BI TIU LUN V BAO B KIM LOI V NG DNG VO CHO BAO B ST TY 1.

GII THIU CHUNG V BAO B:

1.1. S lc v bao b: Thc phm l nhu cu cn thit cho s sng v pht trin ca loi ngi. Thi k s khai, thc phm n gin c v phng php ch bin v bo qun. Khi khoa hc k thut pht trin nhanh chng th vic ch bin lng thc, thc phm cng tin nhng bc kh nhanh, cch xa so vi trnh ch bin c xa. Cho n khi xut hin s b sung nhng k thut ch bin n nh sn phm trong thi gian lu tr th mt ngnh cng nghip mi ra i_ cng nghip thc phm. Nhng thnh tu mi nht ca cc ngnh khoa hc c con ngi p dng vo sn xut v ch bin lng thc, thc phm. Hu ht cc loi thc phm u b nh hng bi cc yu t bn ngoi nh nc, t, bi, oxi, vi sinh vt...V vy chng phi c cha ng trong bao b kn. Theo xu hng i ln ca x hi, con ngi ngy cng c nhu cu cao hn v gi tr cm quan v i hi v tnh thm m. Do , mu m bao b cng dn tr thnh yu t quan trng trong cnh tranh. Xut pht t yu cu thc tin bao b ra i khng ch vi chc nng n thun l bao gi v bo v sn phm m tr thnh cng c chin lc trong qung b sn phm v gy dng thng hiu. Vi s pht trin mnh m ca ngnh c kh, cht do, cng ngh vt liu, bao b kim loi ra i. Vi u th vt bc v thi gian bo qun v gi hng v sn phm, trong thi gian ngn bao b kim loi to nn bc t ph cho cng ngh bo qun thc phm. -hin nay, bao b ngi ta sn xut ngy cng nhiu p ng y cc nhu cu cn thit cho vic bo qun cc loi lng thc thc phm.

1.2.lch s pht trin ca ngnh bao b thc phm: - gn lin vi s pht trin ca cng ngh thc phm cng vi cng ngh vt liu bao b, phn nh s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi. -thy tinh c bit n vao 3000B.C, s dng lm bao b vo 1500AD. 4000 nm trc gm c s dng lm bao b Giy c s

1.3.1. nh ngha bao b : (Quyt nh ca tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng s 23 TC/Q ngy 20 thng 2 nm 2006) -Bao b l vt cha ng,bao bc thc phm thnh n v bn. Bao b c th bao bc, c th ph kn hon ton hay ch bao bc mt phn sn phm. 1.3.2. Phn loi bao b thc phm Bao b c chia lm hai loi: bao b kn v bao b h a) Bao b kn Cha ng sn phm lm nhim v ngn cch khng gian xung quanh vt phm thnh hai mi trng: Mi trng bn trong bao b. Mi trng bn ngoi. Loi bao b kn hon ton c dng bao bc nhng thc phm ch bin cng nghip, m bo cht lng sn phm sau qu trnh sn xut v trong sut thi gian lu hnh trn th trng cho n tay ngi tiu dng. b) Bao b h (hay ch bao bc mt phn sn phm) Gm hai dng : - Bao b h bao gi trc tip loi rau qu hoc hng ho ti sng, cc loi thc phm khng bo qun lu - Bao b h l lp bao b bc bn ngoi bao b cha ng trc tip thc phm Cc bao b s dng trong bao gi thc phm:

1.3. nh ngha, phn loi bao b thc phm:

II.BAO B KIM LOI:

Bao Bao Bao Bao Bao Bao

b b b b b b

giy. kim loi. thy tinh. cht do. nhiu lp. vn chuyn.

Bao b kim loi tr thnh mt ngnh cng ngh vo th k XIX v pht trin mnh nht vo u th k XX. N vn tip tc pht trin nh ngnh luyn kim v c kh ch to my ch to ra vt liu kim loi tnh nng cao v thit b ng bao b lun c ci tin. Nhu cu n lin cho nhng vng xa ni khng th cung cp thc phm ti sng hoc p ng yu cu ca mt s i tng do iu kin sng v iu kin cng tc khng c thi gian ch bin ngy cng tng. Bao b kim koi cha ng thc phm n lin ra i p ng c yu cu trn, c th bo qun thc phm trong thi gian di 2 3 nm, thun tin cho vic chuyn ch. Nhng ct mc ca bao b kim loi: 1810-Bao b kim loi c sng to ra bi mt ngi Anh tn Peter Durand v nhn c bng sng ch t vua George III i vi lon st trng thic dng cha thc phm. 1880-Ln u tin my t ng sn xut bao b kim loi c gii thiu. 1940-Nc gii kht c ga ng lon c a ra th trng, s dng mt loi lon hnh cn pha trn. 1958-Ln u tin lon nhm c bn. 1968-Reynolds ngi tiu dng tin phong ti ch lon nhm. 2010-Nc M k nim 200 nm pht minh bao b kim loi v 75 nm bao b nc gii kht. 2,2. c im ca bao b kim loi 2.2.1 u im - Khng b nh hng bi sc nhit nn c th gia nhit, lm lnh nhanh trong mc c th.

2.1. Lch s pht trin ca bao b kim loi:

- bn c hc cao. - m bo kn, khng thm t - Chng nh sng thng cng nh tia cc tm tc ng vo thc phm. - Bao b kim loi c tnh cht chu nhit cao v kh nng truyn nhit cao, do thc phm cc loi c th ng hp, thanh trng hoc tit trng vi ch thch hp m bo an ton v sinh . - Bao b kim loi c b mt trng thic to nh sng bng, c th c in v trng lp vecni bo v lp in khng b try sc. - Quy trnh sn xut hp v ng hp thc phm c t ng ho hon ton, gia cng bao b vi cng cao, chnh xc cao. - Nh, thun li cho vn chuyn. 2.3.2 Nhc im - bn ha hc km, hay b r v b n mn. - Khng th nhn c sn phm bn trong. - Chi ph sn xut cao. - Ti s dng b hn ch. 2.3.3 Yu cu bao b kim loi Ngoi nhng yu cu chung i vi bao b thc phm, bao b kim loi cn phi p ng cc yu cu: + V k thut: - Khng gy c cho thc phm, khng lm cho thc phm bin i cht lng, khng gy mi v, mu sc l cho thc phm. - Bn i vi tc dng ca thc phm. - C kh nng chng thm mi, kh, du m v s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt. - Chu c s tc ng ca cc yu t ha hc, l hc. Chu c nhit v p sut cao. - Hp khng b r, np hp khng b phng di mi hnh thc. - Lp vecni phi nguyn vn - Truyn nhit tt, chc chn, nh. - D gia cng. - S dng, vn chuyn, bo qun tin li. - m bo c cc chc nng ca bao b. + V cm quan:

- Hnh thc hp dn, thch hp vi sn phm. - Phi m bo hnh thi, hng v, mu sc c trng ca sn phm theo nhng qui nh ca tng loi sn phm. - Phi c nhn hiu nguyn vn, ngay ngn, sch s, ghi r cc mc: c quan qun l, c s ch bin, tn mt hng, phm cp, ngy sn xut, khi lng tnh v khi lng c b, m s phi c in m bo bn chc, khng d ty xo. + V kinh t: - Vt liu d kim. - R tin. 2.3.4.phn loi: 2.3.4.1. Theo vt liu lm bao b:

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-Bao b thp. -Bao b nhm. 2.3.4.2.phn loi theo cng ngh:

-Lon 2 mnh. -Lon 3 mnh.

III. ng dng sn xut bao b nhm vo lon bia:

3.1.1 Bao b nhm. - Bao b kim loi Al: Al lm bao b c tinh khit n 99% v nhng thnh phn kim loi khc c ln trong Al nh Si, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Zn, Ti. - Bao b nhm ch yu dng trong cng ngh ch to lon 2 mnh vi lp trong c ph sn hu c. Thp v nhm l 2 loi vt liu ch yu v ph bin c s dng trong ch to bao b tuy nhin mi loi u c u, nhc im nht nh.

Cng ngh ch to lon ba mnh c p dng cho nguyn liu thp.

- Thn: c ch to t mt ming thp ch nht, cun li thnh hnh tr v c lm m thn. - Np v y: c ch to ring, c ghp m vi thn (np c kha c ghp vi thn sau khi rt thc phm). Thn, y, np c dy nh nhau v thp rt cng vng khng mm do nh nhm, khng th nong vut to lon c chiu cao nh nhm, m c th ch nong vut c nhng lon c chiu cao nh.

3.2.2. Lon bia:

Hnh 4: Lon 2 mnh Lon hai mnh gm thn dnh lin vi y, np ri c ghp m vi thn (nh trng hp ghp m np lon ba mnh). Lon hai mnh ch c mt ng ghp m gia thn v np, vt liu ch to lon hai mnh phi mm do, chnh l nhm (Al) cng c th dng vt liu thp c mm do cao hn. Hp, lon hai mnh c ch to theo cng ngh ko vut to nn thn rt mng so vi b dy y, nn c th b m thng, hoc d b bin dng do va chm. Lon hai mnh l loi thch hp cha cc loi thc phm c to p sut i khng bn trong nh l sn phm nc gii kht c ga (kh CO2). Bao b lon hai mnh c th c chiu cao n 110 mm, lon hai mnh bng vt liu thp c chiu cao rt thp v thp khng c tnh mm do, khng th ko vut n chiu cao nh lon Al.

* Quy trnh ch t o lon 2 m nh: * To hnh lon nhm 2 mnh: * Ch tc lon thp 2 mnh: Mt s thn lon thp 2 mnh:

Bng 5 So snh lon 2 mnh v 3 mnh TT Lon 2 mnh Lon 3 mnh u im - C t mi ghp Thch hp cho cc sn phm c p sut i khng bn trong (nc c ga) Gim nguy c nhim c t mi hn - Tn t thp hn, nh hn. - tn chi ph vn chuyn bao b (c th gim th tch cha bao b) - Ch tc t thp nn thn cng vng. Nhc im - Ch to theo cng ngh ko vut nn thn lon mng, mm, d b bin dng, m thng - Cng ngh sn xut tn km hn - Ch to phc tp do c nhiu mi ghp - Nguy c nhim c do mi hn c ch, han r t mi hn. 2.2.3. Cu to m ghp i v th tc kim tra m ghp M ghp i l mt m kn c to ra bng cch ni kt thn hp v np hp qua 2 giai on cun p. - Giai on u: cun mc np vi mc thn li vi nhau v gp chng thnh dng kp giy (c 7 lp ti m bn) ng thi p lp hp cht m st vi mp ca mc thn. Trong sut giai on ny chu vi ca mc np gim lm gia tng lng kim loi dn n nhn m. - Giai on 2: p dp v lm cht m. Kt qu m ghp kn c hnh thnh. Giai on ny lm cho cc np nhn ( bt u hnh thnh giai on 1) c l phng v hp cht m kn c p vo in kn cc khong trng gia cc b mt kim loi. Hnh 5: Mt ct biu din v tr tng i gia mc np v mc thn khi m ghp i chun b c hnh thnh Hnh 6: Mt ct biu din m ghp i sau khi thc hin giai on 1 Giai on ghp s b Hnh 7: Mt ct ca m ghp i sau khi ghp giai on 2 Giai on ghp th cp Hnh 8: Mt ct m ghp i Mt ct m ghp i biu din cc thng s ca m ghp

Hnh 9: M ghp i c gc cnh, vt lm ti ch ni v vng cun khng cht - c gi l trt m Hnh 10: V tr 1,2 v 3 l ni cn thc hin o cc thng s ca m ghp i. ng thi biu din v tr m b trt do m cun khng cht Hnh11: Mt ct ca m ghp b gp m, gy m v t m Hnh 12: V tr cn o cc thng s ca m ghp i i vi hp c tit din hnh ch nht Cc hnh trn biu din cc giai on ca qu trnh hnh thnh m ghp i v cc thng s quan trng nh hng n cht lng m ghp. V an ton ca sn phm ph thuc vo m ghp kn, nn qu trnh ghp m cn phi c thng xuyn kim tra trong sut qu trnh sn xut, sau khi c s c xy ra vi my ghp m, sau khi iu chnh my ghp m v sau khi my ghp m c khi ng li sau 1 thi gian dng my lu. Hng dn v qui phm sn xut ch ra rng m ghp phi c kim tra bng mt t nht 30 pht/ln, trong khi kim tra tng th bng x m cn thc hin trn tt c cc u ghp mi gi. Nh sn xut hp v nh cung cp my ghp m thng cung cp cc hng dn v cc tiu chun nh gi cht lng ca m ghp i.

Cc tiu ch quan trng dng nh gi cht lng ca m ghp c tm tt nh sau: a. Kim tra bn ngoi: C nhiu thng tin phn nh cht lng ca m ghp c th thu c nh kim tra bng mt v v s tay ln m. i vi ngi vn hnh c kinh nghim thng khng cn phi x m v o c cc thnh phn nh gi my ghp m hot ng c tun th cc yu cu ca qui phm sn xut hay khng. Ngc li, mt ngi vn hnh thiu kinh nghim c th to ra lch so vi cc thng s ca m ghp chun. Trong qu trnh ghp m cn kim tra cc li sau: M b vng ti ni tip gip v b trt. M b gp, b t gy v b ct. M b lng, b tut (khi mc thn v mc np khng mc vi nhau). C du hiu h hng m ghp i hoc thn hp. Cc v tr cn x m o c cc thng s i vi cc hp c tit din trn c biu din hnh 10 v hnh 12 biu din cc v tr cn kim tra i vi hp c tit din hnh ch nht. b. Kim tra bng x m: L 1 phn tch ton din v kch thc v hnh dng ca m, cn c thc hin t nht 4 ting/ln trong sut qu trnh sn xut cho mi u ghp. i vi cc trng hp qu trnh ghp m c nhiu kh khn, cn kim tra thng xuyn cho n khi t c m ghp hon ho. Cc thng s k thut cn kim tra cho m ghp i gm: - mc thn ( > 70%) - T l chng m ( > 45%) - cht m ( > 70%) - Mc nhy m ( > 50%) - Chiu su np ( > Chiu cao m ti cng v tr) - ng hn m (Lin tc v r) 2.2.4. Np, y lon: Vt liu ch to np, y lon - Nhm ph sn hu c. - St khng trng thic, ph sn. - St trng thic (ph sn hay khng ty thuc tng loi sn phm thc phm). y lon Thng l y bng Np lon Hp ng thc phm: - Np bng - Np c rnh kha trn, c kha m ung: - Np c l rt, c vng ko Gn np Cc vng trn ng tm. Tng tnh co gin linh hot cho hp nhm cn bng p sut. Thng p dng cho hp thc phm. Khng cn i vi hp cho bia v ung c gas. Quy trnh to hnh np, y bng: Np c kha m 2.3. Nhn hp: Cn kim tra cc yu t sau: Bn ngoi thn hp Bn trong thn hp Np, y Kch thc Mi ghp np (hp 3 mnh) Mi hn thn Tm np m L inh tn Mp, cnh Lp sn ngoi Hnh in trn bao b R st, mo m sch

Lp sn trong Du Kch thc Cht dnh Vin np R st, mo m, rn su rnh kha Kha m

LI KT Theo xu th pht trin ca x hi, bao b dn vt ln chc nng c truyn ca n l bao gi, tr thnh mt trong nhng yu t trng tm a sn phm thc phm ca nh sn xut ti gn ngi tiu dng hn. iu ny lm thc y cnh tranh, tng gi tr s dng ca sn phm. Vi nhng c tnh vt tri m bao b kim loi mang li, cc doanh nghip phn no khng nh thng hiu ca mnh v gp phn a cng nghip thc phm c nhng bc tin xa hn. Bn cnh , mt ngnh thc phm tin tin, v sc kho ca cng ng, v mt mi trng xanh cng chnh l mc tiu chng ta cn t ti. Chng ta nn quan tm nghin cu ci tin bao b ni chung v bao b kim loi ni ring ngy cng tr nn thn thin vi mi trng hn.