, &

2012

1
,
. ,
, 1
10. ,
1 10
.
. 2.000 . 1 10 ( )
.
100

60
400

40

40

20

20

80

10

200

200

10

20
20
100

40

120

100

10

20

30

9
60

1 10 .
, ()
.
.

2
, cola,
. ,
,
cola 520 .
, 1, 2 3
. ,
, .
. ( ) ,
, :

1.
2.

-1
-2
-3

-1
190
330
310

-2
270
200
230

-3
270
220
280

, minimax ,
.

. , . ;

 3
:
A
5

G
3
D
4

I
5

B
4

Start

F
10
Finish
E
12

H
0

C
8

1.

2.

(9)
, , .
/ / / () .
(1)
. , 29
0.5;

4
George Rent-A-Car 250
. ,
12 . ,
12 12.
( + + )
. , ,
, , .

1
2
3
4
5
6

2
175

3
250
220

4
400
380
300

5
480
420
300
110

6
----350
200
150

7
----650
300
275
350

14 , 160 , 90, 11 1, 7 2, 6
3, 25 4, 18 5, 7 6 16 7.
15 .

 1

1, , ( 10),
.
.
1 0 ( ).
={1}.
1 1

1-2

400

1-3

80

1-4

100

31

80

: ={1}+{31}
3 80 Km,
={1, 31} ( 1 3, , .
3 1).
2 2

1-2

400

1-4

100

41

100

3-2

120

3-4

200

3-6

100

63

100

: ={1, 31}+{41}
, 4 6,
( 100 Km).
() 4, ={1, 31, 41}. ,
6, ={1, 31, 63} (,
).
3 3

1-2

400

3-2

120

3-6

100

4-6

110

63

100

: ={1, 31, 41} + {63}

, 6
, 100 Km, ={1,
31, 41, 63}.
4 4

1-2

400

3-2

120

23

120

6-8

140

6-9

130

: ={1, 31, 41, 63} + {23}

, 2
, 120 Km, ={1,
31, 41, 63, 23}.
5 - 5

2-5

180

2-7

220

6-8

140

6-9

130

96

130

: ={1, 31, 41, 63, 23} + {96}

, 9
, 130 Km, ={1,
31, 41, 63, 23, 96}.
6 - 6

2-5

180

2-7

220

6-8

140

9-8

230

9-10

150

86

140

: ={1, 31, 41, 63, 23, 96} + {86}

8
, 140 Km, ={1, 31, 41,
63, 23, 96, 86}.

 7 - 7

2-5

180

2-7

220

8-5

160

8-10

340

9-10

150

109

150

: ={1, 31, 41, 63, 23, 96, 86} + {109}

, 10,
, 150 Km,
={1, 31, 41, 63, 23, 96, 86, 109}.
, .

, 6 2
:
2 {1, 31, 63}.
3 {1, 3 1, 63, 41}.
4 {1, 3 1, 63, 41, 23}.
5 {1, 3 1, 63, 41, 23, 96}.
6 {1, 31, 63, 41, 23, 96, 86}.
7 {1, 3 1, 63, 41, 23, 96, 86, 109}.
.

, .
,
.
,
. ,
. , 3 4 120
, 4 1 100.

 :
( 10) . ,
, 10
9. 9 6, 3,
1. , () , 150 Km,
136910.
, 1 10 150 Km
*2.000 / Km =300.000
10.

1
80

10
20
20

6
30

 2
1
,
. , maximin 230 (
3 2 ) minimax 270 ( 1
2 ). , minimax
, ,
.

-1
-2
-3

Col Max
Minimax

-1

-2

-3

Row Min

Maximin

190
330
310

270
200
230

270
220
280

190
200
230

230

330

270

280

270

230270
230<V<270

2
(
) . ,
3 (-3) -2,
32,
.

-1 x1
-2 x2
-3 x3

-1
y

-2
1-y

190
330
310

270
200
230

, . y
-1, (1-y) -2. x1
-1, x2 -2 x3 -3.
x1+x2+x3 =1. ( )
:
V(, -1) = 190y + 270(1-y) = 270 80y,
V(B, -2) = 330y + 200(1-y) = 200 + 130y
V(B, A-3) = 310y + 230(1-y) = 230 + 80y.

( ).
y.
( V(, -i), i=1,2,3))
-1 -2.

V(, -1) 270 190,
V(, -2) 200 330 V(, -3) 230 310.

 minmax , (
). ,

. , . , -2
minmax
22 ,
x1 x3 x 1-x :

-1
x
-3 1-x

-1
y

-2
1-y

190
310

270
230

22:
V(, -1) V(, -3) 270 80y = 230 + 80y y=1/4 1-y=3/4

V(, -1) V(, -3), V = 270 80(1/4) = 230 + 80(1/4)=250 (
).
V(,-1) = V(,-2) 190x + 310(1-x) = 270x +230(1-x)
x = 1/2 1-x = 1/2. V(,-1)
V(,-2) V(,-1) = V(,-2)=250, .
, :
: (1/2, 0, 1/2)
: (1/4, 3/4, 0)
V = 250
,
, 250 ,
520 250 = 270 (
520 ). , .

 3
1

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

---,
, C
B, D
A, F
E, F
F, G, H

0
5
0
4
0
8
5
9
8
20
9
19
19
22
20
20
22
27

0
5
1
5
2
10
5
9
10
22
9
19
19
22
22
22
22
27

0
1
2
0
2
0
0
2
0

: A D F G I, A D F I, A G I
: 27 .
2

, 29
0.5, 27 .

 2
, 12
12 :
(>12 ): 4 (13), 5 (6) 7 (4)
(<12 ): 1 (1), 2 (5), 3 (6) 6 (5)
, 1+5+6+5 = 17
13+6+4 = 23 . ,
23 17 = 6 tableau:
1

2
400

3
380

6
300

200

13
480

420

300

150

650

350

4
1

23

Vogel
:
1

2
400

3
380

6
300

200

13
1

5
480

5
420

2
300

150

6
1

5
650

350

4
4
1

23

7 .
ui, vj ij = ui + vj - cij
(ij 0 i, j)
4850.

400

380

300

150

u
400

380

300 -50

200

13
1
-80

5
480 -40

5
420

2
300

150 0

6
1
400-

380-

-350

5
650 -200

350

4
1

4
6

, 25 = 0,


, &

2008

1
, 1400 ,
.
: , , .
( ) .
( ) .

1.
2.
3.

500

700

1300

1200

1000

600

400

700

600

, .
,
.
, 3, 2, 1 .
( ) .

2
George Rent-A-Car 250
. ,
12 . ,
12 12.
( + + )
. , ,
, , .

1
2
3
4
5
6

2
175

3
250
220

4
400
380
300

5
480
420
300
110

6
----350
200
150

7
----650
300
275
350

14 , 160 , 90, 11 1, 7 2, 6
3, 25 4, 18 5, 7 6 16 7.
15 .

3
12,000 . ,

1. ()
, .
2 , .
( + )
.


. (
12,000).
1.

()
0
2,000
1
4,000
2
5,000
3
9,000
4
12,000

2.

1
2
3
4
5

()
7,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
0

4
rock
( ).

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J

1.
2.
3.
4.

-2
3
4
3
0.11
A
1
2
3
2
0.11
A
2
6
10
6
1.78
C
1
2
3
2
0.11
A
1
3
5
3
0.44
B
2
3
4
3
0.11
C
3
5
7
5
0.44
C
0.5
1
1.5
1
0.03
F, H
1
1.5
2
1.5
0.03
I
1
2
3
2
0.11

.
.
.
14 .
;

 1
1. ()
.
.
:

500

700

1300

500

1200

1000

600

600 *

1200

1000*

1300

, Minimax/Maximin
Maximin (600) Minimax (1000).
2. (
Minimax/Maximin) .
.

. ( x )
( Maximin). ()

 .
2 2

y
x
1 x

700
1000

1 y

1300
600

.
:
y
x
1 x

700
1000

1 y
1300
600

V( , ) = 700* x + 1000*(1 x)
V( , ) = 1300* x + 600*(1 x)
V( , ) = V( , )

700* x + 1000*(1 x) = 1300* x + 600*(1 x)

x = 0.4
1 x = 0.6

x = 0.4 , V( ,
), V( , ) V = 880 .

V(, )= 700* y + 1300*(1 y )
V(, )= 1000* y + 600*(1 y )
V(, )= V(, ) :

700* y + 1300*(1 y ) = 1000* y + 600*(1 y )

y = 0.7
1 y = 0.3
y = 0.7
V(, ), V(, ) V = 880 .


: (0.4, 0.6, 0)
: (0, 0.7, 0.3)
V = 880

,
880 ( )
1400-880=520 .
.
3. 0.4
0.6 . :

3*(0.4)*880+2*(0.6)*880=2112
,
2*(0.7)*520+1*(0.3)*520=884
1400 2112+884=2996
2996/1400=2.14.

 2
, 12
12 :
(>12 ): 4 (13), 5 (6) 7 (4)
(<12 ): 1 (1), 2 (5), 3 (6) 6 (5)
, 1+5+6+5 = 17
13+6+4 = 23 . ,
23 17 = 6 tableau:
1

3
380

400

6
300

200

0
13

4
420

480

300

150

350

650

4
1

23

Vogel
:
1

3
380

400

6
300

200

0
13

4
1

420

480

300

150

6
1

350

650

4
4

23

7 .
ui, vj ij = ui + vj - cij
(ij 0 i, j)
4850.

400

380

300

150

u
400

380

300 -50

200

13
1

-80

480 -40

420

300

150 0

6
1

400-

380-

-350

650 -200

350

4
1

4
6

, 25 = 0,

 3
: i- i-. i < j,
(i, j) i-
j-. (i, j)-, cij,
i-,
, j-, .

cij = i, i+1, , j-1

+ i-
- j-.
( )
c12 = 2 + 12 7 = 7

c23 = 2 + 12 7 = 7

c13 = 2 + 4 + 12 6 = 12

c24 = 2 + 4 + 12 6 = 12

c14 = 2 + 4 + 5 + 12 2 = 21

c25 = 2 + 4 + 5 + 12 2 = 21

c15 = 2 + 4 + 5 + 9 + 12 1 = 31

c26 = 2 + 4 + 5 + 9 + 12 1 = 31

c16 = 2 + 4 + 5 + 9 + 12 + 12 0 = 44

c45 = 2 + 12 7 = 7

c34 = 2 + 12 7 = 7

c46 = 2 + 4 + 12 6 = 12

c35 = 2 + 4 + 12 6 = 12

c56 = 2 + 12 7 = 7

c36 = 2 + 4 + 5 + 12 2 = 21
1 6,

. , 3
6. 1 3 6 c13 + c36.
, 1 6.

()

={1}

1-2

={1}+{2}

1-3

12

1-4

21

1-5

31

1-6

44

1-3

12

2-3

14 ()

1-4

21

2-4

19 ()

1-5

31

2-5

28 ()

1-6

44

2-6

38 ()

2-4

19

3-4

19 ()

2-5

28

3-5

24 ()

2-6

38

3-6

33 ()

3-5

24

4-5

26 ()

3-6

33

4-6

31 ()

4-6

31

5-6

31 ()

12

={1,2}+{3}

19

={1,2,3}+{4}

24

={1,2,3,4}+{5}

31

={1,2,3,4,5}+{6}

31 1-2-4-6 ( 1-3-4-6 1-3-5-6).

 4
B

2 5.5 7.5

START

A 0 3
3

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J

0 3

3 7.5 10.5

3 11 14

10 11.5

1.5 10.5 12

1 9.5 10.5

12

14

10

14

14

11

12

14

0
3
3
5
3
9
9
11
3
6
5
8
9
14
9
10
10
11.5
11.5
13.5

J 11.5 13.5

0
3
5.5
7.5
3
9
12
14
11
14
7.5
10.5
9
14
9.5
10.5
10.5
12
12
14

FINISH

0
2.5
0
3
8
2.5
0
0.5
0.5
0.5

: A C G
: 14 .

= 14 (= A + C + G) 2 = 2.33 (=2A + 2C + 2G). , 0.50
.


, &

2010

1
() .
(1, 2 ). ,

(1, 2, 3, 4 ).
,
. ,
,
. ( )
.
, , 54 .

.

1
31

2
3
9
6
7
9

1
5
8

1
2

2
23
4
4
5

,
,
.

2
(
24 ) J, K, L, M N.
tableau , /
, ,
( ) :
J

K
5

L
8

M
8

N
6

13

1,000
6

500
400

300

200

300

300

, 100 ,
.

3
RTT, ,
42. , ,
:
, . RTT
,
( ).


A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

J
K
L
M
N
O

-3
5
9
5.3333

2
5
8
5

1
4
6
3.8333

4
6
10
6.3333

2
8
11
7.5

5
9
16
9.5
C
4
12
20
12
C
6
9
13
9.1667
D
3
7
14
7.5
D
8
14
22
14.3333
F, G
9
12
20
12.8333
H, I
6
11
15
10.8333
E
4
7
12
7.3333
J
3
8
16
8.5
N
5
10
18
10.5

1
1
0.8333
1
1.5
1.8333
2.6667
1.1667
1.8333
2.3333
1.8333
1.5
1.3333
2.1667
2.1667

RTT 90% ,
;
: P(0 Z 1.29) = 0.4015, P(0 Z 2.24) = 0.4875, P(0 Z 1.65) = 0.4505, P(0 Z 0.91) = 0.3186.

4
, ,
, .
,

. ,

, .
,
.

1.
2.

1
2
2

( 10.000 )

1
2
2

0
-2
2
3
4
-3
2
3
-4

, minimax ,
.
.
, .

 1
1.
.
( - ) ( - ),
.
1-

( )
. -1-2-.
9
, 1-2 (min{31, 9, 16} = 9). , 9

. 2 .
.
: 9 .
2 1

 () 2 3 , ( )
. 9 (min{23,
9, 15} = 9). , 9 .
3 ,
.
: 9 + 9 = 18 .
3 2

, 1 3 .
6 1 3 3
. , 6
. 4 ,
.
: 9 + 9 + 6 = 24.
4 3

, 1 1 .
5 1 1
. , 5
. 5 ,
.
: 9 + 9 + 6 + 5 = 29.
5 4

, 1 4 .
4 1 4
. , 4
. 6 ,
.
: 9 + 9 + 6 + 5 + 4 = 33.
6 5
9

E A1 2 -

E A2 3 -

E A1 3 -

E A1 1 -

E A1 4 -

5
0

24
6
9

9
2

5
9

14

6
9

9
8

9
0

2
5

0
3

9
4

4
5
4

6 15

, 2 1 .
8 2 1 1
. , 8
. 7 ,
.
: 9 + 9 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 8 = 41.
7 6
9

E A1 2 -

E A2 3 -

E A1 3 -

E A1 1 -

E A1 4 -

5
24

8
9

9
2

13

7
6

E A2 1 -

9
8

0
17

9
0

2
5

0
3

9
4

4
5
4

6 15

, 2 2 .
6 2
. , 6
. 8 ,
.
: 9 + 9 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 8 + 6 = 47.
8 7

 8, , 7
1,
. ,
( ) ,
47 . 9 ,
.
9
9

E A1 2 -

E A2 3 -

E A1 3 -

E A1 1 -

1
5

5
9

6
9

E A2 2 -

E A2 1 -

6
6

E A1 4 -

= 47

2
4

,
, ,
( ) ,
. ,
.
, 6 ( 7),
2 4 5 , 2 2 1 ,
, .
, 47 ( )
, .

 2
, tableau
100 . ,
:
() 2. H 100.
2.
( , ),
. ,
100 , 2 . ,
100 ,
. ,
(
). .
J

N2

13
1,000

6
500

400

300

200

300

200

100

Vogel
, :
1
1
1

1
1
1

4
4
4

1
1
1

-6

7
7

13

1 1 1

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

400

300
6

0*
9

300
4

1 1 1

500
400
400
400
400
0

300
300
300
300
0

200
200
200
200
0
0

300
300
300
300
0

200
200
0

300

200

100
100
100
0

(1, 3) , . ui, vj
ij = ui + vj - cij
(ij 0 i, j) 8,200 .

10

10

6 5-M

-3

13

1,000
400
-5

300
6 -5

0*
9

300
4 -3

-4

500
200
400

300

200

300

200

100

200

100

, tableau :
J

13
1,000

400

300
6

300
9

6
500

200
400
8800.

300

200

300
300

300

--

5.3333

5.3333

5.3333

5.3333

10.3333

17.6667

22.6667

12.3334

3.8333

5.3333

9.1666

16.3334

20.1667

11

6.3333

5.3333

11.6666

5.3333

11.6666

7.5

10.3333

17.8333

30.1667

37.6667

19.8334

9.5

10.3333

19.8333

22.6667

32.1667

12.3334

12

9.1666

21.1666

20.1667

32.1667

11

9.1667

9.1666

18.3333

25

34.1667

15.8334

7.5

11.6666

19.1666

26.6667

34.1667

15

14.3333

11.6666

26

11.6666

26

F, G

12.8333

21.1666

34

32.1667

45

11

H, I

10.8333

19.1666

30

34.1667

45

15

7.3333

17.8333

25.1666

37.6667

45

19.8334

8.5

26

34.5

26

34.5

10.5

34.5

45

34.5

45

: A D J N 0
: 45
.. = = A + D + J + N + O = 5.3333 + 6.3333 + 14.3333
+ 8.5 + 10.5 = 45 2 = 2A + 2D + 2J + 2N + 2O = 1 + 1 + 2.33332 + 2.16672 + 2.16672 = 16.83346667 = 4.102.

Prob X a

0.90

Prob

X-45
4.10

a-45
4.10

0.90

a-45
1.29
4.10

a = 50.29

 4
1
. o ,
minimax
,
. , Maximin - -2 (
1 2) Minimax - 2 ( 1
3).

1
2
3
Col Max
Minimax

Row Min

Maximin

0
3
2
3

-2
4
3
4

2
-3
-4
2
2

-2
-3
-4

-2

-22

2
(
) .
. 3
2, 2 3,
.

1 x
2 1-x

1
y1

2
y2

3
y3

0
3

-2
4

2
-3

, . x
1, (1-x) 2.
y1 1, y2 2 y3
3. y1+y2+y3 =1. ( )
:
V(A, B1) = 0x +3(1-x) = 3 3x,
V(A, B2) = -2x+4(1-x) = 4 6x
V(A, B3) = 2x - 3(1-x) = -3 + 5x.

.
x. (
V(A, Bi), i=1,2,3))
1 2.

V(A, B1) 3 0, V(A, B2) 4 -2
V(A, B3) -3 2.

 maximin ,
.
. ,
. , 1
maximin 2 2
y2 y3 y 1-y :

1
x
2 1-x

2
y

3
1-y

-2
4

2
-3

, x1
0,64 (V 0,18).
.
2 2: V(A, B2) V(A, B3) 4
6x = -3 + 5x 11x = 7. x = 7/11 ( 0,64) 1-x = 4/11 (
x 0,64).
V(A, B2) V(A, B3) V = 4 6(7/11) = 2/11 ( 0,18) (
0,18 ).
B V(B, A1) = V(B, A2) -2y + 2(1-y) = 4y - 3(1-y) y = 5/11 1-y
= 6/11. V(B, A1) V(B, A2)
V =2/11 .
, :
: (7/11, 4/11, 0)
: ( 0, 5/11, 6/11)
V = 2/11
,
, 1818
(10.000 x 2/11 ).


, &

2011

1

.. ( ) .. ( ).
, (
), (
), ( ).
..
:

..

1.
2.

3.

.. -

0,6
0,4
0,6

0,7
0,3
0,8

0,4
0,7
0,5

.
minimax
.
.
() ;
( ) :

90

50

30

2
tableau (
):
D1

D2
4

D3
2

S1

15
12

S2

15
10

10

10

s1 16 d3 ( ) 11. ,
(31 30), 2.

3
.
.
, 1 9
( ) .

3
4

,
. .

.

4
8 ,
( ) .

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

-2
5
8
?

4
7
10
?

4
9
14
?
B
6
10
20
?
C
1
3
5
?
C
3
6
9
?
D
4
5
12
?
E
6
8
10
?

1
1
2.78
5.44
0.44
1
1.78
0.44

.
, ,
.
;
;
36 ;
95%;

: P(0 Z 1.29) = 0.4015, P(0 Z 2.30) = 0.4893, P(0 Z 1.65) = 0.4505, P(0 Z 0.95) = 0.3289.

 1
1

( 100%).
1, 1, 1 ..
, , . 2, 2, 2 ..
, , . .
, , 1
1, .
.
1 ( 1)

1
1

2
0,4
0,6

2
0,3
0,8

2
0,7
0,5

,
. .
2

Maximin/Minimax :

1
1

2
0,3
0,8
0,8

2
0,4
0,6
0,6

2

0,7
0,3
0,5
0,5
0,7
0,5 0,6

(0,5)
(0,6),
.
. 2 3.
.

 ,
( Maximin)
.
2 . ,
2 2 .

x
1-x

y
2
0,4
0,6

1
1

1-y
2
0,7
0,5

:
V(, B2) V(, 2)
, .
. :
V(, B2)=V(, 2).

(1)

, x 1 . 1-x
1. ,
V(, B2)=0,4x+0,6(1-x)
V(, 2)= 0,7x+0,5(1-x)

(2)
(3)

 (1)
0,4x+0,6(1-x)=0,7x+0,5(1-x) 0,1(1-x)=0,3x

x=0,25 1-x=0,75

.
V(, B1)=0,4y+0,7(1-y),
V(, 1)=0,6y+0,5(1-y),

(4)
(5)

y 2 .
V(, B1) = V(, 1) 0,4y+0,7(1-y) = 0,6y+0,5(1-y)
0,2(1-y)=0,2y

y =0,5 1-y=0,5.

:
..: (0, 1/4, 3/4)
..: (0, 1/2, 1/2)
3

V,
(2) (3) (4) (5) , x y
. , (2) x = 1/4
V = 0,4*(0,25)+0,6*(0,75)=0,55
, ..
, 55%, ,
.. 45% .
0,9*0+0,25*50+0,75*30=35
( )

 2
1
. Vogel
:

6
6

0
0

4
2

2
10
12

15

15

15
5

10
0

10

10
10

10
10

4 . ui, vj
ij = ui + vj - cij
(ij 0 i, j) 130 .

-2

u
4

2 -6

15
10
-2

5
12

15
10

10

10

10

2
s1 d3 = 1. +
() (1, 2) , () (2, 2)
+ () (2, 3)
:

4
15+

10

5+
12

4
15

10

5-

10+

10

10+

4
16

10

6
12

4
15

10

11

10

11

(410) + (26) + (84) + (411) = 128 ,

(u1+v3) = 1(0-2) = 2 .

 3

1, , 9,
, 9 .
.
1 0 ( ).
{1}.
1

={1} (+{21})

1-2

1-3

21

2 2 Km
{1, 21} ( 1 , . 2
1)
2

={1,2}+ ({31})

1-3

2-3

2-5

2-6

31

3 4 Km
{1, 21, 31} ( 1 . 3
1).
3

={1,2,3}+({52})

2-5

2-6

3-5

3-4

52

5 5 Km,
{1, 21, 31, 52} ( 2 .
5 2).

={1,2,3,5}+({62}

2-6

5-6

5-7

11

5-8

10

5-4

3-4

62

6 6 Km
{1, 21, 31, 52, 62}.
5

={1,2,3,5,6}+({43})

5-7

11

5-8

10

6-7

11

5-4

3-4

43

4 7 Km
{1, 21, 31, 52, 62, 43}
6

={1,2,3,5,6,4}+({85})

5-7

11

5-8

10

85

10

6-7

11

4-8

11

8 10 Km
{1, 21, 31, 52, 62, 43, 85}

={1,2,3,5,6,4,8}+({75})

5-7

11

75

6-7

11

8-7

13

8-9

16

11

7 11 Km
{1, 21, 31, 52, 62, 43, 85, 75}.
{1, 21, 31, 52, 62, 43, 85, 76} (. 7 6).
8

={1,2,3,5,6,4,8,7}+({98})

7-9

19

8-9

16

98

16

9 16Km
{1, 21, 31, 52, 62, 43, 85, 75, 98}
(9) .
:
16 .
, 9 8.
8 5, 2, 1.
() , 16 , 1 2 5 8 9

 4
:

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

5
7
9
11
3
6
6
8

1, 2, 3

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

START

0
5
5
12
5
14
12
23
14
17
14
20
23
29
17
25

0
5
5
12
9
18
12
23
18
21
23
29
23
29
21
29

B 5 12

D 12 23

G 23 29

11 12 23

6 23 29

0 5

E 14 17

H 17 25

3 18 21

8 21 29

5 12

0 5

C 5 14

F 14 20

6 23 29

9 18

0
0
4
0
4
9
0
4

FINISH

: A B D G
: 29
4

.. = =
A + B + D + G = 5 + 7 + 11 + 6 = 29 2 = 2A + 2B + 2D + 2G = 1 + 1 + 5.44 +
1.78= 9.22 = 3.0362.

Prob X 36

Prob

X-29
3.036

36-29
3.036

Prob Z 2.30567

0.9892

Prob X a

0.95

Prob

X-29
3.036

a-29
3.036

0.95

a-29
1.65
3.036

a = 34


, &

2008

1
Plastic, Inc. 2000, 500
1200 A, B C () . Plastic
, .
,
:

1
2
3

1.00
1.30
1.10

1.20
1.40
1.00

C
0.90
1.20
1.20

1500, 1500 1000

, .

2
,
, , / , , .
( 1, 2, , 14)
( ), ( ). ,
,
.

3
, United Alaska .
United 8:00 . Alaska 8:30 . , United 60%
Alaska 40%. , . , , United
, Alaska 30.
United , 7:00, 8:00, 9:00 10:00 . ,
Alaska 7:30, 8:30, 9:30 10:30 .
, :
United
()
7:00 .
8:00 .
9:00 .
10:00 .

7:30
+1%
-5%
+4%
-3%

Alaska ()
8:30 .
9:30 .
-2%
-4%
0
-3%
+4%
-3%
-2%
+5%

10:30 .
+4%
+3%
+6%
+3%

 United.
;

4
/
30 / 1, 2, 3 ( ).

1, 2 3 :

1
2
3

1
1,800
1,100
1,400

2
2,100
700
800

3
1,600
900
2,200

( , , .).
/ 1, 2, 3 40, 60 50,

.

5
, Upjohn Merck,
. , Upjohn
70% Merck 30%.
, , ,
.
Merck , :

Merck

Upjohn

+1%

-2%

+3%

-1%

-3%

+2%

+4%

+3%

+0.5%

-1%

+5%

-1%

Merck.
;

6
Arnoff Enterprises, ,
. Seattle, Columbus New
York Pittsburgh, Mobile, Denver, Los Angeles Washington
. ,
, ($ ).

Seattle
Columbus
New York

1.
2.

Pittsburgh
10
2
1

Mobile
20
10
20

3000

5000

Denver
5
8
7
4000

Los Angeles
9
30
10

Washington
10
6
4

6000

3000

9000
4000
8000

.
;
Pittsburgh 1000 . Arnoff
Columbus . ,
; (
).

 7
PERT .
:

()

A
B

8
5
6
2
3
5
6
8
9

1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.75
0.75
0.25

C
D
E
1.

2.

3.
4.

. ,

.
(1);
(
).
.
(2) (3)
. ;
(1);
B

START

FINISH

8
, 10
. ,
. ,
,
.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2
18

18

9
12

10
41

32
32

14
14

9
9

8
8
11

13

13
19
12

15
15

12
41

19

12

11
14

14

30
30
16

16

 9
.
(shuffle overload), (zone, man-to-man combination).

, :

()
Shuffle
Overload

Zone
72
58

()
Man-to-Man
Combination
60
83
91
72

,
.
;

 1
Plastic
(i = 1, 2, 3), (j = A, B, C), xij
j i- :
min x1A + 1.2x1B + 0.9x1C + 1.3x2A + 1.4x2B + 1.2x2C + 1.1x3A + x3B + 1.2x3C
:
x1A +

x1B +

x1C
x2A +

x1A

x2B +

x2C

x2A

x1B

x3A + x3B +
x3A
+ x3B
+

+
+

x2B

x1C

x2C

x3C
=
=
x3C =
xij

1500
1500
1000
2000
500
1200
0

, 4000 3700
. , ,
D 4000 3700 = 300 >>>0. Vogel
, :

0.20
0.10
0.10
0.10
1.00

0.20
0.20
0.20
1.20

0.30
0.90

1.40

1200
1.20

0
0
0
0

0.20 0.10

1500 300
300
1.30

(M-1.30) 0.10 0.10 0.10

1500 1500 1500 1500

1200
1.10

300
1.00

1.20

(M-1.10) 0.10 0.10 0.20

1000 1000 1000 500

500
2000
2000
1700
1700

500
500
500
500
0

0
300
300
300
300

1200
0

6 . ui, vj
ij = ui + vj - cij
(ij 0 i, j) 3990.
(23 = 0).

1.00

0.90

0.90

-0.30

u
1.00 -0.30

1.20

0.90 -0.30

1500
300

1200
1.30 -0.20

1.40 0

1.20

0.30

1500
1200

300
1.10

1.00 -0.20

1.20 -0.20

0.10

1000
500
2000

500
500

1200

300

 :

1-A
1-C
2-A
3-A
3-B

300
1200
1200
500
500
:

300
1080
1560
550
500
3990

( 300 2).

 2
.
, 1. ,
4, 1-4 107. {1, 4} .
{1, 4} 6 4-6 76.
, {1, 4, 6}. 3
6-3 63, {1, 4, 6, 3}.
9 6-9 67.
{1, 4, 6, 3, 9}. 11 9 911 73, {1, 4, 6, 3, 9, 11}.
10 9 9-10 84.
{1, 4, 6, 3, 9, 11, 10}. 12
10 10-11 61, {1, 4, 6, 3, 9, 11, 10, 12}.
14 12 12-14 82.
{1, 4, 6, 3, 9, 11, 10, 12, 14}.
13 10 10-13 88,
{1, 4, 6, 3, 9, 11, 10, 12, 14, 13}. 7
10 10-7 92. {1, 4, 6, 3,
9, 11, 10, 12, 14, 13, 7}. 8 9 9-8
95, {1, 4, 6, 3, 9, 11, 10, 12, 14, 13, 7, 8}.
5 8 8-5 86,
{1, 4, 6, 3, 9, 11, 10, 12, 14, 13, 7, 8, 5}.
2 1-2 112.
1086 .

 3
100%
. 4 ( 1 2) .
, 1, 2 ( 3) .
minmax/maximin
23, :
1
3
4
Col Max
Minimax

4
-3
4
4

2
4
-2
4

3
-3
5
5

Row Min

Maximin

-3
-3

-3

4-3

, Maximin (-3)
Minimax (4).
. 23
.

United ,
( maximin)
.
2 . 22:
y

x
1 x

3
4

1
4
-3

1 y
3
-3
5

x ( United) 3, (1-x)
4. , y ( Alaska)
1, (1-y) 3. ,
United
V(United, B1) = 4 x 3(1 x) 7 x 3
V(United, B3) = 3x 5(1 x) 8 x 5

 V(United, B1) = V(United, B3)

7 x 3 = 8x 5

8
0.53
15
7
1 x
15
x

x
V(United, B3) V

8
, V(United, B1),
15

11
0.73.
15

Alaska
V(Alaska, A3) = 4 y 3*(1 y) 7 y 3
V(Alaska, A4) = 3 y 5(1 y) 8 y 5
V(Alaska, A3) = V(Alaska, A4) :

8
15

1 y
V

7
15

11
.
15

, :
8 7

United: 0 0

15 15

7
8

Alaska:
0
0
15
15

11
V 0.73. United
15
0.73%.

 4
xij i j

. tableau cij cij . ,

90 150 d j

150 90 = 60 . Vogel
, :

1000
400
400
-1,800

700
100
1,300
-2,100

900
1,300
600

-1,600
30 0

300
30
-1,100

-700

-900

200 200 200

30 30 30 0
30
-1,400

-800

-2,200

800 800

30 30 0
30
0

60 60 60 60
10
40
40
40
10

30
60
30
30
30

20
50
50
20
20

6 . ui, vj
ij = ui + vj - cij
(ij 0 i, j) -(-162,000) =
162,000 .

( cij cij ) ij ij = cij ui - vj.

-2,100

-2,100

-2,100

u
-300

-1,800

-2,100 -500

-1,600

30
30
-1,100 -400

-700 -200

-900

1,000

30
30
-800 -1,400 -1,400

-800

-2,200

-100

30
30
0

2,100

60
10
40

30
60

20
50

 5
100%
. 3 4 1 2
. minmax/maximin
32,
:
1
1
2
3
Col Max
Minimax

2
-2
2
-1
2

1
-3
0.5
1
1

Row Min

Maximin

-2
-3
-1

-1
1-1

, Maximin (-1)
Minimax (1).
. 32
.

( Upjohn) minimax ,
.
. ,
(minimax) , . ,
A1 A ( Merck)
minimax 2x2

y
1 y

x
1 x

2
3

1
-3
0.5

2
2
-1

x ( Merck) 2, (1-x)
3. , y ( Upjohn)
1, (1-y) 2. ,

 Merck
V(Merck, B1) = 3x 0.5(1 x)
V(Merck, B2) = 2 x 1(1 x)
V(Merck, B1) = V(Merck, B2)
3x 0.5(1 x) = 2 x 1(1 x) 6.5x 1.5

15
0.2307
65
50
1 x
0.7693
65
x

x
V(Merck, B2) V

15
, V(Merck, B1),
65

20
0.30745.
65

Upjohn
V(Upjohn, A2) = 3 y 2(1 y)
V(Upjohn, A3) = 0.5 y 1(1 y)
V(Upjohn, A2) = V(Upjohn, A3) :
30
0.4615
65
35
1 y
0.5385
65
y

V 0.30745.

, :
15 50

Merck: 0

65 65

30 35

Upjohn:
0 0
65 65

20
0.30745. Merck
V
65
0.30745%.

 6
1.

Vogel ,
:

0
0
0
0
10

9
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2

10

20

6
6
2

10

11 4 4 4 4

9000 9000 9000 9000 5000

4000
2

10

5000
8

30

4000

4000
1

20

10

10 3 3 3 3

8000 8000 5000 2000 2000

3000
3000
3000
0

1000
5000
1000
1000
1000
1000

1000
6000
6000
6000
6000
6000

4000
4000
4000
4000
0

3000
3000
3000
3000
0

7 . ui, vj
ij = ui + vj - cij
(ij 0 i, j) 150,000.

19

u
-10

10 -1

20

9 -7

10

9000
4000
-11

10 -12

5000
8 -30

30 -12

-9

4000
4000
1

20 -1

10

8000
3000
3000

2.

1000
5000

4000

1000
6000

3000
3000

(2, 1) . +1000
2 +1000 1
.

10

20

10
9000

4000
2

10

5000
8

30

6
4000+1000

4000+1000
20

10

4
8000

3000+1000

1000-1000

3000+1000

5000

4000

1000

3000

6000

3000

, . 141,000,
.

 7
1.

()

A
B

8
5
6
2
3
5
6
8
9

1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.75
0.75
0.25

C
D
E

50.5 + 60.5 = 5.50

20.5 + 30.5 = 2.50
50.25 + 60.75 = 5.75
80.75 + 90.25 = 8.25

START

13.5

5.5

13.5

13.5 19.25

5.75 13.5 19.25

A 0 8
8

FINISH

0 8

10.5

10.5 18.75

2.5

8.5

11

8.25

11 19.25

A B D 19.25 .
2.

3.

A B D

a-8, b-5, d-5

a-8, b-5, d-6
a-8, b-6, d-5
a-8, b-6, d-6

18

0.50.25 = 0.125
0.50.75 = 0.375
0.50.25 = 0.125
0.50.75 = 0.375

19
20

0.125
0.500
0.375
1.000

C E

c-2, e-8
c-2, e-9
c-3, e-8
c-3, e-9

18

0.50.75 = 0.375
0.50.25 = 0.125
0.50.75 = 0.375
0.50.25 = 0.125

19
20

0.375
0.500
0.125
1.000

4.

() .. A B D C E.
()
.
:

C-E

18
19
20

18
0.046875
0.062500
0.015625
0.125

A-B-D
19
0.187500
0.250000
0.062500
0.500

20
0.140625
0.187500
0.046875
0.375

0.375
0.500
0.125
1.000

18
19

0.046875
0.0625 + 0.1875 + 0.25 = 0.5
0.015625 + 0.0625 +
0.140625 + 0.1875 + 0.046875 = 0.453125

20

0.84375
9.50000
9.06250
19.40625

19.40625
PERT ( ).

 8
.
, 1. ,
9, 1-9 12. {1, 9} .
{1, 9} 2 1-2 18.
, {1, 9, 2}. 8
9-8 30, {1, 9, 2, 8}.
6 8-6 11.
{1, 9, 2, 8, 6}. 7 6 6-7
8, {1, 9, 2, 8, 6, 7}.
5 6 6-5 9.
{1, 9, 2, 8, 6, 7, 5}. 10 5
5-10 12, {1, 9, 2, 8, 6, 7, 5, 10}.
3 10 10-3 13.
{, 9, 2, 8, 6, 7, 5, 10, 3}. 4
4-3 14. 127
.

 9
. minmax
,
:
1
2
Col Max
Minimax

Row Min

Maximin

72
58
72
72

60
91
91

84
72
84

60
58

60

7260

Maximin (60)
Minimax (72).
. 23 .

,
( maximin)
.
3 .
22:

x
1 x

1
2

1
72
58

1 y
2
60
91

x ( ) 1,
(1-x) 2. , y (
) 1, (1-y)
2. ,

V( , B1) = 72 x 58(1 x) 14 x 58
V( , B2) = 60 x 91(1 x) 31x 91

 V( , B1) = V( , B2)
14 x 58 = 31x 91

11
0.73
15
4
1 x
15
x

x
V( , B2) V

11
, V( , B1),
15

1024
68.27.
15

V( , A1) = 72 y 60*(1 y) 12 y 60
V( , A2) = 58 y 91(1 y) 33 y 91
V( , A1) = V( , A2) :

31
0.689
45
14
1 y
45
y

, :
11 4
:

15 15
31 14

:
0
45 45

1024
68.27.
V
15
68.27 .


, &

2009

1

( ).
:
a.

( 1 10),
b.

1 10 ( ).

, 5 ( ),
7 ( ).
, ,
;

2
, ,
. ,
, ,
, . , '

. , - (), (
).
, , .
1

32
34
32
40
5000
1
34
30
28
38
3000
2
2000
5000
3000
2000

,
. (
) .

2
1

1.
2.
3.

.
,
. ,
.
.

3
, (
).

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

1.
2.
3.
4.

-2
6
10
6
1.78
-4
5
6
5
0.11
A
2
3
4
3
0.11
C
1
2
3
2
0.11
A, D
1
3
5
3
0.44
B
3
4
5
4
0.11
E
2
4
6
4
0.44
G, F
0
2
4
2
0.44

.
.
.
12 .
;

4
A B
440 ( ).
. : (1)
, (2) , (3)
Internet (4)
( ).
, , .

1.
2.
3.

1
2
3

1
200
250
225

2
3
250
300
400
200
300
150

4
300
100
150

, minimax ,
.

.
,
;

 1
1
.
, 1. ,
2, 1-2 8. {1, 2} .
{1, 2} 4 2-4 2. ,
{1, 2, 4}. 3
4-3 1, {1, 2, 4, 3}.
6 3-6 3.
{1, 2, 4, 3, 6}. 7 6 6-7
2, {1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 7}.
8 7 7-8 4.
{1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 7, 8}. 5 2
2-5 5, {1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 7, 8, 5}.
9 8 8-9 6.
{1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 7, 8, 5, 9}. 10
9-10 9. 40
.

2
.
0 ( ).
:
2, 8
3, 12 .
2 8
{1, 2}.
2 .
3, 12 ,
4, 10 , 2,
3

5, 13 , 2,
7, 17 , 2.

4
, 10 2,
{1, 2, 4}.
4 .
3, 11 , 4,
5, 13 , 2,
6, 15 , 4,
7, 17 , 2 ( 4).
3
11 4, {1, 2, 4, 3}.
3 .
5, 13 , 2,
6, 14 , 3,
7, 17 , 2 ( 4).
5 13 2
{1, 2, 4, 3, 5}.
5 .
6, 14 , 3,
7, 17 , 2 ( 4),
8, 13+8 = 21 , 5.
6 14 3
{1, 2, 4, 3, 5, 6}.
6 .
7, 14+2 = 16 , 6,
8, 14+5 = 19 , 6,
9, 22 6.
7 16 6
{1, 2, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7}.
7 .
8, 19 , 6,
9, 22 6.
8 19 6
{1, 2, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8}.
8 .
9, 22 6,
10, 30 8.
9 22 6
{1, 2, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
, 9
. 10 30 ,
8.
4

 30 .
, 10 8
6. 6 3,
4. 4 2 .
, 30 , 12436810.

40
40x5 = 200 , 30
30x7 = 210 . ,
, 1 .

 2
1.

4
27
27

30
30
2

4
25
25

32
0*

34
2

34
2,000
3,000

3,000

30
3

40

28

38

2,000
2,000
2,000
0
0

36

32

5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000

3,000 3,000 3,000
4,000 2,000

2,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000

5,000
5,000
5,000
2,000

2,000
0

xij, i- j- (i =
1, 2 j = 1, 2, 3, 4). , si = 8000 < 12000 = d j
i

( 3) 12,000 8,000 = 4,000 .

c3j (j = 1, 2, 3, 4) .
Vogel
: 2,000 (3, 4) 4 ,
2,000 (3, 1) 3 , 3,000
(2, 2) 2 , 2,000 3,000
(1, 2), (1, 3) . (1, 1) , .
262,000 .
2.

ui vj ij = ui + vj cij

tableau .

32

34

32

32

u
32

34

32 -8

40

5,000
0*
-6

2,000
34

3,000
30 0

28 -10

38

-4

3,000
3,000
2 1

3 -1

-30

4,000
2,000
2,000

2,000
5,000

3,000

2,000

 (3, 2), :

32

34
:

0*

32 -8

5,000
3,000

2,000

-6

34

40

30 0

28 -10

38
3,000

3,000
2 1

3 -1

:
2,000

2,000

4,000
2,000

5,000

3,000

2,000

,
(3, 1).
, (3, 2) (3, 1) , tableau .
MODI,
(1, 2) . 260,000 .
: ij
0 (i, j).

32

34

32

33

u
32 -1

34

32 -7

40

5,000
2,000
-6

0*
34

3,000
30 0

28 -9

38

-4

3,000
3,000
-1

3 -2

-31

4,000
2,000
2,000

5,000

2,000
3,000

2,000

3.

tableau 23 = 0,
. (2, 3).

32

34

32
:

2,000
-6

5,000

3,000

0*
34

30 0
:
3,000

2 1

28 -10

38

3 -1

3,000

4,000
2,000
2,000

2,000

5,000

3,000

2,000

. -- (1, 3), ()
:

32

34

32

33

u
32 -1

34

32 -7

40

5,000
2,000
-6

3,000
34

30 0

28 -9

38

-4

3,000
0*
-1

3,000
3 -2

-31

4,000
2,000
2,000

5,000

2,000
3,000

2,000

 3
A 0 6

C 6 9

D 9 11

0 6

6 9

9 11

START

E 11 14

G 14 18

3 11 14

4 14 18

FINISH

B 0 5

5 9

H 18 20

4 14 18

2 18 20

9 14

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

0
9
0
0
0
9
0
0

: A C D E G H A E G H
: 20 .
= 20 2 = (1.822)2 = 20
2 = (1.761)2.
.

 4
1
( 440 ).
minimax
, o ,
. , Maximin
( ) 200 ( 1 1) Minimax
( ) 250 ( 2 1).

1
2
3
Col Max
Minimax

Row Min

Maximin

200
250
225
250
250

250
400
300
400

300
200
150
300

300
100
150
300

200
100
150

200

250200

2
, (
)
. .
.
2 1 3 4.
, 32,
.

1
2
3

1
y1

4
Y4

200
250
225

300
100
150

. y1
1 y4 4.
y1 + y4 = 1. :
V(B, A1) = 200y1 + 300y4
V(B, A2) = 250y1 + 100y4
V(B, A3) = 225y1 + 150y4
()
B.
y.
( V(B, Ai), i=1,2,3))
A B B1 B4.

V(B, A1)
200 300, V(B, A2) 250 100 V(B, A3)
10

 225 150.
. , 4
1 ,
. .

minimax ,
.
. ,
(minimax) , , . , A3
A minimax ()
2x2 :

1 x1
2 x2

1
y1

4
Y4

200
250

300
100

,
y1 (0,8), (V=220).
.
22.
B V(B, A1)=V(B,A2) :
200y1 + 300y4 = 250y1 +100y4 50y1 = 200y4
11

 y1 + y4 =1 50y1 = 200(1-y1), 250y1 = 200. y1 = 4/5 y4 = 1/5 (

y1 = 0,8 y4 0,2).
, x1 1
x2 2 :
V(A, B1) = 200x1 + 250x2
V(A, B4) = 300x1 + 100x2
V(A, B1) = V(A, B4) :
200x1 + 250x2 = 300x1 + 100x2 100x1 = 150x2
x1 + x2 = 1 100x1 = 150(1-x1), 250x1=150, x1 = 3/5 x2 = 2/5.
V(A, B1)
V(A, B4) V = 200(3/5) + 250(2/5) = 220 ( ).
, :
: (0.6, 0.4, 0)
: (0.8, 0, 0, 0.2)
V = 220.
, 220 .
3
,
220
440 220 = 220 .
. ,
.

12


, &

2010

1
.
,
. () () (),
() ().
.

1.
2.
3.

1/3

1/2

1/3

2/3

, .
.
.

2
25, 40 30 kWh
, 30, 35 25 kWh ,
($/ kWh) :

1
2
3

600
320
500

700
300
480

400
350
450

, 20%,
, $1000 kWh, ,
3.

. ,
.

3


21,000 .
( 1) ( 8).
, , ,
, .. .
21,000 .
.

 4

.


d1
d2
d3

s1
10
70
80

s2
60
20
0

s1 ,
.

5
FAA
- .
.

.
.

6
.

, ,
. , (), ,
( ) ( ).

()
1.
2.

1
2
3

1
80
160
140

()
2
120
90
140

3
120
80
100

, minimax ,
.

. ,
.

7
Chicago, Memphis
New Orleans.
Boston, Denver, Houston Phoenix.

 tableau ,
( ), ,
:
Boston

Denver
13

Houston
4

Phoenix
6

11

Chicago

1,000
10

Memphis

800
12

New Orleans

8
700

500
750
800
450
100 Chicago Boston,
.

8
Mr. and Mrs. Smith
. ( ):

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

-1.5
2.0
2.5
2.0
A
2.0
2.5
6.0
3.0
-1.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
C
1.5
2.0
2.5
2.0
B, D
0.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
E
1.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
B, D
3.0
3.5
7.0
4.0
G
3.0
4.0
5.0
4.0
F, H
1.5
2.0
2.5
2.0

0.1667
0.6667
0.3333
0.1667
0.1667
0.3333
0.6667
0.3333
0.1667

Mr. and Mrs. Smith 99% ,

; ( P(0 Z 2.33) = 0.4901).

 1
1.
. Maximin/Minimax
.

1/3
1
1

1
1/3
1

1/2
2/3
2/3 *

1/3 *
1/3 *

(Maximin) (1/3)
(Minimax) (2/3),
.
ii.
(
Minimax/Maximin) .
.

1/2

2/3

1/3

1/3

0
A

1-x

.
( x ) (
Maximin). ( )
. 2 2

y
x
1 x

1 y

1/2
2/3

1
1/3

V(,)= 1* x (1/ 3)*(1 x)
V(,K)= (1/ 2)* x (2 / 3)*(1 x)

(1)
(2)

V(,)= V(,K),
1* x (1/ 3)*(1 x) = (1/ 2)* x (2 / 3)*(1 x)
x 2 / 5,

1 x 3/ 5.

V(,)= 1* y (1/ 2)*(1 y)
V(,)= (1/ 3)* y (2 / 3)*(1 y)

(3)
(4)

V(,)= V(,),
1* y (1/ 2)*(1 y) = (1/ 3)* y (2 / 3)*(1 y)
y 1/ 5,
1 y

4 / 5.

:
:
:

(2/5,3/5)
(0,1/5,4/5)

iii.
x 2 / 5 (1) (2)
V(,)= V(,K)=V=3/5.
y 1/ 5 (3) (4)
, , 2/5 ,
3/5 , (
), 3/5.

 2

36, 42 30 kWh .
108 kWh,
95 kWh. 13 kWh
. tableau ( >>>0,
3):
1

2
600

3
700

400

25
320

300

350

40
500

480

450

30
1000

1000

13
36

42

30

108

Vogel
:
1

2
600

3
700

400

25
25
320

300

350

40
36

4
500

480

450

30
25
1000

1000

13
13
36

42

30

108

6 . ui vj
ij = ui + vj cij
tableau .
49970.

450

430

400

u
-150

600 -270

700

400

25
25
320

300 -80

350

-130

40
36
0

4
500

480

450

50

30
25
20

1000

5
1000 970-

570

13
13
42

36

30

, (4, 1),

-150

600 -270

700

400
25
25

320

300 -80

350
40

36
0

4
500

480

450
30

25
20

1000

5
1000 970-

13

13
42

36

30

, (4, 1) (4, 2) = min{13, 36} = 13,

tableau .
(ij 0 (i, j)), 49710.

450

430

400

u
-150

600 -270

700

400

25
25
320

300 -80

350

-130

40
23
0

17
500

480

450

50

30
25
1000 -20

5
1000 950-

550

13

13
36

42

30


1 24 kWh 2 13
,
2 17 kWh 2 25
3 ,
3 25 kWh 1 5
3 .
(31 = 0):
1

2
600

3
700

400

25
25
320

300

350

40
40
500

480

450

30
23

2
1000

1000

13
13
36

42

30

108

 3

,
(1), (8).
( )
. 1-2-5-8.
6
, 2-5 (min{10, 6, 8} = 6). , 6
1 8
. 1 .
1 . : 6 .
1 1

() 1 3 6 7 8, ( )
. 5
36
. , 5
. 2 ,
.
: 6 + 5 = 11 .

 2 2

, 1 4 6 8.
4 , 46
68. , 4
. 3 ,
.
: 6 + 5 + 4 = 15 .
3 3

, 1 4 7 8.
4
14 78. , 4
, . 4
, .
: 6 + 5 + 4 + 4 = 19.
4 4

, 1 2 3 5 8.
2 58
. , 2
.
5 , .
: 6 + 5 + 4 + 4 + 2 = 21
5 5


5 ( )
, 21 . ,
21000 .
5.

,
,
, ( )
, . ,

. , 21
, .

 4
p S1. S2 (1
p), :
EV(d1) = 10p + 60(1 p) = 60 50p
EV(d2) = 70p + 20(1 p) = 20 + 50p
EV(d3) = 80p + (0)(1 p) = 80p

EV(d1)
EV(d2)
EV(d3)

B EV(d1) = EV(d2), 60 50p = 20 + 50p p = 0.40.

EV(d2) = EV(d3), 20 + 50p = 80p p = 0.67.

p < 0.40, d1,
p = 0.40, d1 d2 ,
0.40 < p < 0.67, d2,
p = 0.67, d2 d3 ,
p > 0.67, d3.

 5
Los Angeles
Chicago, (1),
(8).
( )
. 1-2-4-7-8.
7
, 2-4 4-7 (min{10, 7, 7, 8} = 7). ,
7 1 8
. 1 .
1 . : 7 .
1 1

() 1 4 2 6 8, ( )
. 6
68
. , 6
. 2 ,
.
: 7 + 6 = 13 .

 2 2

, 1 3 4 8.
4 , 34
48. , 4
. 3 ,
.
: 7 + 6 + 4 = 17 .
3 3

, 1 3 5 7 8.
1 ,
13 78. , 1
. 4
, .
: 7 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 18 .
4 4

4 ( )
, 18 . :
7 Los Angeles Salt Lake City Denver St. Louis Chicago,
6 Los Angeles Denver Salt Lake City Kansas City Chicago,
4 Los Angeles Phoenix Denver Chicago,
1 Los Angeles Phoenix Dallas - St. Louis Chicago.
4.
,
,
, ( )
, . ,

. , 18
, .

 6
1
. o
, minimax
,
. , Maximin
() 100 ( 3 3) Minimax
() 120 ( 1 3).

1
2
3
Col Max
Minimax

1
80
160
140
160

2
120
90
140
140

3
120
80
100
120
120

Row Min

Maximin

80
80
100

100
120100

2
(
)
. .
. 2
3. ,
3 2, .

1
2
3

1
y1

3
y3

80
160
140

120
80
100

. y1
1 y3 3 y1 + y3
= 1. :
V(B, A1) = 80y1 + 120y3
V(B, A2) = 160y1 + 80y3
V(B, A3) = 140y1 + 100y3

B.
y.
, V(B, Ai), i=1,2,3 .

,
V(B, A1) 80 120, V(B, A2) 160 80
V(B, A3) 140 100.
. ,
3 1
. ,
( ) , .

 minimax ,
.
. ,
(minimax) , , . , A2
A minimax ()
2x2
y1 y3 y 1-y. x 1-x
.

1 x
3 1-x

1
y
80
140

3
1-y
120
100

,
y3 0,75 (V=110).
.
2 2.
B V(B, A1)=V(B, A3) :
80y + 120(1-y) = 140y +100(1-y) -40y + 120 = 40y + 100 80y = 20. y = 1/4
1-y = 3/4. , , 1-y = 0,75 (
3) y 0,25.
V(,
1) V(, 3) V = 80 (1/4) + 120 (3/4) = 110 ( ).
, :
V(A, B1) = 80x + 140(1-x) = -60x + 140
V(A, B3) = 120x + 100(1-x) = 20x + 100
V(A, B1) = V(A, B3) 80x = 40, x = 1/2 1-x = 1/2.


V(A, B1) V(A, B4) :
V = V(A, B1) = -60 (1/2) + 140 = 110 ( ).
, :
: (1/2, 0, 1/2)
: (1/4, 0, 3/4)
V = 110.
, ,
110.000 .
,
.

 7
, tableau
100 Chicago Boston.
Chicago : Chicago
() C2. H 100,
Boston.
(
). , 1,000
Chicago, 100 .
Boston

Denver

Houston

13

Phoenix

11

Chicago

900

13

C2

100
10

Memphis

800
12

New Orleans

700
500

750

800

450

Vogel
, :

1
1
1
1
1

3
2
2

2
2
2
1
1

3
3
1
1

13
7 2 2

11

900 900 900 900 900 150

750
13

-13

150

100

100
10
4 2 2

5
100

12

9
800 800 800 400 300 300

400
5

2
7

300
2

700 700
500
400
400
0

750
750
750
750
750
0

700
800
800
100
100
0

450
450
450
450
450
450

 7 . ui, vj
ij = ui + vj - cij
(ij 0 i, j) 14,350
.

12

11

u
-1

13

4 -1

11

900
750

150
12-

6-

13 5-

100
100
10 -2

-2

800
400

100

-3

12 -6

300

2 -6

-3

700
700
500

750

800

450

, tableau :

Boston

Denver

13

Houston

Phoenix

11

Chicago

1,000
100

750
10

150
5

Memphis

800
400

100
12

300
2

New Orleans

700
700
500

750

800

450

2500

 8
A 0 2

B 2 5

0 2

2 5

E 5

1 10 11

START

6 8

2 11 13

I 13 15

FINISH

2 13 15

C 0 2

D 2 4

1 3

G 5

H 9 13

9 13

3 5

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

0
0
1
1
5
5
0
0
0

: A B G H I
: 15 .
= 15 2 (1.028)2.
Prob Z

15
1.028

0.99

15
1.028

2.33

17.39

17.4


, &

2012

1
UCC .
100,000
. 80,000 90,000
,
. , 1 ,
2 6 ( ), 7
, .

.
, UCC
. ,
. ,
.

1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

2
10

3
10
1

12

6
6
4
3
2

7
8
2

,
.

2


.
.

1. ,
1 ( ) 10 (
).
. ;
2. ,
, 10 .
,
. ( 10
, 1, ,
).

3
GEXT965
. marketing,
200, 300 100 , 240 .
(
).
200 , 180 240 . ,
, , ,
, 60// . ,
, 10 .
GEXT965 (: ) .

4
air-conditioners LIV323
. marketing, 2000, 3000
1000 , 2400 air-conditioner . (
). air-conditioner
300 , 270 360 . ,
, , ,
, 60/air-conditioner/ . , air-conditioner
, 100 .
LIV323 (:
) .

5
.
,
, .
(
(), , ( ) (
)).

()

()

1
200
400
140

1
2
3

2
300
100
200

3
100
600
80

4
500
0
400

()

()

1
2
3
4

1
100
0
300
-300

2
-100
400
-200
600

3
300
100
500
-200

1.
2.

, minimax ,
.

. ,
.

6
, ,
18
, . 14 ( A, B, , )
( )
.

(14)
, ,
. () .
2. , ,
2 .
18 ; . 99%
, ;
: P(0 Z 1.21) = 0.3869, P(0 Z 2.24) = 0.4875, P(0 Z 1.65) = 0.4505, P(0 Z 1.00) = 0.3413
1.

7
Lockhead Aircraft Co
.
92 , . 10 (
A, B, , J) .
( ).

()
A
32

B
28

C
36

D
16

E
32

F
54

G
17

H
20

I
34

J
18

 (10)
, ,
. () .
2.
, ,
6.6 .
92 ; Lockhead 95%
,
;
: P(0 Z 1.21) = 0.3869, P(0 Z 2.24) = 0.4875, P(0 Z 1.65) = 0.4505, P(0 Z 1.00) = 0.3413
1.

 1

, - (1)
- (7):

( )
. 1-2-4-7.
7
, 4-7 (min{10, 8, 7} = 7). , 7
1 7
. 1 .
1 . : 7 (
).

 1 1

() 1 3 5 7, ( )
. 8
57
. , 5
. . 2
, ( ).
: 7 + 8 = 15 .
2 2

, 1 3 6 7.
2 67
. , 2
. 3
, .
: 7 + 8 + 2 = 17 .
3 3

3 ( )
, 17 . ,
,
() 1-2, 1-3, 2-4, 3-5, 3-6, 4-7, 5-7 6-7. 100,000
100,000/17,000 = 5.88
.

,
,
, ( )
, . ,

. , 17
, .

 2
1: .

0 ( ).
:
2, 400 ,
4, 520
8, 750 .
2 400
{1, 2}.
2 :
4, 520 , ,
8, 750 , ,
3, 850 , 2,
4, 890 , 2.
2 4 ( 520 890).
4
, 520
, {1, 2, 4}.
4 :
8, 750 , ,
3, 850 , 2,
3, 1100 , 4,
5, 830 , 4,
8, 760 , 4.
4 3 ( 850 1100),
8 ( 750 760).
8
750 ,
{1, 2, 4, 8}.
8 :
3, 850 , 2,
5, 830 , 4,
5, 1090 , 8,
7, 1020 , 8,
10, 1090 , 8.
8 5 ( 830 1090).
5 830
4 {1, 2, 4, 8, 5}.
5 :
3, 850 , 2,
7, 1020 , 8,
10, 1090 , 8,
3, 1040 , 5,
6, 1005 , 5,

 7, 1090 , 5.
5 3 ( 850 1040),
7 ( 1020 1090).
3 850
2 {1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 3}.
3 :
7, 1020 , 8,
10, 1090 , 8,
6, 1005 , 5,
6, 970 , 3.
3 6 ( 1005 970).
6 970 3
{1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 3, 6}.
6 :
7, 1020 , 8,
10, 1090 , 8,
7, 1220 , 6,
9, 1220 6.
6 7 ( 1020 1220).
7 1020 8
{1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 3, 6, 7}.
7 :
10, 1090 , 8,
9, 1220 6,
9, 1255 , 7,
10, 1340 7.
7 9 ( 12200 1255),
10 ( 1090 1340).
10 1090 ,
8.
1090 .
, 10
8 . ,
8.

2: ,

{1, 8, 10} .
{1, 8, 10} 4 8-4
240. , {1, 8, 10, 4}.
9, 10-9 260, {1, 8, 10, 4, 9}.
7, 9-7, 235.

 {1, 8, 10, 4, 9, 7}. 6 7,

7-6 250, {1, 8, 10, 4, 9,
7, 6}. ( 9-6).
3, 6, 6-3 120.
{1, 8, 10, 4, 9, 7, 6, 3}. 5 6
6-5 175, {1, 8, 10, 4, 9, 7, 6, 3, 5}.
2 1-2 400. 2770
, :

 3
. :

1: (s1 = 240)
2: (s2 = 240)
3: (s3 = 240)

1: (d1 = 200)
2: (d2 = 300)
3: (d3 = 100)
4: (d4 = 120)
, :
a)
""
.
200 (c11). ,
, c22 = 180 c33 = 240.
b)
"" ,
.
c13
(= 200 + 10 + 10). c12
c23.
c)
"" ,

. c31

(= 240 + 60 + 60). c32 c21.
d)
,
.
(tableau) .

200

210

2200

0
240

240

180

190

0
240

360

300

240

0
240

200

300

100

120

720

( ) :
240 , 200
40
(x11 = 200, x12 = 40).

720 600,
720 - 600 = 120 .

240
(x22 = 240).
120 , 100
20 () (x32 =
20, x33 = 100, x34 = 120).

 4
. :

1: (s1 = 2400)
2: (s2 = 2400)
3: (s3 = 2400)

1: (d1 = 2000)
2: (d2 = 3000)
3: (d3 = 1000)
4: (d4 = 1200)
, :
e)
""
.
300 (c11). ,
, c22 = 270 c33 = 360.
f)
"" ,
.
c13 air-conditioner
(= 300 + 100 + 100). c12
c23.
g)
"" ,

. c31
air-conditioner
(= 360 + 60 + 60). c32 c21.
h)
,
.
(tableau) .

300

400

500

0
2400

330

270

370

0
2400

480

420

360

0
2400

2000

3000

1000

1200

7200

( ) :
2400 air-conditioners, 2000
400
(x11 = 2000, x12 = 400).

7200 air-conditioners 6000,

7200 - 6000 = 1200 air-conditioners.

2400 air-conditioners
(x22 = 2400).
1200 air-conditioners, 1000
200 ()
(x32 = 200, x33 = 1000, x34 = 1200).

 5 ( )
1
. o
, minimax
,
. , Maximin ()
100 ( 1 3) Minimax ()
300 ( 1 2).

1
2
3
Col Max
Minimax

1
200
400
140
400

2
300
100
200
300
300

3
100
600
80
600

4
500
0
400
500

Row Min

Maximin

100
0
80

100

100300

2
(
)
. . 3
1,
23, .

1 x
2 1-x

1
y1

2
y2

3
y3

4
Y4

200
400

300
100

100
600

500
0

, . x
1, (1-x) 2.
y1 1, y2
2, y3 3, y4 4. y1+y2+y3+y4 =1.
( ) :
V(A, B1) = 200x + 400(1-x) = 400 - 200x,
V(A, B2) = 300x + 100(1-x) = 100 + 200x,
V(A, B3) = 100x + 600(1-x) = 600 - 500x
V(A, B4) = 500x + 0(1-x) = 500x.

.
x.
( V(A, Bi), i=1,2,3,4))
1 2.

. , V(A, B1) 400
200, V(A, B2) 100 300, V(A, B3) 600 100
V(A, B4) 0 500.

 maximin ,
.
. ,
. , 1 4
maximin
22
y2 y3 y 1-y :
2
y

3
1-y

300

100

1-x

100

600

,
x1 (V).
.
22: V(A, B2) V(A, B3)
100 + 200x = 600 - 500x 700x = 500. x = 5/7 1-x = 2/7.
V(A, B2) V(A, B3)
V = 100 + 200(5/7) = 1700/7 242.86.
B V(B, A1) = V(B, A2) 100 + 200y = 600 - 500y, y = 5/7
1-y = 2/7. V(B, A1) V(B, A2)
V =1700/7 .
, :
():
():
V = 1700/7

(5/7, 2/7, 0)
(0, 5/7, 2/7, 0)

, ,
242.860 .
,
.

 5 ( )
1
. o
, minimax
,
. , Maximin
() 100 ( 3 3) Minimax
() 120 ( 1 3).

1
2
3
4
Col Max
Minimax

1
100
0
300
-300
300
300

2
-100
400
-200
600
600

3
300
100
500
-200
500

Row Min
-100
0
-200
-300

Maximin
0

0 300

2
(
)
. .
. 3
1. ,
42, .

1
2
3
4

1
y1
100
0
300
-300

2
y2
-100
400
-200
600

. y1
1 y2 2 y1 + y2
= 1. :
V(B, A1) = 100y1 - 100y2 = 200y1 - 100
V(B, A2) = 0y1 + 400y2 = -400y1 + 400
V(B, A3) = 300y1 - 200y2 = 500y1 - 200
V(B, A4) = -300y1 + 600y2 = -900y1 + 600

B.
y.
, V(B, Ai), i=1,2,3,4 .

,
V(B, A1) -100 100, V(B, A2) 400 0,
V(B, A3) -200 300 V(B, A4) 600 -300.

 minimax ,
.
. ,
(minimax) , , . , A1
4 A minimax ()
2x2
y1 y2 y 1-y .
x 1-x , 2 3 () .

2 x
3 1-x

1
y
0
300

2
1-y
400
-200

,
y 0.67 (V=133.33).
.
22.
B V(B, A2)=V(B, A3) :
0y + 400(1-y) = 300y - 200(1-y) 900y = 600. y = 2/3 ( )
1-y = 1/3.
V(,
2) V(, 3) V = 400(1/3) = 400/3 ( ).
, :
V(A, B1) = 0x + 300(1-x) = 300 - 300x
V(A, B2) = 400x - 200(1-x) = 600x - 200
V(A, B1) = V(A, B2) 900x = 500, x = 5/9 1-x = 4/9.

V(A, B1) V(A, B2) :
V = V(A, B1) = 300 - 300(5/9) = 400/3 ( ).
, :
: (0, 5/9, 4/9, 0)

 : (2/3, 1/3, 0)
V = 400/3.
, ,
400/3 .
, .

 6
1

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N

0
6
0
3
0
4
6
10
3
10
4
8
4
10
10
13
6
11
10
14
8
11
10
15
14
20
15
20

1
7
0
3
0
4
7
11
3
10
8
12
4
10
11
14
9
14
10
14
12
15
10
15
14
20
15
20

: 20
: B E J M C G L N ( Gantt )

1
0
0
1
0
4
0
1
3
0
4
0
0
0

 2
.. = =
20 2 = 4.
:
X-20 18-20
Prob X 18 Prob

Prob Z 1.00 0.5 Prob 0 Z 1.00 0.5 0.3413 0.1587

2
2
, 18 16%.

, :
a-20
X-20 a-20
Prob X a 0.99 Prob

2.24 a 24.48
0.99
2
2
2

. 99%
, 24.5 .

 7
1

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J

0
32
0
28
32
68
28
44
28
60
28
82
44
61
61
81
61
95
82
100

14
46
0
28
46
82
33
49
34
66
28
82
49
66
80
100
66
100
82
100

14
0
14
5
6
0
5
19
5
0

: B F J
: 100

2
.. = =
100 2 = 6.62.
:
X-100 92-100
Prob X 92 Prob

Prob Z 1.21 0.5 Prob 0 Z 1.21 0.5 0.3869 0.1131

6.6
6.6
, 92 11.3%.

, :
a-100
X-100 a-100
Prob X a 0.95 Prob

1.65 a 110.89
0.95
6.6
6.6
6.6

Lockhead 95%
,
111 .