2.

4 Addressing Schemes for TCP/IP Suites

TCP/IP addressing
a unique number used by machines (computers) to refer to each other when sending information via the Internet. (merupakan nombor unik yang digunakan oleh mesin (komputer) untuk
merujuk antara satu sama lain apabila menghantar maklumat melalui internet)

It consists of 4-byte addresses (w, x, y, z) to be assigned to each node in the network. (Ia terdiri dari alamat 4byte(w,x,y,z) yang perlu diumpukkan kepada setiap nod dalam rangkaian)

Exp: 207.142.131.236

TCP/IP addressing
Addressing schemes for TCP/IP suite is:
TCP/IP classes Binary Dotted decimal notation Subnet mask

2.4.1

Addressing Scheme For TCP/IP suite

The Internet Protocol Suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks.
It is commonly also known as TCP/IP, named from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Modern IP networking represents a synthesis of several developments that began to evolve in the 1960s and 1970s, namely the Internet and local area networks, which emerged during the 1980s, together with the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s.

Addressing Scheme For TCP/IP suite (2)

The Internet Protocol Suite, like many protocol suites, is constructed as a set of layers. Each layer solves a set of problems involving the transmission of data. In particular, the layers define the operational scope of the protocols within. Often a component of a layer provides a well-defined service to the upper layer protocols and may be using services from the lower layers. Upper layers are logically closer to the user and deal with more abstract data, relying on lower layer protocols to translate data into forms that can eventually be physically transmitted. The TCP/IP model consists of four layers (RFC 1122). From lowest to highest, these are the Link Layer, the Internet Layer, the Transport Layer, and the Application Layer.

TCP/IP Classes
Class type class A
class B class C class D class E

Address range 1 to 126

128 to 191 192 to 223 224 to 239. 240 to 255.

Class A first bit must start with 0. Class B 2 initial bit must start with 10. Class C 3 initial bit must start with 110. Class D 4 initial bit must start with 1110. Class E 4 initial bit must start with 1111.

Class A
The first bit must be 0 refers to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 00000000 to 01111111. (Bit
yang pertama mesti 0 merujuk kepada 8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 00000000 sehingga 01111111)

IP class A from 0 to 127 BUT the value 0 is the network number and can not be used and the value 127 is local loop back (used to perform tests on themselves, such as using the ping command on its own IP address), also can not be used. So IP class A from 1 to 126. (IP kelas A bermula dari 0 hingga 127 TETAPI nilai 0 merupakan

network number dan tidak boleh digunakan dan 127 merupakan local loop back (digunakan untuk melakukan ujian terhadap diri sendiri seperti menggunakan arahan ping pada alamat IP sendiri), juga tidak boleh digunakan. Oleh itu IP kelas A bermula dari 1 sehingga 126)

Exp:1.10.134.8, 13.233.222.32

Class B
2 initial bits is 10 (from right), referring to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 10000000 to 10111111. (2 bit permulaan mestilah 10 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada 8 bit
pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 10000000 sehingga 10111111)

class B IP address range starting from 128 to 191. (julat

alamat IP kelas B bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 155.76.76.8

Class C
3 initial bits is 110 (from right), referring to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 11000000 to 11011111. (23bit permulaan mestilah 110 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada 8
bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 10000000 sehingga 11011111)

class C IP address range starting from 192 to 223. (julat

alamat IP kelas C bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 200.56.17.8

Class D
4 initial bits is 1110 (from right), referring to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 11100000 to 11101111. (4 bit permulaan mestilah 1110 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk
kepada 8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 11100000 sehingga 11101111)

class D IP address range starting from 224 to 239. (julat

alamat IP kelas D bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 230.76.76.8

Class E
4 initial bits is 1111 (from right), referring to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 11110000 to 11111111. (4 bit permulaan mestilah 10 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada
8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 11110000 sehingga 11111111)

class E IP address range starting from 240 to 255. (julat

alamat IP kelas E bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 243.76.76.8

TCP/IP ClassesCont

TCP/IP addressingCont
Each IP address is divided into two parts, the Network ID and Host ID. (Setiap alamat IP terbahagi kepada 2 bahagian,
iaitu Network ID dan Host ID)

There are two ways to read the IP address, which is binary and decimal. (Ada 2 cara membaca alamat IP, iaitu cara binari dan
decimal)

Binary numbers are represented by numbers 0 and 1. (Nombor binari diwakili dengan nombor 0 dan 1) Decimal numbers are represented by 0 to 9. (Nombor
Decimal diwakili dengan nombor 0 sehingga 9)

1. Decimal To Binary Conversion

Divide the decimal number by 2 and take the balance. (Bahagikan nombor decimal tersebut dengan 2 dan ambil bakinya)
This process is repeated until the results of zero. (Proses
ini diulang sehingga memberikan hasil kosong)

Binary number is obtained by taking the balance from the bottom up. (Nombor binary diperolehi dengan mengambil baki
tersebut dari bawah ke atas)

Binary
A binary code is any system of representing text or computer processor instructions by the use of the binary number system's two-binary digits "0" and "1". This is accomplished by assigning a number to each particular symbol or instruction. A binary string of eight digits (bits), for example, can represent any of 256 possible values and can therefore correspond to a variety of different symbols, letters or instructions. In the 8-bit ASCII code, a lowercase "a" is represented by the bit string 01100001.

1. Decimal To Binary ConversionCont

Example: 5310 => 53 / 2 = 26 balance 1 26 / 2 = 13 balance 0 13 / 2 = 6 balance 1 6 / 2 = 3 balance 0 3 / 2 = 1 balance 1 1 / 2 = 0 balance 1 = 1101012 (6 bit) = 001101012 (8 bit)

2. Binary To Decimal Conversion

Multiply each bit in binary number with weights (2).
(Darabkan setiap bit dalam nombor binary dengan pemberat(2))

Sum of all the product. (Jumlahkan kesemua hasil darab) Decimal number that is required is the sum of the product. (Nombor decimal yang dikehendaki adalah jumlah hasil darab tersebut)

1. Binary To Decimal ConversionCont

a)

Example:
1110012 (6 bit) (1x25) + (1x24) + (1x23) + (0x22) + (0x21) + (1x20) 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 5710 000110102 (8 bit) 24 + 2 3 + 2 1 16 + 8 + 2 2610

b)

EXERCISE
Binary to decimal
00011011.00100001.00101010.00001111 00000110.00010101.00001110.00001010 00001100.00011000.00000001.00111000 Jawapan: 27.33.42.15 6.21.14.10 12.24.1.56

EXERCISE
Decimal to binary
56.78.100.121 127.3.44.8 192.168.67.10
Jawapan: 00111000.01001110.01100100.01111001 01111111.00000011.00101100.00001000 11000000.10101000.01000011.00001010

Dotted Decimal Notation

Dot-decimal notation is a method of writing binary numbers in octet grouped base-10 (decimal) numbers separated by dots (full stops). IPv4 addresses are almost universally presented in dotdecimal notation (see illustration). For example, the hexadecimal number 0xFF000000 is expressed in dot-decimal notation as 255.0.0.0.

Dotted Decimal Notation

If leading zeros are added to the decimal numbers, some utility programs interpret them as octal numbers rather than decimal numbers. For example, 022.101.31.153 would be interpreted as 18.101.31.153 in decimal notation.

Dotted Decimal Notation

Subnet Mask
Subnet is a calculation mechanism that used in the network system for breaking the network into classes of IP addresses for security purposes and distribution of working groups. (SUBNET ialah satu mekanisma pengiraan yang digunakan
dalam sistem rangkaian bagi memecahkan rangkaian dalam kelas-kelas IP address bagi tujuan keselamatan dan pembahagian kumpulan-kumpulan kerja)

Also used to distinguish the network ID and host ID.

(Juga digunakan untuk membezakan network ID dan host ID)

IP class A IP class B IP class C

255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0

2.4.2

Sambung pada 13/08/2012.....

Public & Private IP Address

Public
any IP address that is not in any of the private networking schemes and is routable on the Internet.

Private
There are some specific address in each class of IP addresses that can not be used because each packet with this destination address will not be continued on the Internet.
(Terdapat beberapa alamat tertentu dalam setiap kelas IP address yang tidak dapat digunakan karena setiap paket dengan alamat tujuan ini tidak akan diteruskan di internet)

Private addresses can be used by the host using the network the address translation (NAT), or a proxy server to connected to a public network; or by the host that not connected to the Internet. (Private addresses dapat digunakan oleh host yang menggunakan network
address translation (NAT), atau sebuah proxy server, untuk terhubung ke sebuah public

network; atau oleh host yang sama sekali tidak terhubung ke Internet)

2.4.3

Form of IP Addressing
Unicast It normally refers to a single sender or a single receiver, and can be used for both sending and receiving. (Biasanya merujuk pada satu
penghantar atau penerima tunggal, dan boleh digunakan untuk kedua-dua menghantar dan menerima)

Some individual PCs have several distinct unicast addresses, each for its own distinct purpose. (Beberapa PC individu mempunyai beberapa
alamat Unicast yang berbeza, setiapnya untuk tujuan yang berbeza)

Sending the same data to multiple unicast addresses requires the sender to send all the data many times over, once for each recipient. (Menghantar data yang sama untuk beberapa alamat Unicast menghendaki
penghantar untuk menghantar semua data berkali-kali, sekali untuk setiap penerima)

Figure : Illustration of Unicast

Form of IP AddressingCont
Broadcast to send data to all possible destinations ("all-hosts broadcast"), which permits the sender to send the data only once, and all receivers receive a copy of it. (untuk
menghantar data ke semua destinasi yang mungkin ("semua-host siaran"), yang membolehkan penghantar untuk menghantar data hanya sekali, dan semua penerima menerima salinannya)

In addition, a directed (limited) broadcast can be made by combining the network prefix with a host suffix composed entirely of binary 1s. For example, the destination address used for a directed broadcast to devices on the 192.0.2.0/24 network is 192.0.2.255.

Figure : Illustration of Broadcast

Form of IP AddressingCont
Multicast A multicast address is associated with a group of interested receivers. (Alamat Multicast adalah berkaitan dengan sekumpulan
penerima)

The sender sends a single datagram (from the sender's unicast address) to the multicast address, and the intermediary routers take care of making copies and sending them to all receivers that have registered their interest in data from that sender.
(Penghantar menghantar datagram tunggal (dari alamat penghantar Unicast) ke alamat Multicast, dan router perantara mengurus dalam membuat salinan dan menghantarnya kepada semua penerima yang telah berdaftar untuk mendapatkan data dari penghantar itu)

Figure : Illustration of Multicast

2.4.4

How IP Addresses are obtained

Static IP address manually assigned to a device.
secara manual kepada peranti) (Alamat IP ditentukan

manageable for small networks. (diuruskan untuk rangkaian yang kecil) requires careful checks to avoid IP conflict. (memerlukan
pemeriksaan yang teliti untuk mengelakkan konflik IP)

Dynamic IP address automatically assigned by server when host boots. (Alamat IP ditentukan secara automatik oleh server apabila hos dibootkan) derived automatically from a range of addresses. (diturunkan
secara automatik dari julat alamat)

2.4.4

TCP/IP addressingCont
Static IP address - configuration IP address does not change when a dial-up connection to the Internet is done. (konfigurasi IP address yg tidak bertukar setiap kali sambungan dialup ke internet
dibuat)

Dynamic IP address - configuration IP address is exchange when a dialup connection to the Internet is done. (konfigurasi IP address yg bertukar-tukar setiap kali sambungan dialup ke internet
dibuat)

Dynamic IP address will be given each time you login (should have DHCP server). (IP address secara dinamik akan diberi
setiap kali anda login(perlu ada server DHCP))

DHCP
DHCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, is a communications protocol that dynamically assigns unique IP addresses to network devices. As a network device joins or leaves an IP-based network, DHCP automatically renews or releases an IP address. DHCP runs in a client/server mode, where server sets up a pool of available IP addresses for a network. A DHCP server also provides network gateway, subnet masks, name server addresses and amount of time ("lease") that a given IP address will be valid.

DHCP (2)
A DHCP client retrieve those parameters and use them to join the existing network.

DHCP allows network administrators centrally manage and automate the assignment of the IP addresses without having to worry about assigning duplicate addresses, making network administration a lot easier to manage.

DHCP (3)
Depending on implementation, the DHCP server may have three methods of allocating IP-addresses:
dynamic allocation: A network administrator assigns a range of IP addresses to DHCP, and each client computer on the LAN has its IP software configured to request an IP address from the DHCP server during network initialization. automatic allocation: The DHCP server permanently assigns a free IP address to a requesting client from the range defined by the administrator. static allocation: The DHCP server allocates an IP address based on a table with MAC address/IP address pairs, which are manually filled in (perhaps by a network administrator).

Reasons to Use DHCP

Saves time spent assigning IP addresses Prevents accidental duplicate IP addresses Allows users to move devices (like laptops) without having to change their TCP/IP configuration

DHCP Leasing Process

Device borrows (leases) IP address Devices use IP address temporarily Specified time limit Lease time Determine when client obtains IP address at log on User may force lease termination DHCP service configuration Specify leased address range Configure lease duration

DHCP Leasing Process

Figure : Several steps to negotiate clients first lease

Terminating a DHCP Lease

Lease expiration Automatic Established in server configuration Manually terminated at any time Clients TCP/IP configuration

Servers DHCP configuration

Circumstances requiring lease termination DHCP server fails and replaced

Windows: release of TCP/IP settings

DHCP services run on several server types Installation and configurations vary

2.4.6

How to Find out Your IP Address

STEP 1: Go to Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt. This opens the Command Prompt.

Alternatively, go to Start > Run, type "cmd," and press OK.

How to Find out Your IP Address

continued.......

STEP 2: In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and press Enter. This will bring up your IP address, DNS address, and other information about your internet connection. STEP 3: Find your IP address among the information provided.