9 . H a w k i n s i n t h e 1 8 4 1 e d i t i o n o f h i s English Silver Coins i n c l u d e d it i n t h e s a m e p l a c e i n his p l a t e s , b u t w a s u n h a p p y a b o u t it a n d , i n t h e t e x t , e x p r e s s e d a p r e f e r e n c e f o r a t t r i b u t i n g it t o / E t h e l s t a n (II) of E a s t A n g l i a ( 8 8 0 - 9 0 ) . 2 H a i g h , i n a p a p e r d a t e d 19 O c t o b e r 1 8 4 1 , d i s p u t e d H a w k i n s ' s a t t r i b u t i o n , p o i n t i n g o u t t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e / E t h e l s t a n c o i n t o coins of B e o r n w u l f a n d L u d i c a . T h i s led h i m t o a t t r i b u t e it t o E c g b e r h t ' s s o n / E t h e l s t a n w h o w a s s u b - k i n g of K e n t , Essex, Sussex, a n d S u r r e y 8 3 9 - c . 851, t h o u g h h e a c c e p t e d t h e o r i g i n a s E a s t A n g l i a n . 3 I n 1843 D y m o c k p u b l i s h e d a n o t h e r p o r t r a i t c o i n of y E t h e l s t a n , this t i m e b y t h e m o n e y e r E a d n o t h . 4 D y m o c k a g r e e d g e n e r a l l y w i t h H a i g h ' s a r g u m e n t s b u t f o u n d it difficult t o a c c e p t t h e a t t r i b u t i o n t o E c g b e r h t ' s s o n . H e f o r t h e first t i m e v e n t u r e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t ' t h e y b e l o n g t o s o m e E a s t A n g l i a n k i n g
1 2

BNJ xxviii, p p . 2 6 - 2 7 , 41. O p . cit., 1841 e d n . n o . 188 a n d p p . 6 2 - 6 3 .

3
4

NC iv, p p . 195 ff.

NC v, p p . 124-7.

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p r i o r t o E d m u n d ' . H a i g h a c c e p t e d t h i s v i e w w h e n h e c a m e t o w r i t e h i s Numismatic Angles p u b l i s h e d in 1845.1

A f o r g e r in t h e 1830's w o u l d t h e r e f o r e h a v e h a d access t o a n e n g r a v i n g of t h e c o i n b u t w o u l d , b e f o r e h e c o u l d u s e it f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f f o r g i n g a c o m p a r a b l e c o i n o f L u d i c a , h a v e h a d t o m a k e a n a t t r i b u t i o n a t w h i c h n o o n e a t t h a t t i m e h a d a s m u c h a s h i n t e d . W e find i t h a r d t o a c c e p t t h a t , e v e n h a d a f o r g e r been talented enough to m a k e the new attribution, he would have been prepared to conceal the e v i d e n c e t h a t w o u l d h a v e s e r v e d t o e n h a n c e t h e v a l u e of his forgery. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e c u m u l a t i v e e v i d e n c e in f a v o u r of t h e coin, a n d in p a r t i c u l a r t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c o m p a r a b l e c o i n o f i E t h e l s t a n w a s n o t a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e p e r i o d u n t i l a d a t e a f t e r t h e W i g a n L u d i c a is k n o w n t o h a v e b e e n i n e x i s t e n c e , is o v e r w h e l m i n g a n d t h a t t h e c o i n s h o u l d b e a c c e p t e d a s g e n u i n e . T h i s v i e w , w e a r e g l a d t o find, is s h a r e d b y M e s s r s . B a l d w i n . It s e e m s possible t h a t E d w a r d B u r n s , w h e n h e t o o k over as adviser to C o a t s o n the d e a t h of J o h n G r a y i n 1878, w e n t o v e r t h e c o l l e c t i o n a n d w e e d e d o u t t h o s e pieces t h a t h e c o n s i d e r e d false. If t h e parcel in which this coin r e a p p e a r e d represented coins rejected f r o m Coats's cabinet, the need for a t h o r o u g h r e a s s e s s m e n t is a p p a r e n t . It w a s a b o u t this t i m e t h a t s u s p i c i o n w a s b e g i n n i n g t o fall o n t h e p r o d u c t s of t h e skilful forger w h o m M r . T h o m p s o n a n d o n e of the present writers h a v e discussed elsewhere.2 This w o u l d n o d o u b t have inclined Burns to caution. If t h e W i g a n L u d i c a is a c c e p t e d a s g e n u i n e a n d m a y b e e q u a t e d w i t h t h e o n e i l l u s t r a t e d h e r e (PI. V I , L , la), i t c o u l d b e a n i s o l a t e d find o r , p o s s i b l y , a s t r a y f r o m t h e H a m p s h i r e h o a r d ( I n v e n t o r y , 1 8 2 ) t h a t w a s f o u n d in the year that C u r e t o n sold the Ludica to Wigan. O u r only i n f o r m a t i o n o n this h o a r d a p p e a r s t o b e t h e L i n d s a y r e f e r e n c e q u o t e d b y M r . T h o m p s o n w h i c h s a y s t h a t all t h e f o r t y - s i x c o i n s h e l i s t s ' c a m e i n t o t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f M r . S a i n t h i l l ' . T h e r e w e r e five c o i n s o f B e r h t w u l f i n t h e h o a r d s o t h a t a c o i n of L u d i c a w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n o u t of c o n t e x t . A l t e r n a t i v e l y it c o u l d b e a s t r a y f r o m t h e S e v i n g t o n h o a r d ( T h o m p s o n 3 2 8 ) w h i c h w a s d e p o s i t e d 8 4 0 - 5 0 a n d f o u n d i n 1 8 3 4 . T h e r e is a l s o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y , h i n t e d a t b y B e r g n e , t h a t i t is a s t r a y f r o m D o r k i n g ( f o u n d 1 8 1 7 ) b u t if t h i s w e r e s o o n e m i g h t h a v e e x p e c t e d it t o h a v e c o m e t o n o t i c e earlier. O f t h e s i x c o i n s o f W i g l a f t h a t a r e h e r e l i s t e d , five h a v e h o a r d p r o v e n a n c e s . T h e s i x t h w a s i n t h e L o c k e t t sale (lot 389) a n d is n o w i n C o m m a n d e r M a c k ' s c a b i n e t . C o n s i d e r a b l e m y s t e r y s u r r o u n d s t h i s p i e c e . I t w a s l o t 19 i n t h e s a l e o f t h e P e m b r o k e c o l l e c t i o n i n 1 8 4 8 a n d c o u l d n o r m a l l y , t h e r e f o r e , b e p r e s u m e d t o b e ( a s t h e s a l e c a t a l o g u e s a y s it is) t h e s p e c i m e n i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e P e m b r o k e p l a t e s , p u b l i s h e d i n 1 7 4 6 ( P : 4 , T : 1). H o w e v e r , R u d i n g w r i t e s : ' O n e s p e c i m e n o n l y , w i t h a c r o s s o n t h e o b v e r s e o c c u r s i n S i r A n d r e w F o u n t a i n e ' s P l a t e s , t h e o r i g i n a l o f w h i c h is n o t n o w k n o w n t o e x i s t * ; t h e e d i t o r t o t h e t h i r d e d i t i o n a d d s a f o o t n o t e : ' T h e c o i n f r o m w h i c h t h e e n g r a v i n g i n F o u n t a i n e is t a k e n is p r o b a b l y t h a t i n t h e P e m b r o k e collection, n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g M r . R u d i n g s t a t e s t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l is n o t n o w k n o w n t o exist. O n e of t h e s a m e t y p e a n d t h e s a m e m o n e y e r w a s r e c e n t l y p u r c h a s e d a t t h e sale of the small, b u t choice, collection of W . B. Rich, Esq., a n d n o w belongs to t h e splendid store of o u r N a t i o n a l M u s e u m . ' 3 T h i s w o u l d s e e m t o s u g g e s t t h a t R u d i n g h a d m a d e a s l i p w e r e it n o t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t n o l e s s a n a u t h o r i t y t h a n T a y l o r C o m b e , r e p o r t i n g in 1818 o n t h e W i g l a f f o u n d in t h e D o r k i n g h o a r d , w r o t e : ' t h i s is t h e o n l y c o i n w h i c h h a s e v e r b e e n d i s c o v e r e d o f t h i s K i n g ' . 4 I t is h a r d t o b e l i e v e t h a t C o m b e w a s n o t a w a r e of t h e illustration of t h e c o i n t h a t , besides b e i n g in t h e P e m b r o k e plates, h a d a p p e a r e d i n F o u n t a i n e a n d i n t h e 1 6 9 5 e d i t i o n o f C a m d e n ' s Britannia ( w h e r e it is s t a t e d t h a t it w a s t h e n i n t h e possession of William Charleton). A r e w e to a s s u m e t h a t b o t h C o m b e a n d R u d i n g rejected these earlier p u b l i c a t i o n s ? C o m b e did n o t i n c l u d e t h e coin in his plates of A n g l o - S a x o n coins t h a t subsequently a p p e a r e d in R u d i n g ' s Annals. I t m a y t h e r e f o r e b e t h a t t h i s is t h e c a s e , b u t if t h e y d i d s o , w e b e l i e v e it a r o s e f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t , a t the time they wrote, access to the P e m b r o k e collection h a d become virtually impossible a n d that b o t h m a y h a v e o m i t t e d t h e p i e c e o n t h e g r o u n d s t h a t t h e y w e r e u n a b l e t o s e e t h e o r i g i n a l . I t is p e r h a p s s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t L o r d P e m b r o k e ' s f a m o u s s o l i d u s o f W i g m u n d is a l s o m i s s i n g f r o m C o m b e ' s p l a t e s a n d is e q u a l l y n o t m e n t i o n e d b y R u d i n g . 5 T h e W i g l a f , h a v i n g p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e R a s h l e i g h a n d G r a n t l e y s a l e s , f o r m e d l o t 3 8 9 i n t h e L o c k e t t s a l e w h e r e it w a s b o u g h t b y C o m m a n d e r M a c k . I t w a s s o e n c r u s t e d w i t h d i r t t h a t i t w a s h a r d t o s a y w i t h c o n f i d e n c e w h e t h e r it w a s a s t r u c k p i e c e o r n o t . S i n c e t h e n ,
1
2 3

Op. cit., pp. 8 ff.

B / V / x x v i i i , p p . 18 ff. R u d i n g , Annals, 3 r d ed., I, p. 119 a n d n o t e .

* Arch, xix, p. 112.

5

NC Pres. a d d r e s s , 15 J u n e 1960, p p . i v - v .

c 2220

50

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

however, the coin has been cleaned a n d submitted to the Royal M i n t who expressed the opinion that it w a s in f a c t a s t r u c k piece. O t h e r s p e c i m e n s exist, o n e at least of w h i c h c o u l d h a v e b e e n t h e s o u r c e o f t h e e a r l y e n g r a v i n g s . O n e is i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n f o r m e d b y A r c h b i s h o p S h a r p ( d i e d 1 7 1 4 ) b u t is c l e a r l y a c a s t . A n o t h e r is t h e c o i n r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e a s h a v i n g b e e n i n t h e R i c h s a l e w h i c h i s n o w i n t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m . T h i s c o i n is i l l u s t r a t e d i n BMC i, p i . i x . 15. A n o t e i n B r o o k e ' s h a n d w i t h t h e c o i n s a y s , h o w e v e r , t h a t it is a c a s t o f t h e R a s h l e i g h s p e c i m e n a n d t h i s w o u l d s e e m t o b e t h e c a s e . N e i t h e r c o i n is t h e r e f o r e i n c l u d e d i n o u r list o f W i g l a f ' s c o i n s . Of the t h r e e s p e c i m e n s discussed, w e a r e t h e r e f o r e left w i t h L o r d P e m b r o k e ' s ( = Lockett's). Is this g e n u i n e o r not'? T h a t a n original did in fact exist h a s been satisfactorily a n d surprisingly p r o v e d by t h e d i s c o v e r y of a c o i n of this t y p e i n t h e M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d (PI. V I I , W i . 3a) s t r u c k f r o m t h e s a m e d i e s , w i t h , h o w e v e r , t h e c u r i o u s f e a t u r e t h a t p e l l e t s h a d b e e n a d d e d i n t h e field o f t h e r e v e r s e b y t h e t i m e it w a s u s e d t o strike t h e P e m b r o k e coin. L i n k i n g this e v i d e n c e to t h e o p i n i o n of t h e R o y a l M i n t t h a t t h e L o c k e t t c o i n i s i n f a c t a s t r u c k p i e c e , w e h a v e n o h e s i t a t i o n i n a c c e p t i n g it a s g e n u i n e a n d b e l i e v e t h a t b o t h C o m b e a n d R u d i n g , if t h e y d i d n o t o v e r l o o k i t , w e r e i n e r r o r i n r e j e c t i n g i t , t h o u g h one can u n d e r s t a n d the reasons for their doubt.

A P P E N D I X

CORPUS
T h e f o l l o w i n g lists of c o i n s r e c o r d all t h e s p e c i m e n s t h a t w e h a v e n o t e d . I n t h e c a s e of t h e less r a r e v a r i e t i e s it c a n n o t c l a i m c o m p l e t e n e s s , p a r t l y b e c a u s e s u c h p i e c e s w e r e , u n t i l lately, n o t t h o u g h t w o r t h illustrating in sale catalogues n o r were their pedigrees usually recorded. M i n o r details are consequently l a c k i n g a n d it w o u l d be i m p o s s i b l e t o a v o i d d u p l i c a t i o n . I n t h e case of t h e r a r e r pieces c o m p l e t e n e s s has been the aim a n d any additions or corrections would be welcomed by the authors. T h e coins h a v e b e e n a r r a n g e d o n t h e plates to b r i n g o u t t h e a r g u m e n t s p u t f o r w a r d in t h e text. In the c o r p u s they are listed b y reigns a n d , within reigns, b y g r o u p s or mints. I n the plates the following a b b r e v i a t i o n s h a v e b e e n u s e d : C n . ( C o e n w u l f ) ; CI. ( C e o l w u l f ) ; Be. ( B e o r n w u l f ) ; L . ( L u d i c a ) ; W i (Wiglaf); Ep. (Eadberht P r a e n ) ; C d . (Cuthred); A n . ( A n o n y m o u s regal issue); Ba. (Baldred); Ea. ( E a d w a l d ) ; JE. O E t h e l h e a r d ) ; W u . ( W u l f r e d ) . T h e n u m b e r s o n t h e p l a t e s a r e t h o s e i n t h e c o r p u s . E a c h n u m b e r i l l u s t r a t e d , a n d t h e a c t u a l c o i n w i t h i n t h a t n u m b e r s e l e c t e d f o r i l l u s t r a t i o n is m a r k e d w i t h a n a s t e r i s k . T h e p l a t e o n w h i c h e a c h g r o u p a p p e a r s is g i v e n i n t h e c a p t i o n t o t h e g r o u p . D i e - l i n k s h a v e been n o t e d as observed, but a n exhaustive search has n o t been m a d e . Coins illustrated in text-blocks are n o t e d thus: f.

C O E N W U L F
CANTERBURY AND

(796-821)
LONDON MINTS

G R O U P I , w i t h o u t p o r t r a i t 7 9 6 - c . 8 0 5 . ( T h e o r d e r o f t h e t y p e s is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y

chronological.)

A. Transitional types (Plate II) A (i) (London)

Obv. Rev. K i n g ' s n a m e a n d title in t h r e e lines. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e in t w o lines between lunettes. (a) BMC 99 (in B M p r i o r t o 1812). 21 gr. *{b) B M A 1 0 2 e x E v a n s ' L a t e l y f o u n d '

*1. L u d o m a n .

Proc. Num. Soc. 17 Mar. 1870. 21-4 gr.

*2. W i l h u n . O x f o r d ex B a r r a t t 1792. 19-3 g r .

51 T H E

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

A (ii) (London)
Obv. Rev. A s last. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e between a r m s of a ' b o n e e n d e d ' tribrach. 19' 1 g r . *(b) B l u n t e x S h a n d 2 9 2 e x M a n n 1 3 6

* 3 . D i o l a (a) E d i n b u r g h ( = ? F o u n t a i n e , p l . iv. 8).

ex C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 2 8 0 ex R a s h l e i g h 47 ex CulT 289 ex D e w d n e y ex D o r k i n g h o a r d . 1 2 2 g r . A (iii) ( C a n t e r b u r y ) ( P l a t e I ) Obv. Rev. *4. S e b e r h t . K i n g ' s n a m e a n d t i t l e a r o u n d c e n t r a l M. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e i n t w o lines, ' b o n e s h a p e d ' o b j e c t b e t w e e n . B l u n t e x S o t h e b y J u l y 1 9 5 9 , 127. 181 g r .

B. Substantive
Obv.

tribrach type
A s last. (The

Rev. T r i b r a c h m o l i n e , e a c h a r m o f t w o o r t h r e e l i n e s , m o n e y e r ' s n a m e i n a n g l e s . n u m b e r of lines i n t h e t r i b r a c h a r e indicated b e l o w as ' d o u b l e ' o r ' t r i p l e ' . )

(Canterbury)

(Plate I)
*(a) B M A 98 ex E v a n s . 19-2 g r . (6) R a s h l e i g h 4 9 ( t r i p l e ? ) . 191-gr.

*5. B a b b a (Triple).

* 6 . D u d a ( D o u b l e ) , (a) BMC 9 3 , u n d a t e d . 19-5 g r . *(b) BMC 9 4 e x T y s s e n . 18-0 g r . (c) B M A 9 9 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 21 g r . (d) L o c k e t t 3 6 3 e x G r a n t l e y 8 5 1 e x M u r d o c h 2 7 . 2 2 - 6 g r . (<?) R a s h l e i g h 4 7 ( d o u b l e ? ) . 19 g r . ( / ) O ' H a g a n 2 9 9 ( d o u b l e ? ) . * 7 . D u d a ( T r i p l e ) , (a) F i t z w i l l i a m 3 9 7 e x Y o u n g e x S h e p h e r d 2 2 . 19-7 g r . *(b) O x f o r d ( B o d l e i a n ) . 2 1 - 1 g r . (c) C h e s t e r M u s . b t . l o c a l l y i n a m i x e d l o t 1953. id) S p i n k 1950. (e) M o n t a g u 2 5 3 e x M u r c h i s o n 8 4 ( t r i p l e ?). *8. E a b a ( T r i p l e ) . *9. E o b a ( T r i p l e ) . ex B a s c o m 5 exCuff282.2 812. 19J gr. B M ex B a r n e t t ex B r u u n 26 ex C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 883. 18-4 g r .

* ( a ) BMC 9 6 ( u n d a t e d ) . 19-8 g r . ( b ) H u n t e r 3 3 0 . 2 1 - 4 g r . (c) L o c k e t t 3 5 9 0 e x A s t r o n o m e r 9 8 e x M o n t a g u 2 5 2 e x A d d i n g t o n e x B e r g n e 6 8 e x D y m o c k 61 20-J-gr. (d) L o c k e t t 2 6 5 7 e x E v a n s e x M a r s h a m 7 7 . 2 0 g r . (e) B a g n a l l e x D r a b b l e ( / ) W . C. W e l l s ? ' F o u n d in S u f f o l k ' ( r u b b i n g a m o n g L a w r e n c e p a p e r s ) .

* 1 0 . E t h e l m o d ( D o u b l e ) , ( a ) BMC 9 7 e x B a n k o f E n g l a n d c o l l e c t i o n 1 8 7 7 . 2 1 - 0 g r . *(b) B M A 100 e x R e a d y 3 2 . 2 1 - 5 g r . (c) B M e x B a r n e t t e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 1609. 19-3 g r . (d) O x f o r d e x B r o w n e W i l l i s , 1760. 2 0 - 8 g r . (e) B a t c h e l o r e x S o u t h a m p t o n e x c a v a t i o n s . ( / ) M a c k ' f o u n d in K e n t ' (fragment). * 1 1 . E t h e l m o d ( D o u b l e , w i t h s m a l l s e m i c i r c l e i n e a c h a n g l e ) , (a) BMC 98 ex T y s s e n . 20-0 gr. *{b) B M A 101 e x E v a n s ' p r o b a b l y f o u n d i n K e n t ' . 2 0 - 2 g r . (c) L o c k e t t 3 6 4 , f o u n d i n F l e e t Street, L o n d o n , 1914. 20 gr. *12. S e b e r h t ( D o u b l e ) , (a) B M e x L a w r e n c e . 18 g r . *(d) 19-4 g r . (b) C o a t s 3 3 1 e x W i g a n . (e) D r a b b l e 3 3 2 . 17-1 g r . 1 5 | gr. 19 9 g r . (c) M a c k

ex G r a n t l e y 853.

R y a n 632.

( / ) Lockett 2659 ex

T h o r b u r n 2 5 . 19 g r . * 1 3 . S i g e b e r h t ( D o u b l e ) BMC 100 e x D e v o n s h i r e 2 4 .

Doubtful Canterbury or London (Plate I)

*14. C i o l h a r d ( D o u b l e ) . *15. E a m a (Triple). BMC 92 ex Tyssen. 13-3 g r . 2 0 J gr. B l u n t ex D r a b b l e 331 ex E v a n s , b t . b y h i m in R o m e = ? B o r g h e s i .

*16. I b b a (Triple). * ( a ) B M ex L o c k e t t 2 6 5 8 ; said t o h a v e b e e n f o u n d in S h r o p s h i r e . w o r t h C a s t l e ( l o a n ) f o u n d a t B r e e d o n - o n - t h e - H i l l c. 1952. 17. P e n d w i n e ( D o u b l e ) . G r a n t l e y 852 ex D e l g a n y h o a r d . Annals, 20 gr.

15:| g r . (b) T a r n -

1 Authority for hoard provenance Ruding, i, p. 119.

2 T h e L o c k e t t sale c a t a l o g u e gives this coin in e r r o r the pedigree of t h e f o l l o w i n g piece.

52

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

London

(Plate II)
*(a) S h r e w s b u r y M u s . 18 g r . (b) D e l g a n y h o a r d 3 2 . (c) W . C . W e l l s . 18-5 g r . (plugged).

*18. D i o l a (Triple).

* 1 9 . E a n m u n d ( D o u b l e ) . *(a) BMC 9 5 e x C o t t o n . 19-2 g r . ( p i e r c e d ) , I n v e r n e s s - s h i r e 19-6 gr. ( p i e r c e d a n d c h i p p e d ) .

(b) E d i n b u r g h , f o u n d a t C r o y ,

* 2 0 . L u d o m a n ( D o u b l e ) . *(a) B l u n t e x L o c k e t t 3 5 9 1 e x D r a b b l e 8 1 3 e x C o l e s = ? M a i s h 6 e x N a p i e r e x E v a n s ( 1 8 9 4 ) 7 e x M o n t a g u ( 1 8 8 8 ) 10 e x B r i c e e x B o r g h e s i . 1 8 J gr. (b) D e l g a n y h o a r d 3 6 (Ludaman). *21. W i g h a r d ( D o u b l e ) . *22. W i l h u n ( D o u b l e ) . BMC 101 ex D e v o n s h i r e 25. 19-7 gr. ? R a s h l e i g h 48. 19J gr.

B M ex Lockett 3592 ex Miller =

Contemporary
(a)

forgeries?
111. BNJxxvIII, p l . x x v i , 6. 15-9 g r .

Vatican, Rome.

(,b) D e s c r i b e d Proc. Num.

Soc. 1865, p p . 7 - 8 .
CANTERBURY MINT

GROUP II.

Portrait issues struck o n small

flans,

c. 8 0 5 - c . 8 1 0 . ( P l a t e I I )

A. Cross and Wedges type

Obv. Rev. + COENVVLF/REX M ( r o u n d e d ) : d i a d e m e d b u s t r . r e s e m b l i n g t h a t o n c o i n s o f C u t h r e d , b r e a k i n g i n n e r circle a n d dividing t h e inscription. F l a n d i a m e t e r 0-70-0-75 in. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h MONETA (M r o u n d e d ) : c r o s s p o m m e e w i t h a w e d g e i n e a c h a n g l e , w i t h i n i n n e r circle. 23. B e o r n f r e t h . *24. B e o r n f r e t h . Stow-on-the-Wold Museum. (Rev. 20 gr. 2 2 gr.

BEORNFRIB.) B M A 5 2 e x E v a n s 1 6 e x D e l g a n y h o a r d .

*25. E a b a . *(a) B M e x B r u u n e x ' P r o p e r t y o f a G e n t l e m a n ' (1903) 329. 17-4 gr. (b) W e s t m i n s t e r S c h o o l e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 2 1 - 0 g r . (c) M a c k e x G r a n t l e y 8 4 0 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . C h i p p e d , 1 7 g r . (d) S t e w a r t . F r a g m e n t . ( e ) C a s t i n B M o f a c o i n a t o n e t i m e i n S e a b y ' s h a n d s . 22-5 gr. 2 6 . S e b e r h t . (Rev. 14-8 g r . *27. S e b e r h t . (Rev. SEBERFRH.) (a) BMC 78 ex B a r k e r 343. 20-0 gr. (b) H u n t e r 3 3 9 . Fragment,

+ S E B E R H T MONETA.) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 0 1 e x Y o u n g e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 8 7 8 .

19 g r .

Distinctive portrait, perhaps by the engraver of the dies of the later period of the reign.
28. Sigeberht. *29. Sigeberht. *30. W e r h e a r d . (Rev. (Rev. (Rev. -|-SIGEBERHTI MONETA, a n g u l a r M.) R y a n 6 2 7 e x B a s c o m 4 . 20-J- g r . -F-SIGEBERHTI MONETA, r o u n d e d M.) + V E R H E A R D I MONETA.) 20-V g r . (a) BMC *(a) L o c k e t t 3585 ex R e y n o l d s 2 1 1 gr. 21-0 gr. 10 ex 84 246 ( b ) (NE) A l l e n 1 8 0 (ill.). . (b) B M A

A s t r o n o m e r ex R i c h a r d s o n 12 ex M a r s h a m 72 ex W i g a n . ex M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . B r o k e n a n d c o r r o d e d , 4 5 ex M u r c h i s o n 82. ex Brice ex Bergne ex P e m b r o k e . ex G r a n t l e y 839 ex L a w r e n c e . 20-6 gr.

8 5 (ill.) e x T y s s e n .

15 g r . * ( c ) B M e x B a r n e t t 3 1 0 e x R a s h l e i g h

(d) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 0 3 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 2 7 6 e x M o n t a g u 20-6 gr.

(e) L o c k e t t 3 5 8 7 . 2 0 | g r . ( / ) R e a d i n g U n i v e r s i t y

B. Cross and Quatrefoil Obv. A s H A .

Rev. *31. D u d a .

type.

M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h MONETA (M r o u n d e d ) ; c r o s s p o m m e e o v e r a q u a t r e f o i l w i t h a ( a ) B M A 6 6 e x E v a n s e x M o n t a g u ( 1 8 9 7 ) 1. C h i p p e d , 1 8 - 3 g r . *(b) B M A 6 7 e x M i d d l e (d) M a c k e x L o c k e t t 3 6 8 ( i l l . ) . 2 0 g r . From . the same obv. die as (a), (e) M o n t a g u 2 3 9

pellet in e a c h angle, w i t h i n i n n e r circle.

Temple hoard. 20-5 gr. From the same obv. die as (a), (c) R y a n 630. . From the same dies
as (a), e x S h e p h e r d 2 0 ; p r o b a b l y f o u n d n e a r W r o t h a m , K e n t ( v i d e S h e p h e r d c a t a l o g u e , w h i c h is ambiguous).

53 T H E 32. T i d b e a r h t . *33. T i d b e a r h t . (Rev.

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840 Fragment.

+ T I D B E - - HT MONETA.) BMC

84; n o date or provenance.

(Rev. T I D B E R H T . ) portrait, cf. 27.

B M A 83a ex E v a n s ; f o u n d a t M i l d e n h a l l .

20-4 gr.

Distinctive

C. Sigeberhfs
Obv.

Triple Aura (Annulet-Triangle-Trefoil)

type

+ C O E N W L F REX M ( r o u n d e d ) : b u s t r . b r e a k i n g i n n e r c i r c l e : t h e p o r t r a i t r e s e m b l e s t h a t o n c o i n s o f t h e l a t e r p e r i o d o f t h e r e i g n (cf. a l s o 2 7 a n d 33 a b o v e ) b u t t h e b u s t h a s t h e p r o m i n e n t s h o u l d e r s f o u n d o n s o m e coins of Sigeberht f o r C u t h r e d . F l a n d i a m e t e r a s above.

Rev.

H-SFGEBERHT MONETA (M r o u n d e d ) : w i t h i n i n n e r c i r c l e a d e s i g n c o m p r i s i n g a n a n n u l e t w i t h c e n t r a l p e l l e t , s u p e r i m p o s e d o n a t r i a n g l e ( s l i g h t l y d i s t o r t e d ) w h i c h i n t u r n is o v e r a trefoil. B M A 7 8 ; p u r c h a s e d i n 1886. 18-5 g r .

*34. Sigeberht.

GROUP III.

Portrait coins struck o n large

flans:

f i r s t b u s t (c. 8 1 0 - c . 8 1 5 ) ( P l a t e I I I )

A. Pincer Cross type

Obv. Rev. A s I I A b u t flan d i a m e t e r 0 - 7 5 - 0 - 8 5 i n . M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h MONETA (M r o u n d e d ) : n o i n n e r c i r c l e : d o u b l e p i n c e r - s h a p e d c r o s s superimposed o n a cross-pommee with wedges. 3 5 . B e o r n f r e t h . (Rev. BIORNFRED.) B r i t t o n 881. 21-4 gr. *36. B e o r n f r e t h . *37. D i o r m o d . (Obv. (Rev. (a) B M e x B a r n e t t 3 0 5 . 20-5 gr. (b) L o c k e t t 3 6 6 e x C a r l y o n -

inscription continuous.

Rev.

a s 3 5 . ) BMC

62; n o provenance.

21-7 gr.

NE.) *(a) B M A 6 0 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 2 - 0 g r . ( b ) R o y a l M i n t M u s e u m .

* 3 8 . T i d b e a r h t . *(a) (Rev. HT, NE.) BMC 8 1 ; n o p r o v e n a n c e . 2 1 - 7 g r . (b) (Rev. HT, NE.) B M A 8 1 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . C h i p p e d , 14-8 g r . (c) R y a n 6 2 9 . . (d) D r a b b l e 3 2 8 (ill.) e x C o l . C o l e s . 201- g r . From the same rev. die as (c). (e) (Rev. HT, NE.) A s s h e t o n e x D e v o n s h i r e 2 2 .

*39. W e r h e a r d . hoard.

(Rev.

PZRHEARDL) (a) BMC (c) B M A .

86 ex Tyssen. 21-2gr.

*(b) B M A 8 5 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e 19-8 g r . (d) A s t r o n o m e r 95 ex

20-5 gr.

86 ex M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d .

M o n t a g u 242 ex Brice ex Bergne.

(e) R e a d y 3 3 (ill.). .

B. Cross Moline type

Obv. As IIIA.

Rev.

M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h MONETA (M r o u n d e d ) : n o i n n e r c i r c l e : l a r g e c r o s s m o l i n e w i t h

w e d g e or pellet in each angle. *40. T i d b e a r h t . (Rev. HT, w e d g e s . ) B l u n t ; f o u n d at Y a x h a m , N o r f o l k , in 1961. 23-15 gr. Vide

Norfolk
*41. W e r h e a r d .

Arch, xxxiii, p p . 4 3 - 4 4 .
(Rev. PERHEARDI, p e l l e t s . ) BMC 8 8 ; p u r c h a s e d 1853. 20-5 gr.

C. Dealla's Cross-Crosslet
Obv. As IIIA.

type
principal angle,

Rev.

+ DEALLA MONETA (M a n g u l a r ) : c r o s s - c r o s s l e t w i t h a p e l l e t i n e a c h w i t h i n i n n e r circle. Stockholm. (Rev. 20-2 gr.

*42. D e a l l a . *43. D e a l l a .

MONETA: a p e l l e t a n d w e d g e i n e a c h a n g l e o f p r i n c i p a l c r o s s . )

Fitzwilliam

398

e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 278 e x A s t r o n o m e r 9 3 e x M o n t a g u 233 ex Brice cx B e r g n e 59.

20-6 gr.

54 GROUP IV.

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN flans:

ENGLAND,

796-840

Portrait coins struck o n large

s e c o n d b u s t (c. 8 1 5 - 8 2 1 ) ( P l a t e I I I )

A. Pincer Cross type

Obv. + C O E N W L F REXM ( r o u n d e d ) : b u s t r . d i a d e m e d , b r e a k i n g i n n e r c i r c l e : n e w p o r t r a i t , w i t h less c o m p l e x t r e a t m e n t of t h e h a i r a n d a n g u l a r s h o u l d e r s . F l a n d i a m e t e r 0-75-0-85 in. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h MONETA (M a n g u l a r , A a s i n v e r t e d v i n G r o u p IIIA, b u t cross u s u a l l y pattee. * 4 4 . D i o r m o d . (Rev. M'S r o u n d e d . ) (a) BMC 6 8 : n o p r o v e n a n c e . 2 1 - 8 g r . (b) (Rev. NE.) B M A 6 1 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 19 0 g r . ( c ) (Rev. NE.) H u n t e r 3 3 7 . 2 1 - 0 g r . From the same rev. die as (b). (d) L o c k e t t 3 5 8 1 e x B l i s s 3 7 e x M o n t a g u 2 4 1 e x B r i c e . 2 0 g r . From the same obv.

Rev.

moneta

only): design as

die as 47(a). *(e) Bagnall ex Drabble 810 ex Ready 34. 20 gr. From the same obv. die as 47(c).
( / ) G r a n t l e y 849. G a n t z 1003A. . *45. T i d b e a r h t . (a) (Rev. 20 gr. (g) R o t h 5 6 e x C r o w t h e r 4 e x D o u l t o n 4 .
IIIA.

21} gr.

(h) W e l l s e x

May be Group

HT, NE, M r o u n d e d . ) 21-1 gr. *(d) (Rev.

BMC

82; n o provenance. From ( / ) (Rev. the same BMC dies

20-3 gr. as (a),

(b)

Westminster HT, NE, 18-5 gr.

School ex Scott ex D e l g a n y h o a r d . M rounded.) (e) (Rev. 21-4 gr. ( / ) (Rev. *46. W e r h e a r d . *(e) (Rev. hoard. as (e). HT.) Paris.

20-5 gr.

(c) (Rev. 1853.

TIDEARHT.)

83; purchased

B M ex B a r n e t t 308. 21-1 gr.

HT.) B r i g h t o n : f o u n d at P e a c e h a v e n . 22-1 gr.

(g) (Rev.

H T . ) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 0 2 e x D u n c a n s o n e x S m a r t e x D e v o n s h i r e 18. 19} gr.

From the same obv. die as (e) and rev. die as ( / ) . (//) (Rev. HT, A.) Lawrence 205. 21 gr.
NE.) L o c k e t t 3 5 8 6 e x S o t h e b y ' s S a l e 2 5 . 7 . 1 9 1 0 . (a) BMC 87 ex B a n k of E n g l a n d . 21-3 gr. (b) B M A 8 9 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e hoard. . die

C h i p p e d , 18 g r . ( c ) M a c k e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . NE.) B M A 8 7 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . C h i p p e d , 15-8 g r . = ? B r u u n 23. (g) (Rev. Slightly c h i p p e d , 21-4 gr.

C h i p p e d , 1 6 } g r . (d) R o y a l M i n t . From the same obv.

2 1 g r . ( / ) (Rev.

NE.) B M A 8 8 e x D e l g a n y

NE.) B a l d w i n 1 9 5 1 ; n o p e d i g r e e .

B. Cross Moline type Obv. A s I V A .

Rev. -F DIORMOD MONETA (M r o u n d e d , A a s i n v e r t e d v ) : c r o s s m o l i n e w i t h i n i n n e r c i r c l e . (a) BMC 6 9 e x D y m o c k ( 1 8 3 0 ) 1. 1 9 - 5 g r . From the same obv. die as 44(d). (b) Hunter obv. die *47. D i o r m o d . 340.

2 1 - 1 g r . *(c) L o c k e t t 3 7 1 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 2 0 - 4 g r . From .

the same

as 44(e).
n o . 3475.

(cl) Stewart. . From the same rev. die as (c). (e) Seaby's Bulletin, March 1951, types
diadem. as inverted v.

C. DeaHa's Cross-Crosslet
Obv. Rev.

A s IVA, b u t f r e q u e n t l y w i t h o u t A s I I I c , b u t l a s t l e t t e r o f moneta

(i) With diadem.

*48. D e a l l a . 49. D e a l l a . (Rev. (Rev. A.) R y a n 6 2 2 e x D r a b b l e 3 2 5 . 19 g r . (a) M a c k e x S h a n d 2 9 0 e x M a n n (b) L a w r e n c e 2 0 6 . 21-7 gr. Pierced and Fragment. A : c r o s s e s d i v i d i n g i n s c r i p t i o n a t L/L a n d O / N . ) Slightly c h i p p e d , . BMC

135 e x O ' H a g a n 2 9 6 e x M o n t a g u 231. *50. D e a l l a . 51. D e a l l a . (Rev. (Rev.

A: cross-crosslet o v e r cross p o r n m e e . )

67 ex T y s s e n .

h a s a pellet a n d a w e d g e in each principal angle.)

H u n t e r 336.

c h i p p e d , 17-7 gr. 52. D e a l l a . (Rev. w i t h o u t pellets.) BMC 66 ex C o t t o n . C h i p p e d , 20-5 gr.

(ii) Without

diadem.

* 5 3 . D e a l l a . * ( a ) B M A 5 9 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 1 - 6 g r . (b) W e s t m i n s t e r S c h o o l e x S c o t t e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 2 1 - 0 g r . (c) W i n c h e s t e r C i t y M u s e u m . . (d) G r a n t l e y 8 4 2 e x M u r d o c h 2 3 e x M o n t a g u 2 2 9 e x B r i c e e x L a k e - P r i c e 16 e x M u r c h i s o n 7 8 e x D y m o c k 6 0 e x C u f f 2 8 3 . 2 2 g r . From the same obv. die as (c) and rev. die as (b). (e) L o c k e t t 3 5 8 0 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y

hoard. 20 gr. From the same obv. die as (a).

55 *54. D e a l l a . (Rev.

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840 (a) BMC 65 ex H o a r e 147.

h a s c r o s s e s d i v i d i n g i n s c r i p t i o n a t L/L a n d O/N.) 19-2 g r .

21-8 gr. *(b) BMA 56 ex Middle Temple hoard. 21-4 gr. From the same obv. die as 55(c).
(c) B M A 5 8 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 5 5 . D e a l l a . (Rev. a s 5 4 b u t M r o u n d e d . ) (a) B M A 5 7 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 19-6 g r . (b) C o p e n h a g e n e x A s t r o n o m e r 9 4 e x M o n t a g u 2 3 2 ex M a r s h a m . 2 0 J g r . (c) L o c k e t t 3 7 6 e x R e y n o l d s 8. 2 0 g r . From the same obv. die as 54(b). (d) R y a n 621 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . .

D. Crescent Cross type. c. 820 Obv. A s I V A .

Rev. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h MONETA (A a s i n v e r t e d v ) : f o u r c r e s c e n t s a r r a n g e d i n c r u c i f o r m w i t h i n i n n e r circle, a r o u n d a central pellet.

* 5 6 . D e a l l a . (Rev. h a s a p e l l e t w i t h i n e a c h c r e s c e n t . ) *(o) B M e x L o c k e t t 3 7 4 e x D o r s e t h o a r d . 2 1 - 7 g r . (b) B M e x L a w r e n c e . P e r h a p s t h e s p e c i m e n r e c o r d e d i n t h e D e l g a n y h o a r d . C h i p p e d a n d frail. * 5 7 . D i o r m o d . (Rev. M r o u n d e d . ) *(A) B M A 6 2 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 1 - 3 g r . (b) B M A 6 3 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 1 - 1 g r . (c) B M A 6 4 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 1 - 4 g r . (d) B M A 6 5 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 0 - 2 g r . (e) A s h m o l e a n e x B o d l e y , b e f o r e 1752. 2 0 - 1 g r . * 5 8 . T i d b e a r h t . (a) (Rev. HT, NE.) B M A 8 2 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 1 - 4 g r . *(b) B M A 83 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . C h i p p e d , 19 8 g r . From the same rev. die as (a), (c) ( R e v . HT.) H u n t e r 3 4 4 . 2 1 - 0 g r . ( d ) ( R e v . HT, NE?) B l u n t e x L a w r e n c e , p r o b a b l y e x M o n t a g u 2 4 4 e x M a r s h a m 7 0 .

Badly chipped, . From the same obv. die as (c).

* 5 9 . W e r h e a r d . (Rev. h a s c e n t r a l c r o s s i n s t e a d o f p e l l e t . ) B M A 9 0 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . c h i p p e d , 19 g r . T h e c o m p l e t e c o i n i l l u s t r a t e d NC 1 8 9 4 , p l . iii, 4 . Now

E. Sigestef's ' A' type, c. 820 Obv. A s I V A .

Rev. -F-SIGESTEF MONET/A (M r o u n d e d ) , t h e A f o r m i n g t h e c e n t r a l d e s i g n w i t h i n t h e i n n e r c i r c l e ( c f . C e o l w u l f , G r o u p I, n o . 2 ) . t*60. S i g e s t e f . *(a) B M A 7 9 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . C h i p p e d , 2 0 - 2 g r . t ( b ) B M e x B a r n e t t 3 0 9 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 1 6 0 7 . C h i p p e d , 2 1 - 3 g r . (c) M u r d o c h 2 4 e x M o n t a g u 2 3 6 e x M a r s h a m 7 5 . . (d) L o c k e t t 3 7 5 e x G r a n t l e y 8 5 0 . F r a g m e n t . 79 e x G e n t l e m a n S a l e ( 1 8 5 0 ) 3 5 5 ; f o u n d n e a r P o r c h e s t e r C a s t l e

6 1 . S i g e s t e f . (Obv. o m i t s c . ) BMC 1 8 4 4 . C h i p p e d , 16-8 g r .

F. Swefherd's Cross Fourchee type. c. 820 Obv. A s I V A .

Rev. +SVVEFHERD MONETA (M a n g u l a r , A a s i n v e r t e d v ) : f o r k e d c r o s s w i t h p e l l e t in e a c h p r i n c i p a l a n g l e , w i t h i n i n n e r circle. * 6 2 . S w e f h e r d . (a) BMC 8 0 e x C u f f 2 8 7 . 2 2 - 3 g r . *(b) B M A 8 0 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . C h i p p e d , 1 8 - 5 g r . (c) H u n t e r 3 4 2 . C h i p p e d , 17-5 g r . (d) M a c k e x L o c k e t t 3 7 3 e x D o r s e t h o a r d . 2 0 - 3 g r . From the same dies as (b). (e) S i r J . H a n h a m e x G r a n t l e y 8 3 8 e x M u r d o c h 2 5 e x M o n t a g u 2 4 3 e x S h e p h e r d 19. 2 0 - 7 g r . From the same obv. die as (b). ( / ) L y o n e x R y a n 6 2 6 . C h i p p e d , .

From the same dies as (<?). G. Oba's Cross Moline types

Obv. Rev. A s I V A , b u t t h e p o r t r a i t is b y a d i f f e r e n t e n g r a v e r a n d t h e b u s t d i v i d e s t h e i n s c r i p t i o n . +OBA/MON/ETA ( f i r s t o d i a m o n d - s h a p e d , M r o u n d e d , A n o r m a l ) : c r o s s m o l i n e w i t h i n i n n e r circle: o n e g r o u p , p e r h a p s t h e later, h a s t h e inscription divided, as i n d i c a t e d , by crosses.

56

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

(i) Reverse inscription

*63. O b a . 64. O b a .

undivided.
(b) B r u u n 2 4 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 8 7 9 (ill.) 21-3 gr. T . S. A g n e w ex G r a n t l e y 841 e x E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d .

*(a) L o c k e t t 3 5 8 4 e x D o r s e t h o a r d . 20-1 g r . (Obv. inscription continuous.)

ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d . 19 g r .

(ii) Reverse inscription divided.

* 6 5 . O b a . (a) BMC 7 5 e x T y s s e n . 2 1 - 0 g r . *(b) B M A 7 6 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 19-3 g r . (c) F i t z w i l l i a m 3 9 9 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 2 7 9 e x H a y (?) 2 1 - 5 g r . (d) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 0 0 e x P r o f . H u g h e s 1 8 7 6 ; f o u n d a t H a s l i n g f i e l d , C a m b s . P i e r c e d a n d c h i p p e d , 17-5 g r . (e) L o c k e t t 2 6 5 3 e x

Reynolds 9. 22J- gr. From the same obv. die as (c). ( / ) Ryan 625. . (g) Seaby's Bulletin,
A u g . 1 9 5 0 , n o . 7 1 4 0 e x T y s s e n (ill. R u d i n g , p i . 6, 8). C h i p p e d , 20J- g r . (/;) W i n c h e s t e r

Cathedral Library. . (i) Glendining's Sale 29.3.49 lot 176, now in BM Forgeries, having been condemned as a cast. If this judgement is correct it must have been cast from (/;), which we have not seen, or from a coin not known to us. The obv. is from the same die as ( / ) . (iii) As (ii), but cross over cross moline: first O round.
*66. O b a . BMC 76 ex C u f f 2 8 8 . 22-2 gr.

H. Oba's Cross-and-Wedges Obv. A s I V G .

Rev.

types, c. 820

+ O B A + M O N + E T A (o r o u n d , M r o u n d e d , A n o r m a l ) : cross with wedge or ' l e a f ' in each angle, usually w i t h i n a n inner circle f r o m w h i c h s p r i n g the three crosses in the inscription.

(i) With cross pommee and wedges: inner circle.

* 6 7 . O b a . *(a) B M A 7 7 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . C h i p p e d , 18-0 g r . ( b ) B M e x L o c k e t t 3 5 8 3 e x D r a b b l e 3 2 6 e x E v a n s , p r o b a b l y e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 19 g r . (c) W i g a n e x C u f f (ill. D y m o c k M S . ) . . (d) a n d (e) D e l g a n y h o a r d . ( / ) S t . I v e s M u s e u m , H u n t s . : f o u n d a t M o n k s W o o d , n e a r H u n t i n g t o n , 1936.

(ii) With cross pattee and 'leaves':

*68. O b a .

inner circle.
17-7 g r .

B M ex L a w r e n c e , p r o b a b l y ex M o n t a g u 247 ex O ' H a g a n 298 ex W a k e f o r d .

(iii) With cross pattee and 'leaves':

* 6 9 . O b a . BMC

no inner circle.

7 7 e x T y s s e n ; a p p a r e n t l y t h e c o i n i l l u s t r a t e d i n F o u n t a i n e , p i . i v , 5. 2 1 - 8 g r .

ROCHESTER

MINT

G R O U P I . E a r l y i s s u e s , c. 8 1 0 - c . 8 2 0 ( P l a t e s I V , V )

A. With cross and pellets.

*70. E a l h s t a n . (Obv. +CONVVLL/REX M ( r o u n d e d ) : d i a d e m e d b u s t r . , b r e a k i n g i n s c r i p t i o n a n d i n n e r c i r c l e ; E ( o f k i n g ' s n a m e ) b a c k w a r d s i n f r o n t o f f a c e . Rev. +EALHSAN MAONE (M r o u n d e d ) : cross w i t h pellet in e a c h angle, w i t h i n i n n e r circle.) B M ex L o c k e t t 369 ex O ' H a g a n 297 e x M o n t a g u 2 3 4 e x W h i t b o u r n . C h i p p e d , 171- g r . Small flan. * 7 1 . E a l h s t a n . (Obv. + COENV:/VLF REX M ( r o u n d e d ) : c r u d e r b u s t t h a n l a s t , w i t h o u t d i a d e m . Rev. +EALHSTAN MONI (M r o u n d e d ) : t y p e a s l a s t . ) B M A 7 0 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 18-7 g r .

Large flan. B. With cross moline

Obv. Rev. S i m i l a r t o 71 b u t COENVV/LF. + EALHSTAN MONETA (M r o u n d e d ) : c r o s s m o l i n e w i t h a p e l l e t i n e a c h a n g l e , w i t h i n i n n e r circle. *(a) H u n t e r 341. C h i p p e d , 22-0 gr. (b) (Rev. o m i t s final A.) L i n c o l n M u s e u m . .

*72. E a l h s t a n .

57

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

C. With

cross-crosslet.
Obv. Rev. H-COENVVLF REX M ( r o u n d e d ) , v a r i o u s l y d i v i d e d : b u s t r . b r e a k i n g i n n e r c i r c l e , w i t h o r without diadem. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h MONETA (M r o u n d e d ) : c r o s s - c r o s s l e t w i t h i n i n n e r c i r c l e .

*73. D u n . (Obv. F/R: diadem.) Hunter 338. 22 0 gr. From dies which appear to have been made in Canterbury.
*74. D u n . (Obv. inscription continuous: no diadem. Rev. h a s pellet in each principal angle.) BMC

70 ex Tyssen. 22-0 gr. Local dies.

*75. E a l h s t a n . (Obv. L/F: n o d i a d e m . ) BMC 72 ex Tyssen. 18-7 g r .

D. With

cross-and-wedges.
Obv. Rev. + C O E N V V L F REX M ( r o u n d e d ) : d i a d e m e d b u s t r . b r e a k i n g i n n e r c i r c l e , b u t i n s c r i p t i o n undivided. + EALHSTAN MONETA (M r o u n d e d ) : s m a l l e r l e t t e r i n g t h a n p r e v i o u s l y : c r o s s - a n d - w e d g e s , w i t h i n i n n e r circle.

*76. Ealhstan. GROUP II.

B M ex L o c k e t t 372 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d .

C h i p p e d , 19 g r .

L a t e i s s u e s , c. 8 2 0 ( P l a t e V )

A. With cross and crescents.

Obv. Rev. + COENVVLF REX M ( r o u n d e d ) : d i a d e m e d b u s t r . b r e a k i n g i n n e r c i r c l e , i m i t a t i n g C a n t e r bury G r o u p IV. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h MONETA (M r o u n d e d ) : s m a l l c r o s s w i t h c r e s c e n t o p p o s i t e e a c h a n g l e , w e d g e s b e t w e e n , all w i t h i n i n n e r circle. D u n s p e l t DVNN; E a l h s t a n EALH-TAN

(cf. Ceolwulf 1) and has NE in moneta.

*77. D u n . 78. D u n . (Rev. (Rev. DVNN: p e l l e t i n e a c h c r e s c e n t . ) B M A 68 ex M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 20-3 gr.

DVNN: n o w e d g e s o r pellets.) B l u n t ex L a w r e n c e , p r o b a b l y e x D e l g a n y h o a r d (43).

Fragment. *79. E a l h s t a n . *(a) BMC . w i t h o u t wedges.) B e r l i n ex M u r d o c h 28 ex B o y n e 1120 e x M u r c h i s o n 86. h a s c r e s c e n t s j o i n e d t o e n d s of cross.) B M A 69 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y 20|gr. hoard. 71 e x L o s c o m b e ex S e v i n g t o n h o a r d . 22-0 gr. (b) A s s h e t o n ex D e v o n -

shire 22.

8 0 . E a l h s t a n . (Rev. *81. E a l h s t a n . 19 g r . (Rev.

B. With cross potent. Obv. A s A .

Rev. A s A , b u t d e s i g n is a c r o s s p o t e n t , d i s p l a c e d , w i t h a l o z e n g e c e n t r e a n d ' d i a m o n d s ' i n the angles a n d within the lozenge. *82. E a l h s t a n . B M A 71 ex M o n t a g u 240 ex L o r d Jersey. 21 g r .

LONDON

MINT

(Plate VII)

O b v e r s e s w i t h b u s t t o right, a n d reverses w i t h cross-crosslet a n d n o i n n e r circle, unless o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d . V a r i a t i o n s of t y p e a r e fully d i s c u s s e d in t h e text, a n d since all significant varieties a r e i l l u s t r a t e d , they a r e n o t d e s c r i b e d in detail below. M o n e y e r s : E a n m u n d , Ceolheard, Wigher(?), Aelhun, Ciolbald, and Eretcod(?). Eanmund * 8 3 . Obv. L a t e R o m a n style b u s t , n o i n n e r circle. 11-0 g r . B l u n t , e x D . M a n g a k i s (? a u t h e n t i c , see p. 31).

58 Ceolheard

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

* 8 4 . C o p y o f C a n t e r b u r y c r o s s - a n d - w e d g e s ; i n n e r c i r c l e o n rev. ex Scott ex D e l g a n y . *85. M o l i n e reverse. 18-5 g r . B M A 5 5 e x E v a n s a n d D e l g a n y .

21-8 gr.

Westminster School

12

* * 8 6 . P o i n t e d n o s e ; n o i n n e r c i r c l e . *(a) R t . f a c i n g . 2 1 - 8 g r . W e s t m i n s t e r S c h o o l 13 e x D e l g a n y . *(b) L e f t f a c i n g . 22-1 g r . C o p e n h a g e n M u s e u m ( T h o m s e n 1445). * 8 7 . D e r i v a t i v e C u t h r e d b u s t . 171- g r . B l u n t (Num. (1945) 32 ex G l e n d i n i n g Sale 17.11.37, 299. Circ. A u g . - S e p t . 1950, 28692) ex D u a r t S m i t h

* * 8 8 . A r c a d i a n b u s t ; p e l l e t s o n r e v e r s e . *(a) N o obv. i n n e r c i r c l e . 2 2 - 3 g r . B M e x L o c k e t t 3 6 7 ex G r a n t l e y 848 ex D e l g a n y . *(b) C r u d e b u s t , i n n e r circle. 21-2 gr. B M A 54 ex M o n t a g u 2 3 0 e x B r i c e e x B e r g n e e x M u r c h i s o n e x D y m o c k , ? = F o u n t a i n e , p l . i v , 3. * 8 9 . B u s t a s o n C e o l w u l f 19. 2 0 - 1 g r . B M A 5 3 ( p l . x , 11) e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y . W i g h e r ( P o s s i b l y W i h t r e d of E a s t A n g l i a ; cf., rev. of C n . 107) * 9 0 . Obv. Aelhun *91. L e f t facing bust, p o i n t e d nose. *92. B u s t r., i n n e r circle. * 9 3 . Rev. Ceolbald * 9 4 . Obv. cf. W i g h e r , n o . 90. Rev. Cross-and-wedges. 22-6 gr. G l a s g o w ( H u n t e r ) 3 4 3 (ill. R u d i n g , p l . 6 , 5). * 9 5 . Obv. L a u r e a t e R o m a n b u s t , ? v i a s o l i d u s o f L o u i s t h e P i o u s . BMC 6 4 (ill.), p r e s . J e r v o i s e , 1 8 6 1 . E r e t c o d (?) *96. R o u g h s t y l e ; p e l l e t s i n a n g l e s o f c r o s s - c r o s s l e t . *(o) B r o k e n . B M p r e s . S. M . (? B r u u n 2 3 ) . ( b ) S a m e rev. d i e . 19 0 g r . B l u n t e x R y a n 6 2 3 e x D r a b b l e 3 2 9 . Spink 1926 Rev. C r o s s a n d pellets. 20 0 gr. cf. C e o l w u l f 21. 21 g r . B M , ex L o c k e t t 370 ex L a w r e n c e ( d u r i n g lifetime). c f . C e o l b a l d n o . 9 4 ; p e l l e t s o n rev. 2 1 - 6 g r . G l a s g o w ( H u n t e r ) 3 4 8 (ill. R u d i n g , p l . 6, 10).

21-5 gr. B M A 72 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y . 2 1 - 9 g r . W e s t m i n s t e r S c h o o l 11 e x S c o t t e x D e l g a n y .

EAST

ANGLIA

FROM

C.

798?

(Plates V and

VI)

Early group. All moneyer Lul.

Obv. Rev. * 9 7 . *(a) BMC C r u d e bust to right. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e o n 'leaves' in a r m s of a cross with splayed ends. 7 3 e x T y s s e n . 2 1 - 6 g r . (b) BMC 74. (d) H u n t e r 3 3 4 . 74. N o prov. 18-5 g r . (c) F o u n d a t S t . A u g u s t i n e ' s , Same (/) 17-7 g r .

C a n t e r b u r y , J a n . 1921. d i e s a s BMC Rev.

Believed to have been stolen f r o m the C a n t e r b u r y M u s e u m . 22-1 g r . (e) C o a t s 3 3 5 e x Y o r k M o o r e 3 4 .

M o n t a g u 245 ex M a r s h a m 74 (no illustration available). M o n e y e r ' s n a m e i n t h e q u a r t e r s of a cross t h e e n d s j o i n e d .

* 9 8 . (a) B M A 7 4 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 18-7 g r . (b) A s h m o l e a n e x L o c k e t t 3 6 5 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 2 7 7 . 19-6 g r . (c) L o c k e t t 2 6 5 2 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 19 g r . (cl) G r a n t l e y 8 4 5 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 19-5 g r . (e) B M A 7 5 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 2 0 - 6 g r . ( / ) B l u n t e x R y a n 6 2 4 e x B r u u n 2 5 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 8 8 0 . 2 0 - 6 g r . (g) H u n t e r 3 3 2 . 1 9 T g r . (/;) H u n t e r 3 3 3 . 18-6 g r . * ( / ) D r e s s e r e x G r a n t l e y 8 4 6 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 2 2 g r . ( j ) G r a n t l e y 8 4 7 e x S o t h e b y 4 . 7 . 1 9 0 1 . 19-3 g r .

Later groups
Obv. Rev. A l l w i t h k i n g ' s b u s t t o r . , l e g e n d g e n e r a l l y COENVVLF REX M. Of various designs. These are n o t described since they a p p e a r in the illustrations.

59 T H E B o t r e d (? F o t r e d ) * 9 9 . BMC

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

63 ex T y s s e n . 21-8 gr. *(b) R y a n 6 2 8 e x N u n n 47 ? Devon-

* 1 0 0 . (a) B M A 9 7 ex M o n t a g u 2 3 5 ex S h e p h e r d 21.1 +EDTFOTR. 20-8 gr. s h i r e 19.2 Hereberht *101. (a) B M ex B a r r e t t . 3 17-9 g r . ( p i e r c e d ) . ex Cuff 284. *102. (b) L o c k e t t 3 5 8 2 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . S a m e obv. die as last; similar rev.

ex M o n t a g u (1888) 8 ex Brice ex M o n t a g u (1886) 9 ex A d d i n g t o n ex B e r g n e 62 =

18f gr.

*(c) H u n t e r

345.

(d) A s h m o l e a n ex L o c k e t t 377 ex C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 1606 ex R a s h l e i g h 4 2 S a m e dies as last. (Z>) W . C . W e l l s ( ? ) ' F o u n d i n S u f f o l k ' . 1

22-J-gr. (e) B l u n t e x L a w r e n c e ( n o t i n s a l e ) . B a d l y c h i p p e d . 19-9 g r .

*(a) B M A ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d .

Wihtred * 103. H a r r i s e x L o c k e t t 2 6 5 4 e x G r a n t l e y 8 5 4 e x E v a n s . 5 * 1 0 4 . BMC 89 e x D e a n o f St. P a t r i c k ' s 109. 21-2 gr. 22-4 gr. 19-1 g r . *(b) H u n t e r 3 4 7 . 19 g r .

* 105. B l u n t e x L o c k e t t 3 5 8 8 e x B l i s s e x C r o y d o n P a l a c e h o a r d . 21-9 gr. *107. B M A 91 e x M o n t a g u 238 e x M a r s h a m 81. 18-8 g r .

* 1 0 6 . (a) B M e x L o c k e t t 2 6 5 5 e x M o n t a g u 2 3 7 e x M a r s h a m 7 0 e x W i g a n .

* 108. B M e x B a r n e t t 311 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 1607 ex R a s h l e i g h 46. * 109. B M A 9 2 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . * 1 1 0 . *(a) BMC 8 5 0 . 181- g r . Wodel 21-8 gr.

18 g r .

9 0 . N o p r o v . 2 2 - 5 g r . (b) H u n t e r 3 4 6 . 2 2 - 6 g r . (c) B l u n t e x L o c k e t t 3 7 8 e x G r a n t l e y

* 1 1 1 . *(a) B M A 9 5 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 2 2 - 2 g r . (b) L o c k e t t 2 6 5 6 t h e r e s a i d t o b e e x R a s h l e i g h e x C u f f . B u t a p p e a r s t o = R o t h (ii) 6 5 e x C r o w t h e r 5 e x M o n t a g u 2 4 9 e x B r i c e e x B e r g n e 6 4 e x C h r i s t m a s 2 7 . 19-! g r . (c) R y a n 6 3 1 e x D r a b b l e 3 3 0 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n ( n o t i n s a l e ) = ? R a s h l e i g h 4 6 . 18 g r . ( d ) B l u n t e x G r a n t l e y 8 4 3 e x M u r d o c h 2 6 e x M o n t a g u 2 5 0 e x W h i t b o u r n . F o u n d i n K e n t . 6 17-6 g r . (e) O s l o f o u n d i n e x c a v a t i o n s a t K a u p a n g , C o . V e s t f o l d , N o r w a y , S e p t . 1959. 8-9 gr. ( m u c h c o r r o d e d ) . * 1 1 2 . B M A 9 6 e x M o n t a g u 251 e x B r i c e ex B e r g n e 67. 20-9 gr. * 1 1 3 . ( a ) BMC 9 1 e x D e v o n s h i r e 2 0 . 18-2 g r . *{b) B M A 9 3 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . S a m e rev. d i e a s C e o l w u l f I n o . 3 1 . 19-8 g r . (e) B M A 9 4 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 18-7 g r . (d) L o c k e t t 3 5 8 9 e x T h o r b u r n 2 4 e x M o n t a g u 2 4 8 . 2 0 f g r . (e) M a c k e x L o c k e t t 3 7 9 e x R a s h l e i g h 4 4 e x C u f f 2 9 0 . 201- g r . C E O L W U L F I (821-823)
MINT

CANTERBURY

GROUP I.

Portrait types (Plate III) Obv. + C E O L V V L F REX M (M r o u n d e d ) : b u s t r . b r e a k i n g i n n e r c i r c l e . b y S i g e s t e f d o e s n o t (cf. C o e n w u l f ) . Rev. Various designs: M rounded. Series), vi, p p . 3 0 8 - 9 . 3 O n e of this t y p e , t h e a c t u a l s p e c i m e n n o t i d e n t i fiable, f o u n d a t S o u t h a m p t o n , JBAA xx, 1864, p . 71. 1 R u b b i n g a m o n g L. A . L a w r e n c e p a p e r s . 6 T h e C u f f p r o v e n a n c e given in t h e L o c k e t t c a t a l o g u e d o e s n o t a p p e a r in t h e G r a n t l e y c a t a l o g u e . T h e coin is n o t i d e n t i f i a b l e in t h e C u f f sale. 0 F i n d - s p o t given in Proc. Num. Soc. 19 O c t . 1865. There are two different portraits; that used by O b a breaks the inscription after the king's n a m e , but that used

T h e B e r g n e p r o v e n a n c e a t t a c h e d t o this c o i n in t h e M o n t a g u s a l e c a t a l o g u e s e e m s m o r e likely t o a t t a c h t o t h e R y a n s p e c i m e n . B o t h a r e said t o be ' e x Bergne' but he had only one. 2 T h e M o n t a g u 1888 c a t a l o g u e s a y s ex Y o r k M o o r e , b u t n o s u c h c o i n is i d e n t i f i a b l e in his sale. T h e D e v o n s h i r e p r o v e n a n c e t h o u g h given w i t h o u t r e s e r v a t i o n in t h e 1886 c a t a l o g u e s e e m s u n c e r t a i n . See NC ( N e w

60

THE

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796-840

*1. O b a . ( R e v . +OB/A-MON/ETA d i v i d e d b y t w o h o r i z o n t a l lines, h o o k e d a t e a c h e n d . ) * ( A ) B M A 1 1 2 e x L a w r e n c e ( 1 9 0 3 ) 9 . 2 1 g r . ( b ) B M A 1 1 3 e x E v a n s e x M a r s h a m 7 9 . 2 1 - 5 g r . From the

same rev. die as (a), (c) Hunter 350. 21 1 gr. From the same obv. die as (b). (d) Lockett 2662
e x T h o r b u r n 2 6 e x M o n t a g u 2 6 3 e x S h e p h e r d 2 4 f o u n d n e a r I x w o r t h , S u f f o l k . 231- g r . From

the same obv. die as (b) and (c).

t*2. S i g e s t e f . (Rev. + SIGESTEF MONET/A, t h e A f o r m i n g t h e c e n t r a l d e s i g n w i t h i n t h e i n n e r c i r c l e c f . C o e n w u l f , G r o u p I V E . ) *(a) B M A 1 1 4 e x E v a n s 3 8 e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 2 0 - 7 g r . ( b ) G l a s g o w ( C o a t s ) 3 5 2 e x W i g a n . 20-8 gr. f ( c ) R y a n 633 ex C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 8 8 4 ex A s t r o n o m e r 99 ex

Montagu 257 ex Shepherd 23 ex Murchison ex Dymock. 22-4 gr. A coin of this type found at Dudhenhoe End, near Saffron Walden, is recorded in NC vi (1843) Proceedings, p. 5, as having been exhibited by Mr. Joseph Clarke.
GROUP II. Cross-Crosslet type (Plate IV) + C I O L W L F REX M ( r o u n d e d ) : c r o s s - c r o s s l e t w i t h i n i n n e r c i r c l e . M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h o u t moneta: (Obv. Contraction m a r k omitted. 21-5 gr. *(6)BMA121 different designs. Rev. C r o s s a n d pellets, w i t h f o u r disconnected Westminster School and ex

Obv. Rev. *3. O b a .

displaced moline ends dividing the inscriptioncf. Baldred 8-10.) Delgany hoard. t * 4 . Sigestef. (Rev.

C r o s s - c r o s s l e t . ) t ( ) B M A 120 ex M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 0 T gr. 19-9 g r .

ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d . GROUP III. Obv. Rev. *5. Sigestef. ' L o n d o n ' type (Plate IV)

+ C I O L W L F REX MERCI/OR/V, t h e l a s t t h r e e l e t t e r s p l a c e d i n t h e f i e l d w i t h i n t h e i n n e r c i r c l e , d i v i d e d b y a t a l l c r o s s s t a n d i n g o n a l e t t e r omega (cf. c o i n s of t h e L o n d o n m i n t ) . + SIGESTEF DOROBERNIA: c r o s s - c r o s s l e t w i t h i n i n n e r c i r c l e . BMC 113 ex D e v o n s h i r e (1844) 27. 21-7 gr.

ROCHESTER

MINT

GROUP I.

W i t h bust (Plate V) Obv. Rev. + C I O L W L F REX M ( r o u n d e d ) : c r u d e b u s t r . b r e a k i n g i n n e r c i r c l e . M o n e y e r ' s n a m e w i t h MONETA : v a r i o u s d e s i g n s w i t h i n i n n e r c i r c l e : M i n v a r i a b l y r o u n d e d .

* 6 . D u n n . (Rev. Alpha a b o v e omega, w i t h g r o u p s o f p e l l e t s i n t h e f i e l d . ) *(a) BMC 102 ex P e m b r o k e 2 1 . 2 1 - 5 g r . (b) N u n n ( 1 8 9 6 ) 4 8 e x L o r d J e r s e y . . (c) S e e C a m d e n ' s Britannia (1695) pl. vi, 7 w h e r e a f r a g m e n t a r y o r d e f a c e d c o i n is a t t r i b u t e d t o / E t h e l w u l f . *7. E a l h s t a n . *(a) same (Rev. + EALHPTAN MONE/TX, t h e l a s t t w o l e t t e r s i n m o n o g r a m a s t h e c e n t r a l d e s i g n . ) 20-5 gr. From the (b) D e l g a n y h o a r d ( a s e c o n d s p e c i m e n ) . . 106 e x R i c h e x D o r k i n g From

M a c k ex L o c k e t t 380 ex G r a n t l e y 857 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d . obv. die as 8(b).

8. E a l h s t a n . hoard.

(Rev.

a s 7 b u t MONET/A, t h e l a s t l e t t e r i n t h e c e n t r e . ) (a) BMC

1 9 - 7 g r . (b) B M A 1 0 6 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d (ill. NC

1 8 9 4 , p l . iii, 7 ) . 2 1 - 5 g r .

the same obv. die as 7(a).

* 9 . E a l h s t a n . (Rev. C r o s s w i t h f o u r c r e s c e n t s a n d f o u r ' d i a m o n d s ' . ) (a) BMC 105 e x B a n k o f E n g l a n d . 2 0 - 5 g r . Obv. inscription ends M + . *(b) H u n t e r 3 4 9 . 2 0 - 8 g r . (c) B l u n t e x R y a n 6 3 6 e x B r u u n 2 7 e x O ' H a g a n 3 0 0 e x M o n t a g u 2 5 6 e x M a r s h a m 7 8 e x W i g a n . C h i p p e d , 19 g r . *10. E a n w u l f . (Rev. Letter A a n d three crescents.) BMA 107 ex M o n t a g u 259 e x B r i c e ; f o u n d a t

B i s h o p s C a n n i n g s , Wilts., 1853. 11. E a n w u l f . (Rev.

Chipped, 20 gr. with 'diamonds'.) (a) L o c k e t t 3595 ex N a p i e r ex R a s h 2 2 gr. omits (b) B l u n t e x R y a n 6 3 4 e x the ethnic.

D i s j o i n t e d A o f moneta,

l e i g h 7 8 ; a l l e g e d l y f r o m t h e T r e w h i d d l e h o a r d b u t is n o t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c T r e w h i d d l e c o l o u r a n d m a y b e t h e c o i n i l l u s t r a t e d i n F o u n t a i n e , p l . iv, 2. D r a b b l e 333 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d . 18 g r . The obv.

61
*12. E a n w u l f .

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840
(Rev. -EAN'/AALFMO/NETV d i v i d e d b y t w o h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s , e a c h w i t h o n e h o o k e d e n d : 107 ex G r a v e s e n d h o a r d . 21-2 gr. ' d i a m o n d s ' i n t h e f i e l d : n o i n n e r c i r c l e . ) BMC

GROUP II.

W i t h h e a d only (Plate V)

A. With moneyer''s name.

Obv. I n s c r i p t i o n as I : c r u d e h e a d r. w i t h i n inner circle. A s I. (Rev. MONET: c r o s s - c r o s s l e t . ) C h i p p e d , 181- g r . B M A 109; p u r c h a s e d 1909. *(a) BMA 105 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 19-6 g r .

Rev.

*13. E a l h s t a n .

( b ) M a c k e x L o c k e t t 2 6 6 0 e x B a s c o m 11 e x R a s h l e i g h 7 9 e x C u f f 2 9 3 ; p o s s i b l y f r o m t h e Suffolk hoard. *14. E a n w u l f . *15. E a n w u l f . 18-3 g r . * 1 6 . E t h e l m o d . (Rev. 22-1 gr. MONET/A, t h e l a s t l e t t e r i n t h e c e n t r e . ) B M A 110 ex M i d d l e T e m p l e hoard. (Rev. (Rev. MON1T/A, t h e l a s t l e t t e r i n t h e c e n t r e . ) B M A 108 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 0 g r . F o u r crescents c r u c i f o r m r o u n d a central pellet.)

B. With mint name but no moneyer's. Obv. A s I I A .

Rev. * 1 7 . A n o n y m o u s m o n e y e r . (Obv. the central design.) *18. A n o n y m o u s m o n e y e r . hoard. 20-5 gr. BMC (Rev.

Probably struck by the bishop's moneyer.

A n c i e n t f o r m of t h e city's n a m e : different designs within i n n e r circle. MCI. Rev. +DOROBREBIA CIBI/TAS-P, t h e l a s t l e t t e r s a r r a n g e d t o f o r m 21-3 gr.

112 ex C u f f 2 9 1 ; p o s s i b l y f r o m t h e S u f f o l k h o a r d . +DOROBREBIA: a n o t h e r A i n c e n t r e . )

B M A 118 ex M i d d l e T e m p l e

LONDON MINT I . P o r t r a i t c o i n s : obv. II. N o n - p o r t r a i t rev. n e a t b u s t r i g h t ; rev.

(Plate VII)

cross-crosslet. a n d v, completing circumscriptionMercijorum;

t y p e : obv.

cross between 6 r

cross-crosslet or similar.

M o n e y e r s (all s t r u c k b o t h types): C e o l h e a r d , / E l h u n , a n d C e o l b a l d . Ceolheard * 1 9 . I . I n n e r c i r c l e o n obv. o n l y . 19-3 g r . B l u n t e x R y a n 6 3 5 e x G r a n t l e y 8 5 5 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y . central pellet. *(a) 21-5 gr. BMA 119 ex Evans

* 2 0 . I I . Rev. type 4 crosses cruciform about e x D e l g a n y . (b) F o u n t a i n e , pl. iv, 3.

jElhun
* 2 1 . I . N o i n n e r c i r c l e s . *(a) 1 9 | - g r . L o c k e t t 3 8 1 e x E v a n s ( f o u n d a t T o d d i n g t o n , B e d s . N C , N.S. V. 1 6 8 ) . (b) S a m e p a i r o f d i e s . 16-7 g r . ( s l i g h t c h i p ) B M A 103 e x M o n t a g u 2 9 6 e x M a r s h a m 80. *22. II. 21-6 gr. C e o l b a l d (spelt B M ex L o c k e t t 382 ex G r a n t l e y 860 ex M o n t a g u 265 ex Brice. Ciolbald) *(a) 21-5 gr. B M A 104 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y . 21-9 gr. (b) S a m e obv. d i e ; rev. different, W e s t m i n s t e r S c h o o l 15 e x D e l g a n y .

*23. I. I n n e r circles.

b u t v e r y similar die. *24. II. 18-0 g r .

B M ex B a r n e t t 312 ex C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 1610.

EAST ANGLIA Fotred? (Botred?)

(Plates V a n d VI) 20-2 gr.

*25. B M A 117 ex E v a n s ex H . B u r k e G o d w i n , believed to h a v e been f o u n d in N . Lines.1

1

See NC ( N e w Series), vi, p . 308.

62 Eacga * 2 6 . BMC Eadgar

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

103 ex D e v o n s h i r e 32.

21-8 gr.

* 2 7 . * ( a ) BMC 1 1 1 e x V i d a l 3 3 . 17-0 g r . (b) M a c k e x L o c k e t t 3 8 5 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . S a m e d i e s a s l a s t . 1 9 i g r . (c) B M A 116 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 21-2 gr. ( d ) B l u n t e x R y a n 638 ex G r a n t l e y 859 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d . 20-5 gr. Hereberht * 2 8 . (a) BMC 1 0 8 e x D y m o c k 6 2 . 2 1 g r . *(b) R y a n 6 3 7 e x W a t t e r s 2 8 e x R a s h l e i g h 5 4 e x P e m b r o k e 1 8 . 2 0 g r . (c) B a g n a l l e x D r a b b l e 8 1 4 e x B l i s s 3 9 e x M o n t a g u 2 6 1 e x A d d i n g t o n e x B e r g n e 7 0 e x D y m o c k 6 2 . 2 1 g r . (d) B M A 1 1 1 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 1 9 - 4 g r . ( e ) L o c k e t t 3 8 4 e x R e y n o l d s 11 e x A s t r o n o m e r 100 e x R i c h a r d s o n 13 e x D o u l t o n 5 . 2 2 g r . ( / ) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 0 4 . N o p r o v . 2 0 - 8 g r . (g) H u n t e r 3 5 1 . 2 0 - 8 g r . (/;) L o c k e t t 2 6 6 1 e x M i l l e r e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 1 20-J- g r . (,i) G r a n t l e y 8 5 8 e x M u r d o c h 2 9 e x M o n t a g u 2 6 2 e x M a r s h a m 8 1 . 17-4 g r . Werbald * 2 9 . * ( a ) BMC 109. P r e s . I . W o r s h i p , 1 8 4 5 . F o u n d a t B u r g h C a s t l e , n r . G t . Y a r m o u t h . 1 9 - 2 g r . ib) B M e x R o a c h S m i t h , ( c ) M a c k e x L o c k e t t 3 8 3 e x R a s h l e i g h 51 e x C u f f 3 2 3 . 2H g r . Wihtred *30. *(a) D . L o c k e t t e x L o c k e t t 3594 e x M a n n 137 ex B a s c o m 6 ex B o y n e 1122 ex M u r c h i s o n 95. 22i- g r . (b) BMC 1 1 0 e x C u f f 3 2 2 . 19-6 g r . Wodel *31. B M ex L o c k e t t 386 ex R a s h l e i g h 50 ex C u f f 324. obv. die as 3 2 ( / ) below. 2 1 i gr. 17-5 g r . (b) D r a b b l e 3 3 4 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d . 20-5 gr. (e) C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 2 8 1 . 20-7 gr. *32. (a) B M A 115 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . S a m e rev. d i e a s C o e n w u l f n o . 113(7>)j s a m e

19 J g r . ( c ) A s h m o l e a n e x L o c k e t t 3 5 9 3 e x R a s h l e i g h 5 2 . 21 j- g r . (d) B a g n a l l e x G r a n t l e y 8 5 6 ex M o n t a g u 264 ex B r i c e ex W i g a n ex C u f f 320. * ( / ) Abp. Sharp. 20-7 gr. S a m e obv. die as 31 a b o v e . 20-7 gr. (g) W e s t m i n s t e r e x D e l g a n y h o a r d .

(/z) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 0 5 e x D u n c a n s o n e x S m a r t . B E O R N W U L F (823-5) MINT

20-5 gr.

(Plate VI) (only)

EAST A N G L I A N

Type I
Obv. Rev. B u s t r . BEORNPVLF RE. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e ( W e r b a l d ) , in t h r e e lines. BMC

* 1 . (a) * B M A 1 2 7 e x E v a n s e x M o n t a g u 2 6 9 e x S h e p h e r d 2 5 e x M u r c h i s o n 9 7 . 19-5 g r . (b) L o c k e t t 3 8 7 e x B a s c o m 7 e x R i c h a r d s o n 14 e x D o u l t o n 6 e x W i g a n e x B r u m e l l 4 . 2 1 g r . ( c ) ( = ? T h o m a s 109 f o u n d a t B a r t l o w H i l l s , C a m b s . l e a n , t h e n in p o s s e s s i o n of T . F r y e ) . 20-8 gr. 1 1 5 , b t . f r o m T i l l p r i o r t o 1 8 3 8 . F o u n d a t H a d s t o c k , E s s e x . 2 2 - 2 g r . (d) B M e x B a r n e t t 1 9 3 5 D r a w i n g in E v a n s scrap b o o k at A s h m o -

Type II
Obv. Rev. *2. E a c g a . B u s t r . + BEORNPVLF RE. Cross-crosslet i n i n n e r linear circle, m o n e y e r ' s n a m e a r o u n d . (a) R y a n 639 ex B r u u n 29 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 885. 22-3 gr. (b) H u n t e r 353. 20-1 gr. 18-1 g r . *(d) B M A 124 e x

( c ) B M A 125 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . S a m e o b v . d i e a s n e x t . M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . S a m e o b v . d i e a s l a s t . 19-5 g r .

*3. E a d n o t h . *(o) B M A 123, e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 20-9 g r . (b) L o c k e t t 2 6 6 3 ex R a s h l e i g h 55 e x M u r c h i s o n 9 6 e x D y m o c k 6 4 e x R i c h . 2 2 g r . (c) B a g n a l l e x D r a b b l e 3 3 5 e x C r o m p t o n R o b e r t s ex M o n t a g u 266 ex S h e p h e r d 26 ex D o r k i n g h o a r d . S a m e dies as next. 21 gr. (d) B l u n t ex G r a n t l e y 862 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y ( e ) B M C 1 1 4 . N o d a t e o r p r o v e n a n c e . 19-2 g r .
1

hoard.

Same

dies as last.

Fragment.

T h i s is said in e r r o r i n t h e L o c k e t t sale c a t a l o g u e t o b e ex T h o r b u r n .

63 T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840
* 4 . M o n n a . *(a) B M A ! 2 6 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . S a m e obv. d i e a s n e x t . 18-9 g r . (b) G r a n t l e y 8 6 1 e x M o n t a g u 2 6 8 e x A d d i n g t o n e x C u f f 2 9 4 o r 2 9 5 e x S u f f o l k h o a r d . S a m e obv. d i e a s l a s t . 21 g r . (c) B a g n a l l e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 2 8 2 e x A s t r o n o m e r 101 e x M o n t a g u 2 6 7 e x B r i c e e x W i g a n e x C u f f 2 9 4 o r 2 9 5 e x S u f f o l k h o a r d . 2 1 - 4 g r . (d) M a c k e x L o c k e t t 3 8 8 e x N a p i e r e x R e y n o l d s 12 e x R a s h l e i g h 5 6 . S a i d t o b e f r o m t h e T r e w h i d d l e h o a r d , b u t s e e Arch, x c v i i i , p . 1 1 0 . 2 2 g r .

Type III
Obv. Rev. *5. E a d g a r . B u s t r . + D E O R V V L F RE ( o n n o . 5(a)); *(a) BMA AEORNVLF/REX ( o n n o . 19-6 g r . (b) BMC 5(b)). 104 ex C o t t o n . 20-4 gr. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e in t w o lines, o r n a m e n t s b e t w e e n . 122 ex M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . t o C e o l w u l f I.) L U D I C A (825-7) (Plate VI) (only)

( A t t r i b u t e d i n BMC

EAST ANGLIAN

MINT

Type I
Obv. Rev. **1. Eadgar. B u s t r . + L V D I C A R E + o n n o . 1 ( a ) ; c v . . . . EX o n n o . 1 ( 6 ) ; L V D I C A R + H E o n n o . 2 ; n o i n n e r c i r c l e o n n o . 1 ( a ) ; i n n e r c i r c l e o n n o s . 1(b), *(a) B l u n t ( = ? C o a t s ex W i g a n , bt. C u r e t o n 2, a n d 3. 1837). 18 g r . ( c h i p p e d ) . 1 *(b) BM (The Cross-crosslet in b e a d e d inner circle; m o n e y e r ' s n a m e a r o u n d . ? R a s h l e i g h 84). Fragment.

ex L . A . L a w r e n c e , 1950 ( = ? C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 1617(6) = a t t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s f r a g m e n t t o L u d i c a is u n c e r t a i n . *2. E a d n o t h . BMC 116 ex C u f f 296 ex Suffolk h o a r d . + L V D I C A REX ME. 22-7 gr.

See p. 28 above.)

Type II
Obv. Rev. B u s t r. in d o t t e d circle. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e (PERBALD) i n t h r e e l i n e s . H u n t e r 354. 21-4 gr. W I G L A F (827-9, 830-40) (Plate VII)

*3. W e r b a l d .

LONDON MINT

(only)

1st Reign,

827-9
Obv. Rev. C r u d e b u s t r. w i t h i n i n n e r circle. Cross-crosslet; Burgherd. no inner circle. + WIGLAFREXM ( r o u n d e d ) . Moneyer's name. Moneyers: (Ellhun (/Elhun),

(Ellhun * * * 1 . *(a) C h e v r o n - b a r r e d A o n obv.; Crosses 9 ex B a s c o m b e a d e d i n n e r c i r c l e ; h e a d w i t h n e c k ; d e t e r i o r a t e d obv. at 4 cardinal points. 22-3 gr. 57 ex C u f f 2 9 7 ex D e w d n e y ex D o r k i n g Rev. die. Rev. *(b) break inscription R y a n 640 ex B r u u n 30 ex hoard. Crosses

Napier BMA Burgherd * 2 . Obv. [Under

8 ex R a s h l e i g h

U n b a r r e d A ; n o n e c k ; l i n e a r i n n e r c i r c l e . Rev. 129 ex M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d .

N o crosses b r e a k i n g inscription. 22-3 gr.

*(c) B a r r e d A; n o n e c k ; l i n e a r circle.

break inscription.

21-9 gr. B M A 130 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d .

I n n e r circle e n d s in lunettes to indicate bust. B M A 128 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 829-30, the L o n d o n mint struck Rev.

Rev.

Pellets in angles of on t h e obv.

cross-crosslet.

21-8 gr. Ecgberht,

coins reading

+ECGBERHTREXM

(rounded), with a cross p o t e n t as central type.

n a m e o f m i n t (-I-LVN/DONIA/CIVIT-, p l . v i i , A) o r

o f m o n e y e r , + R E D M ( r o u n d e d ) VDIIMONE(T) a r o u n d c e n t r a l (T)A ( p l . vii, B).]

2nd Reign,
Rev.
1

830-40
+ W I G L A F REX M. C r o s s w i t h p e l l e t i n e a c h a n g l e . M o n e y e r ' s n a m e ( R e d m u d h ) in t h r e e lines, l u n e t t e s a b o v e a n d b e l o w . pp. 46-49.

Obv.

F o r a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e p e d i g r e e a n d a u t h e n t i c i t y of t h i s c o i n , vide supra,

64

THE COINAGE OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND,

796-840

* * 3 . *(a) 2 1 - 6 g r . B M A 1 3 1 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d , B r o o k e , v i i . 1 6 . *(b) S a m e d i e s a s (a) b u t pellets a d d e d o n reverse w i t h i n lunettes. 22 gr. M a c k ex L o c k e t t 389 e x G r a n t l e y 863 e x R a s h l e i g h 5 8 e x P e m b r o k e 19. ( F o r g e r i e s o f t h i s c o i n i n S h a r p a n d B . M . c o l l e c t i o n s ; see p. 50.)

K I N G S E A D B E R H T

OF

K E N T (796-8) (Plate I)

P R A E N

CANTERBURY Obv.

MINT

(only)

K i n g ' s n a m e a n d t i t l e i n t h r e e l i n e s : EADBERHT REX.

Type ( 0
Rev. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e in o n e or t w o lines as p a r t of a three-line p a t t e r n t h a t varies in detail. * 1 . B a b b a . (a) BMC 2 e x G e r r a r d , f o u n d a t H e l l e s d o n , N o r w i c h . 2 0 - 4 g r . (b) B a g n a l l e x R y a n 5 8 5 e x G r a n t l e y 8 7 9 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 17-3 g r . * ( c ) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 2 9 e x B e a u p r e B e l l , 1741. 18-4 gr. * 2 . E t h e l m o d . (a) B M A 1 5 7 e x E v a n s e x R o l f e . P r o b a b l y f o u n d i n K e n t . 1 8 - 4 g r . (b) A s h m o l e a n e x B a l l a r d , 1 7 5 5 . 18-5 g r . (c) B l u n t e x L o c k e t t 3 2 5 e x D r a b b l e 3 4 2 e x B r u u n 3 6 e x B a s c o m 13 e x A s t r o n o m e r 7 8 e x M o n t a g u 2 8 5 e x M a r s h a m 5 0 , ? e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 18-J- g r . * ( d ) B M A 1 5 6 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 0 - 9 g r . (e) M a c k e x R y a n 5 8 6 e x G r a n t l e y 8 8 0 e x R a s h l e i g h 81. S a i d in R a s h l e i g h c a t a l o g u e t o h a v e b e e n a c q u i r e d in C o p e n h a g e n in 1869 a n d in o t h e r s t o h a v e b e e n f o u n d a t M a i d s t o n e . 16 g r . *3. I a e n b e r h t . BMC 3 ex Tyssen. 22-3 gr.

Type (ii)
Rev. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e in t w o lines, ' b o n e ' L a i n g , b o u g h t L e t c h w o r t h , 1956. between. 20-8 gr.

*4. E t h e l n o t h .

Type (iii)
Rev. *5. T i d h e a h . Moneyer's n a m e in two lunettes. H u n t e r 384. 19-6 g r . C U T H R E D CANTERBURY GROUP I. W i t h o u t p o r t r a i t (c. 8 0 0 - c . 805). (798-807) MINT (only) chronological.)

( T h e o r d e r of t h e t y p e s is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y

(Plate I) Type (A)

Obv. Rev. T h r o u g h o u t : K i n g ' s n a m e a n d t i t l e CVBRED REX r o u n d a c r o s s w i t h u s u a l l y a p e l l e t o r a wedge in each angle. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e b e t w e e n t h e a r m s of a t r i b r a c h m o l i n e of v a r y i n g f o r m s , w i t h s o m e times a wedge in each angle.

(i) Triple

tribrach

* 1 . D u d a . (a) B M e x L a w r e n c e ( = ? C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 1 6 1 7 ) . 13-9 g r . *(b) H u n t e r 3 8 5 ( = ? s p e c i m e n f o u n d a t R e c u l v e r , S t o w e M S . 1 0 4 9 , f. 2 6 ) . 1 2 2 - 5 g r . *2. E a b a . *(a) B M e x B r u u n 3 8 e x W i t t e 2 4 . 19-6 gr. (b) BMC 12 ex C o t t o n ( f r a g m e n t ) .

(ii) Double
3. E a b a .

tribrach
Delgany h o a r d 4* (fragment). 16 e x D o u l t o n 1.

* 4 . W e r h e a r d . (a) B M e x B a r n e t t . 2 1 - 3 g r . (b) L o c k e t t 3 5 4 8 e x R i c h a r d s o n 1 8 i g r . *(c) G r a n t l e y 8 8 5 e x M a r s h a m 5 2 .

1

W e are indebted to M r s . M a r t i n for this reference.

65 (iii) Single tribrach

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

*5. S i g e b e r h t . ( i v ) Double *6. E a b a . tribrach

B l u n t e x D r a b b l e 3 4 4 (? = with circular centre

R e a d y 38). a

19 g r .

containing

pellet 20 gr.

L o c k e t t 2630 ex C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n ( n o t in sale).

* 7 . W e r h e a r d . ( a ) B M C 1 4 e x D e v o n s h i r e 6. 2 L 5 g r . Wilts., 1865. 21-4 gr. ( v ) Double tribrach with circular centre containing

*(b) B M A 1 6 3 e x E v a n s . F o u n d a t W e s t b u r y ,

a smaller

tribrach

*8. E a b a .

*(a) B M e x L o c k e t t 3 2 8 e x M o n t a g u 2 8 9 e x A d d i n g t o n e x B e r g n e 4 5 . P r o b a b l y f o u n d (b) B M e x R o a c h S m i t h ( s m a l l f r a g m e n t ) .

i n B e d s . ( H a w k i n s , p . 33). 20 gr. Type (A)/(B) Obv. Rev. *9. E a b a . A s last.

Cross moline with circular centre containing a small cross. *(a) B M A 20-2 gr. 159 e x E v a n s . F o u n d near Andover. 19 g r . (b) W e s t m i n s t e r e x D e l g a n y

hoard. Type (B) Obv. Rev. *10. D u d a . Type (C) Obv. Rev. (i) Rev. Single

Plain tribrach with circular centre containing a smaller tribrach. A s last, b u t pellet in centre. BMC 11 e x C u f f 2 5 8 . 21-1 gr.

T r i b r a c h w i t h circles at e n d a n d circular centre c o n t a i n i n g a smaller t r i b r a c h . T r i b r a c h of varying f o r m s . tribrach moline with circular 21-4 gr. a wedge in each 21-5 gr. in each angle 21-2 gr. angle centre containing a smaller tribrach

*11. Sigeberht.

(a) B M A 1 6 1 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d .

2 0 - 8 g r . *(b) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 3 0 e x L o c k e t t 3 2 9

ex Carlyon-Britton 294. (ii) Rev. Single tribrach BMC tribrach moline,

*12. Sigeberht. (iii) Rev. Double

13 e x C u f f 2 5 9 . moline, a wedge

13. S e b e r h t . GROUP II.

B M A 162 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d .

C r o s s - a n d - W e d g e s t y p e , c. 8 0 5 - 8 0 7 ( P l a t e II) + C V B R E D REX/CANT: d i a d e m e d b u s t r . , b r e a k i n g i n n e r c i r c l e . M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h MONETA (M r o u n d e d ) : c r o s s p o m m e e w i t h a w e d g e i n e a c h a n g l e , w i t h i n i n n e r circle.

Obv. Rev.

*14. B e o r n f r e t h .

BMC

4, e x W e b b e r .

21-1 gr.

* 1 5 . D u d a . *(a) BMC 5 e x D e v o n s h i r e . 19-3 g r . ( b ) B M A 1 5 8 e x E v a n s ; f o u n d n e a r C a m b r i d g e . 19 g r . (c) B M e x B a r n e t t 3 2 7 . 17-6 g r . id) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 3 1 , n o p r o v e n a n c e . C h i p p e d , 1 9 - 4 g r . From the same obv. die as (c). (<?) G l a s g o w ( C o a t s ) 3 8 6 e x W i g a n . 19-8 g r . From the same dies as (d). ( / ) R y a n 5 8 7 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 8 9 3 . 18-8 g r . (g) R a s h l e i g h 8 2 ( i l l . ) ; f o u n d i n H e r t s . 18 g r . * 1 6 . E a b a . (a) BMC6; 23-3 gr. n o d a t e o r p r o v e n a n c e . 2 1 - 7 g r . * ( / > ) B M e x B a r n e t t 3 2 8 . 2 0 - 7 g r . (c) A s h m o l e a n , P e r h a p s t h e c o i n i l l u s t r a t e d i n F o u n t a i n e , p l . i v , 3. 2 0 g r . ( / ) T h o r b u r n 2 9 (ill.) 20 gr. (/;) L a w -

g i v e n t o B o d l e y b y B r o w n e Willis 1760. ex D y m o c k . 211gr.

(d) L o c k e t t 3 2 6 e x B a s c o m 15 e x A s t r o n o m e r 7 9 e x M o n t a g u 2 8 6 e x S h e p h e r d 11 (e) L o c k e t t 2 6 2 9 e x O ' H a g a n 3 0 4 e x A l l e n . . (g) C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 2 9 3 (ill.) e x M a n n 1 3 9 . F

e x M o n t a g u 287" e x B r i c e . c 2220

r e n c e 209 p r o b a b l y e x R a s h l e i g h 84. .

(/') R e a d i n g U n i v . e x W e l l s e x H a z l i t t 1 0 2 2 (ill.),

66 21-5 gr.

THE COINAGE OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND,

From the same obv. die as (b). xxx. ( j ) Mack. . Num. Cire. . (k) n e a r B r i x w o r t h 1 8 7 9 (Antiquary 17. E a b a . (Obv. 104).

796-840
found

Northampton Museum;

inscription undivided.)

Spink's

i, p . 6 0 , 1 3 7 7 ( n o t ill.).

* 1 8 . H e r e m o d . (Rev. HEREMODI.) *(a) BMC 7, n o p r o v e n a n c e . 2 0 - 3 g r . ( b ) D r a b b l e 3 4 3 . 18 g r . From the same dies as (a). ( c ) L o c k e t t 3 5 4 7 e x M i l l e r ( N . Y . ) . 2 0 - 2 g r . From the same obv. die as (a), (d) P e m b r o k e 12 ( P e m b r o k e P l a t e s , P . 4 T . 1). P i e r c e d , 19-2 g r . *19. S i g e b e r h t . hoard. *20. S i g e b e r h t . (Rev. SIGEBERHTI, M a n g u l a r . ) *() W e s t m i n s t e r S c h o o l ex S c o t t ; f r o m t h e D e l g a n y 20 gr. (c) A s s h e t o n e x T h o m a s C o l e 133. .

21-2 gr. (Obv.

(b) L e n i n g r a d ( R e i c h e l 3 2 ) .

P o r t r a i t of distinctive style, w i t h p r o m i n e n t s h o u l d e r s r e m i n i s c e n t of c o i n s of Rev. a s 1 9 . ) (a) BMC (c) H u n t e r 387. 8 ex Tyssen. Chipped, 18-1 g r . (b) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 3 2 From the same obv. die 19-4 g r . 13-8 g r .

Offa: inscription undivided. ex Y o u n g ex Bliss 45. as (a), 22 gr. Also probably

(d) L o c k e t t 3 2 7 e x G r a n t l e y 8 8 3 . . of this . variety

*(e) B a g n a l l e x D r a b b l e 8 1 7 e x C a p t . D o u g l a s . Grantley

are ( / ) B a s c o m 14. F r a c t u r e d , 1 6 J g r . and (g)

8 8 4 e x B o y n e 1129. *21. S i g e b e r h t . (Obv.

L a r g e p o r t r a i t , n o i n n e r c i r c l e , l e t t e r i n g o f v a r y i n g s i z e w i t h x o f REX p l a c e d i n Rev. a s 19.) B M A 160 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . *(a) BMC (d) 9 ex Cotton. 21-5 gr. (b) (Rev. 21-5 gr. HE). Fitza

t h e field i n f r o n t o f t h e f a c e . *22. W e r h e a r d . (Rev.

VERHEARDI, M a n g u l a r . )

w i l l i a m 4 3 3 e x D u n c a n s o n e x S m a r t e x R a s h l e i g h 8 3 e x W h i t e 3 4 . P i e r c e d , 18-8 g r . m o l e a n , a c q u i r e d b e f o r e 1833. G e n t l e m a n ' (1903) 342. *23. W e r h e a r d . (Rev. 20-6 gr. C o p e n h a g e n ex B r u u n Pierced, 20-7 gr. 10, n o p r o v . dies as (a),

(c) A s h -

37 ex ' P r o p e r t y of

a s 2 2 , b u t M r o u n d e d a n d NE.) *(a) BMC . From the same

1 9 - 8 g r . (b) H u n t e r 3 8 8 . the obv. From die having the same been obv.

P e r h a p s t h e c o i n i l l u s t r a t e d i n F o u n t a i n e , pl. iv, 2. ex M u r d o c h 35 ex M o n t a g u 288. retooled, die as (a), Wilts. retooled as ( c ) .

18-4 g r . (c) B a g n a l l e x G r a n t l e y 8 8 2 (ill.) 2 0 j gr.

(d) L o c k e t t 3 5 4 6 e x G l e n d i n i n g S a l e ( N o v . 1 9 3 7 ) 2 9 5 . 17 g r .

(e) R e y n o l d s 2 1 ; f o u n d a t T o c k e n h a m , n e a r W o o t t o n

Bassett,

C A N T E R B U R Y GROUP I. W i t h b a r e h e a d ( P l a t e I V ) Obv. Rev.

A N O N Y M O U S

ISSUE

(c.

822-3)

+ ( M o n e y e r ' s n a m e ) MONETA: b a r e h e a d , d i a d e m e d , r . (i) ."./-DOROB/ERNIAC/IVITAS/V i n five l i n e s , (ii) +VDORO/BERNIA/CIVITA/'S' i n five l i n e s .

*1. D i o r m o d . *2. D i o r m o d .

(Rev. (Rev.

(i).) B M A 181 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d .

21-8 gr.

(ii).) B M A 180 ? e x D y m o c k e x C u f f . 2 1 - 5 g r .

* 3 . O b a . (Obv. i n s c r i p t i o n d i v i d e d b y 3 c r o s s e s j o i n e d t o i n n e r c i r c l e . Rev. (ii) b u t c / i , a n d n o p e l l e t s b e l o w . ) (a) B M A 1 8 2 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 111. B r o o k e , p l . iii, 13. 2 1 - 6 g r . (b) (Rev. w i t h o u t p e l l e t s . ) B M A 1 8 3 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 0 - 2 g r . * ( c ) (Rev. without pellets.) B M A 184 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d . 21-0 gr. |*4. S i g e s t e f . (Rev. ( i ) . ) f * ( a ) H u n t e r 3 9 0 . 111. R u d i n g , p l . 1 3 , 2 . P r o b a b l y t h e c o i n r e f e r r e d t o i n P e g g e ' s A s s e m b l a g e , p. 32, a s b e i n g t h e n in D u a n e ' s c a b i n e t . 21-5 gr. (b) W e s t m i n s t e r S c h o o l e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 2 0 - 4 g r . ( c h i p p e d ) . Both coins are from the same pair of dies.

* 5 . S w e f h e r d . (Rev. (ii).) *(a) D r e s s e r e x G r a n t l e y 8 9 6 e x M o n t a g u 3 1 2 e x M a r s h a m 1 2 0 , and probably also (b) D e l g a n y h o a r d n o . 4 ( p o s s i b l y t h e s a m e c o i n a s (a)), (c) G r a n t l e y 8 9 7 e x L a w r e n c e and (cl) W a l t e r s 4 1 , a f r a g m e n t . *6. W e r h e a r d . *7. W e r h e a r d . (Rev. (Rev. (i).) B M A 1 8 7 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . (ii).) 21-0 gr.

B l u n t ex R y a n 602 ex C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 896 ex R a s h l e i g h 95, f o u n d at 21-8 gr.

E y n s h a m A b b e y , O x f o r d , 1854.

67 GROUP II.

THE

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

With ' b o n n e t e d ' head (Plate IV) A s I, b u t ' b o n n e t e d ' h e a d w i t h d i a d e m ties. A s I. (Rev. (Rev. (ii).) L o c k e t t 3 3 6 e x G l e n d i n i n g ' s s a l e ( N o v . 1 9 3 7 ) . (i) b u t c i / v a n d n o t r i a n g l e s o f p e l l e t s . ) 19$ gr. N o pedigree. 23-2 gr.

Obv.

Rev.
|*9.

*8. D i o r m o d . Swefherd.

*(a)BMA185.

(b) C o p e n h a g e n 8 4 e x M o n t a g u 3 1 1 e x B r i c e . 2 2 - 2 g r . f (c) M a c k e x L o c k e t t 2 6 3 5 e x C a r l y o n -

Britton 1619 ex Evans ex Delgany hoard. 21-3 gr. Alt three coins are from the same pair of dies.
* 1 0 . S w e f h e r d . (Rev. (i) b u t C i / v . ) B M A 1 8 6 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 2 - 2 g r . From the same obv.

die as ( 9 ) . Mule: Group II/Baldred

*11. S w e f h e r d .

Bonnet

type
2 0 - 9 g r . From the same obv. die as 9 and 10.

A b p . S h a r p collection.

B A L D R E D
A.

(c.

823-5)
MINT

CANTERBURY

GROUP I.

B o n n e t type (Plate IV) Obv. Rev. + B E L D R E D REX CANT: h e a d r . , ' b o n n e t e d ' w i t h d i a d e m t i e s , w i t h i n i n n e r c i r c l e . M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h MONET : w i t h i n i n n e r c i r c l e DRVR CITS i n t w o l i n e s , w i t h c o n t r a c tion marks, M sometimes rounded, sometimes angular. 21-4 gr. and

*1. D i o r m o d . |*2. Diormod. probably

(Obv. (Obv. also

CANT.) B M A 1 6 4 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . BALDRED. f(b) Ryan Rev. MONETA.) *(d) BMC

15 e x T y s s e n e x L a n g f o r d . 2 0 - 7 g r . Fragment,

5 8 9 (ill.) e x G r a n t l e y 8 8 8 e x R a s h l e i g h 8 6 .

16-4 g r .

(Spelling of king's name

*3. O b a . (Obv. 21 gr.

uncertain.)
Rev. MONETA.) B M A 169 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e hoard.

BALDRED, CANT: h e a d b a r e .

* 4 . S i g e s t e f . B a g n a l l e x G r a n t l e y 8 8 7 e x M o n t a g u 2 9 1 e x S h e p h e r d 12 e x M u r c h i s o n 5 9 e x D y m o c k 38 e x B a r r e t t ex R i c h e x D i m s d a l e 78. . Addington

* 5 . S w e f h e r d . B M e x L o c k e t t 3 3 0 e x B a s c o m 17 e x M u r d o c h 3 6 e x M o n t a g u 2 9 0 e x ex Y o r k e M o o r e 27. 22 gr. *6. T i d b e a r h t . (Obv.

BALDRED.) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 3 4 e x Y o u n g e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 2 9 5 e x A s t r o n o m e r 21-3 gr.

80 ex M o n t a g u 292 ex Brice ex W i g a n ex C u f f 260 ex S u f f o l k h o a r d . GROUP II. N o n - p o r t r a i t types (Plate IV) + B E L D R E D REX CANT: p l a i n c r o s s w i t h i n i n n e r c i r c l e . M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h o u t moneta: (Rev.

Obv. Rev.

v a r i o u s designs, w i t h i n i n n e r circle.

*7. D i o r m o d .

DIORMOD M : p l a i n c r o s s , w i t h t h r e e d i s c o n n e c t e d f o r k s d i v i d i n g t h e i n s c r i p t i o n . 20-7 gr.

B M A 165 ex M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d .

8 . O b a . (Rev. C r o s s a n d p e l l e t s , w i t h f o u r d i s c o n n e c t e d a n d d i s p l a c e d m o l i n e e n d s d i v i d i n g t h e i n s c r i p t i o n c f . C e o l w u l f 3.) B M A 1 7 2 e x E v a n s e x M o n t a g u 2 9 4 . C h i p p e d a n d b r o k e n , 19-3 g r . *9. O b a . ( A s 8, b u t A o v e r E t o r e a d BALDRED.) B M A 171 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 19-6 g r .

10. O b a . ( 0 6 v . C r o s s a n d p e l l e t s . Rev. a s 8 . ) (a) BMC 17; n o d a t e o r p r o v e n a n c e . 1 7 0 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 17-4 g r . (c) H u n t e r 3 8 9 . 2 0 - 0 g r . *11. O b a . (Obv. a s 10. Rev.

22 gr. ( i ) B M A

a s 8 b u t w i t h o u t p e l l e t s . ) B M A 173 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d .

19-5 g r .

f * 1 2 . S i g e s t e f . (Rev. P l a i n c r o s s . ) *(a) (Obv. o m i t s CANT). B M A 1 7 4 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 1 - 5 g r . '\(b) D . L o c k e t t e x L o c k e t t 3 5 4 9 e x G r a n t l e y 8 9 0 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 2 0 g r . *13. S w e f h e r d . (Rev. Plain cross.) B M A 176 e x E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d . 20-3 gr.

68 *14. S w e f h e r d . *(b) *15. T i d b e a r h t . 19-1 g r .

THE (Obv. (Rev.

COINAGE

OF Rev.

SOUTHERN a s 13.)

ENGLAND,

796-840 Two fragments joined. hoard.

Cross-crosslet.

(a) BMC 18-9 g r .

18 e x T y s s e n .

B M A 175 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . (b) B M A 178.

Cross with one limb forked.)

*(o) B M A

177 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y

1 8 - 8 g r . and (c) B M A 1 7 9 . 19 g r . (/)

19-2 g r . B o t h ex M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . ex NC

(d) W e s t m i n s t e r S c h o o l e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 47; found near Aylesford, Kent.

2 0 - 4 g r . ( e ) B l u n t e x R a s h l e i g h 8 5 (ill.) e x B e r g n e M a c k ex R y a n 588 ex C r o m p t o n - R o b e r t s The coin is illustrated in

M o n t a g u 295 ex E v a n s ex S h e p h e r d 13; f o u n d in Suffolk. .

xv, p. 103. The Montagu

*16. W e r h e a r d . (Obv.

catalogue confused it with (e).

Plain cross.) * ( o ) BMC 19 e x D o r k i n g h o a r d . 21-2 gr. .

o m i t s t h e e t h n i c . Rev.

(b) M u r d o c h 3 7 ; f o u n d i n E a s t C o k e r c h u r c h y a r d , n e a r Y e o v i l , b e t w e e n 1860 a n d 1870.

B.

ROCHESTER

MINT

GROUP I. W i t h ' R e x H ' (Plate V ) Obv. Rev. *17. D u n u n . 18. D u n u n . + BALDRED REX H (R u s u a l l y a p p e a r s a s F ) : b u s t r . b r e a k i n g i n n e r c i r c l e , w i t h e a r a n d b a c k of n e c k f o r m e d as a r o u n d e d M o n s o m e specimens. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e , w i t h MONETA (M r o u n d e d ) : v a r i o u s d e s i g n s , w i t h i n i n n e r c i r c l e . (Rev. (Obv. Cross moline.) B M A 166 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d . 19-6 g r .

B u s t d i v i d e s i n s c r i p t i o n a f t e r REX. Rev.

a s 17.) M a c k e x G r a n t l e y 8 8 9 e x R a s h 111. NC xiv, p. 46. 17 g r . pellets

l e i g h 8 7 e x W h i t b o u r n 4 0 ; f o u n d n e a r G u i l d f o r d c. 1 8 5 0 . *19. D u n u n . (Obv. omits initial cross. Rev.

DANAN: w h e e l d e s i g n w i t h s e v e n

'spokes',

between.) *20. D u n u n . (Obv. Fragment. 21. E t h e l m o d . Chipped,

A s h m o l e a n e x P a s s m o r e ; f o u n d in O l d S w i n d o n 1903. 20-8 gr. . . . ALDFED . . . Rev. +DVN . . . Type uncertain.) (a) ( S i x ' s p o k e s ' ) BMC S t e w a r t e x G r a n t l e y 8 9 9 (?) 16, n o d a t e o r p r o v e n a n c e .

(Rev.

W h e e l design, n o pellets.) 111. R u d i n g , p i . 2 9 , 1 2 .

(b) ( U n c e r t a i n obv.

reading, seven 'spokes'.) C h i p p e d , 16-8 g r .

A s h m o l e a n ex Knight, presented to

B o d l e y 1795. GROUP II.

W i t h ' R e x ' alone (Plate V) + BALDRED REX (R n o r m a l ) : b u s t r . o f m o r e c o n v e n t i o n a l f o r m , b r e a k i n g i n n e r c i r c l e . A s I: wheel design. (Rev. (Rev. Seven ' s p o k e s ' , n o pellets.) M a c k ex Lockett 2631 ex Grantley 886 ex Evans. BMA 167 ex M o n t a g u 293 ex M i s s Scott

Obv. Rev.

22. E t h e l m o d . 19 g r . *23. E t h e l m o d .

E i g h t ' s p o k e s ' , pellets between.) 18-5 g r . Rev. A s 23.)

ex Delgany h o a r d . *24. E t h e l m o d . (Obv.

BEALDRED.

B M A 168 ex E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d .

19-4 g r .

K I N G D O M E A D W A L D

OF

EAST

A N G L I A

(c. 7 9 6 - c . 7 9 8 ? ) ( P l a t e s V a n d V I )

Type I
Obv. Rev. K i n g ' s n a m e a n d title in t h r e e lines. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e in quarter of a cross, the ends joined. *(a) BMC 3 ex Tyssen. 21-0 gr. (b) M a c k e x G r a n t l e y 8 8 1 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n ( b u t ? D y m o c k 51). B r o k e n a n d m o u n t e d in a

*1. E a d n o t h . frame,

n o t in sale) =

B a s c o m 2 4 ex R a s h l e i g h 108 =

( c ) P u b l i s h e d b y G r u e b e r NC

1894, p. 54 (note).

*2. L u l . B M . F o u n d a t R i c h b o r o u g h 1924. 2 2 gr.

Type II
Obv. Rev. A s last. M o n e y e r ' s n a m e in q u a r t e r s of a cross with a r m s j o i n e d t o f o r m a celtic cross a n d w i t h lozenge centre. *3. W i h t r e d . H u n t e r 414. 11-5 g r .

69 T H E

COINAGE

OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

C A N T E R B U R Y

A R C H I E P I S C O P A L

M I N T

IGTHELHEARD

(793-805)

( P l a t e II) finishing w i t h t w o l e t t e r s , EP, i n

Type I
Obv. Rev. T h e a r c h b i s h o p ' s n a m e a n d title in a c i r c u m s c r i p t i o n , the centre.

T h e n a m e of t h e k i n g , his title a n d e t h n i c i n t h e a r m s of a t r i b r a c h m o l i n e . N o m o n e y e r ' s name.

* 1 . (a) BMC 2 4 e x H o l l i s 6 7 . 2 1 - 9 g r . (b) H u n t e r 3 9 3 . 19-0 g r . (c) B l u n t e x L o c k e t t 2 6 3 3 e x B a s c o m 19 e x M u r d o c h 38 e x M o n t a g u 3 0 1 e x B e r g n e 1 1 0 e x M u r c h i s o n 8 8 e x D y m o c k 4 0 e x D e v o n s h i r e 1 5 5 . 2 1 g r . *(d) R y a n 5 9 3 e x S o t h e b y 2 8 . 7 . 1 9 3 0 , 1 9 2 . F o u n d a t N e w S t a n s t e a d H a l l , E s s e x , 1 8 7 0 . (e) Proc. Num. Soc. 2 1 . 1 2 . 1 8 7 6 . ' L a t e l y f o u n d n e a r S t . E d m u n d ' s C h a p e l , Rochester Cathedral'. (Present whereabouts not known.)

Type II (A)
Obv. Rev. A s l a s t , b u t t h e E i n t h e c e n t r e is m i n i s c u l e a n d s o m e t i m e s r e v e r s e d . K i n g ' s n a m e a n d t i t l e i n c i r c u m s c r i p t i o n ; i n c e n t r e r o u n d e d M. F o u n d at Eastry, Kent. 19-0 g r . (b) D r a b b l e 3 4 5 . 19-3 g r . Fitz21-1 g r . 21-7 gr. (/) (c) G l a s g o w , C o a t s 3 9 4 e x Y o r k M o o r e 36. 18-9 g r . (d) D r e s s e r , N e w Y o r k . 41526. F o u n d nr. Cissbury, Sussex. 21-6 gr.

*2. (a) B M A 193 ex E v a n s e x N e v i l l e R o l f e . 20Jgr.

*(e) E d i n b u r g h e x G r a n t l e y 893 ex O ' S u l l i v a n a n d ? e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . w i l l i a m 4 3 7 e x L o c k e t t 3 3 3 e x S p i n k NC {g) B M A 194 ex R a s h l e i g h 91 ex C u f f 390 ex D e v o n s h i r e 23. 16-7 g r .

(/;) B a g n a l l e x R .

C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n . F o u n d at S t o k e D o w n , C h i c h e s t e r , 1936. (i) M a c k ex B r u u n 41 e x C a r l y o n B r i t t o n 894 ex B r o w n . Type

II ( B ) . S i m i l a r t o (A) b u t l e t t e r s i n c e n t r e AR. N o provenance. 21 gr.

*3. V a t i c a n .

WULFRED,

805-32

(? s u s p e n d e d , 8 1 7 - 2 1 ) ( P l a t e V I I I )

G R O U P I . T y p e s w i t h o u t m o n e y e r ' s n a m e (c. 8 0 5 - c . 8 1 0 ? ) Obv. Rev. *1. Rev. WLFREDI ARCHIEPISCOPI: t o n s u r e d f a c i n g p o r t r a i t w i t h i n i n s c r i p t i o n . +DOROVERNIAE CIVITATIS: (i) c r o s s - c r o s s l e t (ii) A l p h a - O m e g a .

t y p e (i). B M A 196, e x M o n t a g u 3 0 8 (ill.), e x L d . J e r s e y 10. 2 2 g r . Mack

* 2 . Rev. t y p e (ii). *(a) C r o s s e s o n p a l l i u m . B M e x R y a n 5 9 5 . ( b ) P e l l e t s b e s i d e A; Cifitatis. (ill. BNJ x x v i , p . 3 4 3 ) , e x G r a n t l e y 8 9 5 . C h i p p e d .

G R O U P I I . T r a n s i t i o n a l M o n o g r a m t y p e ( w i t h f u l l obv. i n s c r i p t i o n ) (c. 8 1 0 ? ) Obv. + W L F R E D I ARCHIEPISCOPI: a s g r o u p I b u t l e s s i n t r i c a t e p o r t r a i t , a n d l a r g e p e l l e t e a c h side of face. Rev. +SAEBERHT MONETA ( r o u n d e d M): M o n o g r a m w i t h a n g u l a r f i r s t o . * 3 . I n s c r i p t i o n s b e g i n a t 12 o ' c l o c k : ( a ) B M e x B a r n e t t 3 3 2 . (b) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 3 8 . 20-6 g r . *(c) D . L o c k e t t e x R . C . L o c k e t t 3 5 5 2 e x M o n t a g u 3 0 4 e x M a r s h a m 111 e x M u r c h i s o n e x L o s c o m b e e x S e v i n g t o n h o a r d . 21 g r . Obv. I n s c r . s t a r t s a t 1 o ' c l o c k : (d) A . E . B a g n a l l e x D r a b b l e 3 4 6 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 1 6 1 8 e x R a s h l e i g h e x C u f f . 2 1 J g r . (E) BMC 2 7 , b r o k e n ( f i n a l A b a r r e d ? ) , Obv. I n s c r . s t a r t s 6 . 3 0 o ' c l o c k , Rev. a t 9 o ' c l o c k ; final A c h e v r o n - b a r r e d : ( / ) H o n h o a r d , ill. NNFS, n o . 4 , O s l o 1 9 3 1 , p l . n o . 6, w i t h l o o p a t t a c h m e n t . GROUP III. R e g u l a r m o n o g r a m type (Pre-823) 4-VVLFREDA/RCHIEPI; b u s t t o e d g e o f c o i n . A s g r o u p 11; u s u a l l y R o m a n M a n d final A u n b a r r e d . Moneyers Saeberht and Swefherd.

Obv. Rev.

*4A. S a e b e r h t . Obv. I n s c r . b r o k e n r e d / A r c . Rev. R o u n d e d M; first o i n m o n o g . d i a m o n d - s h a p e d B M A 199, e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 21 g r .

70
*4B. S a e b e r h t .

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840
Rev. Inscr. s t a r t s a t 6 o ' c l o c k ; final A b a r r e d ; d i a m o n d o. B M ex B a r n e t t 331. C o p e n h a g e n 8 3 e x M o n t a g u 3 0 3 (ill.) e x B r i c e e x

4 c . S a e b e r h t . Rev. F i n a l A b a r r e d ; r o u n d o . B e r g n e 111. 2 2 - 2 g r .

*4D. S a e b e r h t . ( U s u a l v a r i e t y , w i t h R o m a n M, final A u n b a r r e d , a n d r o u n d o . ) ( a ) G l a s g o w ( C o a t s ) 3 9 6 . 22-i g r . (b) H u n t e r 3 9 5 . 2 0 - 6 g r . *(c) R y a n 5 9 4 e x R e y n o l d s 2 2 e x A s t r o n o m e r 1 2 4 e x R i c h a r d s o n e x D o u l t o n . 2 2 $ g r . (d) Obv. i n s c r . , A b e l o w D, f o l l o w e d b y c o l o n ; BMC 26 ( p i . x i i 7). (e) A s h m o l e a n e x L a w r e n c e 2 1 0 . 13-2 g r . ( f r a g m e n t ) . ( / ) ? t h i s v a r i e t y , B a s c o m 2 0 . 21$ gr., b r o k e n a n d repaired. 4E. Obv. a s n o . 4A, Rev. as 4D. M a c k ex G r a n t l e y 894 ex L a w r e n c e . Pierced.

*5. S a e b e r h t . Obv. P e l l e t e a c h s i d e o f f a c e . * ( a ) B i b . N a t . , P a r i s . 20-8 g r . (b) L o c k e t t 3 3 4 ex E v a n s ex D e l g a n y h o a r d . 2 2 $ gr. *6. Obv. T h r e e p e l l e t s e a c h s i d e o f f a c e (all c o i n s s a m e obv. d i e ) . *(a) B M A 198 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 0 - 7 g r . (b) W e s t m i n s t e r S c h o o l e x S c o t t e x D e l g a n y . 2 1 - 2 g r . (c) B M A 197 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 1 - 7 g r . (d) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 3 9 e x R a s h l e i g h 93. 14-0 g r . ( c o r r o d e d ) . S p e c i m e n s (c) a n d (d) ? f r o m s a m e rev. d i e . 7A. S w e f h e r d . Rev. r o u n d M, b a r r e d A, r o u n d o . F i t z w i l l i a m 4 4 0 e x Y o u n g g i f t 1 9 3 6 e x B l i s s 4 6 (ill.) e x M o n t a g u (v) 3. 2 3 - 3 g r . 7B. S w e f h e r d . Rev. D i a m o n d o , o t h e r d e t a i l s ? B r u u n 4 3 ( n o t ill.) e x J u l i u s W i t t e 2 5 . 19-8 g r .

* 7 c . S w e f h e r d , Rev. R o u n d o , R o m a n M, u n b a r r e d A. *(a) B M A 2 0 2 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 2 0 g r . (b) ? t h i s v a r i e t y . B r u u n 4 2 ( n o t ill.) e x ' P r o p e r t y o f G e n t l e m a n ' 1 9 0 3 , 3 4 0 . 19-7 g r . (c) ? t h i s v a r i e t y . M o n t a g u 3 0 5 e x S h e p h e r d 51. *8. S w e f h e r d . Obv. T h r e e p e l l e t s b y e a c h c h e e k . P e l l e t s i n l i n e : *(o) B M A 2 0 1 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 17-6 g r . ( b ) S a m e obv. d i e a s (a). W e s t m i n s t e r S c h o o l e x S c o t t e x D e l g a n y . 18-4 g r . (c) D r a b b l e 8 1 8 e x M a n n 1 4 0 e x B l i s s 4 7 e x M o n t a g u 3 0 6 . 21 g r . (d) S a m e d i e s a s (c). L o c k e t t 3 5 5 1 e x R a s h l e i g h 9 2 e x C u f f 3 9 1 . 2 1 $ g r . (e) S a m e d i e s a s (c) a n d ( d ) . G a n t z 1007 (ill.). P e l l e t s i n t r i a n g l e : ( / ) B M A 2 0 0 ( p i . x i . 6) e x E v a n s f d . n e a r W a l l i n g f o r d . 19-2 g r . (g) M a c k e x G r a n t l e y 8 9 5 . GROUP I V . A n o n y m o u s I s s u e (c. 8 2 3 ) M o n e y e r ' s n a m e s u r r o u n d i n g t o n s u r e d , f a c i n g b u s t . L u n i n g ' s obv. e a c h side of face. M i n t n a m e in lines a c r o s s field.
(i) (ii) ."./DOROB/ERNIACI/VITAS/V + -/DORO/BERNIA/CIVITA/-S-

Obv.

dies h a v e three d o t s

Rev.

(i) M o n e y e r s S a e b e r h t , S w e f h e r d , a n d L u n i n g *9. S a e b e r h t . (a) G l a s g o w ( C o a t s ) 3 9 8 e x W i g a n = ? P e m b r o k e 3 2 ( p l a t e P . 4 , T . 2 ) . B M . 1927. 2 0 J gr. *(b) HT o f m o n e y e r ' s n a m e l i g a t e d .

10. S w e f h e r d . (a) H u n t e r 3 9 9 (ill. R u d i n g , p i . 13, 4 ) . 2 0 - 6 g r . (b) G l a s g o w ( C o a t s ) 4 0 0 e x W i g a n . 1 8 | gr. * 1 1 . L u n i n g . ( a ) B M A 2 1 0 . 20-8 g r . *(6) S a m e d i e s a s ( a ) W e s t m i n s t e r S c h o o l e x S c o t t e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 20-8 gr. (ii) M o n e y e r s S w e f h e r d , L u n i n g , a n d V i l n o d * 1 2 . S w e f h e r d . *(a) B M A 2 1 1 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 18-3 g r . ( c h i p p e d ) , (b) D r a b b l e 3 4 7 ( n o t ill.). 2 0 g r . ( c h i p p e d ) , (c) A s h m o l e a n e x L a w r e n c e 2 1 0 e x B o y n e 1 1 1 2 ( f r a g m e n t ) , (d) NE i n m o n o g r a m . L o c k e t t 3 5 5 3 e x D o r s e t h o a r d (ill. NC 1 9 1 5 , p i . x v i i . 9 ) . 2 0 - 5 g r . (e) NE m o n o . R y a n 6 0 3 (ill.). ( / ) N E m o n o . T . S. A g n e w e x G r a n t l e y 8 9 7 ( f r a g m e n t ) , (g) NE m o n o . B a l d w i n s (1951) ex D a y ex C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n (not in sale) ex Sir J. E v a n s .

71 T H E

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OF

SOUTHERN

ENGLAND,

796-840

* 1 3 . L u n i n g . (a) F i t z w i l l i a m 4 4 1 e x C a r l y o n - B r i t t o n 2 9 9 . 2 1 - 1 g r . (b) S a m e rev. d i e a s (a). F i t z w m . 4 4 2 e x L o c k e t t 3 3 7 e x A s t r o n o m e r 131 e x M o n t a g u 3 0 9 e x B r i c e e x L a k e - P r i c e e x M u r c h i s o n e x D y m o c k . 2 0 J g r . (c) G l a s g o w ( C o a t s ) 3 9 7 e x W i g a n . 2 2 g r . (d) B M A 2 0 7 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d (ill. NC 1 9 2 3 , p l . x i , 8, a n d B r o o k e , p l . i v , 3 ) . 2 0 - 9 g r . *(e) B M A 2 0 8 p u r c h d . 1 8 3 8 . 2 0 - 4 g r . ( / ) U n b a r r e d A i n Civitas. B M A 2 0 9 p u r c h d . 1 8 9 0 . 17-9 g r . ( c h i p p e d ) . (,g) B M e x B a r n e t t 3 3 3 = ? B r u u n 4 4 e x N a p i e r 16 e x E v a n s e x D e l g a n y h o a r d . 19-3 g r . ( c h i p p e d ) . (A) D r a b b l e 8 1 9 . 2 1 g r . ( / ) B l u n t e x L a w r e n c e ( r e p a i r e d ) . *14. V i l n o d . GROUP V. U n b a r r e d A i n Civitas: B M A 212 ex M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 21 1 gr.

Dowbernia

Civitas

i n W u l f r e d ' s n a m e ( h y b r i d s w i t h r e v e r s e s o f g r o u p I V , ii) +VVLFREDARCHIEPIS. (A mule.) ( S e e a l s o R u d i n g , p i . 13, 3 q u o t i n g Pegge's

(i) Obv. Rev. * 1 5 . BMC (ii) Obv. Rev. * * 1 6 . *(a) Obv.

As Group VI

A s G r o u p I V , ii.

2 5 ( p l . x i i , 6) e x D e v o n s h i r e 1 5 6 . 2 2 - 0 g r .

Assemblage.)
N a m e Wulfrecl o n l y , a p p a r e n t l y c u t o v e r e a r l i e r i n s c r i p t i o n o n t h e d i e s . A s G r o u p I V , ii. +WL(trefoil)F(trefoil)R-ED. . *(b) Obv. M u r d o c h 40 ex M o n t a g u (1897) 4, ? = (+v)vL/bust/FRED. BMA Montagu 310 1920.

ex M a r s h a m 112 a n d ? ex Sainthill (see Lindsay, Heptarchy,

pl. xx, 2 a n d p. 209). 19-2 g r . ( b r o k e n ) . GROUP VI. Rev.

pl. 2, 63, a n d Olla Podridci i,

195 e x L a w r e n c e p r e s .

B a l d r e d t y p e (c. 8 2 3 - 8 2 5 ) +VVLFREDARCHIEPIS. Bust within inscription. DRVR e r r s , s u r r o u n d e d b y m o n e y e r ' s n a m e a n d MONET. Moneyers: Swefherd and Vilnod.

Obv.

*17. S w e f h e r d . 1836.

*(a) Obv.

inscription recut?

Rev.

l i n e b e l o w CITS. B l u n t e x L o c k e t t 2 6 3 4 e x D o r s e t 28 (pl. xii, 8), p u r c h d . 298 Loscombe *(b) Line L o c k e t t 335 ex Carlyon-Britton

h o a r d (NC

1 9 1 5 , p l . x v i i , 8), 2 2 - 0 g r . (b) P e l l e t e a c h s i d e o f h e a d . BMC (c) T w o p e l l e t s o n l e f t s i d e o f h e a d .

20-8 gr.

e x A s t r o n o m e r 125 ex M o n t a g u 30 e x B r i c e e x S h e p h e r d 50 e x M u r c h i s o n e x ? e x S e v i n g t o n h o a r d ( s e e Arch, * 18. V i l n o d . xxvii, pl. xxiii, 2). 22-0 gr. 21-5 gr. 20-8 gr. ( a ) L i n e a b o v e DR. B M A 2 0 4 ( p l . x i , 7), e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . B M A 206 ex M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . 18-8 g r .

a b o v e DR a n d b e l o w CITS. B M A 2 0 5 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d . of face. GROUP VII. Obv. Rev.

(c) P e l l e t e a c h s i d e

Second m o n o g r a m (Ecgberht) type +PLFRED/ARCEPS. Bust to edge of coin.

+SPEFHEARD MOH a r o u n d DOROB c c r u c i f o r m m o n o g r a m . B M A 2 0 3 e x M i d d l e T e m p l e h o a r d (NC 1 8 9 4 , p l . i v , 1). 19-0 g r .

*19. S w e f h e r d .

72

THE C O I N A G E OF S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , TABLE B

796-840

Approximate Chronology of the Activity of Southern English Mints, 796-839

Date (terminus post quern) 196
798 c. 800 (?)

Canterbury Canterbury (royal) (archiepiscopal)

Eadberht Praen Coenwulf Coenwulf and Cuthred Wulfred Coenwulf Mint closed? yEthelheard

Rochester
Mint not yet o p e n ?

East Anglia
Eadwald Coenwulf

London
Coenwulf

Winchester
Mint not open?

805 807 c. 810 (?)

Coenwulf

821
823 825 827 829 830 833-9

I Anonymous \ Anonymous Baldred Ecgberht Wulfred Mint closed?

Ceolwulf Baldred Ecgberht

Ceolwulf Beornwulf Ludica /Ethelstan

Ceolwulf Mint closed?

Wiglaf Ecgberht

Wulfred Ceolnoth

Wiglaf Mint closed? Ecgberht

T h e date at which C u t h r e d ' s coinage started h a s n o t received the attention in the text which w e h a d intended. H e appears to have shared the Canterbury mint with Coenwulf, but the fact that n o n e of t h e m o n e y e r s w h o struck f o r C u t h r e d h a d issued coins either f o r Offa's last t y p e or f o r E a d b e r h t P r a e n , w h e r e a s t h r e e of t h o s e w o r k i n g f o r C o e n w u l f h a d s t r u c k f o r OfFa o r E a d b e r h t (or b o t h ) , suggests t h a t C u t h r e d did n o t o b t a i n coining rights i m m e d i a t e l y o n his accession in 798. T h i s view receives s o m e s u p p o r t f r o m t h e fact t h a t in o u r G r o u p I surviving coins of C o e n w u l f of t h e C a n t e r b u r y m i n t are nearly twice as plentiful as t h o s e of C u t h r e d , w h e r e a s in G r o u p II those of C u t h r e d a r e m o r e t h a n t w i c e a s p l e n t i f u l a s t h o s e o f C o e n w u l f . W e h a v e t h e r e f o r e g i v e n c. 8 0 0 a s a provisional date f o r t h e start of C u t h r e d ' s coinage, which a p p e a r s to h a v e represented, t o w a r d s t h e e n d of his life, t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of t h e o u t p u t of t h e C a n t e r b u r y m i n t .

TABLE

Historical Table
MERCIA 796 D e a t h of O f f a . Accn. and death of E g f r i t h . A c c n . of C o e n w u l f 798 KENT A c c n . of E a d b e r h t Praen ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY jhelheard arbp. (since 793) EAST ANGLIA WESSEX Beorhtric king (since 786)

Accn. of Eadwald

D e p o s n . of Eadberht Praen. Accn. of C u t h r e d

End of reign of
Eadwald. E. Anglia
under Mercians D e a t h of B e o r h t r i c . A c c n . of E c g b e r h t D e a t h of /Ethelheard. Wulfred arbp.

802
805

807

D e a t h of C u t h r e d . Kent under Mercians

821 D e a t h of C o e n w u l f . A c c n . of C e o l w u l f 823 E x p n . of C e o l w u l f . A c c n . of Beornwulf 825 D e a t h of Beornwulf. Accn. of L u d i c a 827 D e a t h of L u d i c a . A c c n . of W i g l a f 829 E c g b e r h t c o n q u e r s Mercia 830 W i g l a f r e c o v e r s Mercia 832 833 839 840 D e a t h of W i g l a f . A c c n . of B e r h t w u l f D e a t h of W u l f r e d . Feologild arbp. Ceolnoth arbp. D e a t h of E c g b e r h t . A c c n . of / E t h e l w u l f

Accn. of Baldred

Ecgberht conquers K e n t . E x p n . of Baldred. Kent u n d e r Wessex

AEthelstan king

c.

850 852 D e a t h of B e r h t w u l f . A c c n . of B u r g r e d

/Elhelweard king

855

A c c n . of E a d m u n d N o t e : Items in italics d e p e n d o n n u m i s m a t i c e v i d e n c e o n l y .

TABLE

Canterbury Moneyers at the Royal Mint from c. 805 to c. 828, showing the Number of Coins Recorded of each Type or Group
CUTHRED AND COENWULF

II. Small flans with portrait c. 805-c. 810 B. Cross I. Non-portrait and C. Triple before c. 805 Cuthred and/or A. Cross-and-Wedges Quatrefoil Aura Coenwulf Cuthred Coenwulf Coenwulf Coenwulf 1
12

COENWULF COENWULF

III. Large flans, first bust c. 810-c. 815 A. Pincer Cross B. Cross Moline C. Cross- A. Pincer Crosslet c>oss

IV. Large flans, second bust c. 815-21 E-H. B. Cross C. Cross- D. Crescent Individual types Cross Moline Crosslet

CEOLWULF

ANONYMOUS

BALDRED

ECGBERHT

821-3 I. With portrait II, III. Without poi trait

c. 822-3 I. With bare head II. With bonneted head

c. 823-5

c. 825-8 2. Nonportrait

c. 828-39 3. Monogram type

Duda Eaba Seberht Sigeberht Werheard Heremod Beornfreth Tidbearht Diormod Dealla Oba Sigestef Swefherd Wulgar Total

I. With II. Without 1. Early portrait portrait portrait

Duda Eaba Seberht Sigeberht Werheard Heremod Beornfreth Tidbearht Diormod Dealla Oba Sigestef Swefherd Wulgar Total

2 21 5 3 2 4 13 11 19

1 3 1 1 4 + M u l e - >1 6 7 27

6 1 6 2 3 20

1 2

2 3 4 1 2 3 18 25

X X X X

6
44 19 71 15 19 24

2 1 7

18

12

32

"91"

T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840

73

The figures shown on Tables C-H are the number of specimens listed in the Corpus.
TABLE c

Table of Moneyers of the Early (.Non-portrait) Coins of Mercian and Kentish kings at Southern Mints
Moneyers Canterbury Babba Eoba Ethelnoth Ethelmod Iaenberht Tidheah Seberht Duda Eaba Sigeberht Werheard London Ludoman Wilhun Diola Eanmund Wighard Undetermined Ciolhard Ibba Eama Pendwine Total 11 1 2 1 1 50 Offa Earlier x x x Late x x x x Eadberht Praen 3 1 5 1 1
6 1 3 8 4 5

Coenwulf 1(A) 1(B) 2 6

Cuthred Early

With bust Coenwulf Cuthred

x
X X X X X X X X

Dud

11 1 1

x? x?

21

TABLE E

Coins of Archbishop Wulfred's Mint at Canterbury

IV. (Anonymous HIssue, c. 823) I. MidIII. V. s Moneyer c. 805-? Coenwulf Pre-823 Phase (i) Phase (ii) c. 823 No moneyer's name 3 .. .. 3 Saeberht 6 16 2 Swefherd .. .. 12 2 7 .. Luning 2 9 1 Vilnod Total . . . 3 6 28 6 17 3
rrT rrTT

VI. 823-5

VII. c. 830

3
3

312 T H E C O I N A G E O F S O U T H E R N E N G L A N D , 796-840 TABLE F

The Moneyers Active at Rochester from c. S10 to c.

Coenwulf I. Early II. Late Ealhstan . Dun(un) . Eanwulf . Ethclmod . Cobba Beagmund Anonymous Ceolwulf I. With II. With bust head Bah/red I. Rex H II. Rex Ecgberht (Blunt Group 4) With bust With head Nonportrait jEthelwuIf Early portrait Nonportrait

Total
21

TABLE G

East Anglian Moneyers

Offa Lul Wihtred Eadnoth Fotred (Botred) Wodel Hereberht Eacga Eadgar Werbald Eadnoth Monn Total
X x X

Eadwald 1 1 3

Coenwulf Ceolwulf Beornwulf 16 11 3 11 7

Ludica

ALthelstan of E. Anglia

2 1 9 9
1

4 3

48

29

4 2 4 5 4 19

2 1
1

X X X

TABLE H

Coins Attributed to the London Mint

Coenwulf 796-821 Moneyer Eanmund . Ceolheard . Wigher (?) . ^lhun Ceolbald . Eretcod (? Ethelmod) Burgherd Redmudh . Lvndonia B . . . wulf . Total Tribrach X X ? . Portrait 1 8 1 3 2 2 Ceolwulf I 821-3 I. II. Non- Beornwulf Portrait portrait 823-5 1 2 2 2 1 1 Ludica 825-7 Wiglaf 1st Reign Ecgberht 827-9 829-30 Wigla restored 830-40

17

PLATE I

Cn 14

Cn IS
(CROUP I) NON-PORTRAIT ISSUES MERCIA & K E N T

Cn 16

1 L/\ I J . 11 L

NON-PORTRAIT ISSUES: COENWULF (GROUP I CONTD.) ARCHBISHOP AETHELHEARD PORTRAIT ISSUES, CANTERBURY MINT: CUl'HRED, COENWULF (GROUP II)

69

PORTRAIT ISSUES, CANTERBURY MINT: COENWULF (GROUPS III & IV) CEOLWULF I

mm

wm

-V'/.'v

ivn-,v.-

'xK'-^'V

Ba 3

Cn 70

Cn 71

Cn 72

PORTRAIT ISSUES. CANTERBURY MINT: ANONYMOUS. BALDRED NON-PORTRAIT ISSUES, CANTERBURY MINT: CEOLWULF I, BALDRED ROCHESTER MINT: COENWULF GROUP I)

I'LATE V

Cn 77

or'iv"'".

ROCHESTER M I N T : C O E N W U L F (GROUP I CONTD , GROUP ID. C E O L W U L F I, BALDRED

EAST A N G L I A : I

PLATE

VIII

'm

EAST ANGLIA II

PLATE

VII

m
Cn 91 Cn 92

W '

COINS O F T H E LONDON

MINT

PLATE

VIII

T H E COINAGE OF

WULFRED

T H E C O I N A G E O F C E O L W U L F II