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The MSA Gas Detection Handbook is designed to introduce users to key terms and concepts in gas detection and to serve as a quick reference manual for information such as specic gas properties, exposure limits and other data. The Handbook contains: a glossary of essential gas detection terms and abbreviations. a summary of key principles in combustible and toxic gas monitoring. reference dataincluding physical properties and exposure limits for the most commonly monitored gases, in industrial and various other environments. a comparison of the most widely-used gas detection technologies. a table indicating the gas hazards common to specic applications within major industries. a summary of key gas detection instrumentation approvals information, including hazardous locations classication. MSAs exclusive Sensor Placement Guide, detailing important factors to take into consideration when determining optimum gas sensor placement. Note to User: Mine Safety Appliances Company (MSA) makes no warranties, understandings or representations, whether expressed, implied or statutory regarding this gas detection handbook. MSA specically disclaims any warranty for merchantability or tness for a particular purpose. In no event shall MSA, or anyone else who has been involved in the creation, production or delivery of this handbook be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use of or inability to use this handbook or for any claim by any other party.
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Table of Contents
Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Gas Detection Terms & Abbreviations Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Gas Monitoring Categories Combustible Atmospheres Toxic Atmospheres Oxygen Deciency/ Enrichment Atmospheres Gas Detection Technologies Gas Sampling Section 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Gas Information Table Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 A Selection of Gases Typically Associated with Various Industries Section 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Approvals Hazardous Locations Classication CLASS I: Flammable Gases, Vapors or Liquids CLASS II: Combustible Dusts CLASS III: Ignitable Fibers & Flyings ATEX Explosive Atmospheres A Selection of Recognized Testing Laboratories System Installation Section 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Sensor Placement Guide Section 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Calibration Section 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Resources
Section 1
Gas Detection Terms & Abbreviations
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Section 2
Gas Monitoring Categories Combustible Atmospheres Toxic Atmospheres Oxygen Deciency Enrichment Atmospheres Gas Detection Technologies Gas Sampling
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Possible Source of Hazard Leaks, fugitive emissions, industrial process defects Presence of combustible gases/vapors due to leaks, industrial process defects Oil leaks into sewers or lakes, Acid gas emissions Possible fault or other process error
Explosive
Explosions
Environmental
Environmental safety
Environmental degradation
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Combustible Atmospheres
Combustible Atmospheres In order for a ame to exist, three conditions must be met. There must be: A source of fuel (e.g. methane or gasoline vapors). Enough oxygen (greater than 10-15%) to oxidize or burn the fuel. A source of heat (ignition) to start the process.
Examples of Heat and Ignition Sources Open ames such as those from lighters, burners, matches and welding torches are the most common sources of ignition. Radiation in the form of sunlight or coming from hot surfaces. Sparks from various sources such as the switching on or off of electric appliances, removing plugs, static electricity or switching relays.
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Combustible Atmospheres
Combustible Atmosphere Factors Vapor vs. Gas Though often used interchangeably, the terms vapor and gas are not identical. The term vapor is used to refer to a substance that, though present in the gaseous phase, generally exists as a liquid or solid at room temperature. When we say that a liquid or solid substance is burning, it is actually its vapors that burn. Gas refers to a substance that generally exists in the gaseous phase at room temperature.
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted when a solid or liquid is in equilibrium with its own vapor. It is directly related to temperature. An example of vapor pressure is the pressure developed by the vapor of a liquid in a partially-lled closed container. Depending on temperature, the vapor pressure will increase up to a certain threshold. When this threshold is reached, the space is considered to be saturated. The vapor pressure and boiling point of a chemical determine how much of it is likely to become airborne. Low vapor pressure means there are less molecules of the substance to ignite, so there is generally less of a hazard present. This also means that there are less molecules to sense, which may make detection more challenging and require higher-sensitivity instrumentation. With higher vapor pressure and a lower boiling point, there is a greater likelihood of evaporation. If containers of chemicals with such properties are left open, or if theyre allowed to spread over large surfaces, they are likely to cause greater hazards.
Flashpoint A ammable material will not give off an amount of gas or vapor sufcient to start a re until it is heated to its ashpoint. Flashpoint is dened as the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces sufcient vapor to produce a ame. If the temperature is below this point, the liquid will not produce enough vapor to ignite. If the ashpoint is reached and an external source of ignition such as a spark is provided, the material will catch re. The National Fire Protection Agencys NFPAs document NFPA-325M, Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solvents, lists the ashpoints of many common substances. See www.nfpa.org.
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Combustible Atmospheres Flash points are signicant because they give an indication of the degree of hazard presented by a ammable liquid. Generally, the lower the ash point, the easier it is for ammable fuel-air mixtures to form, and thus the greater hazard.
Autoignition Temperature If heated to a certain pointthe spontaneous ignition (or autoignition) temperaturemost ammable chemicals can spontaneously ignite under its own heat energy, without an external source of ignition.
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Combustible Atmospheres
Vapor Density Vapor density is the weight ratio of a volume of ammable vapor compared to an equal volume of air. Most ammable vapors are heavier than air so they gravitate toward the ground, settling in low areas. A gas or vapor with a vapor density greater than 1 may travel at low levels to nd a source of ignition (e.g. hexane, which has a 3.0 vapor density); a gas or vapor with a vapor density less than 1 will tend to rise (e.g. methane, which has a 0.6 vapor density). Vapor density is important to consider when determining optimum sensor placement because it helps predict where the gas or vapor is most likely to accumulate in a room or area. Explosive Limits To produce a ame, a sufcient amount of gas or vapor must exist. But too much gas can displace the oxygen in an area and fail to support combustion. Because of this, there are limits at both low-end and high-end gas concentrations where combustion can occur. These limits are known as the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). They are also referred to as the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) and the Upper Flammability Limit (UFL). To sustain combustion, the atmosphere must contain the correct mix of fuel and oxygen (air). The LEL indicates the lowest quantity of gas which must be present for combustion and the UEL indicates the maximum quantity of gas. The actual LEL level for different gases may vary widely and are measured as a percent by volume in air. Gas LELs and UELs can be found in NFPA 325. LELs are typically 1.4% to 5% by volume. As temperature increases, less energy is required to ignite a re and the percent gas by volume required to reach 100% LEL decreases, increasing the hazard. An environment containing enriched oxygen levels raises the UEL of a gas, as well as its rate and intensity of propagation. Since mixtures of multiple gases add complexity, their exact LEL must be determined by testing. Most combustible gas instruments measure in the LEL range and display gas readings as a percentage of the LEL. For example: a 50% LEL reading means the sampled gas mixture contains one-half of the amount of gas necessary to support combustion.
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Combustible Atmospheres
Gas Type Methane Hydrogen Propane Acetylene 100% LEL 5.0% gas by volume 4.0% gas by volume 2.1% gas by volume 2.5% gas by volume UEL 15.0% gas by volume 75.0% gas by volume 9.5% gas by volume 100% gas by volume
Any gas or vapor concentration that falls between these two limits is in the ammable (explosive) range. Different substances have different ammable range widths some are very wide and some are narrower. Those with a wider range are generally more hazardous since a larger amount of concentration levels can be ignited. Atmospheres in which the gas concentration level is below the LEL (insufcient fuel to ignite) are referred to as too lean to burn; those in which the gas level is above the UEL (insufcient oxygen to ignite) are too rich to burn.
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Toxic Atmospheres
Toxic Gas Monitoring A toxic gas is one which is capable of causing damage to living tissue, impairment of the central nervous system, severe illness orin extreme casesdeath, when ingested, inhaled or absorbed by the skin or eyes. The amounts required to produce these results vary widely with the nature of the substance and exposure time. Acute toxicity refers to exposure of short duration, such as a single brief exposure. Chronic toxicity refers to exposure of long duration, such as repeated or prolonged exposures. Toxic gas monitoring is important because some substances cant be seen or smelled and have no immediate effects. Thus the recognition of a gas hazard via a workers senses often comes too late, after concentrations have reached harmful levels. The toxic effects of gases range from generally harmless to highly toxic. Some are life-threatening at even short, low-level exposures, while others are hazardous only upon multiple exposures at higher concentrations. The degree of hazard that a substance poses to a worker depends upon several factors which include the gas concentration level and the duration of exposure. Exposure Limits The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) publishes an annually revised list of recommended exposure limits for common industrial compounds, titled TLVs and BEIs Based on the Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. (To order a copy, see www.acgih.org). ACGIH developed the concept of Threshold Limit Value (TLV), which is dened as the airborne concentration of a contaminant to which it is believed that almost all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, over a working lifetime without developing adverse effects. These values are based on a combination of industrial experience and human and animal research. Time Weighted Averages (TWAs) TLVs are generally formulated as 8-hour time-weighted averages. The averaging aspect enables excursions above the prescribed limit as long as they are offset by periods of exposure below the TLV.
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Toxic Atmospheres
Short-Term Exposure Limits (STELs) Short-term exposure limits are concentrations above the 8-hour average to which workers may be exposed for short periods of time without harmful effects. (If the concentration is high enough, even a one-time exposure can produce harmful health effects.) STELs are used to govern situations in which a worker is exposed to a high gas concentration, but only for a short period of time. They are dened as 15-minute time-weighted averages that are not to be exceeded even if the 8-hour TWA is below the TLV. Ceiling Concentrations For some toxic gases, a single exposure exceeding the TLV may be hazardous to worker health. In these cases, ceiling concentrations are used to indicate levels that are never to be exceeded. Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) PELs are enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Part 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Section 1910.1000 contains these standards, which are similar to ACGIH TLVs except that they are legally enforceable rather than simply recommendations. However, the most accurate PELs are listed in the associated Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) denes an IDLH exposure condition atmosphere as one that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment. Since IDLH values exist to ensure that a worker can escape from a hazardous environment in the event of failure of respiratory protection equipment, they are primarily used to determine appropriate respiratory selection in compliance with OSHA standards.
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Toxic Atmospheres
Web resources: ACGIH: http://www.acgih.org/TLV OSHA: http://www.osha.gov NIOSH: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html Gas detection systems are used to monitor toxic gases in primarily two types of monitoring applications: 1. Ambient air monitoring (includes leak monitoring) low-level gas detection for worker safety to reduce leakage of expensive compounds (e.g., refrigerants) 2. Process monitoring to monitor levels of compounds used in chemical synthesis processes (e.g., in the plastics, rubber, leather and food industries) from low ppm levels to high % by volume levels For toxic gas monitoring, electrochemical, metal oxide semiconductor (solid state), infrared and photoionization are the sensing technologies most commonly used.
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Oxygen Deciency/Enrichment
Oxygen Deciency Normal ambient air contains an oxygen concentration of 20.8% by volume. When the oxygen level dips below 19.5% of the total atmosphere, the area is considered oxygen decient. In oxygen-decient atmospheres, life-supporting oxygen may be displaced by other gases, such as carbon dioxide. This results in an atmosphere that can be dangerous or fatal when inhaled. Oxygen deciency may also be caused by rust, corrosion, fermentation or other forms of oxidation that consume oxygen. As materials decompose, oxygen is drawn from the atmosphere to fuel the oxidation process. The impact of oxygen deciency can be gradual or sudden, depending on the overall oxygen concentration and the concentration levels of other gases in the atmosphere. Typically, decreasing levels of atmospheric oxygen cause the following physiological symptoms: % Oxygen 19.5 - 16 16 - 12 Physiological Effect No visible effect. Increased breathing rate. Accelerated heartbeat. Impaired attention, thinking and coordination. Faulty judgment and poor muscular coordination. Muscular exertion causing rapid fatigue. Intermittent respiration. Nausea and vomiting. Inability to perform vigorous movement, or loss of the ability to move. Unconsciousness, followed by death. Difculty breathing. Convulsive movements. Death in minutes.
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10 6
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Oxygen Enrichment When the oxygen concentration rises above 20.8% by volume, the atmosphere is considered oxygen-enriched and is prone to becoming unstable. As a result of the higher oxygen level, the likelihood and severity of a ash re or explosion is signicantly increased.
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Catalytic bead Combustible gas Uses a catalytic bead to oxidize combustible gas; a Wheatstone Bridge converts the resulting change in resistance into a corresponding sensor signal.
A wire coil is coated with a catalyst-coated glass or ceramic material, and is electrically heated to a temperature that allows it to burn (catalyze) the gas being monitored, releasing heat and increasing the temperature of the wire. Description - As the temperature of the wire increases, so does its Detailed electrical resistance. This resistance is measured by a Wheatstone Bridge circuit and the resulting measurement is converted to an electrical signal used by gas detectors. A second sensor, the compensator, is used to compensate for temperature, pressure and humidity. Readings Pros % LEL Long life, less sensitive to temperature, humidity, condensation and pressure changes; high accuracy; fast response; monitors a wide range of combustible gases and vapors in air. Subject to sensor poisoning; requires air or oxygen; shortened life with frequent or continuous exposure to high LELs.
Cons
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Metal Oxide Semiconductor Combustible gas; Toxic gas Made of a metal oxide that changes resistance in response to the presence of a gas; this change is measured and translated into a concentration reading.
A semiconducting material (metal oxide) is applied to a nonconducting substance (substrate) between two electrodes. The substrate is heated to a temperature at which the presence of the gas can cause a reversible change in the conductivity of the semi-conducting material. When no gas is Description present, oxygen is ionized onto the surface and the sensor Detailed becomes semi-conductive; when molecules of the gas of interest are present, they replace the oxygen ions, decreasing the resistance between the electrodes. This change is measured electrically and is proportional to the concentration of the gas being measured. Readings Pros Cons PPM High sensitivity (detects low concentrations); wide operating temperature range; long life. Non-specic (cross-sensitive to other compounds); nonlinear output; sensitive to changes in humidity: subject to poisoning.
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Silicon Chip
Sensor Film
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Point Infrared Short Path Combustible gas [Also referred to as Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR)]; Absorptive IR uses a gas ability to absorb IR radiation. Two gas samples--the gas of interest, and an inert reference gas--are exposed to infrared light. The amount of light transmitted through each sample is compared to determine the concentration of the gas of interest.
Principle of Operation
Uses an electrically modulated source of infrared energy and two detectors that convert the infrared energy into electrical signals. Each detector is sensitive to a different range of wavelengths in the infrared portion of the spectrum. The source emission is directed through a window in the main enclosure into an open volume. A mirror may be used at the Description - end of this volume to direct the energy back through the Detailed window and onto the detectors. The presence of a combustible gas will reduce the intensity of the source emission reaching the analytical detector, but not the intensity of emission reaching the reference detector. The microprocessor monitors the ratio of these two signals and correlates this to a %LEL reading. Readings % LEL High accuracy and selectivity; large measurement range; low maintenance; highly resistant to chemical poisons; does not require oxygen or air; span drift potential virtually eliminated (no routine calibration required); fail-to-safe. Compared to open-path IR, provides exact gas level (but at point of detection only). Cons Not suitable for hydrogen detection.
Pros
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Open Path Infrared Combustible gas Operates similarly to point infrared detectors, except that the IR source is separated from the detector.
Open-path IR monitors expand the concepts of point IR detection to a gas sampling path of up to 100 meters. Like point IR monitors, they utilize a dual beam concept. The "sample" beam is in the infrared wavelength which absorbs hydrocarbons, while the second "reference" beam is outside this gas absorbing wavelength. The ratio of the two beams is Description continuously compared. When no gas is present, the signal Detailed ratio is constant; when a gas cloud crosses the beam, the sample signal is absorbed or reduced in proportion to the amount of gas present while the reference beam is not. System calculates the product of the average gas concentration and the gas cloud width, and readings are given in %LEL/meter. Readings % LEL per meter High accuracy and selectivity; large measurement range; low maintenance; highly resistant to chemical poisons; does not require oxygen or air; span drift potential virtually eliminated (no routine calibration required); fail-to-safe. Not suitable for hydrogen detection. Cons Compared with point IR detection, is not capable of isolating the leak source. Requires unobstructed path between source and detector.
Pros
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Photoacoustic Infrared Combustible gas; Toxic gas Uses a gases ability to absorb IR radiation and the resulting change in pressure.
The gas sample is exposed to infrared light; as it absorbs Description - light its molecules generate a pressure pulse. The magnitude Detailed of the pressure pulse indicates the gas concentration present. Readings Pros Cons % LEL, % by volume, PPM, PPB High sensitivity; linear output; easy to handle; not subject to poisoning; long-term stability. Not suitable for hydrogen detection.
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The gas molecules heat and cool as they absorb the infrared energy. The pressure changes as a result of the heating and cooling of the molecules measured by the detector. This pressure change is converted into a gas reading.
The gas is exhausted and a fresh sample enters the cell. This sampling process is continuously repeated.
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Electrochemical Toxic Gases Toxic gas Uses an electrochemical reaction to generate a current proportional to the gas concentration.
Sensor is a chamber containing a gel or electrolyte and two active electrodes--the measuring (sensing/working) electrode (anode) and the counter electrode (cathode). A third electrode (reference) is used to build up a constant Description - voltage between the anode and the cathode. The gas sample Detailed enters the casing through a membrane; oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction takes place at the cathode. When the positive ions ow to the cathode and the negative ions ow to the anode, a current proportional to the gas concentration is generated. Readings Pros Cons PPM readings for toxic gases High sensitivity; linear output; easy to handle. Limited shelf life; subject to interferents; sensor lifetime shortened in very dry and very hot environments.
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Electrochemical Oxygen Oxygen deciency/ enrichment Uses an electrochemical reaction to generate a current proportional to the gas concentration.
Sensor is a chamber containing a gel or electrolyte and two electrodes--the measuring (sensing/working) electrode and the (usually lead) counter/reference electrode. The gas Description - sample enters the casing through a membrane; oxidation Detailed occurs at the anode and reduction takes place at the cathode. When the positive ions ow to the cathode and the negative ions ow to the anode, a current proportional to the gas concentration is generated. Readings Pros Percent volume readings for oxygen High sensitivity; linear output; easy to handle; not subject to poisoning. Limited shelf life; subject to interferents; sensor life shortened in very dry and very hot environments, or in enriched O2 applications.
Cons
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Thermal Conductivity Combustible gas; Toxic gases Measures the gas sample's ability to transmit heat by comparing it with a reference gas (usually air).
Two sensors (detecting sensor and compensating sensor) are built into a Wheatstone Bridge. The detecting sensor is exposed to the gas of interest; the compensating sensor is enclosed in a sealed compartment lled with clean air. Description - Exposure to the gas sample causes the detecting sensor to Detailed cool, changing the electrical resistance. This change is proportional to the gas concentration. The compensating sensor is used to verify that the temperature change is caused by the gas of interest and not by ambient temperature or other factors. Readings Pros PPM; up to 100% by volume Wide measuring range. Non-specic (cross-sensitive to other compounds); does not work with gases with thermal conductivities (TCs) close to one (that of air, NH3, CO, NO, O2, N2); gases with TCs of less than one are more difcult to measure; output signal not always linear.
Cons
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A photoionization detector (PID) uses an ultraviolet lamp to ionize the compound of interest. Ions are collected on a Description getter, a current is produced and the concentration of Detailed the compound is displayed in parts per million on the instrument meter. Readings Pros Cons PPM, sub-ppm Fast response speed, very low level detection, detects a large number of substances. More expensive, increased maintenance, requires more frequent calibration, non-specic, sensitive to humidity.
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Gas Sampling
Gas Sampling There are three methods of gas sampling: Diffusion Sampling Pumped Sampling Aspirated Sampling Diffusion Sampling Diffusion is the natural movement of molecules away from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. The term diffusion denotes the process by which molecules or other particles intermingle as a result of their random thermal motion. Ambient conditions such as temperature, air currents and other characteristics affect diffusion.
Advantages: Most effective placement is at desired sampling point. Fast response because no sample transport is required. No pumps and/or lters to maintain.
Pumped Sampling Pumped sampling uses a pump to pull the sample from a remote location into or through the sensor. With pumped sampling, samples can be gathered simultaneously from two or more locations.
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Gas Sampling
Conditions Favoring Pumped Sampling: Sampling point is too hot/cold. Sampling point is difcult to access. Heavy vapor present that does not diffuse well by natural forces. An application can be converted from an explosionproof (XP) rating to a general purpose (GP) rating through pumped operation. (Flashback arrestors may be necessary between the sample port and the sensor.) Conned Spaces
Aspirated Sampling Aspirated sampling uses suction to draw the sample from a remote location into or through the sensor. Advantages of Aspirated Sampling Versus Pumped: Lower cost Reduced maintenance because there are no moving parts
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Gas Information Table
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Detection Technologies
Thermal Conductivity Photoacoustic IR Electrochemical Semiconductor
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Catalytic
Gas or Vapor 4.0 60 19.9 60 25 [C] 750 A 0.1 [C] 0.1 [C] 0.1 0.1 2 2 2 85 40 500 X X X X X X X X X 1,000 2,500 X X X X 12.8 16 100 8 31 31 8 17 2 2 2 A 20 500 200 2,000 X X X X X X X X X X 10 15 10 50 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 4.0 4.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.8 2.8 2.0 3.0 25 [C] 200 2,000 X X
Synonym
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT Flash LEL UEL OSHA NIOSH LVLV Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL IDLH 1* vol)1 1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4 (C) vol) 175 463 175 465 524 305 438 220 220 438 481
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at 1 20C) 1,4 (C) 21 118 21 56 82 -83 142 52 52 142 77 3 210 210 3 83 73 750 11 750
Acetaldehyde
Acetic aldehyde
C2H4O
Heavier
-38
Acetic Acid
C2H4O2
Heavier
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Aceticaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
C2H4O
Heavier
-38
Acetone
C3H6O
Heavier
-20
D e t e c t i o n
Acetonitrile
C2H3N
Heavier
Acetylene
C2H2
Lighter
Gas
Acroleic acid
Acrylic acid
C3H4O2
Heavier
50
Acrolein
Acrylaldehyde
C3H4O
Heavier
-26
Acrylaldehyde
Acrolein
C3H4O
Heavier
-26
Acrylic acid
Acroleic acid
C3H4O2
Heavier
50
Acrylonitrile
C2H3N
Heavier
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A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
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Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
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Catalytic
Gas or Vapor 18 0.5 X X X X X X X X 3 20 [C] 250 [Ca] 1,000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1 25 50 100 1,000 3 500 1,000 0.05 10 75 0.1 0.05 2.5 0.2 0.5 10 0.1 1 1,000 35 300 2 1 250 2 20 X X 11.1 28 7.5 78 7.1 9.6 n/a n/a 16 n/a
Synonym
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT Flash LEL UEL LV OSHA NIOSH LVPoint (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL IDLH (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4 378 392 651 360
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at (C)1 20C) 1,4 97 45 17 295 -33 400 @ 45C 149 -62 498 638 80 132 59 537 3.3 4 -58 >760 75 12 175 778 1,250
12,153 @ 25C
Allyl alcohol
2-propenyl
C3H6O
Heavier
21
2.5
Allyl Chloride
C3H5Cl
Heavier
-32
2.9
Ammonia
NH3
Lighter
Gas
15.0
Amyl acetate, n-
C7H14O2
Heavier
16
1.1
D e t e c t i o n
Arsine
AsH3
Heavier
Gas
5.1
Benzene
C6H6
Heavier
-11
1.3
C6H5Cl
Heavier
29
1.3
Bromine
Br2
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Bromochlorodi uoromethane
Halon 1211
CF2ClBr
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Bromomethane
Methylbromide
CH3Br
Heavier
n/a
10.0
Bromotriuoro methane
Halon 1301
CBrF3
Heavier
n/a
n/a
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
51
52 M S A
Detection Technologies
G a s
Combustible
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Gas or Vapor 11.5 8.5 11.2 300 200 200 100 200 1,700 1,500 1,400 150 1,700 200 3,000 X X X X X X X 150 2,000 X X X X X X X X X 9.8 11.4 7.6 9.8 9.9 11.2 6.9 50 20 2 200 200 150 200 100 20 100 1,400 X X X X X X X X X X X 800 X X X X X X X X X X X X 2 X (-) 1 2,000 X X X
Synonym
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT Flash LEL UEL OSHA NIOSH LVLV Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL IDLH (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4 420 287 343 405 404 420 267 343 253
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at (C)1 20C) 1,4 -4 -1 117 94 80 127 112 Gas
Butadienes
C4H10
Heavier
-76
2.0
Butane, n-
C4H10
Heavier
Gas
1.5
Butanol, n-
Butyl alcohol
C4H10O
Heavier
29
1.4
Butanol, sec-
Butyl alcohol
C4H10O
Heavier
24
1.7
D e t e c t i o n
Butanone, 2-
Methylethylketone
C4H8O
Heavier
-9
1.4
Butyl acetate, n-
C6H12O2
Heavier
22
1.3
C6H12O2
Heavier
17
1.7
C6H12O2
Heavier
22
1.5
Butyl acrylate, n-
C6H12O2
Heavier
29
1.5
C4H10
Heavier
29
1.4
Hexene, 1-
C6H12
Heavier
-26
1.2
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
M S A
G a s
Combustible
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Gas or Vapor 12.5 X X X X X X X X X 5 75 1,000 1,000 3,800 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 5,000 10 20 50 1,200 200 2 10 10 0 1 [C] 0.1 25 5 10 1 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.1 10 100 500 30,000 5,000 40,000 X X n/a 50 75 n/a n/a n/a n/a 9.6 15.4
Synonym
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT Flash LEL UEL LV OSHA NIOSH LVPoint (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL IDLH (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4 218 X 90 609 638 519
Butyraldehyde
Butylaldehyde: butanal
C4H8O
Heavier
-22
1.9
Carbon dioxide
CO2
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Carbon disulde
CS2
Heavier
-30
1.3
46 -192 77 8 -34
300
Carbon monoxide
CO
Slightly lighter
Gas
12.0
D e t e c t i o n
CCl4
Heavier
n/a
n/a
COCl2
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Chlorine
Cl2
Heavier
Gas
Chlorine dioxide
ClO2
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Chlorobenzene
Benzene chloride
C6H5Cl
Heavier
29
1.3
132 12
12
Chloroethane
Ethyl chloride
C2H5Cl
Heavier
-50
3.8
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
53
54 M S A
Detection Technologies
G a s
Combustible Autoignition Temp (C)* 632 X X X X X X 15 200 100 50 500 400 3,000 50 [C] 1,900 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 425 245 420 361 603 38-52 648 458 413 160
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Gas or Vapor n/a -50 0.9 500 1,300 700 1,800 X X X 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.8 0.8 50 50 [C] 0.1 2.2 5.4 6.2 15.9 36 400 1.9 10 11.4 100 9.2 25 98 0.1 6.9 50 50 8.7 600 9.4 25 50 8 100 300 6.5 50 50 X X X 17.4 50 100 100 2,000 X X X n/a 10 500 50 [C] X X
Synonym
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT LVLV Flash LEL UEL OSHA NIOSH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL IDLH (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at (C)1 20C) 1,4 62 -24 152 82 156 49 164 -93 224 @ 112C 180 57-59 84 35
100 @ 29C 442
Chloroform
Trichloromethane
CHCl3
Heavier
n/a
160
Chloromethane
Methyl chloride
CH3Cl
Heavier
Gas
Cumene
Isopropylenzene
C9H12
Heavier
33
3.2
Cyclohexane
C6H12
Heavier
-20
Cyclohexanone
C6H10O
Heavier
43
D e t e c t i o n
Cyclopetane
C5H10
Heavier
-37
Diacetone alcohol
Diacetone
C6H12O2
Heavier
58
Diborane
Boroethane
B2H6
Slightly heavier
-90
Dichlorobenzene, o-
C6H4Cl2
Heavier
66
1.2
C2H4Cl2
Heavier
-17
C2H4Cl2
Heavier
13
Diethyl ether
Ethyl ether
C4H10O
Heavier
-45
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
M S A
G a s
Combustible
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Gas or Vapor 6.4 200 5 5 10 5 10 15 10 10 500 500 10 300 X X X X X 5 200 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 15 25 X 200 X X X X 10.1 7.1 33.4 11.5 27 14.4 11.2 15.2 300 X X X
Synonym
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT OSHA NIOSH Flash LEL UEL LVLV IDLH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL 1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4 1* vol)1 vol) (C) 450 312 380 316 647 490 350 430 190 445
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at 1 20C) 1,4 (C) 103 56 181 84 -52 165 -24 7 36 153 1, 4
1500 @ 25C
Diethyl ketone
DEK
C5H10O
Heavier
12
1.6
Diethylamine
Diethamine
C4H11N
Heavier
-28
1.8
194 0.75 60
11,377 @ 21C
Diethylbenzene
Dowtherm J
C10H14
Heavier
55
Diisopropylamine
C6H15N
Heavier
-6
0.8
D e t e c t i o n
Diuoromethane HFC-32
CH2F2
Heavier
n/a
12.7
Dimethyl acetamide
C4H9NO
Heavier
70
1.8
Dimethyl ether
DME
C2H6O
Heavier
Gas
3.4
Dimethylamine
DMA
C2H7N
Heavier
Gas
2.8
Dimethylethylamine
C2H11N
Heavier
-45
0.9
Dimethylformamide DMF
C3H7NO
Heavier
57
2.2
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
55
56 M S A
Detection Technologies
G a s
Combustible Autoignition Temp (C)* 215 180 X 380 X X X X 500 2,000 300 [Ca] 1,000 125 100 3,300 800 X X 25 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 411 472 490 235 427 372 363 432
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT LVLV Flash LEL UEL OSHA NIOSH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL IDLH (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at (C)1 20C) 1,4 189 101 181 116 -89 -104 135 77 100 78 136 7
31
Dimethylsulfoxide
C2H6SO
94
2.6
Dioxane
Diethylene dioxide
C4H8O2
Heavier
12
2.0
29 0.75 13
Dowtherm J
Diethylbenzene
C10H14
Heavier
55
Epichlorohydrin
C3H5OCl
Heavier
31
3.8
D e t e c t i o n
C2H6
Slightly heavier
Gas
3.0
Ethene
Ethylene
C2H4
Slightly lighter
Gas
2.7
Ethoxyethanol, 2- Cellosolve
C4H10O2
Heavier
43
1.7
Ethyl acetate
C4H8O2
Heavier
-4
2.0
Ethyl acrylate
C5H8O2
Heavier
1.4
Ethyl alcohol
Ethanol
C2H6O
Heavier
12
3.3
Ethylbenzene
C8H10
Heavier
21
1.0
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
M S A
G a s
Combustible
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Gas or Vapor 15.4 100 400 A 10 1 100 1 2 300 500 2 0.1 5 100 1
100 mg/m3
Synonym X X X X X X X X X X X X 25 100 [Ca] X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 500 400 50 800 [Ca] X 3,000 50 [Ca] A 1,900 1,000 3,800 X X
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT OSHA NIOSH Flash LEL UEL LVLV IDLH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL 1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4 1* vol)1 vol) (C) 519 160 490 413 398 429 458 429 316
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at 1 20C) 1,4 (C) 12 35 -104 84 197 11 57-59 -188 162 2 1,095 100 @ 29C 442
Ethyl chloride 36 3.6 15.9 15.3 100 11.4 n/a 19.3 7.6
Chloroethane
C2H5Cl
Heavier
-50
3.8
Ethyl ether
Diethyl ether
C4H10O
Heavier
-45
1.9
Ethylene
Ethene
C2H4
Slightly lighter
Gas
2.7
Ethylene dichloride
1,2 dichloroethylene
C2H4Cl2
Heavier
13
6.2
D e t e c t i o n
Ethylene glycol
C2H6O2
Heavier
111
3.2
Ethylene oxide
EtO
C2H4O
Heavier
-20
3.0
Ethylidene dichloride
Dichloroethane, 1, 1-
C2H3Cl2
Heavier
-17
5.4
Fluorine
F2
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Furfural
Furfurol
C5H4O2
Heavier
60
2.1
Gasoline
Heptane, Hexane
-42
1.4
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
57
58 M S A
Detection Technologies
G a s
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT LVLV Flash LEL UEL OSHA NIOSH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL IDLH (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at (C)1 20C) 1,4 -3.3 -58 204 423 253 98 6 -30 -30 128 63 308 @ 38C 778 12,153 @ 25C 1,293 4,800 4,800
Halon 1211
Bromochlorodiuoromethane
CF2ClBr
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Halon 1301
Bromotriuoromethane
CBrF3
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Heptane, n-
C7H16
Heavier
-4
1.1
D e t e c t i o n
C4F6
Heavier
Hexauoropropene
C3F6
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Hesauoropropylene
Hexauoropropene
C3F6
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Hexanone, 2-
C6H12O
Heavier
25
1.2
Hexene, 1-
C6H12
Heavier
-26
1.2
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
M S A
G a s
Combustible
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Synonym 3 30 X X X X X X X X X X X X
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT OSHA NIOSH Flash LEL UEL LVLV IDLH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL 1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4 1* vol)1 vol) (C) 245 647 n/a 405
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at 1 20C) 1,4 (C) 67 -52 36 61 74 310 @ 38C 11,377 @ 21C 500 @ 22C 202 @ 25C
Hexane, 2-
C6H12
Heavier
<-7
HFC - 32
Diuoromethane
CH2F2
n/a
12.7
HFE 347E
C4F7OH3
Heavier
n/a
D e t e c t i o n
Heavier
HBr
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Hydrogen
H2
Lighter
Gas
4.0
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrobromic acid
HBr
Heavier
n/a
n/a
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
59
60 M S A
Detection Technologies
G a s
Combustible Autoignition Temp (C)* X 540 X X X 1,300 X X 5 [C] 25 200 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 460 220 X X X X 260 350 460 421
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Synonym 5 [C] 4.7 [C] 3 [C] 15 150 100 20 [C] 3 10 X 10 50 150 5 [C]
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT LVLV Flash LEL UEL OSHA NIOSH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL IDLH (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at (C)1 20C) 1,4 -85 26 20 -60 132 -12 118 >160 215 34 2.3 <1 400 @ 15C 760 14,060 Gas
HCl
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Hydrogen cyanide
HCN
Lighter
-18
5.6
Hydrogen uoride
HF
Lighter
n/a
n/a
Hydrogen sulde
H2S
Heavier
Gas
4.3
D e t e c t i o n
C5H12O
Heavier
43
1.2
Isobutane
C4H10
Heavier
Gas
1.8
Isobutyl acetate
C6H12O2
Heavier
17
1.3
Isopar G
Isoparafnic hydrocarbon
Heavier
38
1.2
Isophorone
C9H14O
Heavier
84
0.8
Isoprene
C5H8
Heavier
-54
2.0
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
M S A
G a s
Combustible
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Gas or Vapor 12.7 400 250 400 50 250 A 200 5 200 250 250 200 25 200 A A 6,000 200 3,100 X X 310 500 1,400 50 900 X X X X X X X X X 500 X 400 2,000 X X X X X X X X X 310 250 X 1,800 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8 12.7 6.5 7.9 5 15 36 14 16 500 X 400 2,000 X X
Synonym
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT OSHA NIOSH Flash LEL UEL LVLV IDLH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4 399 460 399 425 443 210 537 464 285 454
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at (C)1 20C) 1,4 83 90 83 152 69 151301 -162 64 124 60 3.2
Isopropanol
Isoropyl alcohol
C3H8O
Heavier
11
2.0
Isopropyl acetate
C5H10O2
Heavier
1.8
C3H8O
Heavier
11
2.0
Isopropyl benzene
Cumene
C9H12
Heavier
33
0.9
D e t e c t i o n
Isopropyl ether
Diisopropyl ether
C6H14O
Heavier
-28
1.4
Heavier
37-72
0.7
Methane
CH4
Lighter
Gas
5.0
Methanol
Methyl alcohol
CH4O
Heavier
11
6.0
C3H8O2
Heavier
39
1.8
Methyl acetate
C3H6O2
Heavier
-10
3.1
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
61
62 M S A
Detection Technologies
G a s
Combustible Autoignition Temp (C)* 464 537 X 423 X X X 700 3,000 X X X X X 23 100 150 100 4,500 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 456 285 632 500 404
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Synonym 200 6,000 X X X X X X 1 5 10 100 450 350 200 300 100 25 1,600 5 50 350 200 100 20 [C] 250 [Ca] 250 200 X X
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT LVLV Flash LEL UEL OSHA NIOSH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL IDLH (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at (C)1 20C) 1,4 64 4 128 124 -24 74 80 -78 32 28,577 @ 21.1C 476
Methyl alcohol
Methanol
CH4O
Heavier
11
6.0
Methyl bromide
Bromomethane
CH3Br
Heavier
n/a
10.0
Hexanone, 2-
C6H12O
Heavier
25
1.2
D e t e c t i o n
C3H8O2
Heavier
39
1.8
Chloromethane
CH3Cl
Heavier
-50
8.1
C2H3Cl3
Heavier
Butanone, 2
C4H8O
Heavier
-9
1.4
Methyl uoride
CH3F
Heavier
Methylformate
C2H4O2
Heavier
-19
5.0
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
M S A
G a s
Combustible
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Synonym 2 50 25 50 50 5 50 10 5 15 25 75 10 15 10 100 2300 [Ca] 1,000 100 100 1,000 75 100 X X X X X X 40 X 25 400 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 100 X X X X X X X X X X X X 5 100 [Ca] X X
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT OSHA NIOSH Flash LEL UEL LVLV IDLH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4
Methyl iodide
CH3I
Heavier
n/a
n/a
C7H14O
Heavier
36
1.0
146
Methylamyl alcohol
C6H14O
Heavier
48
1.0
C6H12O
18
1.2
16
29
D e t e c t i o n
C5H8O2
Heavier
10
1.7
Methylamine
Monomethylamine
CH5N
Slightly heavier
Gas
4.9
Methylene chloride
Dichloromethane
CH2Cl2
Heavier
13.0
Mono chlorobenzene
(Benezene chloride)
C6H5Cl
Heavier
29
1.3
Monomethlamine Methylamine
CH5N
Slightly heavier
Gas
4.9
2,622 @ 25C
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
63
64 M S A
Detection Technologies
G a s
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Gas or Vapor 6 1,000 250 100 X X X X X 1,000 100 [Ca] X X X X X X X 200 20 1,000 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 5.9 n/a n/a
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT LVLV Flash LEL UEL OSHA NIOSH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL IDLH (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4
Naphtha
Coal Tar
Heavier
-2
0.9
Napthalene
C10H8
Heavier
79
0.9
526
Nitric oxide
NO
Same
n/a
n/a
Nitrobenzene
C6H5NO2
Heavier
87
1.8
D e t e c t i o n
NO2
Heavier
Gas
Nitrogen triuoride
NF3
n/a
Nitropropane, 1-
C3H7NO2
Heavier
36
2.2
421 428
13 13
Nitropropane, 2-
C3H7NO2
Heavier
24
2.2
120132 120132
Nitrous oxide
N2O
Heavier
n/a
Octauorocyclobutane Octauorocyclopropene
C4F8
Heavier
-6
2,052 @ 21.1C
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
M S A
G a s
Combustible
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Synonym X X X X X X n/a 0.1 0.3 2,500 0.5 1 0 1,000 2 98 9.5 18 0 2 50 2,100 20 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X n/a n/a 1,000 100 150 [Ca] 1,500 100 n/a 500 1,000 X X
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT OSHA NIOSH Flash LEL UEL LVLV IDLH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4 206
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at (C)1 20C) 1,4 126 -183 260 36 121 >58 13
-
CH8H18
Heavier
13
1.0
Oxygen
O2
Same
Gas
Pentane
C5H12
Heavier
<-40
1.5
Perchloroethlyene
Tetrachloroethylene
C2Cl4
Heavier
n/a
n/a
D e t e c t i o n
Peruorohexane
n/a
Phosgene
Carbony chloride
COCl2
Heavier
n/a
n/a
38 450 378
8 -88 -42 97
568 @ 0C >760
Phosphine
PH3
Heavier
Gas
1.6
Propane
C3H8
Heavier
Gas
2.1
Propanol, 2-
Allyl alcohol
C3H6O
Heavier
21
2.5
17
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
65
66 M S A
Detection Technologies
G a s
Combustible Autoignition Temp (C)* 371 450 X X X X X X X X X X X 371 X 455 557 465
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Gas or Vapor 13.7 800 1,700 800 400 [Ca] X X X X X X X 8 13.7 11.7
14.5
Synonym 200 250 250 250 A 110 100 400 [Ca] 75 200 200 X X 200 200 A 75 2 200 X X
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT LVLV Flash LEL UEL OSHA NIOSH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL IDLH (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at (C)1 20C) 1,4 97 102 97 -47 96 34 40 442
Propanol, n-
Propyl alcohol, n-
C3H8O
Heavier
23
2.2
Propyl acetate, n-
C5H10O2
Heavier
13
1.7
C3H8O
Heavier
23
2.2
Propylene
C3H6
Heavier
Gas
2.0
D e t e c t i o n
Propylene dichloride
C3H6Cl2 37
Heavier
16
3.2
Propylene oxide
C3H6O
Heavier
-37
2.1
Silane
SiH4
Heavier
1.4
Stoddard solvent
Heavier
21
0.9
149204 145
5
Styrene
C8H8
Heavier
31
1.1
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
M S A
G a s
Combustible
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Synonym 5 X X X X X X X 700 10 100 100 [Ca] 1,000 [Ca] 100 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1,000 100 150 [Ca] 10 200 200 350 500 2,000 200 100 10 5 100 X
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT OSHA NIOSH Flash LEL UEL LVLV IDLH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at (C)1 20C) 1,4 -10
Sulfur dioxide n/a n/a n/a 60 11.8 200 50 350 10 50 450 7.1 16.0 15.5 10.5 250
SO2
Heavier
Gas
n/a
Sulfur hexauoride
SF6
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Tetrachloroethylene Perchloroethylene
C2Cl4
Heavier
n/a
n/a
13 91
CCl4
Heavier
n/a
n/a
D e t e c t i o n
Tetrauoroethylene
C2F4
Heavier
<0
11.0
Tetrahydrofuran
C4H8O
Heavier
-14
2.0
145
22 100
Toluene
C7H8
Heavier
1/2
C2H3Cl3
Heavier
C2H3Cl3
Heavier
6.0
19 58
Trichloroethylene
C2HCl3
Heavier
8.0
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
67
68 M S A
Detection Technologies
G a s
Combustible Autoignition Temp (C)* X X X X X X Ca 100 900 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 249 220 402 472 385 570
Thermal Conductivity
Absorptive IR
Photoacoustic IR
Electrochemical
Semiconductor
Catalytic
Chemical Formula
ACGIHT ACGIHT LVLV Flash LEL UEL OSHA NIOSH Point (% by (% by TWA -STEL PEL IDLH (C)1* vol)1 vol)1 (PPM)2 (PPM)2 (PPM)3 (PPM)4
Vapor Boil- Pressure ing (mm Point Hg at (C)1 20C) 1,4 62 89 149 73 -14 -72 32 463-528 137144 88 2,524 25.2 atm 400 @ 15C 160
54
Trichloromethane Chloroform
CHCl3
Heavier
n/a
n/a
Triethylamine
C6H15N
Heavier
-9
1.2
Turpentine
C10H16
35
0.8
D e t e c t i o n
Vinyl acetate
C4H6O2
Heavier
-6
2.6
C2H3Cl
Heavier
-78
3.6
Vinyl uoride
C2H3F
Heavier
Gas
2.6
Vinylidene chloride
C2H2Cl2
Heavier
-18
7.3
Xylenes
C8H10
Heavier
27-30
1.1
H a n d b o o k
A = Asphyxiant
Ca = Carcinogen
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
obtained from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th ed., 2002, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, 1995, and material safety data sheets.
2
Data obtained from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) 2002 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs), and material safety data sheets. The PELs are the maximum 8-hour time weighted average concentrations to which a worker may be exposed, per 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1; [C] denotes a ceiling limit, the maximum concentration to which a worker may be exposed. They are to be determined from breathing-zone air samples. Data obtained from National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations, 1995, and material safety data sheets. Data obtained from U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1 Limits for Air Contaminants, and material safety data sheets. ^ See 29 CFR 1910.1028 for specic circumstantial exceptions. + Density of gas at 1 atmosphere. * Gas indicates substance is a gas at normal ambient temperature.
69
Section 4
A Selection of Gases Typically Associated with Various Industries
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Heat treating
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Toluene VOCs
X X
X X
X X
72
Launch pads X X X X
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Forklift operation
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfar Dioxide VOCs X X X X X X X X X X X
X X
X X
X X X X X
Fumigation
Industry Chillers
X X
Soil fertilization
Poultry houses
73
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X
X X X
X X X
74
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X X
X X X X
75
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X
76
Textiles
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry Rubber
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfar Dioxide VOCs
X X
X X X X X X X X X
Solvent recovery X
Storage warehouses
X X X X X X X
X X
X X X X X X X X X
77
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfar Dioxide VOCs
78
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs X X X X X X X X X X X
Grain processing
Industry
X X X
X X
X X X
X X X
79
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X
80
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs X X X X X
X X
81
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs X
Conned space
Industry
Coremaking
X X X
X X
X X
X X X X X X X X
82
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
HazMat applications
Industry
X X
X X X X
X X X
X X
X X X X
Underground construciton X X
83
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Heat-transfer uids
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X
84
Metal-plating X X
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X
X X
Degreasers X X
Industry
Paint booths
85
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X X X X
X X X
X X
Ventilation ducts
Industry
X X X X
X X
X X
X X X
86
Mechanical rooms
X X
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X
87
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Coking operations
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X X
X X
Conned space
Industry
X X
Welding
X X X X
X X X
X X
X X X X X
88
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Parking garages
Industry
MRI
X X
89
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Conned space
Mining process
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X
X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
90
Diesel exhaust
Metal mining
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Petroleum rening
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X
Reneries
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X X
91
92
Chlorine Ethylene Ammonia Ethylene oxide Carbon dioxide Industry Chlorine dioxide Carbon monoxide Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen chloride Combustible Gases X X
Rening process, general leak detection, treatment processes, crude separation, drilling rigs
M S A
VOCs X
Conned space (tank cleaning operations, enclosed bldgs or structures) Natural gas lines
Phosphine
Nitric oxide
Refrigerants
Nitrogen dioxide
Hydrogen sulde
G a s
O2 deciency/enrichment
D e t e c t i o n
X X X X X
H a n d b o o k
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs X X X X X X
93
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X
94
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs X X X X X
Utilities X X X
95
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Transformer insulation
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexauoride VOCs
X X X
X X
Conned space
Fuel storage
X X X X X
X X
X X X X X X
X X X
96
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Arsine Bromine Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Diborane Germane Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Silane VOCs
X X
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
Chiller plant
97
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Waste treatment
LNG transport
Industry
Engine room
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X
X X
X X
X X X X X
98
Ferry boats
Chillers
X X
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Conned space
Industry
General processes
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X X
Pump stations
Sewer work
99
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X X X
100
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Industry
Combustible Gases Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Ethylene Ethylene oxide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulde Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide O2 deciency/enrichment Phosphine Refrigerants Sulfur dioxide VOCs
X X X
101
Section 5
Hazardous Locations Classication
Class I: Flammable Gasses, Vapors or Liquids Class II: Combustible Dusts Class III Ignitable Fibers & Flyings
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
104
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
105
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
No Protection
No Protection
Sprayed Water
Splashed Water
Dust-Protected
Water Jets
Dust-Tight
Heavy Seas
7
Example: IP65 equipment is dust-tight and protected against water jets
Effects of Immersion
Indenite Immersion
106
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Enclosure Ratings NEMA, UL, & Approximate CSA Type Rating IEC/IP classication 1 2 3 3R 4 IP30 IP31 IP64 IP32 IP66 Abbreviated protection description
Indoor, from contact with contents Indoor, limited, from dirt & water Outdoor, from rain, sleet, windblown dust & ice damage Outdoor, from rain, sleet & ice damage Indoor & outdoor, from windblown dust, rain, splashing & hose directed water & ice damage Indoor & outdoor, from corrosion, windblown dust, rain, splashing & hose directed water & ice damage Indoor & outdoor, from hose-directed water, water entry during submersion & ice damage Indoor, from dust, falling dirt & dripping non-corrosive liquids Indoor, from dust, spraying water, oil & non-corrosive liquids
4X
IP66
IP67
12
IP55
13
IP65
107
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
108
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Division 1 and 2 T1 (450C) T2 (300C) T2A, T2B,T2C,T2D (280C, 260C, 230C, 215C) T3 (200C) T3A, T3B, T3C (180C, 165C, 160C) T4 (135C) T4A (120C) T5 (100C) T6 (85C)
109
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Class I, Division 1 and 2 Protection Methods Applicable Certication Documents Area Protection Methods Explosionproof Div. 1 Intrinsic safety (2 fault) Purged/pressurized (Type X or Y) Hermetically sealed Nonincendive Non-Sparking Div. 2 Purged/Pressurized (Type Z) Any Class I, Div. 1 method Any Class I, Zone 0, 1 or 2 method USA UL 1203 UL 913 NFPA 496 UL 1604 UL 1604 UL 1604 NFPA 496 UL 2279 Canada CSA-30 CSA-157 NFPA 496 CSA-213 CSA-213 CSA-213 NFPA 496 CSA-E79 Series
110
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
USA
UL 60079-11 Pending
Canada
E60079-11 No
IECEx Scheme
IEC 60079-11 IEC 60079-26
Europe
EN 60079-11 EN 60079-26
Zone 0
Encapsulation, m Flameproof, d Increased safety, e Intrinsic safety, ib (1 fault) Oil immersion, o
UL 60079-18 UL 60079-1 UL 60079-7 UL 60079-11 UL 60079-6 UL 60079-5 ISA 12.04.01 Yes Yes
IEC 60079-18 IEC 60079-1 IEC 60079-7 IEC 60079-11 IEC 60079-6 IEC 60079-5 IEC 60079-2 Yes No
Zone 1
Non-sparking, 'nA' Enclosed break, 'nC' Energy limited, 'nL' Restricted breathing, 'nR' Pressurization, 'pz' Any Class I, Zone 0 or 1 method Any Class I, Div. 1 or 2 method
IEC 60079-15 IEC 60079-15 IEC 60079-15 IEC 60079-15 IEC 60079-2 Yes No
Note: 60079-0 General requirements used in conjunction with 60079-xx. UL 60079-xx equivalents are available as ANSI/ISA 60079-xx. Note 2: UL 60079-xx equivalents are available as ANSI/ISA 60079-xx. Note 3: Requirements subject to change without notice. Check your local authorithy having jurisdiction for current requirements. * See NFPA 496 for Type X, Y, and Z.
Zone 2
111
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
112
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Class II, Division 1 and 2 Protection Methods Applicable Certication Documents Area Protection Methods Dust-ignitionproof Div. 1 Intrinsic safety Pressurized Dusttight Hermetically sealed Div. 2 Nonincendive Pressurized Any class II, Div. 1 method USA UL 1203 UL 913 NFPA 496 Canada CSA-25 or CSA-E1241-1-1 CSA-157 NFPA 496
113
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Class I, Zone 0, 1 & 2 (USA) This marking would include: For Zone Listings based on 60079-xx Class, Zone, AEx, Protection Method(s), Gas Group, Temperature Code Example: Class I, Zone 1, AEx de IIB T4
Class I, Zone 0, 1 & 2 (Canada) This marking would include: For Zone Listings based on Canadian Zone Certication Documents Class, Zone, Ex, Protection Method(s), Gas Group, Temperature Code Example:Class I, Zone 1, Ex de IIB T4
Zone 0, 1 & 2 (IECEx Scheme) This marking would include: Ex, Protection Method(s), Gas Group, Temperature Code Example: Ex de IIB T4 Zone 0, 1 & 2 (Europe) This marking would include: EEx, Protection Method(s), Gas Group, Temperature Code Example: Ex de IIB T4 ATEX Directive (Europe) In addition to the European Ex marking string noted above, this marking would include: Non-mining: CE, Notied Body (NB) Identier, , Equipment Group & Category, G (gas)/D (dust) Example: (for DEMKO): 0539 II 2 Mining: CE, Notied Body (NB) Identier, , Equipment Group & Category Example: (for DEMKO): 0539 I2
114
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Class III Temperature Codes Division 1 and 2 None Note: Article 503 of the NEC limits the maximum temperature for Class III equipment to 165C for equipment not subject to overloading and to 120C for equipment that may be overloaded.
115
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Class III, Division 1 and 2 Protection Methods Applicable Certication Documents Area Protection Methods Dusttight Div. 1 Hermetically sealed Intrinsic safety Nonincendive Div. 2 Any Class III, Div. 1 method USA UL 1604 UL 1604 UL 913 UL 1604 Canada CSA--157 CSA-157
116
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
117
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
118
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
CE Approval CE is a labeling system required by some European countries to identify those products which are permitted to be sold in EU (European Union) member states. CE approval is used to verify compliance with certain European health and safety rules known as Directives. The Directives relevant to permanent gas detection instrumentation are the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive, Low Voltage Directive and ATEX Directive.
EMC Directive The Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive 89/336/EEC is designed to limit the effects that one piece of equipment may have on another piece of equipment due to the electrical interference it produces. The effects of such interference can be severe enough to cause a device to shut down when another one is switched on. Electrical signals called EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) are the main cause of these effects. Most of the interference is in the form of radio waves (electromagnetic radiation, also called emissions) that are produced inside electrical equipment as a result of high speed communications involving the switching of high speed currents. The EMC Directive requires that equipment emissions be minimized and that the device be rendered immune to the emissions of other equipment. This is accomplished by designing the unit to meet the requirements set forth in European standard EN 50270, which sets limits on the amount of emissions permitted and susceptibility levels (immunity) for equipment. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), another form of electrical interference that can disrupt equipment functions, is also addressed in EN 50270.
Low Voltage Directive The Low Voltage Directive (LVD) is a European personal safety Directive that is comparable to a US/Canadian re/shock and safety approval. It applies to AC line powered devices and high voltage DC equipment. Specically, the Directive applies to any equipment powered from a 50 VAC or 75 VDC or higher power source. The standard used for designing to compliance is EN/IEC 61010.
119
M S A
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
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Avoid the hazard Use non-ammable materials, or Contain the ammable materials in order to avoid the formation of an explosive atmosphere
Control the risk If an explosive atmosphere cannot be avoided, even under abnormal conditions: Prevent ignition of the explosive atmosphere, or Control the effects of explosions to avoid damage to people and property
CONTROLLING EXPLOSIONS Use a protective system to: Contain Isolate Suppress actively Suppress passively Relieve (vent) the explosion
PREVENT IGNITION Identify potential ignition sources Electric arcs Electric sparks Flames Hot surfaces Friction Compression ignition Static Electricity Electromagnetic radiation Ionizing radiation Acoustic energy
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A
PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS Explosion suppression systems
B
PROTECT IGNITION SOURCES
Explosionproof equipment
Category of protection (EU Directive 94/9/EC ATEX) Mining equipment Group I Category M1 Very high level of protection. Equipment can be operated in presence of explosive atmosphere Category M2 High level of protection. Equipment to be de-energized in presence of explosive atmosphere Non-mining equipment Group II Category 1 Very high level of protection. Used where explosive atmosphere is present continuously or for long periods of time (Zone 0, 20)* Category 2 High level of protection. Used where explosive atmosphere is likely to occur in normal service (Zone 1, 21)* Category 3 Normal level of protection. Used where explosive atmosphere is unlikely to occur and would be infrequent and for short time (Zone 2,22)* * EN 1127-1:1997. Clause 6.3
Flame arresters
Inerting
C
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C
Methods Of Protection: Standards
Electrical equipment for ses, vapors and mists (G)
Category M1 M2 1 2 3
Code Cenelec EN IEC General requirements Oil immersion Pressurized Powder lled Flameproof enclosure Increased safety Intrinsic safety Intrinsic safety Encapsulated Type of protection n Category I G Category MI Construction and testing Non-electrical equipment General requirements Restrictive breathing enclosure Flameproof enclosure Inherent safety Constructional safety Control of ignition sources
*Standards in preparation
50014 o p q d e ia ib m n 50015 50016 50017 50018 50019 50020 50020 50028 50021 50284* 50303*
79-0 79-6 79-2 79-5 79-1 79-7 79-11 79-11 79-18 79-15 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Electrical equipment for ammable dusts (D) 50281-1-1 CEN EN xxxx Pt 1* xxxx Pt 2* xxxx Pt 3* xxxx Pt 4* xxxx Pt 5* xxxx Pt 6* + + +
E
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Equipment Marking
(EU Directive 94/9/EC) CE II I G CE Marking EU Explosive Atmosphere Symbol Equipment Category MI energized* M2 de-energized*
* In presence of explosive atmosphere
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CENELEC/IEC Ex d IIB
T6
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Conformity with European Standard. IEC marking omits this character Temperature Class (Group II) Referred to ambient of 20C to +40C unless indicated as above Equipment Group I mining T Class
Type of explosive Atmosphere (Group II) G Gas vapor mist Zone D Dust
Zone 20 21 22
Note for reference only, ATEX now supercedes Cenelec ATEX Explosive Atmospheres
H a n d b o o k
Gas Group I Methane (redamp) Mining Only IIA Propane Typical gases IIB Ethylene classied according IIC Hydrogen to ignitability of II No ignitability gas/air mixture classication T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
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North America CSA ENT ETL FMGT MET MSHA UL Canadian Standards Association Entela, Inc. ETL SEMKO, Intertek Testing Service FM Global Technologies LLC MET Laboratories, Inc. Mine Safety and Health Administration Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Australia TestSafe TestSafe Australia Safety Engineering, Testing and Certication Services Brazil CEPEL Centro De Pesquisas De Enrgia Electrica France INERIS Institut National De L'Environnemant Industriel Et Des Germany DMT TUV KEMA Deutsche Montan Technologie GmbH TUV Product Services GmbH KEMA Registered Quality, Inc. Russia GOSSTAND ART Gosstandart of Russia
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Approvals
System Installation Permanent gas detection systems can be used in both hazardous and nonhazardous rated locations. In North America, if a monitoring system is located in a hazardous area then it must carry the appropriate approvals for that area, (Class, Division and Group). (See Hazardous Location Classication earlier in this section for descriptions of hazardous area classications.) Most hazardous area monitoring applications require Class 1, Division 1 approval, which means that ignitable atmospheres are likely to be present, and thus protection from ignition sources is required to reduce the possibility of an explosion. The three protection methods approved for electrical equipment in this type of area are explosionproof, intrinsically safe and purged/pressurized.
I. Explosionproof The device prevents an explosion in a hazardous location by containing any combustion within the device, and thereby preventing it from spreading into the atmosphere surrounding the enclosure. (Note: wires connected to explosionproof classied devices must be contained in an explosionproof classied conduit.)
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Approvals
Instead of having both the sensor and the controller rated explosionproof (XP), explosionproof sensor housings are sometimes used with general purpose (GP) controllers that are located in non-hazardous locations. Widely used in US More costly to install and maintain Requires conduit and seals Non-intrusive calibration enhances installation If atmosphere ignites, it remains inside enclosure
II. Intrinsically Safe The device prevents explosions in hazardous locations through an electrical design in which the possibility of ignition is eliminated. To achieve this, protective components are often added in series with energy storage devices. The protective components eliminate the risk of ignition from sparks or an increased component surface temperature. In this situation, an intrinsically safe sensor assembly is located in the hazardous area and an intrinsically safe barrier is installed in the nonhazardous area to reduce the chance of an electrical spark reaching the hazardous area. If multiple sensors are required, then multiple barriers are used.
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Eliminates explosion proof conduit for electrical safety Requires electrical barriers to limit energy to sensor Both heat and electrical energy are kept below ignition thresholds
III. Purged/ Pressurized Purged/ pressurized equipment cabinets containing spark-producing devices exclude ammable atmospheres. This is done by using compressed air or an inert gas such as nitrogen to pressurize the cabinets interior. The unit is also designed to turn off the spark-producing device and trigger an alarm in the event of a pressurization failure. NFPA-496 contains specic design requirements for purged/ pressurized equipment. There are three types of purging: Type X purging reduces the classication within an enclosure from Division 1 to nonhazardous Type Y purging reduces the classication within an enclosure from Division 1 to Division 2 Type Z purging reduces the classication within an enclosure from Division 2 to nonhazardous When a purged/pressurized system is used, the unit is located in the hazardous area. Purging/ pressurization works in one of two ways: by either preventing outside atmospheres from entering the enclosed unit, or by removing ammable gases from the enclosure by ushing it with inert gas and maintaining internal pressure on the unit.
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IV. Flameproof With the ameproof method of protection, the sample is pumped from the hazardous area to the GP sensor, which is located in the non-hazardous area. Flashback arrestors are installed at the hazardous area barrier to reduce the chance of an ignition source entering the hazardous area.
For each of the preceding circumstances, the detection system components should have a label similar to those shown below, indicating that they have received the approvals appropriate to the environment in which they are to be installed.
NOTE: When installing a gas detection system, always follow National Electric Code (NEC) installation requirements and check the manufacturers guidelines for calibration.
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Explosion protected
G a s D e t e c t i o n
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Temperature classication
M S A
North American Underwriters Laboratories, Inc approval marking Area Classication Gas Groups
Enclosure Rating
G a s
CLASSIFIED BY UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES INC. AS TO EXPLOSION AND FIRE HAZARD ONLY. ENCLOSURE FOR USE HAZARDOUS LOCATION. CLASS I, DIV. 1, GROUPS B, C AND D. TYPE 4X ! WARNING
D e t e c t i o n
Conduit seals must be installed within 18 inches of enclosure. Disconnect the equipment from the supply circuit before opening. Keep assembly tightly closed when in operation. Failure to comply with this warning can result in ignition of hazardous atmospheres.
LISTING NO.E112025. INTRINSICALLY SAFE IN CLASS I, DIV. 1, GROUPS C AND D, HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS, WHEN INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCES WITH DRAWING DSK3098-13.
! WARNING
H a n d b o o k
Substitution of components may impair intrinsic safety. The ultimate user must read and understand the instruction manual before use. Failure to follow instructions can result in serious personal injury or death.
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Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Approval Marking Area Classication North American Hazardous Location Certication
Gas Groups
G a s
D e t e c t i o n
GROUPS A, B, C & D
AVERTISSEMENT: LIRE ATTENTIVEMENT LES INSTRUCTIONS AVANT DE METTRE EN MARCHE WARNING: UNDERSTAND MANUAL BEFORE OPERATING TAG NO: 218923
H a n d b o o k
P/N
Section 6
Sensor Placement Guide
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WARNING MSA gas detection systems monitor the gas concentration only at the immediate location of the sensor. The user must perform an appropriate environmental analysis on the specic installation site to determine the preferred quantity of sensors and optimum sensor placement. Improper installation can cause a gas release to be undetected and result in serious personal injury or loss of life.
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STEP 2: Create drawings indicating all potential leak sites, as well as the severity of each sites hazard potential There are two main categories of hazardous locations: A. Potential gas discharge points. These are places where hazardous gases may be released, such as valve stem seals, gaskets, compression ttings and expansion joints. B. Potential contact areas. These are places where hazardous gases may endanger workers or damage equipment or property. Examples include populated areas, conned spaces, pits, stairwells, crawl spaces, shelters, and residential, business and industrial environments located nearby.
STEP 3: Since gases do not always behave in the same way, take air ow conditions, as well as potential gas pockets, into consideration before placing sensors. MSA smoke tubes (P/N 458481) can be useful in measuring the direction and rate of air ow to determine areas where gases may accumulate.
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near the ceiling according to air current path, at or near breathing level (usually 4 to 6 ft. from oor)
Combustible Gas Sensors Hydrogen and methane are lighter than air, so place sensors near the ceiling, and in ceiling corners where pockets of air may collect. For electric motor monitoring, place sensors near the ignition source. Gasoline is heavier than air, so place sensors nearbut not directly onthe oor. When monitoring multiple combustible gases, calibrate the instrument for the least sensitive gas. Toxic & Oxygen Gas Sensors Place carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide sensors for indoor air quality monitoring near air intake ducts. In general, in occupied areas (e.g., conned spaces), monitor for oxygen and toxic gases in the workers breathing zone (4-6 feet). This will vary, depending on whether the density of the gas is heavier, the same as, or lighter than, air or oxygen. Toxic & Combustible Sensors Place sensors near the potential release source for process monitoring applications (e.g., pipelines, valves). Gas cylinder storage areas: If they are ventilated, place sensor near the return air vent. Acid/ solvent drum storage areas: These gases are heavier than air (e.g., heavy hydrocarbons) so place sensors close to the ground and in corners where air may collect in pockets. If the hazard is outside, place sensors near the air intake for both combustible and toxic gas monitoring; if the hazard is inside, place sensors near the exhaust.
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Note: This is for informational purposes only and is intended for use as a general guide to important considerations in sensor placement. It is not intended to serve as an exhaustive review of all considerations. Due to the large number of variables present, each site should be considered individually by a trained professional. The services of a Certied Industrial Hygienist (CIH) or Certied Safety Professional (CSP) should be considered if an onsite survey is required.
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Section 7
Calibration
M S A
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D e t e c t i o n
H a n d b o o k
Calibration
Instrument Calibration Whether an instrument warns and/ or alarms at the proper time depends on its ability to translate the quantity of gas it detects into an accurate reading. Calibration refers to an instruments measurement accuracy relative to a known concentration of gas. Gas detectors perform relative measurements: rather than independently assessing the quantity of gas present, they measure the concentration of the air sample and then compare it to the known concentration of the gas that the instrument is congured to sample. This known concentration serves as the instruments measurement scale, or reference point. If the instruments reference point has moved, then its reading will also move. This is called calibration drift and it happens to most instruments over time. (Common causes of calibration drift include the normal degradation of sensors, exposure of the sensor to poisons, and harsh operating conditions.) When an instrument experiences calibration drift it can still measure the quantity of gas present, but it cannot convert it into an accurate numerical reading. Regular calibration with a certied standard gas concentration updates the instruments reference point, re-enabling it to produce accurate readings. There are two methods of verifying instrument calibration: through a functional or bump test (or span check) or by performing a full calibration. Each is appropriate under certain conditions. Bump (or Span) Check A bump check is a means of verifying calibration by exposing the instrument to a known concentration of test gas. The instrument reading is then compared to the actual quantity of gas present (as indicated on the cylinder). If the instruments response is within an acceptable range of the actual concentration, then its calibration is veried. When performing a bump test, the test gas concentration should be high enough to trigger the instrument alarm. If the bump test results are not within the acceptable range, then a full calibration must be performed.
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Calibration
Full Calibration A full calibration is the adjustment of the instruments reading to coincide with known concentrations (generally a certied standard) of zero and span gases, to compensate for calibration drift. In most cases, a full calibration is only necessary when an instrument does not pass the bump test (or after it has been serviced). Zero Check A zero check is performed to verify that the instrument reads true zero (also referred to as the baseline) in an environment in which no amount of target gas is present. Common situations in which a zero check is performed include: after exposure of the sensor to a sensor contaminant after the sensor has been exposed to a very high concentration of the target gas as the sensor ages, since it may gradually drift after the unit has operated in varying background conditions (e.g. humidity levels) after exposure to extreme conditions (e.g. high temperature or humidity) If the instrument fails the zero check, then a zero adjustment should be performed, where the instrument is adjusted to true zero. Frequency of Calibration The frequency of calibration depends on the sensors operating time, conditions of use (including chemical exposure) and user experience with the instrument. New sensors should be calibrated more often until the calibration records prove sensor stability. The calibration frequency can then be reduced to the schedule set by the safety ofcer or plant manager. Before calibrating the sensors, it is good practice to apply power to the unit to allow the sensor to adapt to the new environment. Sensors should be powered at least one full hour before any calibration attempt is made.
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Section 8
Resources
M S A
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D e t e c t i o n
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Resources:
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 29 Part 1910, U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Washington, D.C. Available online at: www.osha.gov/comp-links.html and www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_01/29cfr1910_01.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 85-114. Available online at: www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npg.html Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards, DHHS, DOL, Washington, D.C., January 1981, DHHS (NIOSH) No. 81-123. Available online at: www.cdc.gov/niosh/81-123.html Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 13th edition, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) One Battery Park, Quincy, MA 02269 (2002). Available online at: www.nfpa.org 2002 TLVs and BEIs, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH 45240. Available online at: www.acgih.org Many governmental agencies and other safety organizations with health and safety expertise maintain web sites on the Internet. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) www.atsdr.cdc.gov Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) www.bls.gov Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) www.cdc.gov Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfr-tablesearch.html Department of Transportation (DOT) Ofce of Hazardous Materials Safety www.hazmat.dot.gov Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission www.fmshrc.gov National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences www.niehs.nih.gov National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html National Institute of Health (NIH) www.nih.gov National Safety Council (NSC) www.nsc.org Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) www.nrc.gov Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) www.osha.gov Ofce for Mine Safety and Health Research www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (US DHHS) www.os.dhhs.gov U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) www.msha.gov U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C. www.epa.gov
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Resources:
PROFESSIONAL & TRADE ASSOCIATIONS: Air and Waste Management Association www.awma.org American Board of Industrial Hygiene www.abih.org American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) www.acgih.org American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) www.aiha.org American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers www.ashrae.org American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) www.asse.org Building Ofcials and Code Administrators (BOCA) International www.bocai.org Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers www.aiche.org/ccps/index.htm Chemical Manufacturers Association www.cmahq.com Compressed Gas Association www.cganet.com International Society for Measurement and Control (ISA) www.isa.org National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) www.nfpa.org National Safety Council (NSC) www.nsc.org Water Environment Federation (WEF) www.wef.org World Health Organization (WHO) www.who.int World Safety Organization www.worldsafety.org APPROVALS & STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS: American National Standards Institute (ANSI) www.ansi.org Canadian Standards Association (CSA) International www.csa-international.org European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) www.cenelec.org National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) www.nema.org Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) www.ul.com International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) www.iec.ch GAS DETECTION INSTRUMENTATION SUPPLIER: Mine Safety Appliances Company (MSA) www.msagasdetection.com
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MSA Instrument Division P.O. Box 427 Pittsburgh, PA 15230 Phone: 1.800.MSA.INST Fax: 1.724.776.3280 www.msagasdetection.com