Bai Giang Co So Cong Trinh Cau - T

MC LC BI GING C S CNG TRNH CU
MC LC
CH NG 1: ........................................................................................ 2
KHI NI M V CC CNG TRNH NHN T O TRN NG ............... 2
CH NG 2: ...................................................................................... 25
CC C N C C B N V I U KI N THI T K C U .................... 25
CH NG 3: ...................................................................................... 35
THI T K CC PH NG N C U ....................................................... 35
CH NG 4: ...................................................................................... 43
M T C U V NG NG I I ........................................................ 43
CH NG 5: ...................................................................................... 69
KHI NI M CHUNG V M TR C U ................................................. 69
CH NG 6: ...................................................................................... 75
C U T O M TR C U D M ............................................................. 75
CH NG 7: .................................................................................... 100
C S PHN TCH K T C U C U .................................................... 100
CH NG 8: .................................................................................... 112
TNH TON M TR C U D M ....................................................... 112
CH NG 9: .................................................................................... 124
G I C U ......................................................................................... 124
B MN CU HM - CSII H GIAO THNG VN TI - C S II 1
CHNG 1: KN V CC CTNT TRN NG BI GING C S CNG TRNH CU
CHNG 1:
KHI NIM V CC CNG TRNH NHN TO TRN NG
1.1. CC LOI CNG TRNH NHN TO TRN NG:
- Khi nim: L mt kt cu do con ngi xy dng trn ng cho php vt qua cc
chng ngi vt m bo giao thng.
- Cng trnh nhn to trn ng bao gm:
+ Cng trnh vt sng, sui, thung lng,: Cu, hm.
+ Cng trnh chn t: Tng chn.
+ Cng trnh thot nc nh: Cng, ng trn, cu trn.
1.1.1. Cu:
Cu l cng trnh vt qua dng nc, qua thung lng, qua ng, qua cc khu vc sn
xut, cc khu thng mi hoc qua khu dn c. Theo tiu chun 22TCN 272-05 th cu l mt
kt cu bt k vt khu khng di 6m to thnh mt phn ca mt con ng.
Hnh 1.1a: M hnh cng trnh cu.

Hnh 1.1b: Cu Bixby (Hoa k). Hnh 1.1c: Cu Nanpu (Trung Quc)
1.1.2. Cc cng trnh thot nc nh:
- ng trn l cng trnh c mt ng nm st cao y sng, vo ma ma nc
chy trn qua mt ng nhng xe c vn i li c. C th t cng bn di thot
nc. p dng: Cho cc dng chy c lu lng nh, v c l xy ra trong thi gian ngn.
Hnh 1.2a: M hnh ng trn.

Hnh 1.2b: Cng trnh ng trn trong thc t.
- Cu trn l cng trnh c thit k dnh mt li thot nc di ng, dng
chy thng qua vi mt lu lng nht nh. Khi vt qu lu lng ny, nc s trn qua -
ng. p dng: Cho nhng dng chy c lu lng nh v trung bnh tng i ko di
trong nm.
Hnh 1.3a: M hnh cu trn.

Hnh 1.3b: Cng trnh cu trn trong thc t.
- Cng l cng trnh thot nc ch yu qua cc dng nc nh, c lu lng nh (Q 40
50 m
3
/s). Quy nh: Chiu dy lp t p trn nh cng 0.5m phn b p lc bnh
xe v gim lc xung kch.
Hnh 1.4a: M hnh cng thot nc qua ng.

Hnh 1.4b: Cng trnh cng trong thc t.
1.1.3. Tng chn:
Tng chn l cng trnh chn t, c xy dng nhm m bo n nh ca dc taluy
nn ng.
Hnh 1.5: Cng trnh tng chn.
1.1.4. Hm:
Hm l cng trnh c cao tuyn ng thp hn nhiu so vi mt t t nhin. Ty theo
mc ch s dng c cc cng trnh hm sau:
- Hm vt ni: L hm c xy dng xuyn qua ni, c cao tuyn ng thp hn
nhiu so vi cao mt t t nhin.
Hnh 1.6a: M hnh hm vt ni.

Hnh 1.6b: Hm Hi Vn (Vit Nam).
- Hm vt sng, eo bin: Khi vt qua cc sng ln, cc eo bin su, vic xy dng tr
cu kh khn hoc cu qu cao, khi ta c th lm hm.

Hnh 1.7: Hm Th Thim (Vit Nam).
- Hm giao thng trong lng t: Trong cc thnh ph ng dn c m bo giao
thng nhanh chng, c th xy dng cc hm cho ngi, xe c hoc tu in i qua.
Hnh 1.8a: M hnh hm giao thng trong lng t.

Hnh 1.8b: Cng trnh hm giao thng trong lng t.
Hnh 1.8c: M hnh xy dng tu in ngm H Ni trong tng lai.
- Hm vt ng (hm chui): Ti cc nt giao ta c th xy dng hm chui.

Hnh 1.9: Cng trnh hm vt ng.
1.2. CC B PHN V CC KCH THC C BN CA CU:
1.2.1. Cc b phn ca cng trnh cu:
- Cng trnh cu bao gm: Cu, ng dn vo cu, cc cng trnh iu chnh dng chy
v gia c b sng.
- Cu bao gm: Kt cu phn trn v kt cu phn di.
+ Kt cu phn trn: Kt cu nhp.
Tc dng: To ra b mt cho xe chy v cho ngi i b trn cu, m bo xe chy
m thun v an ton trong qu trnh chuyn ng.
+ Kt cu phn di: M cu, tr cu, nn mng.
Tc dng: kt cu phn trn v truyn ti trng t kt cu phn trn xung t
nn. Kt cu phn di thng chim (40
60)% tng gi thnh xy dng cng trnh.

Hnh 1.10: Cc b phn ca cu.
- Ngoi ra cn c cc kt cu ph tr khc nh: Lp ph mt cu, lan can, h thng thot
nc, gi cu, khe co gin,
1.2.2. Cc kch thc c bn ca cu:
Lo
Lnh Lnh
Ltt1
Ltt2
Ltt1
Lcau
MNCN
MNTT
MNTN
H
H
1
H
k
t
Hnh 1.11: Cc kch thc c bn ca cu.
- Cc chiu di cu:
+ Khu thot nc di cu (L
0
): L khong cch tnh t mp trong m bn ny n
mp trong ca m bn kia. Khu thot nc di cu c xc nh trn c s tnh ton
thy vn di cu theo tn sut thit k P%, m bo sau khi xy dng cu khng pht sinh ra
hin tng xi chung v xi cc b qu ln hoc khng to nn mc nc dnh qu ln trc
cu.
+ Chiu di nhp (L
nh
): L khong cch tnh t u dm bn ny n u dm bn kia.
+ Chiu di nhp tnh ton (L
tt
): L chiu di on dm m ti biu mmen khng
i du.
+ Chiu di ton cu (L
cau
): L chiu di tnh t ui m bn ny n ui m bn kia.

+ +
mo nh cau
L a L L . 2
Trong :
L
nh
: L chiu di ca mt nhp.
a: Khe h gia cc u dm.
L
mo
: Chiu di ca m cu.
- Cc chiu cao thit k cu:
+ Chiu cao t do di cu (H): L khong cch tnh t y KCN n MNCN.
+ Chiu cao kin trc ca cu (H
kt
): L khong cch tnh t y KCN n mt ng xe
chy.
+ Chiu cao ca cu (H
1
): L khong cch tnh t mt ng xe chy n MNTN (i
vi cu vt qua dng nc) v n mt t t nhin (i vi cu cn).
- Cc mc nc thit k:
+ Mc nc cao nht (MNCN): L mc nc ln nht xut hin trn sng ng vi tn
sut l thit k P%. Da vo MNCN xc nh khu cu tnh ton v cao y dm.
+ Mc nc thp nht (MNTN): L mc nc thp nht xut hin trn sng ng vi tn
sut l thit k P%. Da vo MNTN bit v tr ch lng sng nc su trong ma cn, cn
c vo xc nh v tr cc nhp thng thuyn. Ngoi ra cn xc nh cao nh b
mng ca tr gia sng.
Mc nc cao nht v mc nc thp nht c xc nh theo cc s liu quan trc
thy vn v mc nc l, c tnh ton theo tn sut P% quy nh i vi cc cu v ng
khc nhau.
+ Mc nc thng thuyn (MNTT): L mc nc cao nht cho php tu b i li di
cu an ton. Da vo MNTT v chiu cao thng thuyn xc nh cao y dm.
Theo Tiu chun 22TCN18-79, tn sut thit k tnh MNCN, MNTN cho cu va,
cu ln l 1%, MNTT l 5%. Hin nay theo Tiu chun 22TCN272-05 khng quy nh.
Xc nh cao y dm:
+ y dm ti mi v tr phi cao hn MNCN 0.5m i vi sng ng bng v 1.0m
i vi sng min ni c ln cy tri (ng t).
+ Ti nhng ni kh cn hoc i vi cu cn, cu vt th cao y dm ti mi v
tr phi cao hn mt t t nhin 1.0m.
+ Cao y dm phi cao hn hoc bng MNTT cng vi chiu cao thng thuyn.
+ nh x m ca m tr phi cao hn MNCN ti thiu l 0.25m.
1.3. PHN LOI CU:
1.3.1. Phn loi theo mc ch s dng:
Ty theo mc ch s dng, c th phn thnh cc loi cu:
- Cu t: L cng trnh cu cho tt c cc phng tin giao thng trn ng t nh: xe
ti, xe gn my, xe th s v on ngi b hnh, ...
- Cu ng st: c xy dng dnh ring cho tu ha.
- Cu i b: Phc v dnh ring cho ngi i b.
- Cu thnh ph: L cu cho t, tu in, ngi i b, ...
- Cu chy chung: L cu cho c t, xe la, ngi i b, ...
- Cu c bit: L cc cu phc v cho cc ng dn nc, ng dn kh, ...
1.3.2. Phn loi theo vt liu lm kt cu nhp:
- Cu g.
- Cu .
- Cu b tng.
- Cu b tng ct thp.
- Cu thp.
1.3.3. Phn loi theo chng ngi vt:
- Cu thng thng (vt sng): L cc cng trnh cu c xy dng vt qua cc dng
nc nh: sng, sui, khe su, ...
Hnh 1.12a: M hnh cu thng thng.

Hnh 1.12b: Cng trnh cu thng thng.
- Cu vt (cu qua ng): L cc cng trnh cu c thit k cho cc nt giao nhau
khc mc trn ng t hoc ng st.
Hnh 1.13a: M hnh cu vt ng.

Hnh 1.13b: Cng trnh cu vt ng.
- Cu cn: L cc cng trnh cu c xy dng ngay trn mt t lm cu dn vo cu
chnh hoc nng cao tuyn ng ln gii phng khng gian bn di.
Hnh 1.14a: M hnh cu cn.

Hnh 1.14b: Cng trnh cu cn.
- Cu cao: L cc cng trnh cu bc qua thung lng khe su, cc tr cu c chiu cao > 20
25 m, thm ch n hng trm mt.

Hnh 1.15a: M hnh cu cao.

Hnh 1.15b: Cng trnh cu cao.
- Cu phao: L cc cng trnh cu c xy dng bng h ni nhm phc v cho mc ch
qun s hoc phc v giao thng trong mt thi gian ngn.
Hnh 1.16a: M hnh cu phao.

Hnh 1.16b: Cng trnh cu phao.
- Cu m: Cu m l cu c 1 hoc 2 nhp s c di ng khi v tr tu b qua li
trong khong thi gian nht nh. C cc loi cu m sau:
+ Cu ct: KCN c th m v 1 pha hoc 2 pha theo gc 70
0
80
0
so vi phng nm
ngang.
Hnh 1.17a: M hnh cu ct.

Hnh 1.17b: Cng trnh cu ct.
+ Cu nng: KCN c nng h theo phng thng ng.
Hnh 1.18a: M hnh cu nng.
Hnh 1.18b: Cng trnh cu nng.
+ Cu quay: KCN quay trn mt bng mt gc 90
0
.
Hnh 1.19a: M hnh cu quay.

Hnh 1.19b: Cng trnh cu quay.
1.3.4. Phn loi theo cao ng xe chy:
Ty theo vic b tr cao ng xe chy, c th phn thnh:
- Cu c ng xe chy trn: Khi ng xe chy t trn nh kt cu nhp.

Hnh 1.20: Cu c ng xe chy trn.
- Cu c ng xe chy di: Khi ng xe chy b tr dc theo bin di KCN.

Hnh 1.21: Cu c ng xe chy di.
- Cu c ng xe chy gia: Khi ng xe chy b tr gia phm vi ca KCN.

Hnh 1.22: Cu c ng xe chy gia.
1.3.5. Phn loi theo s tnh hc:
- S dm gin n:
+ Phn b ni lc: Biu momen ch c
du (+) v gi tr ln nht ti gia nhp.
+ Phn b vt liu: Vt liu tp trung ch
yu khu vc gia nhp do ni lc do tnh
ti ln, d tr kh nng chu hot ti km nn
kh nng vt nhp thp.
Hnh 1.23. S dm gin n.
+ Kh nng vt nhp:
KCN cu dm: L 40m
KCN cu dn: L 60m
- S dm mt tha:
Hnh 1.24. S dm mt tha.
+ Phn b ni lc: Biu momen xut hin M(-) ti mt ct gi v M(+) ti mt ct
gia nhp.
+ Phn b vt liu: Vt liu tp trung ch yu mt ct gi do KCN nh nn kh
nng vt nhp tt hn so vi KCN gin n.
- S dm hng - nhp eo:
Hnh 1.25. S dm hng nhp eo.
+ KCN c dm eo thng khai thc khng m thun, lc xung kch ln, khe co gin
phi cu to phc tp do hin nay t dng.
- S dm lin tc:
Hnh 1.26. S dm lin tc.
+ Gi tr M(-) ti mt ct gi ln hn M(+) mt ct gia nhp do pht huy c ht
kh nng lm vic ca vt liu.
+ Kt cu lin tc cn gim c s lng khe co gin trn cu, do m bo m
thun cho xe chy.
+ Kh nng vt nhp:
KCN dm thp: L 90m.
KCN dn thp: L 120m.
KCN dm BTCT DL: L 150m.
KCN cu treo, cu dy vng: L 150 450m.
1.3.6. Phn loi theo s cu to:
- Cu dm:
+ B phn chu lc ch yu l dm, lm vic chu un.
+ Di tc dng ca ti trng thng ng ti gi ch pht sinh phn lc thng ng V.
V V
Hnh 1.27a. M hnh KCN cu dm.

Hnh 1.27b. Cng trnh cu dm.
- Cu vm:
+ B phn chu lc ch yu l vm, vm lm vic chu nn v chu un.
+ Phn lc gi vm (trong vm khng cht) gm c lc thng ng V, momen un M
v lc y ngang H.
+ Nu c thanh ging chu lc y ngang H th phn lc gi ca vm s ch gm
phn lc thng ng V ging nh cu dm. Khi ta c h thng cu dm - vm t hp.
V
V
H
V
H
Hnh 1.28a. M hnh KCN cu vm.

Hnh 1.28b. Cng trnh cu vm.
- Cu dn:
+ Kt cu chu lc chnh ca kt cu nhp cu dn l cc mt phng dn, vi cc thanh
dn ch chu lc dc trc (ko hoc nn). Chiu cao dn ln nn kh nng chu lc v vt
nhp ca kt cu nhp cu dn ln hn so vi kt cu nhp cu dm. Nhc im chnh ca
kt cu nhp cu dn l cu to v thi cng phc tp.
+ KCN cu dn thng p dng cho cc cu chu ti trng ln nh cu ng st.
Hnh 1.29a: M hnh KCN cu dn.

Hnh 1.29b: Cng trnh cu dn.
- Cu khung:
+ Tr v dm c lin kt cng vi
nhau chu lc.
+ Phn lc gi gm c phn lc thng
ng V v lc y ngang H, nu chn khung
lin kt khp th s khng c momen M.
V
H
V
H
Hnh 1.30a. M hnh KCN cu khung.

Hnh 1.30b. Cng trnh cu khung.
- Cu treo:
+ B phn chu lc ch yu ca cu treo l dy cp hoc dy xch h mt cu (dm
hoc dn). Do trn quan im tnh hc, cu treo l h thng t hp gia dy v dm (hoc
dn).
+ C th phn cu treo thnh 2 loi:
Cu treo dy vng (gi tt l cu treo).
Cu treo dy xin (cu dy vng).
Cu treo dy xin (cu dy vng): y l kt cu dm cng ta trn cc gi cng
l cc gi cu trn m - tr v trn cc gi n hi l cc dy vng. Dy vng neo vo dm
cng bin thnh mt h khng c lc y ngang.
Hnh 1.31a: M hnh KCN cu dy vng.

Hnh 1.31b: Cng trnh cu dy vng.
Cu treo dy vng (cu treo): Trong cu treo, dy lm vic ch yu chu ko v ti
ch neo cp c phn lc thng ng (lc nh) v phn lc ngang rt ln do trong kt cu
nhp cu treo ti v tr m ta phi cu to h neo rt ln v rt phc tp.
H
V
H
V
Hnh 1.32a: M hnh KCN cu treo dy vng.

Hnh 1.32b: Cng trnh cu treo dy vng.
1.4. CC YU CU C BN I VI CU:
1.4.1. Yu cu v mt xy dng v khai thc:
- m bo xe chy thun tin, an ton v khng b gim tc trn tuyn ng.
- Chiu rng ng xe chy phi ph hp vi lu lng v loi xe tnh ton. Mt cu tt,
bng phng, nhm v thot nc nhanh chng.
- S cu, chiu di nhp v chiu di cu phi m bo khu thot nc yu cu, tu
b i li di sng thun li v an ton.
- Kt cu cu phi m bo kh nng thi cng, ph hp vi cc cng ngh thi cng. Cu
phi c kt cu hin i, m bo tnh cng nghip ha trong ch to v xy dng. ng thi
kt cu phi c bn, cng, n nh ca ton cu v ca tng b phn.
1.4.2. Yu cu v mt kinh t:
- m bo chi ph thit b, vt liu r nht, gim sc lao ng, gim gi thnh xy dng
n mc ti a.
- Khi tnh gi thnh ca cng trnh cu, phi xt n gi thnh duy tu, sa cha; ng thi
phi tnh n s pht trin ca nn kinh t quc dn khi la chn cc phng n cu.
1.4.3. Yu cu v mt m quan:
Cu phi c hnh dng p, ph hp vi quang cnh a phng c bit l cc cng trnh
nm trong thnh ph hoc cc khu danh lam thng cnh, di tch lch s.
1.4.4. Yu cu v mt an ninh quc phng:
Ngoi mc ch giao thng cn phi xt n tnh thit thc cho cc hot ng an ninh quc
phng. Khi c chin tranh bt cht xy ra th cc cy cu c th chuyn sang phc v cho cc
loi xe c chng ca qun i.
1.5. S LC LCH S V XU HNG PHT TRIN NGNH XY DNG CU:
1.5.1. S lc lch s pht trin ngnh xy dng cu:
1.5.1.1. Cu g:
- Cu g l loi cu c xy dng lu i nht.
- G l loi vt liu t nhin tng i tt, tuy nhin khi dng trong xy dng cu th phi
chn loi g tt nh lim, g, sn, tu v phi c bin php phng mc.
- Cu g c thi gian s dng ngn, kh nng vt nhp khng ln lm (L 3050m).
- Hin nay ch cn s dng min rng, ng lm nghip v cc cu tm hoc gio
phc v thi cng.

Hnh 1.33: Cu g.
1.5.1.2. Cu :
- c xy dng t hng ngn nm v trc, n ngy nay vn tn ti v s dng c.
- Hu ht cu c xy dng theo dng cu vm ph hp vi tnh cht chu nn ca
.
- Cu vm c th vt khu nhp n 100m.
- Cu xy dng kh khn nn t c kh nng xy dng cng nghip ho.
- Hin nay ch p dng cc vng min ni, ni c th khai thc trc tip ti ch hoc
lm cc cng trnh kin trc ngh thut nhng danh lam thng cnh.

Hnh 1.34: Cu .
1.5.1.3. Cu thp:
- Cu thp xut hin vo na cui ca th k 19.
- Cu kim loi u tin c lm bng gang, tip n l s ra i ca cu treo dy xch.
- vt qua cc sng rt ln vi nhp rt ln, ngi ta dng cu thp.
- u im ni bt ca cu thp l hon ton cng nghip ho ch to v lp rp, d dng
lp rp bng phng php hng do d xy dng qua sng su, thung lng su v qua sng
c nhiu tu b i li.
- Nhc im ca cu thp l g, do tn cng bo dng.
- S ra i v pht trin ca cu vm v cu dy vng ang l bc tin mi ca cu thp.

Hnh 1.35: Cu thp.
1.5.1.4. Cu btng ct thp:
- Cui th k 19, trong xy dng cu s dng mt loi vt liu mi l BTCT.
- Trong giai on u, cc cu BTCT thng c dng cu bn, dm v vm c khu
nh hn 30m.
- n nhng nm 30 ca th k 20, sau khi k s Freyssinet nghin cu thnh cng BTCT
ng sut trc th cu BTCT bt u pht trin mnh m.
- Sau i chin th gii ln th 2, cc kt cu nhp lp ghp, kt cu bn lp ghp bng
BTCT DL c s dng hng lot.
- Hin nay, cu BTCT ngy cng c pht trin m ra k nguyn mi trong vic s dng
KCN BTCT thay th cho KCN cu thp. Cu BTCT vt c khu n 200300m v
s hnh thnh cc kt cu lin hp nh dn - dy, dm - dy, chc chn s xut hin nhng
cy cu c khu nhp ln hn 400500m.

Hnh 1.36: Cu btng ct thp.
Lch s pht trin ngnh cu Vit Nam:
- So vi cc nc trn th gii, ngnh xy
dng cu Vit Nam vn cn non tr. Trc cch
mng thng 8, trn cc tuyn ng t ch yu c
cc cu BTCT nhp nh t 3 - 20m, kh hp, mt
ln xe, ti trng nh thuc cc h thng cu bn, dm gin n, dm hng, khung. Thi k
ny cng c mt s cu thp ln vt qua cc sng ln nh cu ung, cu Ninh Bnh, cu
Lai Vu, cu Long Bin cho ng st v t i chung, , trong cu Long Bin c nhp
ln nht gn 130m, chiu di ton cu gn 3km. Trong thi k khng chin chng thc dn
Php phn ln cc cu b ph hoi. T sau ha bnh lp li (1954), mt lot cc cu mi
trn ng st v t c xy dng. Cu thp c: Cu Hm Rng (Thanh Ha), cu Lng
Ging, cu Vit Tr; cu BTCT thng c: Cu oan V, cu Bng, cu Gi; cu BTCTDUL
c: Cu Ph L, cu Ca Tin, nhng cc cu ny n nm 1964 - 1972 li b quc M
nm bom ph hoi.
- T nm 1975 n nay chng ta xy dng hng lot cc cu mi trn tuyn ng
st v t. Sau y l mt s cu in hnh:
+ Cu Thng Long qua sng Hng cho ng st v t c xy dng xong nm
1982, cc nhp chnh l dn thp lin tc, nhp ln nht 112m, cu dn l cc nhp dm gin
n BTCTDUL nhp 33m, chiu di ton cu 1680m. Hnh 1.37: Cu Thng Long (H
Ni).
+ Cu Chng Dng qua sng Hng (1985), c cc nhp chnh l dn thp, nhp ln
nht 97.6m, chiu di ton cu 1211m.
+ Cu Quan (Nam nh), nm 1994, nhp chnh l dm thp lin hp bn BTCT,
lin tc, c s 42 + 63 + 42 (m).

Hnh 1.38: Cu Chng Dng (H Ni). Hnh 1.39: Cu Quan (Nam nh).
+ Cu Ph Lng (Hi Dng), nm 1996, cu khung dm BTCTDUL, thi cng
bng phng php c hng, nhp ln nht 102m.
+ Cu Sng Gianh (Qung Bnh), nm 1998, dm lin tc BTCTDUL c nhp ln
nht 120m.

Hnh 1.40: Cu Ph Lng (Hi Dng). Hnh 1.41: Cu Sng Gianh (Qung Bnh).

Hnh 1.42: Cu Hin Lng (Qung Tr). Hnh 1.43: Cu Bnh (Hi Phng).
+ Cu Hong Long (Thanh Ha), cu khung dm BTCTDUL c nhp ln nht 130m.
+ Cu Hin Lng (Qung Tr), nm 1999, s 30.75 + (4x42) + 30.75 (m).
+ Hng lot cc cu dy vng c xy dng nh: Cu akrng (Qung Tr), cu
quay Sng Hn ( Nng), cu M Thun (Vnh Long), cu Bnh (Hi Phng), cu Bi Chy
(Qung Ninh), cu Cn Th,
1.5.2. Mt s xu hng pht trin khoa hc k thut trong ngnh xy dng cu:
1.5.2.1. V vt liu:
- Cc loi vt liu c cng cao s sm c s dng rng ri trong xy dng cu: B
tng mc cao, b tng siu do c cng sm, thp cng cao, thp hp kim thp.
- gim trng lng bn thn kt cu, y mnh nghin cu s dng cc loi vt liu
nh, hp kim nhm, b tng ct thp hoc si thu tinh,
1.5.2.2. V kt cu:
Cc kt cu hp l s c p dng ch yu trong xy dng cu nh:
- Kt cu thp - BTCT lin hp, BTCT DL,
- Kt cu c s dng bn trc hng, tit din hnh hp,
- Cu dy vng v cu khung dm lin tc BTCT DL,
1.5.2.3. V cng ngh thi cng:
- S dng cc phng tin vn chuyn v lao lp c nng lc ln.
- p dng nhanh chng cc cng ngh thi cng tin tin nh: c y, c hng, lp hng,
c trn gio di ng,
1.5.2.4. V tnh ton:
- Hon thin l thuyt tnh ton vi s gip ca cng ngh tin hc thng qua phn mm
tnh ton chuyn ngnh nh: Midas Civil 2010; RM V8.i 2008; Sap 2000 V15, ...
- y mnh nghin cu tnh ton chnh xc kt cu c xt y cc yu t phi tuyn,
khng gian,
- Nghin cu cc tc ng ca mi trng n kt cu cu nh: Nhit , gi, bo, ng
t,
- Tin hnh th nghim trong phng v th nghim ngoi hin trng so snh v nh
gi s hon chnh ca l thuyt.
CHNG 2: CC CN C CB V K TK CU BI GING C S CNG TRNH CU
CHNG 2:
CC CN C C BN V IU KIN THIT K CU
2.1. CC GIAI ON U T XY DNG V CC BC THIT K:
Tham kho Ngh nh s 12/2009/N-CP ngy 10/02/2009 ca Chnh ph.
2.1.1. Cc giai on u t xy dng:
Khi nim d n u t (DAT): L mt tp hp cc xut v kh nng, ti chnh, kinh
t v x hi, lm s s cho vic quyt nh b vn xy dng cng trnh.
nc ta, phn loi theo quy m v tnh cht th DAT xy dng cng trnh c chia
thnh cc nhm sau: D n quan trng quc gia do Quc hi xem xt quyt nh v ch
trng u t, cc d n cn li c chia thnh 3 nhm A, B, C (i vi cng trnh xy
dng cu ng c tng mc u t ln hn 1500 t ng thuc nhm A, t 75 t ng n
1500 t ng thuc nhm B, di 75 t ng thuc nhm C).
c mt cng trnh xy dng ni chung v cng trnh cu ng ni ring cn tri qua 3
giai on: Chun b u t, thc hin u t v kt thc xy dng a cng trnh vo khai
thc s dng.
2.1.1.1. Chun b u t:
Ni dung cng tc chun b u t gm:
- Lp bo co u t xy dng cng trnh v xin php u t (ch p dng i vi cc d
n quan trng quc gia do Quc hi thng qua ch trng v cho php u t).
- Lp d n u t xy dng cng trnh (i vi cng trnh c tng mc u t xy dng
di 15 t ng th khng cn qua bc lp d n u t, ch cn lp bo co kinh t - k
thut xy dng cng trnh trnh ngi quyt nh u t ph duyt).
- Thm nh d n quyt nh u t.
a. Ni dung ca bo co u t xy dng cng trnh (bo co nghin cu tin kh thi) bao
gm:
- S cn thit phi u t xy dng cng trnh, cc iu kin thun li v kh khn; ch
khai thc v s dng ti nguyn quc gia nu c.
- D kin quy m u t: Cng sut, din tch xy dng; cc hng mc cng trnh thuc
d n; d kin v a im xy dng cng trnh v nhu cu s dng t.
- Phn tch, la chn s b v cng ngh, thng s k thut; cc iu kin cung cp vt
t thit b, nguyn liu, nng lng, dch v, h tng k thut; phng n gii phng mt bng, ti
nh c nu c; cc nh hng ca d n i vi mi trng sinh thi, phng chng chy n, an
ninh quc phng.
- Hnh thc u t, xc nh s b tng mc u t, thi hn thc hin d n, phng
n huy ng vn theo tin v hiu qu kinh t - x hi ca d n v phn k u t nu c.
b. Xin php u t xy dng cng trnh:
- Ch u t c trch nhim gi bo co u t xy dng cng trnh ti B qun l
ngnh. B qun l ngnh l c quan u mi gip th tng chnh ph ly kin ca B,
ngnh, a phng lin quan, tng hp v xut kin trnh th tng chnh ph.
- Thi hn ly kin c quy nh nh sau: Trong vng 5 ngy lm vic k t ngy
nhn c bo co u t xy dng cng trnh, B qun l ngnh phi gi vn bn ly kin
n cc B ngnh, a phng c lin quan. Trong vng 30 ngy lm vic k t khi nhn
c ngh, cc c quan c hi kin phi c vn bn tr li v nhng ni dung thuc
phm vi qun l ca mnh. Trong vng 7 ngy sau khi nhn c vn bn tr li theo thi hn
trn, B qun l ngnh phi lp bo co trnh th tng chnh ph.
c. Ni dung d n u t xy dng cng trnh (bo co nghin cu kh thi) bao gm:
D n u t cn phi bao gm 2 phn: Phn thuyt minh d n v phn thit k c s.
- Ni dung phn thuyt minh ca d n:
+ S cn thit v mc tiu u t; nh gi nhu cu th trng, tiu th sn phm i vi d
n sn xut, kinh doanh; tnh cnh tranh ca sn phm; tc ng x hi i vi a phng, khu
vc (nu c); hnh thc u t xy dng cng trnh; a im xy dng, nhu cu s dng t;
iu kin cung cp nguyn liu, nhin liu v cc yu t u vo khc.
+ M t v quy m v din tch xy dng cng trnh, cc hng mc cng trnh thuc d n;
phn tch la chn phng n k thut, cng ngh v cng sut.
+ Cc gii php thc hin bao gm:
Phng n chung v gii phng mt bng, ti nh c v phng n h tr xy
dng h tng k thut nu c.
Cc phng n thit k kin trc i vi cng trnh trong th v cng trnh c
yu cu kin trc.
Phng n khai thc d n v s dng lao ng.
Phn on thc hin, tin thc hin v hnh thc qun l d n.
+ nh gi tc ng mi trng, cc gii php phng chy, cha chy v cc yu cu v
an ninh, quc phng.
+ Tng mc u t ca d n; kh nng thu xp vn, ngun vn v kh nng cp vn
theo tin ; phng n hon tr vn i vi d n c yu cu thu hi vn v phn tch nh
gi hiu qu kinh t - ti chnh, hiu qu x hi ca d n.
- Ni dung phn thit k c s:
+ Thit k c s l thit k c thc hin trong giai on lp D n u t xy dng
cng trnh trn c s phng n thit k c la chn, bo m th hin c cc thng s
k thut ch yu ph hp vi cc quy chun, tiu chun c p dng, l cn c trin khai
cc bc thit k tip theo.
Ni dung thit k c s bao gm phn thuyt minh v phn bn v.
+ Phn thuyt minh thit k c s bao gm cc ni dung:
Gii thiu tm tt a im xy dng, phng n thit k; tng mt bng cng
trnh, hoc phng n tuyn cng trnh i vi cng trnh xy dng theo tuyn; v tr, quy m xy
dng cc hng mc cng trnh; vic kt ni gia cc hng mc cng trnh thuc d n v vi h
tng k thut ca khu vc.
Phng n cng ngh, dy chuyn cng ngh i vi cng trnh c yu cu cng
ngh.
Phng n kin trc i vi cng trnh c yu cu kin trc.
Phng n kt cu chnh, h thng k thut, h tng k thut ch yu ca cng
trnh.
Phng n bo v mi trng, phng chy, cha chy theo quy nh ca php lut.
Danh mc cc quy chun, tiu chun ch yu c p dng.
+ Phn bn v thit k c s bao gm:
Bn v tng mt bng cng trnh hoc bn v bnh phng n tuyn cng trnh
i vi cng trnh xy dng theo tuyn.
S cng ngh, bn v dy chuyn cng ngh i vi cng trnh c yu cu cng
ngh.
Bn v phng n kin trc i vi cng trnh c yu cu kin trc.
Bn v phng n kt cu chnh, h thng k thut, h tng k thut ch yu ca
cng trnh, kt ni vi h tng k thut ca khu vc.
d. Ni dung bo co kinh t - k thut xy dng cng trnh bao gm:
- Phn thuyt minh ca bo co: Tng t nh phn thuyt minh ca lp d n u t
nhng r rng chi tit hn, c s lp d ton chi tit cho cng trnh.
- Phn thit k bn v thi cng: Bao gm tt c cc bn v tng th v cu to chi tit
ca cng trnh, c s thng k khi lng nhm lp d ton chi tit cho cng trnh.
ng thi phn thit k bn v thi cng phi r rng lm cn c cho vic thi cng v hon
chnh cng trnh.
e. Thm nh d n quyt nh u t:
Cc bo co trn u phi c thm nh, sau s c cp c thm quyn cp quyt
nh v giy php u t.
2.1.1.2. Thc hin u t:
- Giao nhn t, chun b mt bng xy dng.
- Tuyn chn t vn xy dng kho st, thit k, gim nh kh nng v cht lng
cng trnh.
- Thit k cng trnh:
+ i vi cc cng trnh c yu cu k thut cao, c nn mng a cht thy vn phc
tp th phi thc hin thit k theo 2 bc: thit k k thut v thit k thi cng.
+ i vi cc cng trnh k thut n gin hoc c thit k mu, x l nn mng
khng phc tp th thc hin 1 bc: thit k k thut thi cng.
- Thm nh, duyt thit k k thut v tng d ton.
- T chc u thu v mua sm thit b v thi cng xy lp.
- Xin giy php xy dng.
- K kt hp ng vi nh thu thc hin d n.
- Thi cng xy lp cng trnh.
- Theo di kim tra vic thc hin cc hp ng.
- Quyt ton vn u t xy dng sau khi hon thnh xy lp a d n vo khai thc.
2.1.1.3. Kt thc xy dng a cng trnh vo khai thc s dng:
Ni dung cng vic bao gm:
- Kt thc xy dng.
- Bn giao cng trnh.
- Bo hnh cng trnh.
- Vn hnh d n.
2.1.2. Cc bc thit k:
- Thit k xy dng cng trnh bao gm cc bc: Thit k c s, thit k k thut, thit k
bn v thi cng v cc bc thit k khc theo thng l quc t do ngi quyt nh u t
quyt nh khi ph duyt d n.
+ Thit k c s l thit k c thc hin trong giai on lp d n u t xy dng
cng trnh trn c s phng n thit k c la chn, bo m th hin c cc thng s
k thut ch yu ph hp vi cc quy chun, tiu chun c p dng, l cn c trin khai
cc bc thit k tip theo.
+ Thit k k thut l thit k c thc hin trn c s thit k c s trong d n u t xy
dng cng trnh c ph duyt, bo m th hin c y cc thng s k thut v vt liu s
dng ph hp vi cc quy chun, tiu chun c p dng, l cn c trin khai bc thit k bn
v thi cng.
+ Thit k bn v thi cng l thit k bo m th hin c y cc thng s k
thut, vt liu s dng v chi tit cu to ph hp vi cc quy chun, tiu chun c p
dng, m bo iu kin trin khai thi cng xy dng cng trnh.
- D n u t xy dng cng trnh c th gm mt hoc nhiu loi cng trnh vi mt
hoc nhiu cp cng trnh khc nhau. Ty theo quy m, tnh cht ca cng trnh c th, vic
thit k xy dng cng trnh c thc hin mt bc, hai bc hoc ba bc nh sau:
+ Thit k mt bc l thit k bn v thi cng c p dng i vi cng trnh ch lp
Bo co kinh t - k thut xy dng cng trnh. Trng hp ny, bc thit k c s, bc
thit k k thut v bc thit k bn v thi cng c gp thnh mt bc v gi l thit k
bn v thi cng.
i vi trng hp thit k mt bc, c th s dng thit k mu, thit k in hnh do
c quan nh nc c thm quyn ban hnh trin khai thit k bn v thi cng.
+ Thit k hai bc bao gm bc thit k c s v bc thit k bn v thi cng c
p dng i vi cng trnh quy nh phi lp d n tr cc cng trnh c quy nh thit k
mt bc, ba bc. Trng hp ny, bc thit k k thut v bc thit k bn v thi cng
c gp thnh mt bc v gi l bc thit k bn v thi cng.
+ Thit k ba bc bao gm bc thit k c s, bc thit k k thut v bc thit k
bn v thi cng c p dng i vi cng trnh quy nh phi lp d n. Ty theo mc
phc tp ca cng trnh, vic thc hin thit k ba bc do ngi quyt nh u t quyt
nh.
Trng hp thc hin thit k hai bc hoc ba bc th thit k bc tip theo phi
ph hp vi thit k bc trc c ph duyt.
- Ch u t c trch nhim t chc lp thit k xy dng cng trnh, trng hp ch u
t c nng lc th c t thit k, trng hp ch u t khng c nng lc th thu t
chc t vn thit k. Ring i vi trng hp thit k ba bc th nh thu thi cng c th
c giao lp thit k bn v thi cng khi c iu kin nng lc theo quy nh.
2.2. TRIT L THIT K:
- Trong thit k, cc k s phi kim tra an ton v n nh ca phng n c
chn. Cng tc thit k bao gm vic tnh ton nhm chng minh mi tiu chun tnh ton v
cu to u c tha mn.
- Trit l tnh ton thit k l cc quan nim v ng x ca kt cu v s lm vic an ton
ca n. ng thi xc lp iu kin, phng thc m bo iu kin an ton cho kt cu
trong qu trnh khai thc.
- Nguyn tc chung: Khi c ti trng tc ng vo kt cu, n s gy ra mt hiu ng trong
kt cu v hiu ng khng c ln hn kh nng chu lc ca kt cu.
TC NG TRN KT CU KH NNG CHU LC CA KT CU
DO TI TRNG GY RA DO BN THN VT LIU
V CU TO CA KT CU
- Quan h ca bt ng thc ny phi c xt trn mi b phn v vt liu ca kt cu.
2.2.1. Phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php: (ASD - Allowance stress design)
- Phng trnh c bn: Trong phng php ny, ngi ta nhn nhn ng x ca kt cu
thng qua ng sut ca mt im i din:

max
[ ]
vi
[ ]
gh
k
Trong :
+
max
: ng sut tiu chun (khng h s) ln nht trong b phn kt cu do ti trng
gy ra.
+ []: ng sut ln nht cho php xut hin trong b phn kt cu.
+
gh
: Cng ca vt liu.
+ k: H s an ton (k>1).
- c im ca phng php:
+ u im:
Tnh ton n gin, cho php tnh ton nhanh chng v tin dng.
m bo an ton chu lc cho cc b phn kt cu.
+ Nhc im:
Khng p dng c cho vt liu lm vic ngoi gii hn n hi, do khng tn
dng c ht kh nng chu lc ca cc b phn kt cu v gy lng ph vt liu.
Khng xt n tnh lm vic thc t ca kt cu.
Vic xc nh h s an ton thiu s phn tch c th.
2.2.2. Phng php thit k theo h s ti trng: (LFD - Load factor design)
- Phng trnh c bn: Trong phng php ny, s lm vic ca kt cu c nh gi
thng qua mt mt ct i din:
max
[ ] S S
vi [ ]
gh
S
S
k
Trong :
+ S
max
: Ni lc ln nht do ti trng gy ra ti mt ct bt li.
+ [S]: Kh nng chu lc ln nht cho php ca mt ct bt li.
+S
gh
: Kh nng chu lc ln nht ca mt ct.
+ k: H s an ton (k>1).
- c im ca phng php:
+ u im:
C tnh trc quan, r rng.
Ngoi ra LFD cn tin b hn ASD do xt n s lm vic chung ca ton b
mt ct.
+ Nhc im:
Cha xt ti s lm vic chung ca cc b phn kt cu.
Vic xc nh h s an ton ch yu da vo kinh nghim.
2.2.3. Phng php thit k theo trng thi gii hn (LSD - Limit state design):
- Trng thi gii hn (TTGH) l trng thi m cng trnh b hng hon ton hoc
khng th s dng bnh thng c na.
- Quy trnh thit k cu cng ca Lin X (c) CH200-62, ban hnh nm 1962, sau ny B
Giao thng vn ti nc ta da trn quy trnh ny bin son Quy trnh thit k cu cng
theo TTGH k hiu 22TCN18-79 nh sau:
+ Phng trnh c bn:
) ,..., . , . , .( .
0 2 2 1 1
F R k R k m N n
tc tc
i i

Trong :
n
i
: H s ti trng.
N
i
: Ni lc trong kt cu do ti trng tiu chun gy ra.
: Hm s xc nh mi TTGH ca kt cu.
m: H s iu kin lm vic.
k
1
, k
2
,: H s ng nht vt liu.
R
1
tc
, R
2
tc
,: Cng tiu chun ca vt liu.
F
0
: c trng hnh hc ca kt cu.
+ Cc TTGH:
TTGH th nht: L TTGH m kt cu khng cn kh nng chu lc hoc xut
hin cc bin dng do ln, nhm m bo v mt chu lc cho cng trnh (v cng , n
nh v chu mi).
TTGH th hai: L TTGH m kt cu b pht sinh cc bin dng d qu ln nh
dao ng, chuyn v, ln, gy kh khn cho vic s dng bnh thng.
TTGH th ba: L TTGH m tit din kt cu b xut hin cc vt nt ln gy kh
khn cho vic s dng bnh thng.
+ Khi tnh ton theo cc TTGH trong 22TCN18-79, thay th cho h s an ton duy
nht trong phng php ng sut cho php, dng cc h s tnh ton sau:
H s ti trng (n): Xt n nhng sai lch c th xy ra theo chiu hng bt li
so vi cc tr s tiu chun ca chng trong cc t hp ti trng v tc ng khc nhau.
H s ng nht (k): Xt kh nng gim thp cng ca vt liu v t so vi
tr s tiu chun do nhng thay i v tnh cht c hc v tnh khng ng nht ca chng.
H s iu kin lm vic (m): Phn nh s cha ph hp ca tnh ton l thuyt
vi iu kin lm vic thc t ca kt cu.
2.2.4. Phng php thit k theo h s ti trng v sc khng (LRFD - Load and
resistance factor design):
- Phng trnh c bn: Trong thit k, m bo an ton cng trnh th kh nng chu lc
ca vt liu v tit din (sc khng) phi ln hn ni lc gy ra do ti trng:

r n i i i
R R Q . . .
Trong :
+
i
: H s iu chnh ti trng lin quan n tnh do v tnh d cng nh tm quan
trng trong khai thc.
+
i
: H s ti trng.
+ Q
i
: ng lc do ti trng.
+ R
n
: Sc khng danh nh.
+ R
r
: Sc khng tnh ton.
+
: H s sc khng.
- H s sc khng
: i vi mt TTGH no th h s sc khng c s dng xt

n tnh tht thng trong tnh cht ca kt cu, ca vt liu v chnh xc ca cc phng
trnh thit k nh gi kh nng chu ti, tnh hung h hng ca cng trnh.
- H s ti trng
i
: p dng i vi cc loi ti trng, xt n tnh tht thng ca cc
ti trng v hiu ng ti nh ln ca ti trng, v tr ti, t hp ti trng.
- H s iu chnh ti trng
i
:
+
i
=
D
.
R
.
I
0.95 i vi cc ti trng dng h s ti trng
i
max
.
+
i
=
I R D
. .
1
1.0 i vi cc ti trng dng h s ti trng
i
min
.
Trong :
+
D
: do: do ca vt liu rt quan trng cho an ton ca cu. Nu vt liu
do, khi mt b phn chu lc qu ti n s phn b ni lc sang b phn khc.
1.
D
1.05 cho cc cu kin v lin kt khng do.

2.
D
=1.0 cho cc thit k thng thng, theo ng yu cu ca tiu chun thit k.
3.
D
0.95 cho cc cu kin c dng cc bin php tng thm tnh do.
+
R
: d tha: d tha c ngha i vi gii hn an ton ca cu. Mt s kt
cu siu tnh c coi l d tha v n c nhiu lin kt hn so vi yu cu cn bng tnh
nh. H cu c mt ng tip t c coi l khng d tha (khng nn dng loi ny).
Trong trng thi gii hn cng (TTGH cng ).
1.
R
1.05 cho cc b phn khng d tha.

2.
R
=1.0 cho cc mc d tha thng thng.
3.
R
0.95 cho cc mc d tha c bit.

+
I
: quan trng:
Dng trong cc TTGH cng v TTGH c bit.
1.
I
1.05 cho cc cu quan trng.

2.
I
=1.0 cho cc cu in hnh.
3.
I
0.95 cho cc cu tng i t quan trng.

- c im ca phng php:
+ u im:
xt n s khc nhau gia ti trng v sc khng.
t c mc an ton tng i ng u i vi cc TTGH khc nhau v cc
loi cu m khng cn n phn tch thng k hoc xc sut phc tp.
L mt phng php thit k thch hp v n nh.
+ Nhc im:
Thay i t duy thit k (so vi AASHTO c).
Yu cu hiu bit c bn v l thuyt xc sut v thng k.
Yu cu c cc s liu thng k y v cc thut ton thit k xc sut c th
chnh l h s sc khng trong tng trng hp ring.
2.3. CC TIU CHUN THIT K CU HIN HNH:
Mi mt d n u phi tun th theo cc quy trnh thit k, hin nay nc ta tn ti song
hnh hai quy trnh thit k:
+ Quy trnh tnh ton thit k cu cng theo cc trng thi gii hn do B GTVT ban
hnh nm 1979:
22TCN 18 - 79
+ Quy trnh theo h s ti trng v sc khng (Quy trnh AASHTO 98):
22TCN 272 - 05
CHNG 3: THIT K CC PHNG N CU BI GING C S CNG TRNH CU
CHNG 3:
THIT K CC PHNG N CU
3.1. CC CN C LP PHNG N CU:
3.1.1. Khi nim chung:
Vic thit k v la chn phng n cu l mt bi ton tng th nhiu mt: K thut cng
ngh, quy hoch, mi trng, kinh t. Cc phng n cu nu ra phi tha mn yu cu k
thut, kinh t, cng ngh thi cng, iu kin khai thc duy tu bo dng, ngha quc phng
v yu cu m quan.
Trong thit k, ngi ta phi thnh lp nhiu phng n, sau tnh ton c th tng
phng n v nh gi chng t la chn ra phng n ti u nht.
3.1.2. Phn tch cc ti liu khi thit k cc phng n cu:
3.1.2.1. Chn v tr cu:
- Cu nh (L<25m): V tr cu ph thuc vo tuyn ng. Do vic kho st v xy
dng tuyn l ht sc quan trng, xy dng tuyn kt hp vi vic xy dng cu.
- Cu ln (L>100m): Tuyn ng ph thuc vo cu. Nh vy vic kho st, la chn v
tr cu l rt quan trng nhm chn c v tr xy dng cu hp l nht sau c th nn
tuyn theo v tr cu chn.
- Cu trung (L=25100m): Phi xem xt c hai kh nng cu theo tuyn hoc tuyn theo
cu, sau so snh phn tch xem phng n no c li hn th la chn v trin khai xy
dng.
Trong thc t, khi thnh lp phng n cu th ta phi a ra rt nhiu cc phng n v tr
cu khc nhau sau so snh cc phng n trn nhiu phng din:
- V mt k thut: So snh theo cc iu kin a hnh, a cht, thy vn, thi cng v b
tr cng trng,
V tr cu nn trnh t ti cc v tr sau:
+ Cu i qua a hnh thp, a cht hai u cu yu dn n vic x l ln phc tp
v gp rt nhiu kh khn.
+ Khng t cu gn cc cn c qun s, sn bay hoc nhng ni yu cu phi m
bo an ninh c bit.
+ Khng nn t cu cho vi dng chy.
- V mt quy hoch: Phi so snh v vic pht trin cc vng ln cn trong tng lai, v
tr cu theo quan im b tr kin trc tng th ca khu vc v theo quan im quc phng.
- V mt kinh t: Phi so snh theo gi thnh (thi cng v khai thc), so snh v gi
thnh vn doanh cc phng n tuyn do cc v tr cu khc nhau gy nn.
V tr cu c lin quan cht ch n vic chn phng n kt cu nn sau khi phn
tch chn c phng n cu tt nht mi tin hnh thit k cc phng n kt cu ng vi
v tr cu mt cch c th.
3.1.2.2. Mt ct dc tim cu:
Da vo mt ct dc tim cu cho php xc nh v tr ca m tr, trnh t tr vo ch su
nht, phn b cc nhp thng thuyn, xc nh dc dc cu (mt chiu hay hai chiu).
3.1.2.3. Mt ct a cht dc tim cu:
Cn c vo tnh hnh a cht dc ng tim cu, s b xc nh cc loi mng cu, ng
thi xc nh cc phng n kt cu nhp (tnh nh hay siu tnh).
- Nu tr cao, a cht xu, tnh hnh thi cng phc tp, gi thnh tr s t, khi nn
lm cc kt cu nhp di.
- Nu a cht tt, tng t cng nm khng su, iu kin thi cng d dng th c th
dng cc kt cu nhp siu tnh, cc loi kt cu nhp c lc y ngang.
3.1.2.4. Cc s liu thy vn:
- Mc nc thp nht (MNTN):
+ Cho bit v tr su nht ca lng sng trong ma cn. Cn c vo nhng v tr b
tr cc nhp thng thuyn theo b rng ca sng. Tuy nhin, nhng con sng d b xi l cn
tnh n kh nng di chuyn cc khu vc su theo thi gian v nh vy lung lch tu b
qua li cng phi dch chuyn theo b rng ngang sng.
+ Xc nh cao nh b mng ca tr t trong nc: C th t b mng st vi mt
t hoc cng c th t b mng ni trn mt t. Trong trng hp t b mng ni ln trn
mt t, th cao nh b mng thng thng ly thp hn MNTN ti thiu l 0.5m. V tr
nh mng nh vy s lm gim khi lng xy v gim thu hp dng chy, ng thi cn
m bo vn m quan cho cng trnh cu.
- Cn c vo MNCN xc nh chiu di tnh ton ca khu thot nc, ng thi xc
nh cao nh x m m, tr v cao y KCN:
+ nh x m m, tr phi cao hn MNCN ti thiu l 0.25m.
+ y dm khng c v phm tnh khng thng thuyn hoc thng xe di cu v
y dm ti mi v tr phi cao hn MNCN ti thiu l 0.5m i vi sng ng bng v 1m
i vi sng min ni c ln cy tri (ng t).
+ Ti nhng ni kh cn hoc i vi cu cn, cu vt th cao y dm phi cao
hn mt t t nhin 1m.
- Cn c vo MNTT v chiu cao thng thuyn xc nh cao y KCN.
3.1.2.5. Khu thot nc:
T khu thot nc (L
0
) s nh ra chiu di ton b cu.
3.1.3. Kh gii hn v kh thng thuyn:
3.1.3.1. Kh gii hn:
- Kh gii hn thng xe trn cu (thng gi tt l kh gii hn) l khong khng gian
c ginh ring cho giao thng trn cu m khng mt kt cu hay b phn kt cu no
c vi phm khong khng gian m bo an ton giao thng.
- Kh gii hn trn cu ng t: i vi cu ng t th kh gii hn ly theo cc
tiu chun thit k ng tng ng do B Giao thng vn ti ban hnh. Ni chung chiu
rng mt cu thng gm cc phn sau:
+ Phn xe chy c th l: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.5, (m).
+ Phn l ngi i b c th l: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, (m).
+ Phn lan can, dy bo v, dy phn cch.
- Kh gii hn trn cu ng st: Ly theo kch thc nh hnh v i vi kh ray
1000mm v kh ray 1435mm. (mc 2.3.3.4 trong 22TCN272-05).
Hnh 3.1a: Trn ng st kh 1000mm Hnh 3.1b: Trn ng st kh 1435mm
Trong :
+ ng nt lin ____: Cho cc cng trnh vt pha trn ng st dng sc ko hi
nc v izen.
+ ng nt t -------: Cho cc cng trnh vt pha trn ng st dng sc ko in
xoay chiu.
+ S trong ngoc n dng khi c kh khn v chiu cao.
3.1.3.2. Kh thng thuyn:
- Kh thng thuyn l khong khng gian c dnh cho giao thng ng thy di gm
cu m khng mt kt cu hay b phn kt cu no c vi phm vo khong khng gian
m bo an ton cho giao thng ng thy.
- Kh thng thuyn c dng hnh ch nht vi kch thc B
tt
x H
tt
Hnh 3.2: Kh thng thuyn.
- Kh thng thuyn cn theo nhng quy nh ca nhim v thit k v quy nh ring ty
thuc vo cp k thut ng thy ni a, tc l cn c vo cp thng thuyn ca sng. Ph
hp vi quy nh thit k kh gii hn di cu trn sng thng thuyn v nhng yu cu ch
yu v v tr cu.
Bng: Kh thng thuyn (bng 2.3.3.1.1 trong 22TCN272-05).
Cp
sng
Khu B
tt
Tnh khng
H
tt
(m)
Tnh khng
dy in
Sng Knh
I 80 50 10 12
II 60 40 9 11
III 50 30 7 9
IV 40 25 6 (5) 8
V 25 20 3.5 8
VI 15 10 2.5 8
3.2. THNH LP CC PHNG N CU:
Cn c vo cc s liu kho st, ta dng c mt ct sng ti v tr xy dng cu. Trn
mt ct ngang c y cc s liu thit k: cc mc nc thit k, cc l khoan a cht,
khu thot nc (nu c).
3.2.1. Xc nh tng chiu di kt cu nhp:
- Trng hp c khu thot nc L
0
(trn c s tnh ton thy vn):
+ Dng khu thot nc trn mt ct sng.
+ Xc nh v tr t m d kin: V tr hai m cn t sao cho khng c php vi
phm vo khu thot nc di cu L
0
.
+ Tng chiu di kt cu nhp c tnh t mp m ny n mp m bn kia.
- Trng hp khng c khu thot nc L
0
: i vi sng nh thuc vng trung du v
min ni, dng chy hp v r rt, b dc ng: dng phng n nc ngp n u th lm
cu n , v tr hai m cn t sao cho khng c php vi phm vo mp ca MNCN.
Tng chiu di kt cu nhp cng c tnh t mp m ny n mp m bn kia.
3.2.2. Chn v b tr cc nhp cu:
3.2.2.1. Xc nh v tr v khu nhp ch:
- Nhp ch l nhp thng thuyn hoc l nhp c khu ln nht.
- Nhp ch c t ti v tr ch lng sng nc su nht trong ma cn (c xc nh
cn c vo MNTN).
- Dng kh thng thuyn vo v tr nhp ch ta s xc nh c khu nhp ch. Khu
nhp ch khng c vi phm vo b rng thng thuyn.
- Trong s cu phi b tr t nht mt nhp thng thuyn (i vi sng thng thuyn).
i vi trng hp lng sng c a cht khng n nh c th dch chuyn lng sng theo
mt ct ngang sng th phi b tr cc nhp thng thuyn d phng.
3.2.2.2. Chn dng v phn chia kt cu nhp:
- Cn c vo khu nhp ch cn thit xc nh trn chn dng KCN chnh s
dng:
+ KCN gin n: Cu dm BTCT, lin hp thp - BTCT, dn thp hoc cu vm.
+ KCN lin tc: Cu dm lin tc lin hp thp - BTCT, cu dm BTCT thi cng theo
phng php c y, c hng, cu treo dy vng hoc dy vng,
- Sau ta la chn dng KCN dn (nu c) sao cho ph hp vi KCN chnh: Thng s
dng KCN dm gin n c chiu di bng nhau c thit k nh hnh bng thp hoc
BTCT.
- Cn c vo dng KCN nhp chnh, KCN dn, v tr hai m v cn c vo c im ca
mt ct sng tin hnh phn chia nhp:
+ i vi KCN gin n th la chn chiu di KCN sau tnh c s nhp cn thit.
Thng thng ta chn s nhp l trnh vic t tr v tr gia sng v gia kh thng
thuyn.
+ i vi KCN lin tc th ty dng KCN s dng m ta chn s nhp v t l phn
chia nhp khc nhau (thng dng lm KCN chnh).
Cc chiu di nhp tham kho:
i vi cc KCN cu nh hoc cu dn th nn dng cc KCN gin n nh hnh:
- Cu BTCT thng: L=9, 12, 15, 18m.
- Cu BTCT DL:
+ Cu dm I, T: L=21, 24.54, 28, 30, 33m.
+ Cu dm Super T: L=38, 40m.
- Cu dm thp lin hp bn BTCT: L=21, 24, 28, 30, 33m.
- Cu dm thp ng sut trc Prebeam L=3842m.
i vi cc KCN cu trung v cu ln th chiu di nhp ph thuc nhiu vo loi kt cu
v cng ngh thi cng:
- Cu dm thp lin hp bn BTCT: L90m.
- Cu dm BTCT DL thi cng theo phng php c hng: L150m.
- Cu dn thp: L150m.
- Cu treo: L=150450m.
3.2.3. Xy dng ng mt cu:
- Cn c vo cc cp thit k ca tuyn ng ta xc nh cc yu t c trng hnh hc c
bn ca tuyn nh: dc dc i
d
, bn knh ng cong ng,
+ dc dc:
i vi cu c 1 nhp gin n c th ly i
d
=0%.
i vi cu nh nhp gin n c th ly i
d
=12%.
i vi cu trung v ln (dm lin tc v nhp dn gin n) c th ly i
d
5%.
Hai nhp k nhau dc khng c chnh qua 2% xe chy m thun.
+ Thng thng t ton b cu hoc mt phn ca cu nm trn ng cong ng c
bn knh R=300012000m. Thng thng ly R=50006000m.
- Cn c vo tng chiu di KCN tnh t mp m bn ny n mp m bn kia xc nh
trn th ta c th xc nh c ng mt cu c th bao gm c phn on thng v on
cong trn hoc c th ch c phn ng cong trn.
- Thng thng vi KCN gin n, th ta t KCN trn ng thng m khng cn b tr
trn ng cong trn n gin trong thi cng. Nu s nhp chn th ta c th b tr cu c
dc v hai pha t nh tr gia, cn nu s nhp l th ta c th t nhp gia c dc
dc i
d
=0% v cc nhp bin c dc dc i
d
=12% v hai pha.
3.2.4. Xy dng ng y kt cu nhp:
- Cn c vo dng KCN v chiu di nhp la chn, xc nh s b chiu cao dm theo
cng thc kinh nghim hoc theo KCN nh hnh sn.
- Dng ng y KCN theo chiu cao dm s b la chn.
3.2.5. p kt cu nhp vo mt ct sng:
Di chuyn KCN dng xung mt ct sng theo phng thng ng sao cho m bo
ng thi cc yu cu:
- y KCN ti mi v tr phi cao hn MNCN ti thiu 0.5m i vi sng ng bng v
1.0m i vi sng min ni c ln, cy tri (ng t).
- Cao nh x m m tr phi ln hn MNCN ti thiu l 0.25m. Khi cao y
KCN c xc nh thng qua cao nh x m m tr, chiu cao gi v k gi.
- KCN nhp thng thuyn khng c php vi phm kh thng thuyn.
3.2.6. Xc nh chiu cao m, tr:
- Xc nh chiu cao m: Cn c vo cao ca y KCN ti v tr m cu ta xc nh li
chnh xc loi m, chiu cao v cc kch thc ca m m bo m c th c KCN
m vn tha mn c cc yu cu i vi v tr ca m.
- Xc nh chiu cao tr:
+ Cn c vo y KCN, chiu cao gi v k gi ta xc nh c cao ca nh x
m tr. ng thi cao nh x m tr phi cao hn MNCN ti thiu l 0.25m.
+ Cn c vo MNTN, xc nh cao nh b tr ( trnh by trn).
+ T ta xc nh c chiu cao tr.
3.3. XC NH KHI LNG CNG TRNH V TNG MC U T:
3.4. THIT K THM M V CNH QUAN:
3.5. SO SNH LA CHN PHNG N:
- Phn tch tng mc u t ca mi phng n c xt n cc yu t:
+ Thi gian hon vn.
+ Chi ph duy tu, bo dng.
+ Vn u t ban u xy dng cng trnh.
- Thng k ton b khi lng vt liu:
+ Ct, , si,
+ Xi mng, ct thp
+ gio, vn khun v cc thit b phc v thi cng khc,
- So snh cc phng n v mt cng ngh ch to v thi cng:
+ Nn chn nhng phng n c bin php c kim chng v c th tin hnh
thc hin thnh tho.
+ u tin nhng phng n thi cng hin c trong nc.
+ u tin nhng phng n c cng ngh thi cng mi cho dng kt cu mi.
- So snh cc phng n v m quan, kin trc v m bo yu cu v an ninh, quc
phng.
- So snh cc phng n v cng tc duy tu, bo dng v thay th khi cn thit.
CHNG 4: MT CU V NG NGI I BI GING C S CNG TRNH CU
CHNG 4:
MT CU V NG NGI I
4.1. CU TO MT CU:
4.1.1. Mt cu t:
Mt cu t l b phn tip xc trc tip vi bnh xe ca hot ti nn phi p ng cc yu
cu nh:
- m bo cng .
- t b mi mn, bng phng xe chy m thun, khng gy xung kch.
- Thot nc nhanh.
- Trng lng bn thn nh gim tnh ti.
L p ph mt cu
2% 2%
Hnh 4.1: Mt cu t.
4.1.1.1. Mt cu bng btng Atphalt:
a. Cu to:
2%
5
0
1
0
3
0
l p b t ng asphal t dy 5cm
l p b t ng bo v dy 3c m
l p phng n c dy 1c m
l p mui l uyn dy 9c m (t i t im c u)
Hnh 4.2: Mt cu btng atphalt.
- Lp mui luyn (lp va m):
+ Lm bng va xi mng cp f
c
=1824Mpa (mc 150200 theo 22TCN18-79).
+ Chiu dy =11.5cm (ti v tr st g chn lan can) ri tng dn theo dc ngang
v pha trc i xng gia mt ct ngang nhp.
+ Tc dng: To bng phng hoc dc ngang cu.
- Lp phng nc:
+ Gm mt lp nha ng nng, mt lp vi th tm nha v trn cng ph tip mt
lp nha nng.
+ Chiu dy =11.5cm.
+ Tc dng: Bo v bn mt cu khi b ngm nc.
- Lp btng bo v:
+ Lm bng btng cp f
c
24Mpa (mc200 theo 22TCN18-79). tng tc dng ca
lp bo v v bn ca lp ny, thng t li ct thp c =34mm vi li 5x5cm
hoc 10x10cm.
+ Chiu dy =34cm.
+ Tc dng: Chu p lc cc b t bnh xe truyn xung v phn u xung bn mt
cu.
- Lp btng asphalt:
+ Lm t hn hp bng nha ri nng hoc ri m.
+ Chiu dy =57cm.
+ Tc dng: To ra mt ng m thun cho xe chy, hn ch lc xung kch truyn
xung bn mt cu.
b. u, nhc im v phm vi p dng:
- Mt cu bng btng Atphalt c kh nng chng thm tt, thi cng nhanh.
- To ra mt ng m thun cho xe chy, hn ch lc xung kch truyn xung bn btng
mt cu v hn ch ting n.
- Gi thnh r hn mt cu bng btng xi mng.
- Tui th thp khong 10
20 nm v nhanh b hao mn do tng chi ph duy tu bo

dng.
- Hin nay mt cu bng btng atphalt ang c p dng ph bin.
4.1.1.2. Mt cu bng btng ximng:
a. Cu to:
l p b t ng xi m ng m c 300 dy 8c m t
l i ct t hp d6, b c c t t hp 10x10cm
l p phng n c dy 1cm
l p mui l uyn dy 9c m (t i t im c u)
1
0
8
0
2%
Hnh 4.3: Mt cu btng ximng.
- Lp mui luyn (lp va m): Ging trn.
- Lp phng nc: Ging trn.
- Lp btng ct thp:
+ Cu to bng btng cp f
c
30Mpa (mc300 theo 22TCN18-79).
+ Chiu dy =68cm.
+ Li ct thp =68mm, bc 10x10cm.
+ Tc dng: Chu p lc cc b t bnh xe truyn xung v phn u xung bn btng
mt cu. ng thi to ra mt ng cho xe chy.
- Mt cu btng ximng c tui th khong 5060 nm (cao hn mt cu bng btng
Atphalt) v t b hao mn do gim chi ph duy tu bo dng.
- Mt cu bng BTXM c kh nng chng thm tt.
- Mt ng khng m thun cho xe chy, gy ra lc xung kch v ting n ln khi c xe
chy qua cu.
- Gi thnh t hn mt cu bng btng Atphalt.
- Hin nay mt cu bng BTXM t c p dng.
4.1.1.3. Mt cu bng thp:
Trong cu thp, gim tnh ti mt cu c th cu to mt cu bng thp.
a. Mt cu bng thp bn trc hng:
Cu to:
Hnh 4.4: Mt cu bn thp trc hng.
- Bn thp:
+ Chiu dy =1224mm.
- Sn tng cng dc v ngang:
+ Lm t cc di thp bn hnh nh vo mt di ca tm thp.
+ Cc sn tng cng b tr ng hoc nghing.
+ Ti ch giao nhau gia sn dc v ngang th sn ngang thng c khot l
cho sn dc c lin tc.
Cu to sn dc:
+ Khong cch gia cc sn dc thng t 3050cm.
+ Dng mt ct h: Cu to t thp bn, thp hnh I, L, [ hoc T ngc. Dng mt
ct h c cu to n gin, tuy nhin kh nng tng cng cng chng xon cho bn thp
mt cu km.
Hnh 4.5: Dng sn dc c mt ct h.
+ Dng mt ct kn: Cu to t thp bn c hn thnh cc tit din ch V, U
hoc hnh bn nguyt. Loi mt ct ny c kh nng tng cng cng chng xon v chu
un cho bn thp tt hn so vi mt ct h.
Hnh 4.6: Dng sn dc c mt ct kn.
Cu to sn ngang:
+ C tc dng lin kt cc dm ch hoc cc mt phng dn ch, ng thi h
thng sn dc v bn mt cu.
+ Sn ngang thng c cu to t cc dm nh hnh hoc dm t hp c dng
mt ct ch I hoc [.
+ Khong cch gia cc sn ngang thng t 24m.
- Li ct thp:
+ Lm t cc thanh ct thp ng knh 6mm vi bc ct thp 1015cm.
+ Tc dng: cho lp btng asphalt hoc btng ximng dnh kt tt vi tm thp
mt cu.
- Lp ph btng asphalt hoc btng ximng:
+ Chiu dy =57cm.
u, nhc im:
- Kt cu mt cu kiu ny tham gia chu lc cng dm ch nh l mt b phn ca dm
ch.
- Khng cn cu to lp phng nc v cc tm thp dng lm mt cu l loi thp
khng g.
- Loi mt cu ny p ng tt yu cu v s dng nh bng phng, nhm, ng
thi khng cn thit n h thng thot nc.
- Cu bn trc hng c trng lng bn thn nh nn n c bit thch hp vi cc
nhp di khi t s momen do tnh ti v hot ti ln.
- Gi thnh loi mt cu ny cao hn so vi cc loi mt cu khc.
- Kt cu bn trc hng c th p dng cho bn mt cu hoc cho c dm ch trong
trng hp dm hp.
b. Mt cu bng thp dng sn mt co:
Ngoi ra, cn c kiu mt cu bng thp lm di dng sn mt co rng c trng lng
rt nh. Loi mt cu ny p ng tt cc yu cu v s dng nh bng phng, nhm
ng thi li khng cn thit n h thng thot nc nhng c nhc im l t tin.
4.1.2. Mt cu ng st:
Mt cu ng st c 3 loi chnh: Mt cu c mng dm (balt), mt cu c t vt t
trc tip ln dm v mt cu c ray t trc tip ln bn mt cu (khng c t vt v balt).
4.1.2.1. Mt cu c mng balt:
a. Cu to:
200 200
1435
3500
Mng dm
balt
T vt g
Ray chnh
Ray ph
4
0
0
2
0
0
Hnh 4.7: Mt cu ng st c mng balt.
- Ray t trn t vt, di t vt l balt.
- Bn mt cu BTCT thng c dng lng mng cha dm.
- Chiu rng lng mng ln hn 3400mm vi kh ng ray 1435 v ln hn 2600mm vi
kh ng ray 1000.
- Khong cch gia ray chnh v ray ph a=2024cm.
- Chiu dy lp balt di t vt h20cm.
b. u, nhc im:
- Loi mt cu c mng dm to ra s ng nht v cng gia ng v cu nn
m bo tu chy m thun, hn ch ti a lc xung kch.
- Trong trng hp cu t trn ng cong bng th loi mt cu ny cho php to c
siu cao bng cch thay i chiu dy ca lp dm.
- Nhc m chnh ca loi mt cu ny l lm tng tnh ti mt cu v tng chiu cao
kin trc ca cu nn hin nay t s dng (c bit l trong cu dn thp).
4.1.2.2. Mt cu trn (t vt t trc tip ln dm):
a. Cu to:
300
2
0
0
200 300 200
1435
T vt g
G g
200x160
Ray chnh
Ray ph
Hnh 4.8a: M hnh mt cu trn c t vt t trc tip ln dm.
- T vt:
+ Di L=3m.
+ C tit din ngang t nht l 20x24cm (cho kh 1435) v 20x22cm (cho kh 1000).
+ Khong cch gia cc t vt l 1015cm.
- Thanh g dc (g g):
+ Tit din 20x16cm.
+ G g khc su 2cm ti nhng ch p vo t vt v lin kt vi t vt bng bulng.
+ Khong cch gia mp ray chnh v g g vo khong 3040cm.
+ Tc dng: Gi cho cc t vt khng b x lch i, ng thi cng c tnh cht nh mt
ray bo v t pha bn ngoi.
- Ray ph:
+ Khong cch gia mp trong ca ray chnh v ray ph l 2024cm.
+ Ray ph thng c cng s hiu vi ray chnh hoc c s hiu nh hn.
+ Ray ph c b tr trong phm vi trn cu v on ng u cu c chiu di L 10
v c un ni chp li vi nhau nhm mc ch dn hng cho bnh xe i vo lng gia
ray chnh v ray ph.
+ Tc dng: phng trng hp xy ra trt bnh th bnh xe khng ln i qu xa
ng ray.
b. u, nhc im:
- Mt cu loi ny c cu to n gin, gim c tnh ti mt cu v chiu cao kin trc
ca cu nn c p dng kh ph bin.
- Nhc im chnh l kh m bo s ng nht v cng gia ng trn cu v ngoi
cu nn thng gy ra lc xung kch v ting n ln khi c tu.
- Kh to c siu cao khi cu t trn ng cong bng.

Hnh 4.8b: Mt cu trn c t vt t trc tip ln dm.
4.1.2.3. Mt cu c ray t trc tip ln bn mt cu:
a. Cu to:
Bn thp 10mm
m g
Bn btng mt cu
Bn thp 30mm
Bulng
Rng en
Bn m
m cao su
Thp gc
m thp
Hnh 4.9a: M hnh mt cu c ray t trc tip ln bn mt cu.
- Ray c lin kt trc tip vi bn btng mt cu.
- Di ray c bn m cao su v bn m thp, dng bulng hoc cc lin kt ray, c
th dng thp gc thay ray ph.
- Tc tu chy cng cao, cp ti trng cng ln th cu to ca lin kt ny cng phc
tp.
Hnh 4.9b: Mt cu c ray t trc tip ln bn mt cu.
b. u, nhc im:
- Do khng c mng dm v t vt nn kiu mt cu ny gim chiu cao kin trc v
tnh ti ca kt cu nhp, tit kim vt liu v chi ph duy tu sa cha mng dm t vt.
- Hnh dng dm cu btng n gin, d thi cng v b c g mng dm.
- Nhc im l cu to lin kt ray cng phc tp khi tc chy tu cng nhanh.
- m thun khi tu ra vo cu km hn so vi mt cu c mng dm.
- i vi cu c ng st v t i chung th kiu mt cu ny kh thch hp.
4.2. PHNG NC V THOT NC TRN CU:
4.2.1. dc phng nc trn cu:
4.2.1.1. dc dc cu:
a. Vai tr:
- Nhm m bo thot nc theo phng dc cu.
- Gim chiu di ton cu v chiu cao nn ng p u cu, t gim gi thnh xy
dng.
- To hnh dng kin trc.
b. Ch dn thit k dc dc:
- dc dc c chn cn c vo cp thit k ca tuyn ng (Tiu chun thit k
ng t TCVN4054-2005). dc dc cng ln, thot nc cng nhanh tuy vy dc
dc qu ln s c th lm thay i s lm vic ca cng trnh v gy ra nhng kh khn cho
xe chy.
- Thng thng m bo m thun cho xe chy v trnh gy phc tp trong qu trnh thi
cng kt cu nhp, ngi ta b tr dc dc ca cu i
d
=15%.
Cp thit k ng
(ng bng)
Vn tc thit k (Km/h) i
dmax
(%) R
dmin
(m)
VI 30 9 400
V 40 7 700
IV 60 6 2500
III 80 5 4000
II 100 4 6000
I 120 3 11000
c. Cch to dc dc:
- i vi cu nh v trung (L100m) th dc dc c to bng cch thay i cao
nh tr hoc thay i chiu cao k gi. Cng c th lm dc dc mt chiu hoc
dc dc bng khng.
33000 33000 33000 6000 33000 33000
2%
2% 0% 0% 2%
6000
2%
Hnh 4.10a: dc dc cu i xng v hai pha.
2%
2%
2%
Hnh 4.10b: dc dc cu v mt pha.
- i vi cu ln (L>100m) th ta c th b tr ton b cu hoc hoc mt phn chiu di
cu nm trn ng cong ng c bn knh R
d
=300012000m ng vi cp ng.
4.2.1.2. dc ngang cu:
a. Vai tr:
- Nhm m bo thot nc theo phng ngang cu.
b. Ch dn thit k v dc ngang:
- dc ngang c la chn cn c vo cp thit k ca tuyn ng.
- Thng thng m bo thot nc th ta ch cn b tr dc ngang i
n
=1.52%.
- Trong trng hp cu nm trn ng cong bng th to siu cao ta c th b tr cu c
dc ngang i
n
=56%.
- ng ngi i trn cu thng lm dc ngang i
n
=11.5% v pha tim cu.
Hnh 4.11a: To dc ngang cu.
c. Cch to dc ngang:
- dc ngang c to bng cch thay i chiu dy lp va m (lp mui luyn) hoc
thay i chiu cao k gi theo phng ngang cu.
- i vi mt cu bng BTCT ti ch th dc ngang c to ngay trong qu trnh
btng.
2% 2%
Hnh 4.11b: dc ngang c to ngay trong qu trnh thi cng.
4.2.2. ng thot nc trn cu:
4.2.2.1. Yu cu:
- Cn b tr ng thot nc sao cho ma thot nhanh v khng thm vo mt ngoi ca cu
hoc chy ln nn ng chui di cu.
- ng thot nc phi m bo thot ht nc ng trn mt cu v d thay th, dn dp
khi cn thit.
- Nu thit k khng hp l v thi cng sai st s dn n gim tui th ca cu do vng
BTCT ln cn ng thot nc b h hng.
4.2.2.2. Cu to ng thot nc:
- Cc ng thot nc c th cu to bng gang c, nha PVC hoc tn un thnh dng
ng trn.
- ng knh ng 15cm.
- Ming ng phi c np y chn rc.
- u di phi nh ra khi b mt btng bn mt cu a10cm trnh nc khng chy
tt vo bn btng.
ng thot n c ng thot n c
Timng t ho t n c
B t ng c nh dm
B t ng h t nh M400
np c hn r c
ng t ho t n c
Hnh 4.12a: Cu to ng thot nc bng gang c.
1/2 mt c t t i gi 1/2 mt c t gia nhp
12000
500 11000 500
ng ni
l t h o n c
np c hn r c
250
10
15 200 15 15
10
3
0
0
2
5
0
1
5 1
0
1
5
1
0
1
9
8
2
1
2
2
5
0
1
4
0
7
2
1
6
2
0
2
7
7
2
5
0
15
15
30
15
20
602
300 220 82
700
575 250
10
1
5
25 25
8
.
9
226
180 23 23
2
7
6
2
3
3
0
2
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
3
0
2
0
3
0
1
7
6
1
9
6
Hnh 4.12b: Cu to ng thot nc PVC.
4.2.2.3. Nguyn tc b tr ng thot nc:
- Din tch ng:
+ Trn cu ng t: C 1m
2

b mt hng ma ca cu phi b tr 1cm
2
din tch l
thot nc.
+ Trn cu ng st: C 1m
2

b mt hng ma ca cu phi b tr 4cm
2
din tch l
thot nc.
- Khong cch gia cc ng:
+ Khong cch gia cc ng d15m.
+ Nu dc dc cu i
d
<2% th c 68m phi b tr 2 ng thot nc st l i b, i
din v so le nhau.
+ Nu cu c L<50m v dc dc cu i
d
2% th c th khng cn b tr ng thot
nc nhng phi c bin php thot nc sau m.
+ Nu cu c L50m v dc dc cu i
d
2% th c 1015m phi b tr 1ng thot
nc.
+ Khong cch t tim ng n mp va (mp chn lan can) t 2040cm.
ng t ho t n c
Hnh 4.13: B tr ng thot nc.
- Trong nhng trng hp nhy cm v mi trng, khng th x nc trc tip t mt
ng xung sng pha di cn xem xt gii php dn nc theo ng ng dc gn
pha di kt cu nhp v x vo ni ph hp trn mt t t nhin.
Hnh 4.14: Gii php dn ng thot nc cu.
4.3. KHE CO GIN TRN CU:
4.3.1. Vai tr ca khe co gin:
- Cng trnh cu chu nh hng di lu ca hon cnh t nhin nh: gi thi, mt tri
chiu vo, chnh lch nhit gia ngy v m. c bit l kt cu nhp di tc ng ca
nng lnh sinh ra ni lc ca bin dng co ngt, t bin do pht sinh ra cc bin dng. Khi
s co gin khng u v lp i lp li lu ngy khin cho kt cu b nt.
- Ngoi ra di tc ng ca cc lc ngang theo phng dc cu th kt cu nhp c s
chuyn v: chuyn v xoay v chuyn v tnh tin. Nu khng m bo cho u kt cu nhp
c c cc chuyn v ny th cng s dn n hin tng nt v xut hin ni lc ph trong
dm.
=> cn thit phi b tr khe co gin trn cu nhm mc ch: m bo cho u kt cu
nhp c th chuyn v t do di tc dng ca hot ti, thay i nhit , t bin v co ngt
ca btng.
4.3.2. Yu cu i vi khe co gin:
- m bo bn, c tui th tng i cao hn ch chi ph duy tu bo dng v
thay th.
- m bo cho xe chy m thun, hn ch lc xung kch v ting n khi c xe chy.
- m bo kn v thot nc tt, chng r r nc v cc mnh vn gch ca lng
ng.
- Khe co gin phi c cu to n gin, d thi cng, d kim tra v thay th, sa cha khi
cn thit.
4.3.3. Cc loi khe co gin:
4.3.3.1. Khe co gin h:
a. Phm vi s dng:
i vi cc cu c chiu di nhp nh L15m vi cc chuyn v nh =12cm th ta c th
s dng khe co gin h.
b. Cu to:
- Khe co gin ch gm cc thanh thp gc ti u dm tng cng cng cho u dm
v m bo cho nc khng thm vo btng dm.
- Pha di b tr mng hng nc bng cao su nc khng chy xung gi cu v x
m m, tr.
Hnh 4.15: Khe co gin h.
c. u, nhc im:
Khe co gin loi ny c cu to rt n gin, thc cht l cc chi tit c b tr ch
m bo thot nc. Nhc im chnh l khng kn nc, rt d b ng rc lm tc khe co
gin. ng thi gy ra ting n khi c xe chy.
4.3.3.2. Khe co gin kn:
a. Phm vi s dng:
p dng cho cc chuyn v = 2
3cm.
b. Cu to:
- C tng phng nc lin tc cn tng btng bo h gin on qua khe.
- Khe c b phn co gin bng ng thau hoc tn trng km.
- Lp nha matt nha: Tng n hi 2 u dm dn ra mt cch t do.
Hnh 4.16: Khe co gin kn.
c. u, nhc im:
- Xe chy m thun.
- Ch to phc tp hn khe co gin h.
4.3.3.3. Khe co gin cao su chu nn:
a. Phm vi s dng:
Khe co gin loi ny cng ch nn p dng cho cc chuyn v nh = 1
2cm vi chiu
di nhp L 15m.
b. Cu to:
- Nhc im chnh ca khe co gin h l khng kn nc ng thi gy ra ting n ln
khi c xe chy. khc phc nhc im trn th ta s dng tm cao su chu nn c t p
cht vo khe h gia hai u dm.
- B mt cao su c t thp hn 5mm so vi mt cu trnh h hng do xe c.
Hnh 4.17: Khe co gin cao su chu nn.
c. u, nhc im:
Tm cao su va c tc dng to ra s co gin n hi cho u dm, chng thm nc va
hn ch c lc xung kch cng nh ting n khi c xe chy.
4.3.3.4. Khe co gin cao su bn thp:
a. Phm vi s dng:
c s dng ph bin nc ta hin nay. p dng cho cc chuyn v =1.52cm vi cc
nhp nhp cu L=1530m.
b. Cu to:
- Khe co gin gm 1 khi cao su c cch rnh dc tng bin dng, cc bn thp c
chiu dy 68mm nm trong tm cao su c tc dng lm tng cng chu nn v chu un
ca tm.
- Cc tm cao su c ghp ni di bng keo. Cc tm ny c t qua khe h gia hai
u dm v neo vo bn btng mt cu bng cc bulng neo t chm.
- Cc bulng neo c lin kt hn vi cc thanh ct thp ch t sn trong kt cu nhp.
Ct thp nh v 16
Ct thp ch 20
Va khng co ngt
Tmcao su
Bu lng neo 20
L p ph mt cu
Hnh 4.18: Khe co gin cao su bn thp.
c. u, nhc im:
Khe co gin cao su bn thp m bo xe chy m thun, hn ch c lc xung kch v
ting n. C tui th cao, d thi cng v d thay th, sa cha khi cn thit.
4.3.3.5. Khe co gin bn thp trt:
a. Phm vi s dng:
Loi khe co gin ny c th dng cho cc kt cu nhp cu trung c chiu di nhp L = 30
50m chuyn v ln ln ti = 4
5cm.
b. Cu to:
- Khe co gin bn thp trt gm mt tm thp dy d = 10
20mm ph trn khe h gia

hai u dm, mt u tm thp c hn vo mt thp gc v u kia trt t do trn mt
thp gc i din. Cc thp gc c neo vo u dm nh cc thp neo.
- trnh nc r r xung gi cu, di khe t mng thot nc bng cao su hoc thp
hnh.
Hnh 4.19: Khe co gin bn thp trt.
c. u, nhc im:
Mt cu xe chy khng bng phng v gy ting n ln khi xe qua li trn cc mt tip xc
ca thp do cc bn thp va p vo nhau, v vy trong cc cu hin i, loi ny c p
dng mt cch hn ch.
4.3.3.6. Khe co gin rng lc, rng ca:
a. Phm vi s dng:
Loi khe co gin ny c th dng cho cc kt cu nhp cu c chiu di nhp L = 30
100m
chuyn v ln ln ti = 10
15cm.
b. Cu to:
- Khe co gin kiu rng lc hoc rng ca gm cc bn thp c xen k vi nhau theo
dng rng lc hoc rng ca trn mt cu. Cc bn thp ny c hn c nh vo u cc
dm chuyn v qua cc thp gc.
- Loi khe co gin ny thng c b tr km vi rnh thot nc bn di l mt mng
cao su thng vi h thng thot nc, c th c gn vo u dm bng hn v bulng qua
cc bn thp mng.

Hnh 4.20: Khe co gin rng lc, rng ca.
c. u, nhc im:
- m bo c chc nng ca mt khe co gin cho s chuyn tip cc nhp di.
- Gi thnh r hn cc loi khe co gin khc cng kh nng.
- Mt cu chy khng bng phng do chiu dy bn thp trt v gy ting n ln khi xe
qua li trn cc mt tip xc ca thp do cc bn thp va p vo nhau.
- D b ng rc, ct vo mng cao su.
4.3.3.7. Khe co gin mun:
a. Phm vi s dng:
p dng cho cc cu ln c chiu di nhp L > 100m v c chuyn v ln = 10
120cm.
b. Cu to:
- Khe gm cc b phn chnh nh dm (1), dm dc hnh ray (2), gi trt (3), l xo
trt (4), l xo kim tra (5) v cc di cao su kn nc (6).
gitrt
hnhray
lxotr t
dmdc dicaosu
Hnh 4.21a: Khe co gin mun.
Hnh 4.21b: Cu to v thi cng khe co gin mun.
- Cc dm c t trong cc hc cha sn, vt qua chiu rng khe. Cc dm c
th trt hai u trn gi, trt theo phng chuyn ng ca kt cu nhp. Trn dm c
bn hn sn t dm dc hnh ray (dc theo khe), to thnh mng dm. Mi dm dc c
hn vi mt dm c nh sn. L xo kim tra c t gia cc dm khng
ch khong cch bn trong ca cc dm dc nh nhau v m bo chiu rng ton b khe.
u dm dc c to cc ngm mc cc di cao su kn nc. Cc khe h gia cc dm dc
c chiu rng gii hn l 80mm.
c. u, nhc im:
- Cng ngh hin i p dng cho cc cu nhp ln.
- Cu to phc tp, i hi trnh thi cng nn gi thnh cao hn cc loi khe co gin
cng kh nng.
4.4. MT CU LIN TC NHIT :
4.4.1. S cn thit b tr mt cu lin tc nhit :
- Sau mt thi gian s dng cc khe co gin thng hay b h hng: cc phn bng thp c
th b g, khe c th b kt b rc bi v khng hot ng, phn cao su c th b mi mn, lo
ha, phn btng tip gip vi khe c th b bong,
- gim s lng khe co gin trn cu, xe chy m thun hn, gim chi ph duy tu sa
cha cu.
4.4.2. Cu to mt cu lin tc nhit :
- Trng hp x m c cu to bnh thng:
Hnh 4.22a: Cu to mt cu lin tc nhit .
- Trng hp x m c dng ch T hoc x m n.
Hnh 4.22b: Cu to mt cu lin tc nhit .
4.4.3. c im lm vic:
- Di tc dng ca ti trng thng ng th kt cu nhp vn lm vic nh dm gin n.
- Di tc dng nhit , co ngt, t bin ca btng v lc dc cu th kt cu nhp lm
vic ging nh kt cu nhp lin tc.
- Bn lin tc nhit chu tc dng ca momen un v lc dc pht sinh do:
+ Gc xoay v chuyn v thng ng ca tit din gi dm do tnh ti phn hai v hot
ti tc dng ln kt cu nhp lin tc.
+ Tc dng ca tnh ti phn hai v hot ti t trc tip trn bn.
+ Kt cu nhp chuyn v do thay i nhit .
+ Tc dng ca lc hm.
4.4.4. u, nhc im:
- Gim c s lng khe co gin trn cu, do m bo cho xe chy m thun v hn
ch lc xung kch nn tng tui th cng trnh cu.
- Gim bt chi ph duy tu bo dng cu, c bit l cng tc duy tu, sa cha khe co gin
trn cu.
- Gy phc tp cho qu trnh ch to dm v khi btng dm phi cha li phn bn mt
cu u dm v ct thp ch sau ny thc hin mi ni bn.
- Dng kt cu nhp lin tc nhit hp l hn c l dng vi cc dm gin n c khu
di 33m. Do kt cu bn mt cu lin tc nhit c p dng kh ph bin cho cu dn
ca cc kt cu nhp cu ln nhm m bo s m thun v lin tc cho xe chy. Ngoi ra kt
cu nhp lin tc nhit cn dng ni dm eo vi phn hng ca dm mt tha.
- Vic dng kt cu nhp lin tc nhit c bit hiu qu vng ng t cng nh ni
mng m, tr nm trong vng t ln.
4.5. L NGI I V LAN CAN:
4.5.1. L ngi i:
- L ngi i c b tr trn cu to ra phn ng ginh ring cho ngi i b nhm
m bo an ton cho ngi i b trn cu.
- L ngi i cng mc:
+ c b tr cng cao vi mt ng xe chy. Vic b tr nh vy s khng gy thu
hp mt cu, ng thi c th m rng b rng xe chy khi cn thit.
+ i vi l ngi i cng mc th ta c th b tr c g chn bnh m bo an ton
cho ngi i b hoc c th ch cn dng di sn phn cch rng khong 10
20cm. Vic cu
to ch dng di sn phn cch s cho php xe c th i vo phn l ngi i do khi xp ti
trong tnh ton h s phn b ngang cho cc dm ch phi ch vn ny.
G chn bnh Vt sn phn cch
Hnh 4.23: Cu to l ngi i cng mc.
- L ngi i khc mc: c b tr cao hn mt ng xe chy khong 20
40cm. Vic
b tr nh vy s m bo an ton cho ngi i b trn cu, tuy nhin li gy thu hp b rng
xe chy v khng th m rng b rng xe chy khi cn thit.
Ct m
Bn btng

Ct m
Hnh 4.24: Cu to l ngi i khc mc.
4.5.2. Lan can:
- Lan can c b tr nhm dn hng cho xe chy, ngi i v m bo cho xe, ngi i
b khng b rt ra khi cu khi xy ra s c trong qu trnh di chuyn trn cu. ng thi lan
can cng l b phn to nn tnh thm m cho cng trnh cu.
- Phn loi lan can:
+ Lan can cng: c cu to t cc khi btng lp ghp hoc ti ch, pha trn c
cc di thp to ra tay vn. Lan can cng lm vic theo nguyn l va chm cng nn mc
h hng khi xe va chm l rt cao, nhng m bo c an ton cho xe khi xy ra tai nn.
+ Lan can mm: c cu to t cc di thp gn trn cc ct bng btng hoc
bng thp. Lan can mm lm vic theo nguyn l va chm mm nn hn ch c h hng
cho xe, tuy nhin li khng m bo c an ton cho xe khi xy ra tai nn trn cu c bit
l cc xe chy vi tc cao.
- Cu to lan can:
BulngU 22
A A
B B
A - A
B - B
2% 2%
L pphmtcu
Thpphnb 12
ng trn 120
Thp vung50x20mm
Thpvung60x80mm
L pphmtcu
Thpphnb 12
Hnh 4.25: Cu to chi tit lan can.
- Quy nh v cc loi lan can:
+ Lan can ng ngi i: Chiu cao ti thiu 1060mm tnh t mt ng ngi i b.
+ Lan can xe p: Chiu cao ti thiu 1370mm tnh t mt ng xe p.
+ Lan can t: Khi va chm xe khng th vt qua lan can hoc bt li, xm phm vo
lung giao thng ang hot ng. Phi c cng chu lc.

Hnh 4.26: Lan can bng thp.
4.6. NI TIP GIA NG V CU:
4.6.1. Yu cu ni tip t ng vo cu:
- Khi i t ng vo cu do cng ca nn ng nh hn cng ca cu, nn s
thay i cng mt cch i t ngt nh vy lm cho phn tip xc gia nn ng v
cu rt d b ln to thnh g. Do ta phi cu to ni tip gia ng v cu nhm m
bo s m thun cho xe chy.
- Ni tip gia ng v cu phi c cu to theo nguyn tc tng dn cng t ng
vo cu.
4.6.2. Ni tip gia ng v cu trn ng t:
- Cc yu cu v cu to:
+ Chiu rng nn ng p u cu phi rng hn chiu rng gia mp hai chn lan
can v mi bn l 0.5m trn mt on L
1
10m v vut ni vo nn ng bnh thng trn
on c chiu di L
2
=15
20m.
on m rng
on vut ni
Nn ng bnh th ng
Hnh 4.27: M rng nn ng vo cu.
+ Phn btng ca m tip xc trc tip vi nn ng phi c qut nha ng
chng n mn btng v ct thp m.
+ t p sau m phi dng loi t ct hoc ct, m bo thot nc tt v phi c
m vi cht k = 0.95
0.98.
- tng dn cng t ng vo cu th ta thng b tr thm bn qu . Bn qu
c th c btng ti ch hoc lp ghp v c t vi dc i = 10%
15% v pha
nn ng. Mt u bn k ln g k ti tng nh m v mt u c k trn dm k ti
nn ng sau m.
- Tc dng ca bn qu :
+ Bn qu c b tr nhm tng dn cng t ng vo cu do m bo m
thun cho xe chy.
+ Khi c hot ti trn bn, p lc ca bn s truyn xung 2 gi t do nh mt dm gin
n. Phn t di y bn do ln v yu nn coi nh khng dnh vo y bn. Do vic
cu to v b tr bn qu hp l khng nhng lm gim m cn c th trit tiu hon ton
p lc t do hot ti tc dng ln tng m.
Hnh 4.28: Bn qu sau m.
- Kch thc ca bn qu :
+ B
qd
: B rng bn qu theo phng ngang cu, ph thuc vo b rng ca lng m,
b rng cu, thng B
qd
= 10
12m.
+ L
qd
: Chiu di bn qu ph thuc vo chiu cao m v gc ni ma st t p sau
m, thng L
qd
= 2
6m.
+
qd
: Chiu dy bn qu ,
qd
= 16
25cm.
- Nu nn t u cu l t yu ta c th b tr sn gim ti:
Hnh 4.29: Sn gim ti sau m.
4.6.3. Ni tip gia ng v cu trn ng st:
- Khi trn cu dng mng balt th nn ng u cu mi bn cng phi dng mng balt
trn mt on c chiu di L10m, bt k trn nn ng, trn tuyn dng loi balt no.
- Thng thng trong phm vi 30m hai u cu c balt dy 4050cm, cn trong khu
gian c balt dy 3040cm. chuyn tip gia 2 on ng c chiu dy nn ng
khc nhau th nn vut ni 1% hoc phi tin hnh nh cp.
- Tip gip gia ng v cu trn ng st phi dng m nng bng xy hoc bng
BTCT c kch thc ln.
CHNG 5: KHI NIM CHUNG V M TR CU BI GING C S CNG TRNH CU
CHNG 5:
KHI NIM CHUNG V M TR CU
5.1. KHI NIM CHUNG:
5.1.1. c im chung:
kt cu nhp
tr
mng
m
Hnh 5.1: B tr chung cng trnh cu.
- M tr cu l mt b phn quan trng trong cng trnh cu thuc kt cu bn di, c
chc nng kt cu nhp v truyn ti trng thng ng v ngang xung t nn.
- M tr cu thuc kt cu bn di nm trc tip trong vng m t, d b xm thc, xi
l, bo mn nn vic xy dng, sa cha gp rt nhiu kh khn. Do khi thit k cn phi
ch sao cho v tr t m tr phi ph hp vi a hnh, a cht, cc iu kin k thut khc
v d on trc s pht trin ca ti trng.
- V kinh t, m tr chim khong (40
60)% tng gi thnh xy dng cng trnh cu v

cng tc thi cng m tr cn c tnh quyt nh n tin thi cng ca ton b cng trnh
cu.
5.1.2. M cu:
- L b phn chuyn tip v m bo cho xe chy m thun t ng vo cu. ng thi
m cu cn c tc dng gi n nh cho taluy nn ng u cu, dn hng v iu chnh
dng chy chng xi l b sng.
- M cu thng ch chu p lc bt li theo phng dc cu nn khi tnh ton thit k m
tr th ta ch cn tnh m theo phng dc cu.
- M cu c hnh dng i xng theo phng dc cu.
5.1.3. Tr cu:
- Tr cu c vai tr phn chia nhp cu v kt cu nhp, truyn ti trng t kt cu nhp
xung t nn.
- Tr cu c xy dng trong phm vi dng chy nn tit din ngang phi c cu to hp
l m bo thot nc tt. Bn ngoi tr phi c v bc chng xm thc.
- Hnh dng tr trong kt cu nhp cu vt cn phi m bo m quan v khng cn tr i
li cng nh tm nhn di cu.
- Tr cu chu lc bt li theo c hai phng dc v ngang cu nn khi tnh ton thit k ta
phi tnh tr theo c hai phng.
- Tr cu c hnh dng i xng theo hai phng dc cu v ngang cu.
5.2. PHN LOI M TR CU:
5.2.1. Theo s tnh hc:
- M tr cu dm (cu bn, dm gin n, lin tc, mt tha): Di tc dng ca ti trng
thng ng ch c phn lc gi thng ng V.
Hnh 5.2: M tr cu dm.
- M tr cu khung: M vn ging cu dm nhng tr lin kt ngm vi kt cu nhp. Nh
vy tr chu mmen rt ln nn c th b tr c ct thp thng v ct thp d ng lc.
Hnh 5.3: M tr cu khung.
- M tr cu treo: M phi c kch thc ln chu lc thng ng V v lc ngang H
nn c cu to phc tp.
Hnh 5.4: M tr cu treo.
- M tr cu dy vng: M chu lc nh, ti m b tr gi chu lc nh v m phi nng
chu lc nh. Tr thp cu chu lc ch yu, cc dy neo truyn ti trng vo tr thp ri
t truyn xung mng nn tr thp phi cng chu c lc tc dng ca cc ti
trng.
Hnh 5.5: M tr cu dy vng.
5.2.2. Theo cng dc cu:
- M tr cng: Kch thc ln, trng lng ln. Khi chu lc bin dng ca m tr tng
i nh c th b qua. Mi m tr c kh nng chu ton b ti trng ngang theo phng dc
cu t kt cu nhp truyn n v ti trng ngang do p lc t gy ra.
- M tr do: Kch thc nh, cng nh. Khi chu lc ngang theo phng dc cu, ton
b kt cu nhp v tr s lm vic nh mt khung v ti trng ngang s truyn cho cc tr
theo t l cng ca chng. Nh vy kch thc tr s gim i rt nhiu. Tr do thng c
dng tr ct, tr cc hoc tng mng. p dng tr do hp l i vi cu nhp nh v c
chiu cao khng ln lm.
5.2.3. Theo vt liu:
- xy.
- Btng.
- Btng ct thp.
- Thp.
5.2.4. Theo phng php xy dng:
- Ton khi ( ti ch).
- Bn lp ghp.
- Lp ghp.
5.2.5. Theo hnh thc cu to:
- M tr nng: Bao gm cc loi c kch thc ln, kt cu nng n. M tr nng thng
p dng cho cc nhp ln. Loi ny thng c xy dng bng , btng hoc btng
hc, c th thi cng lp ghp, bn lp ghp hoc ti ch.
- M tr nh: C kch thc thanh mnh hn, c th gm cc hng ct, hng cc hoc
tng mng. Loi ny thng c xy dng bng BTCT.
5.3. NGUYN TC XC NH CC KCH THC C BN CA M TR CU:
5.3.1. V tr ca m tr:
- V tr ca m tr c xc nh ph thuc vo tuyn thit k v s cu to cng nh t
l phn chia kt cu nhp. Tuy nhin trc khi xy dng phng n kt cu nhp th cn phi
tin hnh cng tc khoan thm d a cht xem c th t c m tr hay khng. Trong
trng hp a cht qu bt li khng th t m tr th phi thay i phng n tuyn cho
ph hp.
- M tr cu nn trnh t nhng ni c a hnh qu dc, ti ni c hin tng xi
chung v xi cc b ln. Ti v tr nn t tt hoc tng gc t l thin th c th t m
tr trc tip trn nn thin nhin cn ti nhng ni c a cht yu th phi t m tr trn kt
cu mng cc ng, mng cc khoan nhi hoc mng ging chm, ...
5.3.2. Cao nh mng:
- Cao nh mng c quyt nh xut pht t iu kin m bo cho s lm vic tt
ca m tr trong qu trnh khai thc v m bo cng tc thi cng m tr c tin hnh
thun li khng gp phi cc kh khn ln.
- i vi m tr nm trong phn kh cn, phn bi sng, cu vt v cu cn th cao
nh mng m tr nn t bng vi cao mt t t nhin (hoc thp hn khng qu 0.5m).
Khng nn t b mng ni trn mt t v khi s khng m bo vn m quan ng
thi kh nng n nh chng lt, chng trt ca m tr km. Tuy nhin cng khng nn t
b mng m tr qu su trong t v s gy kh khn v phc tp trong qu trnh thi cng b
mng.

Hnh 5.6: M tr t st mt t.
- i vi m tr t trong nc th c th t
b mng st vi mt t hoc cng c th t b
mng ni trn mt t. Trong trng hp t ni
trn mt t th cao nh mng thng c
t thp hn MNTN ti thiu l 0.5m. V tr nh
mng nh vy s lm hnh dng mng n gin
hn, gim khi lng xy v gim thu hp dng
chy ng thi cn m bo vn m quan cho
cng trnh cu.
Hnh 5.7: B tr t trong nc.
5.3.3. Cao nh x m m tr:
5.3.3.1. Cao nh x m tr:
Ta c th xc nh cao nh x m tr da vo MNCN v MNTT nh sau:
- Mc nc cao nht (MNCN):
+ nh x m tr phi cao hn MNCN ti thiu l 0.25m, i vi sng khng c thng
thuyn.
CT = MNCN + 0.25m (1)
+ Xc nh thng qua cao y dm (CD) t MNCN, i vi sng khng c thng
thuyn.
CD = MNCN + h (2)
B MN CU HM - CSII H GIAO THNG VN TI - C S II
MNTN
72
i vi sng khng c cy tri ln: h = h
min
= 0.5m
i vi sng c cy tri ln (ng t): h = h
min
= 1m
i vi sng c cy tri ln (ng st): h = h
min
= 1.5m
Do CT c xc nh nh sau: CT = CD h
k
h
gi
- Mc nc thng thuyn (MNTT): Xc nh thng qua cao y dm (CD), i vi
sng c thng thuyn.
CT = CD h
k
h
gi
(3)
CD = MNTT + h
TT
T xc nh c CT max ((1), (2), (3))
5.3.3.2. Cao nh x m m:
- c xc nh thng qua cao mt ng xe chy:
CMM = CM h
gi
h
k gi
h
KCN
- c xc nh thng qua mt t t nhin hoc MNCN: Cao m m phi cao hn mt
t t nhin hoc MNCN mt khong ti thiu l 0.25m.
5.3.4. Kch thc x m m tr trn mt bng:
Chiu rng (theo phng dc cu) v chiu di (theo phng ngang cu) ca m m tr
c xc nh nh sau:
b0 15-20 b1
b3
b'2 b2
a0 15-20
a1 a2
b2 b3
b0
15-20
b1
Hnh 5.8: Cc thng s xc nh kch thc x m m tr.
- i vi tr:
b
t
= b
3
+ b
2
+ b
2
+ b
0
+ 2(15 20) + 2b
1
(cm)
a
t
= (n-1)a
2
+ a
0
+ 2(15 20) + 2a
1
(cm)
- i vi m:
b
m
= b
3
+ b
2
+ b
0
/2 + (15 20) + b
1
(cm)
a
m
= a
t
(cm)
Trong :
b
t
, a
t
, b
m
, a
m
: Chiu rng v chiu di m tr, m.
n: S lng dm ch.
b
0
, a
0
: Kch thc gi.
(15 20) cm: Khong cch nh nht t mp gi n mp k gi.
b
2
, b
2
: Khong cch t tim gi n u dm ca cc nhp bn phi v bn tri.
b
3
: Khong cch gia 2 u dm cnh nhau hoc u dm v tng nh m, vi gi c
nh khng nh hn 5cm, vi gi di dng: b
3
= tl + 5cm.
Vi: : H s dn n do nhit ca dm.
t: Hiu s gia nhit cao nht v nhit trung bnh.
l: Chiu di nhp dm.
b
1
, a
1
: Khong cch nh nht t mp k gi n mp m tr theo phng dc v
ngang cu.
a
2
: Khong cch gia tim cc dm k nhau theo phng ngang cu.
Tr s b
1
ly ty thuc chiu di nhp:
l nhp (m) 15 - 20 30 - 100 > 100
b
1
(cm) 15 25 35
Tr s a
1
ly ty thuc loi KCN:
- Kt cu nhp bn a
1
= 20cm.
- i vi mi KCN khc, vi gi cao su bn thp v gi tip tuyn a
1
= 30cm.
- i vi mi KCN khc, vi gi con ln v con quay a
1
= 50cm.
CHNG 6: CU TO M TR CU DM BI GING C S CNG TRNH CU
CHNG 6:
CU TO M TR CU DM
6.1. CU TO M CU DM:
6.1.1. Vai tr v nhim v ca m cu:
6.1.1.1. Vai tr ca m cu:
- Trong cng trnh cu, m thuc kt cu phn di, c chn trong t, nm trong vng
m t chu xm thc xi l.
- M c cc chc nng c bn: kt cu nhp, chu ti trng thng ng v nm ngang t
kt cu nhp truyn xung.
- M cu l b phn chuyn tip v m bo cho xe chy m thun t ng vo cu.
- M cn lm nhim v ca mt tng chn, chu p lc ngang ca t p, m bo n
nh ca nn ng u cu.
- Ngoi ra, m cn l mt cng trnh iu chnh dng chy, m bo chng xi l b sng.
6.1.1.2. Nhim v cc b phn ca m cu:
- Cu to: M gm 4 b phn: Tng nh, tng thn, b mng m v tng cnh.
Hnh 6.1: Cc b phn ca m cu.
- Tng nh c tc dng chn t bo v u dm khng tip xc trc tip vi t nn
do trnh c hin tng r ct thp v n mn btng.
- Tng thn c tc dng tng nh v x m, ng thi chu p lc t kt cu nhp
sau truyn xung b mng v truyn xung t nn. Ngoi ra tng thn m cn chu p
lc y ngang do t tnh v do hot ti ng trn lng th trt.
- Tng cnh c tc dng chn t pha nn ng chng st l nn ng theo phng
ngang cu, ng thi cn to ra phn i trng v pha nn ng lm tng kh nng chng
trt v chng lt ca m.
- B mng m l b phn tng thn, tng cnh v truyn ti trng xung t nn. B
mng m c th t trc tip trn nn thin nhin nu lp t tt, c th t c b mng
nm su 3m so vi mt t t nhin. Trong trng hp lp t tt nm su >3m, ta
phi t b mng trn kt cu mng cc ng, mng cc khoan nhi hoc mng ging chm.
- t p nn m l cng trnh chng xi l, ln st taluy nn ng ti v tr u cu,
ng thi cn c tc dng nh mt cng trnh dn hng dng chy. Ty theo dc ca
taluy, vn tc dng nc m nn m c th l t p gia c bng bin php trng c, gia c
bng hc hoc lm di dng tng chn.
- Cc b phn c bn ca m sau khi lp ghp li vi nhau phi tha mn yu cu tng th
ca m. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin, ty theo c im ca tng loi
m m mt s b phn ni trn khng tn ti hoc cn phi b xung thm mt s b phn
khc nhm ci thin iu kin lm vic hoc nng cao cht lng cng trnh.
6.1.2. S pht trin ca cc loi m cu dm:
6.1.2.1. M ch nht - quan nim ban u v m cu:
- Cu to: M ch gm hai b phn l thn m v b mng m, u c cu to dng tit
din ch nht nn cu to rt n gin. Ton b thn v mng m u c chn trong t.
Hnh 6.2: M ch nht.
- u, nhc im v phm vi p dng:
+ M c cu to n gin, c t trc tip trn nn thin nhin nn cng tc thi cng
thc hin n gin.
+ Tn vt liu.
+ Khng n nh c t p nn ng u cu.
+ M c chn hon ton trong nn ng nn phn u dm b chn su trong t
dn n d b h hng.
+ Tip gip gia cu v ng khng m thun.
+ M ch nht c dng cho cc kt cu nhp cu vt qua cc dng nc nh, nn
p thp. Mng m c t trc tip trn tng a cht tt hoc tng gc nm l thin.
6.1.2.2. M k - mt dng hp l hn ca m ch nht:
- Cu to: L mt dng m ch nht, chiu cao nh, thn v m m khng bit vi nhau,
m c k trc tip ln nn t t nhin.
Hnh 6.3: M k.
+ M c cu to n gin, c t trc tip trn nn thin nhin nn cng tc thi cng
thc hin n gin.
+ M k khc phc c nhng nhc im ca m ch nht: Tch ring c dm
khi vi vo t bng tng trc v tng tai (nu c), n nh c ta luy nn ng u
cu bng tng trc v tng cnh, c tng cnh lm i trng vi p lc t sau m.
+ M k c cc ch tiu kinh t k thut kh tt, p dng i vi cu c chiu cao t
p thp v a cht tt.
6.1.2.3. M ch U - khot b vt liu trong lng m:
- Cu to: M ch U so vi m ch nht c khot rng lng to ra h thng gm 4 phn:
tng nh, thn m, b mng m v tng cnh. Phn ui tng cnh hng tit kim vt
liu.
Hnh 6.4: M ch U.
+ Nh c tng cnh dc to ra mt i trng cho m, m bo n nh tng th chng
lt v chng trt cho m di tc dng ca p lc t y ngang.
+ Nh c tng cnh ngm vo mng, vic chn gi t p trong lng m c hiu qu,
c kh nng ngn nga cc hin tng ln st v to ra nn cht cho khi t p ng
sau tng trc, m bo xe chy m thun khi ra vo cu.
+ Thng p dng khi chiu cao t p H6m.
6.1.2.4. M c tng cnh ngang, tng cnh xin - xoay tng cnh m ch U:
- c im cu to: Trong n lc ci tin m ch U vi tiu ch c th l gim khi lng
tng cnh vn chim khi lng ln trong m ch U bng cch gim p lc t do hot ti
tc dng ln tng cnh khi xoay m rng gc gia tng cnh v tng thn ta c m
tng cnh xin, lc ny p lc t tc dng ln tng cnh gim i ng k. Khi =180
0
ta
c m tng cnh ngang, lc ny p lc t do hot ti tc dng ln tng cnh m khng
cn, tng cnh m ch chu p lc t do tnh ti.
+ Gim khi lng tng cnh.
+ Tng cnh khng to c mmen ngc chng p lc t y m ra sng nn dng
m ny km n nh hn so vi m ch U tng cnh dc.
+ Thng c p dng cho cc m t trn nn ng o, khi kt cu nn ng
sau m kh n nh nn khng cn phi cu to tng cnh dc gi n nh cho nn
ng, ng thi khi cn phi cu to tng cnh ging nh k dn hng dng chy.
+ M c tng cnh xin thng c p dng trong cc cu vt ng hoc trong kt
cu nhp cu bn m nh lm vic theo s 4 khp (M Xlvinski). Khi n nh
chng trt ca m c m bo nh cc thanh chng vo mng t ngm di y sng,
cn dm c ni cht vi m m bo chng lt.
Hnh 6.5: M c tng cnh ngang, xin.
Hnh 6.6: p lc t ln tng cnh m.
6.1.2.5. M ch T, ch thp - khot b vt liu hai bn:
- c im cu to:
+ Trong cc cu c kh hp nh cu ng st th vic cu to m ch U l khng hp
l v chiu dy ca cc tng cnh c th ln hn b rng ca m. Trong trng hp ny ta
c th gp 2 tng cnh m thnh mt tng dc trong khi phn trc ca m vn m rng
t gi ca kt cu nhp khi ta c m ch T.
+ M ch T ch c mt tng dc nn khng chu p lc t m ch lm nhim v tng
cng v kh nng n nh chng lt, chng trt cho m.
+ Nu chiu cao ca m ch T ln th ta c th cu to thm mt tng chng pha
trc khi m ch T c ci tin thnh m ch thp.
1
:1
-
1
:1
,2
5
1
:1
-

1
:1
,
2
5
Hnh 6.7: M ch T v m ch thp.
- Phm vi p dng: M ch T v m ch thp c p dng ph bin trong cc cu ng
st kh hp v c chiu cao ln.
6.1.2.6. M rng vm dc, vm ngang - khot rng rut ca m:
a. M rng vm dc:
- Cu to: M c khot rng hnh vm theo phng dc m (ngang cu).
Hnh 6.8: M rng vm dc.
- Chu lc:
+ Tng trc c th hon ton khng chu p lc t.
+ p lc ngang tc dng ln lng m cng nh.
+ Ch cn li p lc ln hai tng cnh.
b. M rng vm ngang:
- Cu to: M c khot rng hnh vm theo phng ngang m (dc cu).
Hnh 6.9: M rng vm ngang.
- Chu lc:
+ Tng sau m hon ton kn nn p lc t tc dng ln m khng i so vi m ch
nht.
+ Tng trc chu ti trng t kt cu nhp truyn xung nh mt tr cu thng
thng.
6.1.2.7. M vi - tng trc v tng cnh c cu to thch hp khi chn vo trong t:
Trong trng hp chiu cao nn p ln th ta c th chn ton b phn tng thn ca m
vo trong nn p khi ta c m vi.
a. M vi thn tng ngang:
- c im cu to:
+ Tng trc c chn hon ton vo trong t.
+ Nn t c p ln ra sng.
+ Do c phn p lc t b ng pha trc m nn tng cnh c th cu to c kch
thc nh hn.
+ Chn c th choi ra pha sng.
1
:1
- 1
:1
,2
5
1
2
4
7
6
3
1 Bmng
2 Thnm
3 T ngnh
4 T ngcnh
5 tptr c m
6
7 Ktcunhp
MNCN
1
:1
,5
5
Nn ngucu
Tng gc 6
8 Tng gc
2
3
1
Hnh 6.10: M vi thn tng ngang.
- c im chu lc:
+ Cu to chn m choi ra sng hp lc tc dng v pha sau mng nn tng n
nh chng lt cho m.
+ p lc ngang ca t trc m ngc chiu vi p lc ngang ca t sau m nn lm
gim mt phn p lc t sau m.
- u nhc im:
+ Gim c ng k khi lng tng cnh.
+ Nn p ln ra sng nn d b st l v phi li m vo trong trnh thu hp dng
chy dn n vic ko di cu.
b. M vi thn tng dc:
- c im cu to:
+ Do tng thn ca m t hon ton trong t nn khng c tc dng chn t khi
tit kim vt liu th ta c th cu to tng thn thnh cc tng mng t dc x
m m, tng nh v tng cnh, khi ta c m vi tng dc.
+ S lng tng dc ph thuc vo b rng cu.
+ Khong cch gia hai tng nn bng khong cch gia hai tim dm ch hoc trong
khong 24m.
1
2
4
7
6
3
1 Bmng
2 Thnm
3 T ngnh
4 T ngcnh
5 t p tr c m
6
7 Kt cu nhp
MNCN
1
:1
,5
5
Nn ngucu
Tng gc 6
8 Tng gc
3
1
2
Hnh 6.11: M vi thn tng dc.
- u im:
+ Gim khi lng vt liu.
+ Gim p lc ngang ca t, ci thin iu kin chng lt do din tch chn t ca
tng thn nh.
c. M chn d, m cc:
- Cu to m chn d: Ly m vi thn tng dc khot i phn gia ca tng dc s to
ra 2 hng cc: 1 hng cc ng v 1 hng cc xin, ta c m chn d.
2
1
2
4
7
6
3
1 Bmng
2 Chncc
3 T ngnh
4 T ngcnh
5 t ptr c m
6
7 Kt cunhp
MNCN
1
:1
,5
5
Nn ngucu
Tng gc 6
8 Tng gc
3
1
Hnh 6.12: M chn d.
- Cu to m cc: Ly m chn d b i phn b mng ta c m cc.
- u nhc im:
+ Tit kim mt lng ln vt liu.
+ Cu to n gin nn thi cng nhanh, c th p dng bin php thi cng lp ghp.
+ Taluy t lp d b xi l, ln st lm hng phn ng vo cu.
+ Cc chn d d b gy.
6.1.2.8. Cc dng m cu c s chu lc thay i:
a. M c bn gim ti - gim p lc t tc dng ln tng trc:
- Cu to: Cu to thm bn gim ti ngm vo tng trc m, bn gim ti ny lm vic
nh mt cng xon chu mmen un v lc ct do ti trng thng ng.
- Tc dng ca bn gim ti:
+ Ngn p lc t thnh tng phn v do phn p lc ngang tnh ti ca t thnh cc
biu hnh tam gic nh vi chiu cao bng khong cch gia cc bn.
+ Hng cc p lc ngang ca t do hot ti tc dng ln tng trc m, chuyn p lc
ny thnh p lc thng ng tc dng ln bn.
+ p lc thng ng ca tnh ti v hot ti tc dng ln mt bn to thnh mmen
ngc du vi p lc t lm tng n nh chng lt v gim bt kch thc tng trc.
b. M neo - thm lin kt:
- Cu to:
+ i vi tng cnh dc: c th c neo vi nhau.
+ Vi tng trc: Mt u lin kt neo vo tng trc, mt u neo vo t p nn
ng hoc vo mng thng qua cc dy neo v thanh neo.
+ Dy neo: Ch yu chu ko nn thng lm bng thp (chng g), btng ct thp ng
sut trc.
+ u neo vo nn ng: C th l bn BTCT neo su vo nn ng hoc l mt
nhm c ng su.
- p dng:
+ Cu ln nhiu nhp hoc cu treo.
+ C th s dng khi sa cha mt s cu c.
c. M cu 4 khp (Xlvinski) - thay i hn s chu lc ca m:
- Cu to:
+ Hai m c cu to l 2 tng mng.
+ Kt cu nhp ngm cht vo m bi cc cht neo.
+ Pha di chn m c thanh chng.
- c im chu lc:
+ S tnh ca m di tc dng ca p lc t l dm gin n k trn 2 gi l kt
cu nhp v thanh chng.
+ p lc t t m bn ny truyn qua kt cu nhp, thanh chng qua m bn kia v b
trit tiu.
- p dng: Cu bn nh, 1 nhp.
6.1.3. Cu to m cu dm ton khi trn ng t:
6.1.3.1. M ch U:
a. M ch U bng btng hoc xy:
- c im cu to:
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
:
1

-

1
:
1
,
2
5
7
8
50 50 75
2
5
(0,35-0,4)H
30-50 30-50
H
1- T ng nh; 2- M m; 3- T ng thn; 4- Mng m
5- T ng cnh dc; 6- Tm k gi; 7- Nn m; 8- dm v t thot n c.
B
/
2
4
5
1
6
3
2
A A
1/2 A - A
Hnh 6.13: Cu to m ch U bng btng hoc xy.
+ M gm cc b phn: Tng trc, tng nh, tng cnh dc, m m v mng.
+ Tng trc ca m thng c chiu dy thay i theo chiu cao, ln dn v pha
di, chiu dy chn tng khong (0.35-0.4)H, trong H - chiu cao t p. Mt trc v
sau ca tng c th cu to thng ng hoc hi nghing mt cht, nghing khong 10:1.
+ Hai tng cnh dc c xy dng thng gc v lin khi vi tng trc. Tng
cnh c chiu dy thay i, chiu dy chn tng khong (0.35-0.4)H. ui tng cnh n
su vo nn ng mt on s ni tip cu v ng c chc chn v nh khi nn
khi b tt xung.
Chiu di l ca tng cnh (tnh t mp ngoi tng thn) c th xc nh theo cng
thc sau: l = nH + s
Trong :
n - dc ta luy nn m.
H - Chiu cao t p.
s - Chiu di phn ui tng cnh n su vo nn ng.
s 0.65m nu H 6m
s 1m nu H > 6m
+ Chiu rng ca m c th ly bng chiu rng ca cu. gim bt khi lng vt
liu xy m v b mng c th thu hp chiu rng ca m bng chiu rng phn xe chy, khi
, l ngi i trn m s b tr trn bn cng xon BTCT trn tng cnh dc.
+ Mng ca m thng c mt bng hnh ch nht. Nu m rng v thp, mng c th
theo dng ch U nh tit din phn trn.
+ Cu to rnh thot nc:
Lp 1: p bng loi t dnh kt, khng thm nc (t st) v c m ln cn
thn, dy 30cm, dc v pha nn dng nc chy ti rnh thot nc ngm t nm
ngang thn nn ng sau m.
Lp 2: Trn lp t st, ri mt lp hc dy 35cm, trn l lp dm hoc
si dy 30cm.
Lp 3: Trn cng l lp t thot nc.
Rnh thot nc c t nghing v pha nn ng v cao hn MNCN t nht
0.5m.
Ca rnh ngang thot nc t pha h lu, cao hn MNCN 0.2m.
+ Phn tip xc gia thn vi t p phi qut nha ng phng nc, nu l m BT
th qut 2 lp nha ng, nu l m hc th trt mt lp va xi mng mc 50-75 ri qut
2 lp nha ng.
+ Nn m c p bng t thot nc, m ln cht. dc ta luy nn m xc nh
nh sau: trn chiu cao 6m k t vai ng tr xung khng c dc qu 1:1, t on tip
theo 6m xung di na khng c dc qu 1:1.25.
+ Ta luy nn m phi gia c sut chiu cao bng xy hc hoc bn BT. Chn nn m
c th c gia c bng r hoc bng btng dy 25
50cm gi l chn khay. Mi dc nn

m ca cu t trong phm vi khng b ngp nc c dc khng qu 1:1.5, chiu cao
khng qu 6m th c th gia c bng lt c.
- u im:
+ Nh c tng cnh dc to ra mt i trng cho m, m bo n nh tng th chng
lt v chng trt cho cng trnh di tc dng ca p lc t y ngang.
+ Tng cnh dc v tng trc to thnh mt tit din ch U cng chu nn lch tm.
+ Nh c tng cnh ngm vo mng, vic chn gi t p trong lng m c hiu qu,
c kh nng ngn nga tt cc hin tng ln st v to ra nn cht dn dn cho khi t
p ng sau tng trc, m bo xe chy m thun khi ra vo cu.
- Nhc im: Tn vt liu.
- PVAD: M ch U bng xy c dng cho cc kt cu nhp cu c ti trng ln nh
cu ng st vi chiu cao t p H 6m.
b. M ch U btng ct thp:
- c im cu to:
Mt ng m
1/2 Mt ct C-C
1
:
1

-

1
:
1
,
2
5
A B
C
B
A
C
1
2
4
5
3
8
9
1/2 Mt ct A-A 1/2 Mt ct B-B
1/2 S b trcc
2
3
1
6
7
1 Bmng
2 Thn m
3 T ng nh
4 T ng cnh
5 X m m
6 k gi
7 Gi cu
8 Nn ng u cu
4
9 Chn khay nn m
Hnh 6.14: Cu to m ch U bng BTCT.
+ Chnh nh ct thp trong btng m cc tng m chu lc tt hn, bi vy dy
ca tng m gim i gip cho m ch U bng BTCT tit lim vt liu hn rt nhiu so vi
m ch U btng, xy.
+ M gm 4 b phn: Tng nh, tng thn, tng cnh, m m v b mng m
c cu to bng BTCT.
+ Tng cnh pha trn c phn hng gim khi lng tng cnh v mng m.
+ Mng m thng c chiu dy 2m. Tr s phn hng ca mng m v pha nhp
c tnh ton tha mn cc iu kin chng lt, thng ly bng 1/5 - 1/3 chiu di phn bn
mng m pha sau.
+ Ct thp: Cc b phn ca m BTCT thng t li ct thp
=(816)mm, mt li
(10x10)(20x20)mm.
+ Trong m ch U BTCT thng c cu to bn qu c btng ti ch hoc lp
ghp, t vi dc i = 10%
15% v pha nn ng. Mt u bn k ln g k ti tng

nh m v mt u c k trn dm k ti nn ng sau m.
Hnh 6.15: Cu to bn qu .
+ Cu to t nn:
Nn m c p bng t
thot nc, m ln cht. dc ta luy
nn m xc nh nh sau: trn chiu
cao 6m k t vai ng tr xung
khng c dc qu 1:1, t on tip
theo 6m xung di na khng c
dc qu 1:1.25.
Ta luy nn m phi gia c
sut chiu cao bng xy hc hoc
bn BT. Chn nn m c th c gia
c bng r hoc bng btng dy 25
50cm gi l chn khay. Mi dc nn

m ca cu t trong phm vi khng b
ngp nc c dc khng qu 1:1.5,
chiu cao khng qu 6m th c th gia
c bng lt c.
Hnh 6.16: Cu to t nn m.
- Cch xc nh cc kch thc c bn:
+ Tng nh:
Chiu dy: d = 40
50cm
Chiu cao: h
td
= h
d
+ h
g
+ h
dk
+ h
lp
Trong :
+ h
lp
: Chiu cao lp ph.
+ h
d
: Chiu cao dm.
1
:
1

-

1
:
1
,
2
5
L p dmmh =10cm
Va xy hc h=30cm
Chn khaynn m
T nn m
Chn khay nn m
86
+ h
g
: Chiu cao gi cu, ph thuc vo loi gi ng vi loi kt cu nhp.
+ h
dk
: Chiu cao ca k gi.
+ Tng thn:
Chiu dy: Tng thn thng c cu to c chiu dy khng i
150cm.
Chiu cao tng thn ph thuc vo chiu cao m:
h
tt
= H - (h
td
+ h
xm
)
+ Tng cnh:
Chiu dy ca tng cnh khong 40
50cm m bo b tr cc lp ct thp
chu lc.
Chiu di tng cnh (tnh n mp ngoi tng thn) c xc nh theo cng
thc:
S H n L
c
+ .
Trong :
+ n: dc ca taluy nn m.
1. C gia c bng xy hoc bn btng: 1: n = 1: 1
2. Khng gia c (trng c): 1: n = 1: 1.25
3. Phn taluy ngp nc: 1: n = 1: 1.5
+ H: Chiu cao m: H 6m.
+ S: Chiu di phn ui tng cnh n su vo nn ng.
1. Nu H 6m th ly S 0.65m
2. Nu H >6m th ly S 1.0m
+ M c kch thc nh hn m xy nn tit kim vt liu hn tuy nhin vn m
bo kh nng n nh chng lt v chng trt cho m di tc dng ca cc lc y ngang.
+ Tng cnh c cu to ngm vi tng thn nn vic chn gi t p trong lng
m c hiu qu, ngn nga tt cc hin tng ln st v to ra nn cht dn dn cho khi
t pha sau m do tng dn cng t ng vo cu m bo cho xe chy m thun
khi ra vo cu.
+ M c cu to bng BTCT nn tit din m c kh nng chu nn v un ng thi
do trnh c hin tng b nt v ph hoi m.
+ Nhc im ca m ch U bng BTCT l cu to v thi cng kh phc tp, c bit l
qu trnh lp dng ct thp chu lc.
+ PVAD: M ch U bng xy c dng cho cc kt cu nhp cu trung v cu ln
vi chiu cao t p H 6m.
6.1.3.2. M vi:
a. M vi thn tng ngang:
1:1 - 1:1,25
1
2
4
6
3
1 Bmng
2 Thnm
3 T ng nh
4 T ng cnh
5 t p tr c m
6
7 Chn khay
MNCN
1
:1
,5
5
Nn ngu cu
Tng gc 8
8 Tng gc
3
:
1

-

2
:
1
1
2
:
1

-

5
:
1
7
1/2 Mt ct A-A 1/2Mt ct B-B
2
3
1
4
B trchung m cu
A B
B
A
Hnh 6.17: Cu to m vi thn tng ngang.
- M gm 4 b phn: Tng nh, thn m, m m, b mng m v tng cnh c cu
to bng BTCT.
- Tng nh: C tc dng chn t cho u dm.
+ Chiu dy: d = 40
50cm.
+ Chiu cao : h
td
= h
d
+ h
g
+ h
dk
+ h
lp
Trong :
+ h
lp
: Chiu cao lp ph.
+ h
d
: Chiu cao dm.
+ h
g
: Chiu cao gi cu, ph thuc vo loi gi ng vi loi kt cu nhp.
+ h
dk
: Chiu cao ca k gi: h
dk
20cm.
- Tng thn:
+ Chiu cao tng thn ph thuc vo chiu cao m :
h
tt
= H - (h
td
+ h
xm
)
+ Chiu dy: Tng thn m c cu to c chiu dy thay i theo chiu cao, ln dn
v pha di vi chiu dy chn tng khong (0.4
0.5)H. Ngoi ra tng n nh

chng lt v chng trt cho m, ta c th b tr tng thn c chn choi ra pha sng vi
nghing 3:1
2:1 a im t ca hp lc v pha sau mng.

- Tng cnh c btng thng gc v lin khi vi tng thn, chiu dy ca tng
cnh khong 40
50cm m bo b tr cc lp ct thp chu lc. Trong m vi do c phn

p lc t b ng pha trc m nn tng cnh c th cu to c kch thc nh hn
Chiu di tng cnh c xc nh theo cng thc:
S h H n L
n c
+ ) 5 , 0 .(
Trong :
+ 1: n: dc ca taluy nn m
1. C gia c bng xy hoc bn btng: 1: n = 1: 1
2. Khng gia c (trng c): 1: n = 1: 1.25
3. Phn nn m ngp nc: 1: n = 1: 1.5
+ H: Chiu cao m: H (9
20)m.
+ h
n
: Chiu cao t mt b mng n mc nc cao nht (MNCN).
+ 0.5m: Khong cch ti thiu t im giao gia nn m vi MNCN.
+ S: Chiu di phn ui tng cnh n su vo nn ng.
1. Nu H 6m th ly S 0.65m
2. Nu H >6m th ly S 1.0m
b. M vi thn tng dc:
- Theo phng dc cu tng thn ca m t hon ton trong t nn khng c tc dng
chn t khi tit kim vt liu th ta c th cu to tng thn thnh cc tng mng t
dc x m m, khi ta c m vi tng dc. Vic cu to m vi tng dc cn lm
gim p lc t y ngang tc dng ln m. S lng tng dc ph thuc vo chiu rng
cu B v chiu cao m H. Nu B: H 1.25 th nn chn 4 tng v nu B: H 1 th nn
chn 2 tng. m m khng chu un nn chn khong cch gia 2 tng bng khong
cch 2 tim dm.
1
2
4
7
6
3
1 Bmng
2 Thnm
3 T ngnh
4 T ngcnh
5 t p tr c m
6
7 Kt cunhp
MNCN
1
:1
,5
5
Nn ngucu
Tng gc 6
8 Tng gc
3
1
2
Hnh 6.18: M vi tng dc.
c. M chn d:
- Theo phng ngang cu th tng thn m cng khng c tc dng chn t nn tip
tc tit kim vt liu th ta c th cu to tng thn t cc dng tng dc thnh cc ct
vung hoc trn, khi ta c m vi chn d. So vi m vi tng ngang v m vi tng
dc th m chn d gim c khi lng vt liu rt ln, to iu kin thi cng lp ghp.
c bit nu a cht cho php th cc chn d c th cu to thnh cc cc ng trc tip
xung t. Tuy nhin m chn d ch c th cu to bng BTCT cn m vi c th cu to
bng BTCT hoc xy.
2
1
2
4
7
6
3
1 Bmng
2 Chncc
3 T ngnh
4 T ngcnh
5 t p tr c m
6
7 Kt cunhp
MNCN
1
:1
,5
5
Nn ngucu
Tng gc 6
8 Tng gc
3
1
Hnh 6.19: M chn d.
- u, nhc im v phm vi p dng ca m vi:
+ M vi gim c khi lng vt liu ln hn rt nhiu so vi m ch U hoc m
ch nht do phn tng cnh v tng thn c cu to vi kch thc nh hn.
+ M vi nh hng rt t n mi trng v dng xe c di cu trong cu vt
ng, nn t pha trc m cn cho php trong tng lai c th m rng c hoc dng
chy di cu bng cch chn dc thch hp hoc xy tng chn.
+ M vi c cu to v thi cng kh phc tp v m c chn su trong t. Nhng
nu thn m nm trn mt t th vic thi cng d dng hn. ng thi m c phn t p
ln ra sng nn thng ch c p dng cho cc sng cho php thu hp dng chy hoc dng
trong cu cn hoc cu vt.
+ M vi thng c p dng trong trng hp nn c p c chiu cao ln H 6m.
ng thi tng gc nm su >6m khi nu s dng m ch U c b mng t trc
tip trn nn thin nhin th s khng m bo n nh v nu s dng mng cc th khng
th ng hoc khoan cc qua tng gc.
6.2. CU TO TR CU DM:
6.2.1. Cc b phn ca tr cu:
Tr cu c cu to t 3 b phn c bn l: x m tr, thn tr v mng tr.
3
4
2
1
5
1 Bmng
2 Thn Tr
3 X m tr
4 k gi
5 Gi cu
Hnh 6.20: Cc b phn ca tr.
6.2.1.1. X m tr:
- L b phn m kt cu nhp s t ln thng qua gi cu nn x m tr chu ti trng trc
tip t kt cu nhp v phn b vo thn tr.
- Cu to:
+ Mt trn ca x m tr phi to dc thot nc bng btng vi dc ti thiu l
1:10 v cc pha. Mi dc tt nht nn btng cng lc vi x m v lng va xi mng
nhn.
+ Trn mt bng, kch thc ca x m tr thng ln hn thn tr mi bn 1020cm
to ra phn g m bo cho nc x m chy xung khng thm vo phn tip gip gia
m tr v thn tr.
+ Chiu dy ca x m tr:
Nu thn tr c kt cu c th m tr ch chu p cc b, khi chiu dy ca m
tr khng c nh hn 40cm v phi b tr cc li thp chu p lc cc b.
Nu thn tr c dng thn ct th x m chu nn v un ng thi, khi chiu
dy ca m tr khng c nh hn 120cm v ngoi b tr cc li thp chu p lc cc b
th cn phi b tr cc thanh ct thp m bo chu mmen un.
- Cc bin php t gi trn x m tr:
+ Cu to mt m tr bng BTCT, trn phn li ca m tr b tr cc li thp sau
t tht di ca gi c ct thp neo vo m tr. Bin php ny thng c p dng cho cc
cu nhp nh v trung.
+ Cu to tm k gi hoc tm BTCT ring bit gi l k gi, bn trong k gi c
b tr cc li ct thp chu cc p lc cc b truyn xung t gi cu. Bin php ny hin
nay ang c p dng ph bin. Ngoi ra k gi cn c tc dng iu chnh cao ca
dm ch to dc dc v ngang cu khi cn thit.
6.2.1.2. Thn tr:
- Tc dng:
+ Tip nhn ti trng t m tr truyn xung b mng v chu cc lc ngang theo
phng dc v ngang cu.
+ Thn tr phi cng chu c va chm do cy tri v tu b.
- Lm vic: Thn tr lm vic theo 2 phng dc v ngang cu nh mt cu kin chu nn
un ng thi.
- Dng mt ct ngang thn tr ph thuc vo iu kin dng chy di cu, m bo r
nc tt, trnh to thnh cc dng chy xoy gn tr gy xi chung v xi cc b lng sng.
- Tit din thn tr c th c hoc rng.
- Kch thc thn tr c xc nh bng tnh ton ty theo loi vt liu, dng tr v chiu
cao tnh ton ca tr.
Tr hnh chnht
Tr a gic
Tr u trn
Tr u bo trn
Hnh 6.21: Mt s dng mt ct ngang thn tr.
6.2.1.3. Mng tr:
- Mng tr c nhim v truyn ti trng t thn tr xung t nn bn di v xung quanh
trn mt din tch rng v phng m bo chu lc cho t nn cng nh m bo n
nh ca tr.
- B mng m c th t trc tip trn nn thin nhin nu lp t tt, c th t c b
mng nm su 3m so vi mt t t nhin. Trong trng hp lp t tt nm su >3m,
ta phi t b mng trn kt cu mng cc ng knh nh (cc ng
<60cm), mng cc
ng knh ln (cc khoan nhi) hoc mng ging chm.
- Trn mt bng kch thc ca b mng thng ln hn kch thc ca thn tr mi bn
3050cm cng tc thi cng thn tr c bit l cng tc ghp vn khun khi btng thn
tr c thun li.
- i vi mng cc th kch thc mng cn ph thuc vo s lng cc, cch b tr cc.
6.2.2. Cc loi tr cu:
6.2.2.1. Phn loi theo phng php thi cng:
a. Tr cu ton khi:
- Khi nim: Tr cu ton khi l loi tr c cc b phn gn lin vi nhau thnh mt kt
cu lin khi, c xy dng hoc c c lin mt mch t di ln trn ti v tr xy dng
cng trnh.
- Cu to:
+ Tit din thn tr c th c hoc rng lng.
+ C dng thn rng, thn hp, thn ct hoc nhiu tng.
- Vt liu: xy, btng hoc BTCT.
- u im:
+ Bn chc, cht lng tng i ng u.
+ Thi cng c bng c phng php th cng v c gii.
- Nhc im:
+ Thi gian thi cng ko di do phi xy dng tun t, ph thuc vo thi tit.
+ Tn gio vn khun, nht l cc cu c tr ln sng su.
- Phn ln cc tr thng gp l cc tr ton khi.
b. Tr cu lp ghp:
Tr thn rng (tr nng) lp ghp:
- Cu to:
+ Thng c cu to t cc khi c sn trong xng bng btng hoc BTCT c tit
din c hoc rng.
+ Trong qu trnh lp ghp cc khi c lin kt vi nhau bng va ximng.
+ Nu mng t trc tip trn nn thin nhin th tr c th lp ghp t mng n m
tr.
+ Nu b mng t trn mng cc hoc mng ging chm th phn lp ghp ch c
thc hin t thn tr tr ln.
- Vic phn chia khi lp ghp:
+ Vic phn chia cc khi lp ghp ca tr ph thuc vo phng tin vn chuyn v
thit b cu lp, khi nh th trng lng mi khi t 2
6 tn, khi ln th trng lng mi

khi c th ln n 25 tn.
+ Khi phn chia cc t phi b tr sao cho mch ng khng b trng nhau.
+ Chiu cao mi khi t 0.5
1.5m. Chiu dy mi khi ph thuc vo chiu dy thn

tr v thng ly bng chiu dy thn tr.
- Vt liu:
+ Cc khi c c ch to bng btng mc 200.
+ Cc khi rng c ch to bng btng mc 250
300.
+ Cc khi rng sau khi t vo v tr c th n rut
bng btng mc thp hn.
Hnh 6.22: Tr nng lp ghp.
- Tr nng lp ghp thng c dng cho cc kt cu nhp cu ln, c bit l cu ng
st khi thi cng theo bin php ti ch gp nhiu kh khn v khi cn rt ngn thi gian thi
cng.
Tr thn hp lp ghp:
- i vi tr cu nh, cu trung cng nh cc tr cu t cc sng khng c tu thuyn
ln qua li th vic p dng tr thn hp lp ghp rt thun li v gim c trng lng cc
khi lp ghp, gim khi lng vt liu thn tr, mng tr, ...
- Do kch thc thn tr c thu hp nn vic phn khi lp ghp tng i thun li, c
th phn khi theo cc mt ct ngang thn tr hoc theo cc mt ct ng.
- Phn khi ngang:
+ Hnh dng mi khi lp ghp: Mi khi s c dng nh mt hp thnh mng BTCT
hoc khi hp BT.
+ Lin kt gia cc khi lp ghp: Nu cc khi bng btng c th lin kt gia cc
khi bng va ximng, nu cc khi bng BTCT rng th b tr khung ct thp v btng
lin kt cc khi vi nhau, lin kt thn tr vi mng v m tr.
+ u im: Thun li cho vic tiu chun ha kch thc cc khi v d sn xut hng
lot trong nh my.
- Phn khi ng:
+ Cu to:
Cc khi c tit din rng, chiu di tng ng vi chiu cao tr.
Cc khi pha thng v h lu nn lm u trn gim cn tr dng chy.
Cc tr bi sng v m cu c th dng cc khi ch nht.
+ Lin kt:
Cc khi ng neo vo m tr bng 2 khung ct thp ngn sau btng c,
cn di mng th ct thp chn trc tip vo khi trn mng.
Cc khi trn mng ny t trn mng qua lp va ximng.
Theo phng ngang cu u trn v di, cc khi c lin kt vi nhau bng
thanh cng.
+ Trng lng:
Cc khi thn tr khng qu 7.5 tn.
Khi trn mng khng qu 4.5 tn.
+ p dng: Cho cc tr c kch thc khng i, thng ch dng cho cc cu nhp nh
v trung vi chiu cao tr H 6m.
c. Tr cu bn lp ghp:
- p dng: i vi cc tr cu nhp ln v khi chiu cao tr vt qu 6m, ngi ta c th
dng tr bn lp ghp.
- Cu to:
+ Lp v ngoi ch to trong xng bng btng mc 300 va c tc dng lm vn
khun btng ton khi bn trong. Trng lng cc khi v t 34 tn.
+ Trn mt bng cc khi c dng hnh ch nht, 2 u vt nhn, chiu cao mi khi
khong 1.5m.
+ Khi chiu cao thn tr ln tr thng c lm thnh nhiu tng c tit din thay i.
- Lin kt:
+ Thn v m tr c lin kt vi nhau nh btng ton khi t thn n m tr.
+ Btng lp lng c mc > 200 v c thnh tng lp v cc khi lp ghp sau ch
t ln khi trc sau khi btng n rut cng.
- Vn chuyn: to cho cc khi cng trong qu trnh vn chuyn v lp rp, ngi ta
dng cc thanh chng tm gia c bulng p cht li, sau khi btng thn tr s tho
chng ra.
- Nhc im:
+ Thi gian thi cng lu do phi t cc khi v lp ghp sau ln khi trc sau khi
btng n ng cng.
+ Khi v ngoi c chiu dy nh (khong 10cm) khng lm lp bo v chng va
chm v mi mn.
Thanh chng ngang
B tng lp lng
1
0
:
1
5
c
m
1
;
1
,
5
m
Hnh 6.23: Tr bn lp ghp.
6.2.2.2. Phn loi theo hnh thc cu to:
a. Tr thn rng (tr nng):
Tr nng thng c thi cng ti ch bng xy, btng hoc BTCT, c dng mt
tng dy kt cu nhp.
Tr nng bng btng, xy:
3
4
2
1
5
1 Bmng
2 Thn Tr
3 X m tr
4 k gi
5 Gi cu
2
0
:
1

-

4
0
:
1
2
0
:
1

-

4
0
:
1
Hnh 6.24: Tr nng xy, btng.
- i vi tr c chiu cao H(10
12)m v chiu di nhp L40m th thn tr c th

cu to dng vch ng, tit din tr khng thay i t trn xung di, to iu kin thun
li cho thi cng.
- i vi tr c chiu cao H >(10
12)m v chiu di nhp L>40m th thn tr c th

cu to dng vch nghing, vi nghing 20:1
40:1 m bo kh nng chu lc v kh

nng chng lt, chng trt cho tr.
- Chiu rng thn tr c th ly bng 1/5 chiu cao t nh tr n mng tr.
Tr nng bng btng ct thp:
- Thn tr:
+ Thn tr c th c hoc rng, thng lm bng BTCT ti ch.
+ Thn tr chu un ln nn phi b tr ct thp ng knh ln.
+ Ty theo chiu di nhp c hng m chiu rng thn tr c th l 2.53m.
- X m:
+ Loi tr ny c hnh dng khng phn bit x m vi thn tr, khi x m l mt
phn ca thn tr ko di.
+ Tuy nhin phn nh thn tr c chc nng ca m tr nn phi b tr ct thp theo
quy nh ca m tr.
MtctA-A
( Btrgi cu)
MtctB-B
( Sbtrcc)
A A
B B
1
3
4
2
1 Bmng
2 Thn Tr
3 k gi
4 Gi cu
Hnh 6.25: Mt dng cu to tr cu c hng.
Phm vi p dng:
- Tr nng c kh nng chu lc cao nn c p dng ph bin cho cc kt cu nhp
cu trung v cu ln, c bit l tr cho cu ng st.
- Tr nng cn c p dng cho cc cu thi cng theo phng php hng hoc c
y, khi p lc thng ng v lc y ngang trong qu trnh thi cng tc dng ln tr rt
ln.
b. Tr thn hp:
- c im: i vi cc cu nhp nh gim bt khi lng vt liu v gim trng lng
bn thn tc dng xung mng, c th thu hp kch thc ca thn tr v cu to x m vn
m bo b rng cu. Khi x m s c dng mt dm hng.
Mt ct A-A
( S b trgi cu)
A A
C C
Mtct C-C
( S b trcc)
Mt ct B-B
B B
1
2
3
4
5
1 Bmng
2 ThnTr
3 Xm tr
4 k gi
5 Gi cu
Hnh 6.26: Cu to tr thn hp.
- Cu to:
+ Thn tr c ti ch c th c hoc rng.
+ Thn tr c th cu to c vch thng ng hoc vch xin vi nghing 20:1
30:1
m bo yu cu chu lc ty theo cao tr.
+ Khi thn tr qu cao c th cu to thn tr thnh nhiu on c mt ct ngang khc
nhau, tng dn t di ln trn.
+ X m c cu to hng v lm vic nh mt ngm cngxon, chu un l ch yu.
chu c lc ct v ng sut ko ch ngi ta phi tng cng bng cc ct thp xin.
- u nhc im:
+ Tit kim c t (40
50)% vt liu so vi tr thn nng.

+ Tr c hnh dng thanh mnh hn, to nt m quan cho cu.
+ Phi cu to phn hng ca m tr phc tp hn (x m lm vic bt li hn tr thn
nng).
+ Tng khi lng ct thp chu lc trong thn tr.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ Tr thn hp c s dng rng ri cho cc kt cu nhp cu ng t vi chiu di
nhp L = 15
40m.
+ Khng nn dng tr thn hp cho cc kt cu nhp thi cng theo phng php c y
hoc c hng v khi thn tr khng m bo kh nng chu lc v kh nng chng mt n
nh trong qu trnh thi cng.
c. Tr thn ct:
Mt ctA-A
( Sb trgi cu)
A A
C C
MtctC-C
( Sb trcc)
Mt ctB-B
B B
1
3
4
5
1 Bmng
2 Thnct
3 Xm tr
4 k gi
5 Gi cu
2
Hnh 6.27: Cu to tr thn ct.
Hnh 6.28: Cng trnh s dng tr thn ct.
- Trong cc cu nhp nh v trung L=1540m, gim bt khi lng vt liu v tng
nhanh tin thi cng ngi ta c th s dng tr ton khi thn ct.
- i vi cc cu m kt cu nhp c 2 ng truyn lc xung tr, phn vt liu gia tr
lm vic t hn cc phn cn li th ngi ta s dng tr thn ct 2 mc.
A A
B B
1
4
5
6
3
C C
MtctB-B
1 Bmng
2 Thnc
3 Thnct
4 Xm
5 k gi
MtctC-C
2
6 Gi cu
MNTT
Hnh 6.29: Tr c phn trn ct, phn di c.
+ Phn thn ct trn.
+ Phn c di chng va x.
- S tnh:
+ Phn thn ct: s khung.
+ Phn thn c: tnh nh tr thn hp.
- Khi thit k ta nn b tr lm sao cho mmen m v mmen dng trn x m tr l nh
nhau, m bo s phn phi vt liu mt cch hp l.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ Tr thn ct rt ph hp vi kt cu nhp cu dn hoc cu vm, khi cc ct tr
c b tr thng vi mt phng dn chu p lc thng ng truyn xung t mt phng
dn ch thng qua gi cu v x m.
+ Khng nn dng tr thn ct cho cc kt cu nhp thi cng theo phng php c y
hoc c hng v khi thn tr khng m bo kh nng chu lc v kh nng chng mt n
nh trong qu trnh thi cng.
+ Tr thn ct m bo thng thong tm nhn v m bo tnh thm m nn c p
dng ph bin cho cc cng trnh cu trong thnh ph, cu vt ng.
6.3. CC DNG KT CU M TR KHC:
CHNG 7: C S PHN TCH KT CU CU BI GING C S CNG TRNH CU
CHNG 7:
C S PHN TCH KT CU CU
7.1. KHI NIM V NG X TI TRNG:
7.2. TI TRNG V TC NG:
7.2.1. Theo 22TCN18-79:
7.2.1.1. Cc trng thi gii hn (TTGH):
- Trng thi gii hn th nht l TTGH m kt cu khng cn kh nng chu lc hoc
xut hin cc bin dng do ln, nhm m bo cho cng trnh v mt chu lc (cng , n
nh v chu mi).
- Trng thi gii hn th hai l TTGH m kt cu b pht sinh bin dng d qu ln nh
dao ng, chuyn v, ln, gy kh khn cho vic s dng bnh thng.
- Trng thi gii hn th ba l TTGH m tit din kt cu b xut hin cc vt nt ln gy
kh khn cho vic s dng bnh thng.
7.2.1.2. Ti trng:
a. Tnh ti v tc ng tnh:
Tnh ti v cc tc ng tnh bao gm:
- Trng lng bn thn kt cu.
- Tc ng ca ng sut trc.
- p lc do trng lng t.
- p lc tnh ca nc.
- Tc ng co ngt ca b tng.
- Tc ng ln ca t.
b. Hot ti xe v tc ng ca hot ti xe:
S hot ti xe:
- on xe la T - Z:
S on xe la T - Z (vi Z gi l cp ca on tu) bao gm 5 trc ca u my c
ti trng l Z
T

vi khong cch trc l 1.5m v ti trng ca cc toa c coi l ti trng ri
u vi gi tr l 0.36Z
T/m

c di ph thuc vo s lng toa ca on tu.
Hin nay nc ta vn cn ang s dng cc on tu T10, T14, T18, T22, T26,
1.5m L
Z
T
Z
T
Z
T
Z
T
Z
T
0.36Z
T/m
4@1.5m
Hnh 7.1: S on xe la T - Z
- on xe H10, H13, H18:
Ti trng ca on xe t tiu chun H10, H13, H18 l mt on xe 2 trc (khng hn
ch ni ui nhau), mi chic nng P tn, trong c mt chic nng 1.3P. Trong P =
10T, 13T, 18T.
Khong cch t trc trc ti trc sau l 4m.
Khong cch gia cc trc xe theo phng ngang l 1.7m.
4m 1.7m
0.7p 0.3p

Hnh 7.2: Xe ti H10, H13, H18.
Cch xp xe theo phng ngang cu v dc cu c minh ha di y:
0.5m 1.7m 1.1m 1.7m
Hnh 7.3: on xe H10, H13, H18 theo phng ngang cu.
0.7p 0.3p 0.7p 0.3p 0.7p 0.35p 0.95p 0.3p
4m 8m 4m 4m 4m 8m 4m
Hnh 7.4: on xe H10, H13, H18 theo phng dc cu.
- on xe H30:
Ti trng ca on xe t tiu chun H30 l mt on xe 3 trc (khng hn ch ni ui
nhau), nng 30T, v khng c xe nng.
Khong cch gia cc trc xe ln lt l 6m v 1.6m.
Khong cch gia cc trc xe theo phng ngang l 1.9m.
6m 1.9m
6t 12t 12t
1.6m
Hnh 7.5: Xe ti H30.
Cch xp xe theo phng ngang cu v dc cu c minh ho di y:
0.5m 1.9m 1.1m 1.9m
Hnh 7.6: on xe H30 theo phng ngang cu.
6m 1.6m 10m
6t 12t 12t 6t 12t 12t
6m 1.6m
Hnh 7.7: on xe H30 theo phng dc cu.
- Xe bnh XB80 v xe xch X60:
XB80 l mt chic xe bnh nng 80T. X60 l chic xe bnh xch 60T. Hai xe ny ch
xp 1 xe trn 1 ln.
3@1.2m
20t 20t 20t 20t
0.65m 2.7m

5m
6T/m
0.65m 2.6m
Hnh 7.8: Xe XB80. Hnh 7.9: Xe X60.
- Ti trng b hnh:
Ti trng b hnh l p lc phn b trn ht din tch l vi tr s 300kg/m
2
.
Hot ti xe v tc ng ca hot ti xe:
- Ti trng thng ng.
- p lc t do hot ti thng ng.
- Ti trng nm ngang theo chiu ngang cu do lc ly tm.
- Ti trng nm ngang theo chiu ngang cu do xe lc.
- Ti trng nm ngang theo chiu ngang cu do hm hay do lc ko ca xe.
c. Hot ti v tc ng khc:
- Ti trng gi.
- Ti trng va tu.
- Ti trng thay i nhit .
- Ti trng ma st gi cu.
- Ti trng ng t.
- Ti trng do thi cng.
7.2.1.3. T hp ti trng:
- T hp chnh bao gm mt hay mt s trong nhng ti trng sau:
+ Tnh ti.
+ Hot ti xe.
+ p lc t (do hot ti xe thng ng gy ra).
+ Lc ly tm.
- T hp ph bao gm mt hay mt s ti trng thuc t hp chnh cng pht sinh vi mt
hay mt s ti trng cn li, tr ti trng ng t v ti trng do thi cng.
- T hp c bit gm ti trng ng t hay ti trng do thi cng cng pht sinh vi
nhng ti trng khc.
i vi mi t hp ti trng ta phi thnh lp 2 t hp:
+ T hp 1: Tnh ti + on xe t + on ngi
+ T hp 2: Tnh ti + Xe c bit (XB80 hoc X60)
chn ra t hp gy ra ni lc ln nht tnh ton thit k.
7.2.2. Theo 22TCN272-05:
7.2.2.1. Cc trng thi gii hn (TTGH):
- Trng thi gii hn cng l TTGH m bo v cng v n nh ca cc b phn
kt cu khi chu tc dng ca cc t hp ti trng theo kinh nghim c th xy ra trong thi
gian s dng. Cc ti trng ny c th dn n tnh trng nguy him v h hng kt cu
nhng ton b kt cu vn cn.
+ TTGH C I: L t hp ti trng c bn tnh vi ti trng khai thc khi trn cu c
xe v khng c gi.
+ TTGH C II: L t hp ti trng tnh cu chu lc gi c vn tc ln hn 25m/s.
Trn cu khng c xe.
+ TTGH C III: L t hp tnh vi trng hp xe chy bnh thng khi trn cu c
gi vi vn tc di 25m/s.
- Trng thi gii hn s dng l TTGH nhm hn ch ng sut, bin dng v m rng
vt nt trong iu kin s dng bnh thng. Mc ch ca TTGH ny l m bo thc
hin chc nng ca cu trc tui th s dng.
- Trng thi gii hn mi v t gy l TTGH nhm hn ch s pht trin vt nt v trnh
hin tng t gy do xe ti thit k.
- Trng thi gii hn c bit l TTGH m bo cu vn tn ti di tc dng ca cc ti
trng bnh thng pht sinh cng vi nhng ti trng c bit nh: lc ng t, lc x va tu
thuyn, ti trng thi cng,
7.2.2.2. Ti trng v t hp ti trng:
a. Cc loi ti trng v h s ti trng:
Ti trng thng xuyn:
- Ti trng thng xuyn l ti trng nm bt ng trn cu trong mt thi gian di, c
l trong sut thi gian phc v (kt cu nhp, mt ng, lan can, g chn bnh, ).
- Bao gm:
+ DC: Trng lng bn thn kt cu.
+ DD: Ti trng ko xung do ma st m.
+ DW: Ti trng bn thn lp ph v cc tin ch cng cng.
+ EH: p lc ngang ca t.
+ EV: p lc t thng ng.
+ ES: Ti trng t cht thm.
Ti trng tc thi:
- Ti trng tc thi l ti trng khai thc tc dng bt k theo khng gian v thi gian,
khc nhau v ln v tnh cht,
- Ti trng thit k khng ging bt k loi xe c no trn thc t, nhng n m bo
c hiu ng ph ton b cc loi xe c hin hnh thng thng.
- Bao gm:
+ BR: Lc hm xe.
+ CE: Lc ly tm.
+ FR: Lc ma st.
+ LL: Hot ti xe.
+ IM: Lc xung kch xe c.
+ LS: Ti trng cht thm (p lc t do hot ti sau m).
+ PL: Ti trng b hnh.
+ EQ: ng t.
+ CR: T bin.
+ SE: Ln.
+ TU: Nhit u.
+ TG: Gradient nhit .
+ SH: Co ngt.
+ CV: Lc va tu.
+ CT: Lc va xe.
+ WA: Ti trng nc v p lc dng chy.
+ WL: Gi trn hot ti.
+ WS: Gi trn kt cu.
H s ti trng:
Bng 3.4.1-1 v 3.4.1-2 ca 22TCN272-05.
Bng 3.4.1-1 (22TCN272-05): Cc t hp ti trng v h s ti trng.
T hp ti
trng
Trng thi
gii hn
DC
DD
DW
EH
EV
ES
LL
IM
CE
BR
PL
LS
EL
WA WS WL FR
TU
CR
SH
TG SE
Cng mt lc ch
dng mt trong cc
ti trng
eq ct cv
Cng I n 1.75 1.00 - - 1.00
0.5/1.2
0
TG SE - - -
Cng II n - 1.00 1.40 - 1.00
0.5/1.2
0
TG SE - - -
Cng III n 1.35 1.00 0.4 1.00 1.00
0.5/1.2
0
TG SE - - -
c bit n 0.50 1.00 - - 1.00 - - - 1.00 1.00 1.00
S dng 1.0 1.00 1.00 0.30 1.00 1.00
1.0/1.2
0
TG SE - - -
Mi ch c LL ,
IM & CE
- 0.75 - - - - - - - - - -
Bng 3.4.1-2 (22TCN272-05): H s ti trng dng cho ti trng thng xuyn.
Loi ti trng
H s ti trng
Ln nht Nh nht
DC: Cu kin v cc thit b ph 1.25 0.90
DD: ko xung (xt ma st m) 1.80 0.45
DW: Lp ph mt cu v cc tin ch 1.50 0.65
EH: p lc ngang ca t
Ch ng
Ngh
1.50
1.35
0.90
0.90
EL: Cc ng sut lp rp b hm 1.00 1.00
EV: p lc t thng ng
n nh tng th
Kt cu t ng chn
Kt cu vi cng
Khung cng
Kt cu vi mm khc vi cng hp thp
Cng hp thp mm
1.35
1.35
1.30
1.35
1.95
1.50
N/A
1.00
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
ES: Ti trng t cht thm 1.50 0.75
b. Hot ti xe thit k:
Hot ti xe t trn mt cu hay cc kt cu ph tr c t tn l HL - 93 gm mt t
hp ca:
- Xe ti thit k (xe 3 trc) hoc xe 2 trc thit k.
- Ti trng ln thit k.
Xe ti thit k:
Xe ti thit k l mt xe c 3 trc c tng trng lng l 325kN. C ly gia 2 trc
145kN thay i gia 4.3m ti 9m gy nn ng lc ln nht.
i vi ng cp thp hn, ch u t c th xc nh ti trng trc ca xe ti thit k
nhn vi h s 0.50 hoc 0.65.
4.3m 1.8m
35kn 145kn
b va
145kn
4.3m n 9m
3m
0.6m ni chung
0.3m mt tha mt cu
Hnh 7.10: Xe ti thit k.
Xe 2 trc thit k:
Xe 2 trc thit k l mt xe c 2 trc c tng trng lng l 220kN. C ly gia 2 trc
110kN l 1.2m.
i vi ng cp thp hn, ch u t c th xc nh ti trng trc ca xe ti thit k
nhn vi h s 0.50 hoc 0.65.
110kn
b va
1.2m 1.8m 0.6m 0.6m
110kn
Hnh 7.11: Xe 2 trc thit k.
Ti trng ln thit k:
Ti trng ln thit k gm:
- Ti trng ri u 9.3kN/m phn b u theo chiu dc cu.
- Theo phng ngang cu, ti trng ny c phn b u theo chiu rng 3m.
9.3kN/m
Dc cu
3m
Ngang cu
Hnh 7.12: Ti trng ln thit k.
c. Ti trng b hnh (PL):
- Khi chiu rng l 0.6m th mi xt n ti trng Ngi i b, l p lc phn b trn ht
din tch l vi tr s 300 kG/m
2
= 3x10
-3
MPa.
- i vi cu ch thit k cho Ngi i b hoc i xe p th thit k ti trng Ngi i b
vi tr s l 410 kG/m
2
= 4.1x10
-3
MPa.
- Ti trng Ngi ri u trn 1m di dm ch:
3
10 . 3 .

le ng
b q
hoc
3
10 . 1 , 4 .

le ng
b q
Mpa.
d. Cc ti trng khc (xem tiu chun):
- Lc xung kch: IM.
- Lc ly tm: CE.
- Lc hm xe: BR.
- Ti trng gi: WL v WS.
- p lc t: EH, ES, LS.
- Ti trng nc: WA.
- Lc ma st m: DD.
- Lc va x ca xe c: CT.
- Lc va ca tu thuyn: CV.
- Ti trng ng t: EQ.
e. T hp ti trng:
T hp ti trng c t hp theo cc TTGH vi cc h s ti trng tng ng.
7.3. CC M HNH PHN TCH KT CU CU:
7.3.1. Nguyn tc chung:
- Kt cu cu l mt kt cu khng gian vi h thng dm ch, dm ngang, kt cu bn
mt cu, .... Trong tnh ton thit k th ta phi xc nh ni lc trong tng b phn kt cu
t thit k cu to cho tng b phn sao cho cc b phn ca kt cu m bo kh nng
chu lc. xc nh c ni lc trong kt cu th phi tin hnh phn tch kt cu. Vic
phn tch kt cu cng chnh xc th vic thit k cng m bo an ton v tit kim vt liu.
C hai phng php phn tch kt cu c bn:
+ Phng php phn tch kt cu theo m hnh khng gian.
+ Phng php phn tch kt cu theo m hnh phng.
7.3.2. Phng php phn tch kt cu theo m hnh khng gian:
- y l phng php m hnh chnh xc cu to ca tng b phn cng nh lin kt gia
cc b phn trong kt cu nhp trn cc phn mm phn tch v tnh ton kt cu sau t ti
trng v xc nh ni lc trong tng b phn kt cu. Phng php ny phn nh chnh xc s
lm vic thc t ca kt cu, nhng y cng l phng php tnh rt phc tp.
- Hin nay vi s tr gip ca my tnh c cc phn mm phn tch tnh ton kt cu
nh: Sap, Midas, RM, ... Tuy nhin vic s dng cc chng trnh ny i hi ngi s dng
phi c kin thc vng v nhiu kinh nghim c th kim sot qu trnh tnh ton v kt
qu tnh ton.
- Phng php phn tch kt cu theo m hnh khng gian thng c p dng cho cc
KCN lin tc, kt cu nhp siu tnh bc cao v khi vic phn tch tnh ton theo bi ton
phng gp nhiu kh khn.
Hnh 7.13: M hnh tnh ton cu dm v cu dn trn Sap 2000.
Hnh 7.14: M hnh tnh ton cu dy vng trn Midas 7.01.
- Trnh t tnh ton xc nh ni lc trong b phn KCN theo bi ton khng gian:
+ M hnh kt cu nhp trn cc phn mm phn tch kt cu nh: Sap, Midas, RM, ....
+ Tnh ton xc nh ti trng tc dng ln KCN.
+ Xp ti trng ln m hnh kt cu.
+ Chy chng trnh v xut kt qu ni lc ti cc mt ct cn phn tch.
7.3.3. Phng php phn tch kt cu theo m hnh phng:
- y l phng php phn chia kt cu khng gian thnh cc h phng lm vic theo cc
mt phng khc nhau. S phn chia ny c thc hin theo gi thit c lp v cng tc
dng.
- Cch tnh ny n gin v d thc hin nn hin nay vn ang c p dng ph bin.
Vic tnh ton thit k dm ch c thc hin vi mt dm c trng chu lc bt li nht.
Ti trng trn cu phn b cho dm ch c tnh ton thng qua cc h s phn b ngang
(h s phn b ti trng theo phng ngang cu).
Hnh 7.15: M hnh tnh ton dm gin n trn Sap 2000.
Hnh 7.16: M hnh tnh KCN cu dn trn Sap 2000.
- Trnh t xc nh ni lc ca dm ch theo bi ton phng:
+ Tnh ton xc nh tnh ti tc dng ln 1 dm ch..
+ Tnh ton xc nh h s phn b ngang (phn b ti trng cho cc dm ch theo
phng ngang cu). T xc nh c hot ti tc dng ln 1 dm ch.
+ V cc ng nh hng ni lc ti cc mt ct cn tnh ton ca dm ch.
+ Xp ti trng bt li ln ng nh hng ni lc.
+ Xc nh ni lc ti cc mt ct cn kim ton.
7.4. M HNH BI TON PHNG V CC PHNG PHP TNH TON H S
PHN B TI TRNG:
7.4.1. Nguyn tc tnh ton:
- Kt cu Cu l mt kt cu khng gian trong mi b phn u tham gia chu ti vi
mt mc khc nhau, khi tnh ton theo m hnh bi ton phng ta phi a kt cu t trng
thi lm vic khng gian sang m hnh trng thi lm vic trong mt phng thng qua mt h
s c gi l h s phn b ti trng, do trong tnh ton th ta phi tnh n s phn b ti
trng gia cc b phn.
- Vic tnh ton phn phi ti trng ph thuc vo:
+ cng ca cc b phn.
+ Lin kt ca cc b phn.
+ S ln xe cht ti.
+ V tr t hot ti.
7.4.2. Cc nhm phng php tnh ton h s phn b ti trng:
7.4.2.1. Nhm 1: Phng php dm + mng dm:
- Gi thit:
+ Cc phng php tnh ton thuc nhm ny coi kt cu nhp cu l mt h thanh.
+ Bn mt cu c coi l chu lc cc b v truyn ti trng ln cc b phn n nh
dm dc, dm ngang, ...
- Cc phng php tnh ton thuc nhm 1:
+ Phng php n by.
+ Phng php nn lch tm.
+ Phng php dm lin tc k trn cc gi n hi.
7.4.2.2. Nhm 2: Phng php thanh thnh mng:
Cc phng php thuc nhm ny gi thit kt cu cu l cc thanh thnh mng c mt ct
kn hoc h.
7.4.2.3. Nhm 3: Phng php bn:
Cc phng php ca nhm ny gi thit kt cu cu l mt dng bn hay h thng bn.
7.4.2.4. Nhm 4: Phng php phn t hu hn:
Cc phng php thuc nhm ny phn tch v tnh ton kt cu cu theo phng php
phn t hu hn. y l phng php m hnh ha kt cu cu gn ng nht, tuy nhin khi
tnh ton theo phng php ny th cn thit phi c s h tr ca my tnh.
7.4.3. Phng php tnh ton h s phn b ti trng theo 22TCN272-05:
Trong Tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05 cho sn nhiu cng thc tnh ton s
phn b ngang hot ti ty theo cu to c th ca mt ct ngang nhp cu.
7.5. CC PHNG PHP MI TRONG PHN TCH KT CU CU:
CHNG 8: TNH TON M TR CU DM BI GING C S CNG TRNH CU
CHNG 8:
TNH TON M TR CU DM
8.1. CC LOI TI TRNG TC DNG LN M TR CU:
8.1.1. Ti trng thng xuyn:
- DC: Trng lng bn thn kt cu.
- DD: Ti trng ko xung do ma st m.
- DW: Ti trng bn thn lp ph v cc tin ch cng cng.
- EH: p lc ngang ca t.
- EV: p lc t thng ng.
- ES: Ti trng t cht thm.
8.1.2. Ti trng tc thi:
- BR: Lc hm xe.
- CE: Lc ly tm.
- FR: Lc ma st.
- LL: Hot ti xe.
- IM: Lc xung kch xe c.
- LS: Ti trng cht thm (p lc t do hot ti sau m).
- PL: Ti trng b hnh.
- EQ: ng t.
- CR: T bin.
- SE: Ln.
- TU: Nhit u.
- TG: Gradient nhit .
- SH: Co ngt.
- CV: Lc va tu.
- CT: Lc va xe.
- WA: Ti trng nc v p lc dng chy.
- WL: Gi trn hot ti.
- WS: Gi trn kt cu.
8.1.3. Tnh ton mt s loi ti trng:
8.1.3.1. p lc ngang ca t (EH) v p lc t do hot ti (LS):
a. p lc ngang ca t (EH):
- p lc ngang ca t p tc dng ln tng m tnh theo cng thc:
K
H
EH .
2
.
2
(KN/m)
Trong :
+ : Trng lng ring ca t p
(KN/m
3
).
+ H: Chiu cao tng chn (m).
+ K: H s p lc t.
1. Tng trng lc: K = K
o
.
2. Tng cng xon: K = K
a
.
- V tr t hp lc ti 0. 4H tnh t y
mng. Hnh 8.1: p lc ngang ca t.
b. p lc t do hot ti (LS):
- Khi hot ti ng sau m trong phm vi bng chiu cao tng chn, tc dng ca
hot ti c th thay bng lp t tng ng c chiu cao h
eq
, tra bng 8.1(3.11.6.2-1).
Bng 8.1: Chiu cao lp t tng ng
Chiu cao tng H (mm) h
eq
(mm)
1500 1700
3000 1200
6000 760
9000 610
Ghi ch:
+ i vi cc tng chn c chiu cao trung gian, h
eq
c xc nh bng ni suy
tuyn tnh.
+ Cc gi tr trong bng i vi h
eq
c xc nh t tnh ton lc ngang i vi
tng do s phn b p lc hot ti xe thit k. S phn b p lc l kt qu gii bi ton
khng gian n hi vi h s Poatxon bng 0.5.
- p lc t ngang do hot ti sau m c tnh theo cng thc:
H h K LS
eq
. . .
Trong :
+ : Trng lng ring ca t p (KN/m
3
)
+ H: Chiu cao tng chn (m).
+ h
eq
: Chiu cao lp t tng ng (m).
+ K: H s p lc t.
1. Tng trng lc: K = K
o
.
Hnh 8.2: p lc t do hot ti.
LS
113
2. Tng cng xon: K = K
a
.
- V tr t hp lc ti 0. 5H tnh t y mng.
c. Tnh h s p lc t:
- tnh ton p lc t ch ng, b ng th c th dng l thuyt Culng, Rankine
hoc phn tch theo ng cong lgarit. AASHTO-LRFD tnh p lc t theo cng thc
Culng. Vic chn h s p lc t thch hp l vn ht sc quan trng trong tnh ton
thit k m. Thng thng ta chn h s p lc t nh sau:
+ Tng trng lc hoc tng chng trn nn hoc nn cc ta dng h s p lc
t tnh K
o
.
+ Tng cng xon c chiu cao H<5m trn nn hoc nn cc, h s p lc ly
bng 0.5(K
o
+ K
a
).
+ Tng cng xon c chiu cao H>5m hoc bt k loi tng no trn mng nng,
dng h s p lc t ch ng K
a
.
- H s p lc t tnh: K
o
+ i vi t c c kt bnh thng h s p lc t tnh c ly nh sau:
K
o
= 1 - sin
f
Trong :

f
: Gc ma st ca t thot nc.
K
o
: H s p lc t tnh .
+ i vi t qu c kt h s p lc t tnh c th gi thit thay i theo hm s ca
t l qu c kt hay lch s ng sut v c th ly bng:
K
0
= (1 - sin
f
)(OCR)
sin
f
Trong :

f
: Gc ma st ca t thot nc.
OCR: T l qu c kt.
Cc gi tr K
o
cho cc t l qu c kt khc nhau OCR, tra bng 3.11.5.2-1
trong 22TCN272-05.
Ph sa, st, st do chy khng nn dng lm t p khi m vt liu ht d
thot nc c sn.
- H s p lc t ch ng: K
a
( )
( )

Sin rSin
Sin
K
a
2
2
vi
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1
1
]
1
+ + +
+
+

Sin Sin
Sin Sin
r
Trong :
+ : Gc ma st gia t p v
tng ly nh quy nh trong Bng
3.11.5.3-1 ().
+ : Gc ca t p vi phng nm
ngang nh trong Hnh 8.3 ().
+ : Gc ca lng tng chn so vi
phng nm ngang (). Hnh 8.3: Ch gii Coulomb v p lc t.
+ : Gc ni ma st hu hiu ().
d. Tnh p lc t theo phng php cht lng tng ng:
- Tnh p lc t theo phng php cht lng tng ng thng c p dng
tnh p lc ngang ca t tc dng ln tng chn, c bit khi t p l t st . Thay
cho vic xc nh h s p lc ngang ca t K, c th tnh p lc ngang ca t p
bng cch s dng t trng cht lng tng ng.
- p lc ngang ca t ti chiu su Z:
P
h
=
eq
.Z
Trong :
+ P
h
: p lc ngang ca t (Lc/(chiu di)
2
).
+
eq
: T

trng cht lng tng ng ca t (Lc/(chiu di)
3
).
+ Z: Chiu su tnh t mt t (chiu di).
- Tr s chun ca t trng cht lng tng ng dng trong thit k tng c chiu cao
khng vt qu 6000 mm c th ly theo Bng 8.2 (3.11.5.5-1):
Trong :
+ : Chuyn v ca nh tng theo yu cu t c p lc ch ng nh nht hoc
p lc b ng ln nht do nghing hay chuyn dch ngang (mm).
+ H: Chiu cao tng (mm).
+ i: Gc nghing ca mt t p i vi tng thng nm ngang ().
- ln ca thnh phn thng ng ca tng p lc t cho trng hp mt t p dc c
th ly theo: P
v
= P
h
tan(i)
Trong : P
h
= 0,5
eq
gH
2
(x 10
-9
)
Bng 8.2: Gi tr in hnh ca t trng cht lng tng ng ca t.
Loi t
t p bng t p vi i = 25
0
Ngh
eq
(kG/m
3
)
/H = 1/240
eq
(kG/m
3
)
Ngh
eq
(kg/m
3
)
/H = 1/240
eq
(kg/m
3
)
Ct hoc si cui xp 880 640 1040 800
Ct hoc si cui va 800 560 960 720
Ct hoc cui si cht 720 480 880 640
Ph sa cht (ML) 960 640 1120 800
t st gy cht (CL) 1120 720 1280 880
t st bo cht ( CH) 1280 880 1440 1040
8.1.3.2. Lc ma st m (DD):
Lc ma st m ca t l lc xut hin trn mt hng ca cc khi nn t gn cc.
Lc ma st m s c quan tm khi: cc xuyn qua t c tnh nn ln nhiu (ct bn,
t st, ) v c dy ln hoc khi c ph ti tc dng ln t xung quanh cc.
8.1.3.3. Hot ti xe t (LL):
Hot ti xe t s gy ra phn lc ti gi ca m tr cu nn ta tnh ton bng cch xp
ti ln ng nh hng phn lc gi hoc c th s dng cc phn mm nh Midas,
RM,
Ta cn lu ti quy tc xp ti:
- i vi kt cu nhp gin n ta xp ti bt li nh hnh sau:
Hnh 8.4: Xp hot ti tnh phn lc gi ca KCN gin n.
- i vi phn lc gi gia ca nhp lin tc th ta ly 90% hiu ng ca 2 xe ti
thit k c khong cch gia trc bnh trc xe ny v trc bnh sau xe kia l 15m t
hp vi 90% hiu ng ca ti trng ln thit k, khong cch gia cc trc 145KN phi
ly bng 4,3m.
Hnh 8.5: Xp hot ti tnh phn lc gi ca KCN lin tc.
8.1.3.4. Lc hm xe (BR):
- im t: cch mt ng xe chy 1,8 m
- Tc dng theo phng ngang dc cu
- Tr s : BR = 25%
truc
P

truc
P
: Tng trng lng ca cc trc xe xp trn tt c cc ln xe cng chiu.
8.1.3.5. Lc ma st gi cu (FR):
Lc ma st FR tnh theo cng thc sau:
FR=f.N
Trong :
f : H s ma st ty thuc vo loi gi.
N: Phn lc ti gi cu.
Cc ti trng khc xem trong phn 3 - Ti trng v h s ti trng (22TCN272-05).
8.2. CC MT CT KIM TON V T HP TI TRNG TC DNG LN TR
CU DM:
8.2.1. Cc mt ct kim ton:
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
C C
Hnh 8.6: Cc mt ct kim ton tr.
Mt ct
Mc ch kim ton
Phng K hiu Tn gi
Mt ct ngang
I-I Mt ct nh b
Tnh ton thn tr
II-II
Mt ct ti cc v tr thay
i kch thc trn thn tr
III-III Mt ct y b
Kim ton nn mng, n nh
lt, cng t nn,
C-C Mt ct chn k gi B tr ct thp chu lc cc b
Mt ct thng ng N-N Mt ct x m Tnh ton thit k x m
8.2.2. T hp ti trng tc dng ln tr cu dm:
- T cc ti trng tc dng ln tr cu ta xc nh c lc thng ng (N), momen
(M
x
, M
y
), lc ngang (Q
y
, Q
x
) theo phng dc v ngang cu tc dng ti cc mt ct ng
vi tng loi ti trng.
- V d cc loi ti trng c th tc dng xt vi mt ct nh b (I-I) cc TTGH:
BANG TAI TRONG XET TI MAT CAT NH BE
Tai trong

(he
so)
N
Doc cau Ngang cau
Q
y
M
x
Q
x
M
y
Cau kien + thiet b phu
DC

DC
Lp phu + tien ch DW
DW
Hoat tai xe LL
LL
Tai trong ngi PL
PL
Lc ham xe doc cau BR
BR
Lc ay noi B
B
Ap lc dong chay WA

WA
Gio ngang
Gio tac ong len KCPT
WS
Gio tac ong len KCPD
WS
Gio doc
Gio tac ong len KCPT
WS
Gio tac ong len KCPD
WS
Gio thang ng
WS
Gio tren hoat tai WL

WL
Lc ma sat FR
FR
Lc ly tam CE
CE
Lc do thay oi nhiet o TU
TU
Lc ong at EQ
EQ
Lc va tau CV
CV
- Sau ta t hp ti trng theo cc TTGH vi cc h s ti trng ng vi cc TTGH:
+ TTGH C3 ging vi TTGH SD ch khc h s ti trng.
+ TTGH C1 = TTGH C3 Ti trng gi.
+ TTGH C2 = TTGH C3 Ti trng xe.
8.3. CC MT CT KIM TON V T HP TI TRNG TC DNG LN M
CU DM:
8.3.1. Cc mt ct kim ton:
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Hnh 8.7: Cc mt ct kim ton m.
- Mt ct I-I: Mt ct chn tng nh.
- Mt ct II-II: Mt ct chn tng thn.
- Mt ct III-III: Mt ct y mng.
- Tng cnh c kim ton ring.
Cch phn chia mt ct tng cnh:
Hnh 8.8: Cch phn chia mt ct tng cnh.
8.3.2. T hp ti trng tc dng ln m cu dm:
8.3.2.1. Nguyn tc thnh lp t hp ti trng:
- M cu c kch thc rt ln nn ta thng ch xt m chu lc bt li theo phng dc
cu. B qua cc tc ng ca ti trng ln m theo phng ngang cu.
- Khi thnh lp t hp ti trng i vi m cu th ta phi thnh lp 2 t hp:
+ T hp ti trng I: Bt li ra pha sng.
+ T hp ti trng II: Bt li vo b.
- V nguyn tc tt c cc TTGH ta u phi lp vi 2 t hp ti trng I v II. Tuy nhin
trong kim ton m ta thng ch kim ton theo TTGH cng I, v TTGH s dng.
8.3.2.2. T hp ti trng I: Bt li ra sng.
i vi t hp ti trng I ta xt m chu lc bt li ra pha sng nn cc ti trng gy ra
mmen lt ra pha sng c ly vi h s ti trng > 1 v cc ti trng gy ra mmen lt v
pha nn ng c ly vi h s ti trng < 1.
8.3.2.3. T hp ti trng II: Bt li vo b.
i vi t hp ti trng II ta xt m chu lc bt li v pha nn ng nn cc ti trng
gy ra mmen lt v pha nn ng c ly vi h s ti trng > 1 v cc ti trng gy ra
mmen lt ra pha sng c ly vi h s ti trng < 1.
8.4. TNH DUYT M TR CU DM:
8.4.1. Tnh duyt theo TTGH cng :
8.4.1.1. Tnh duyt kh nng chu un:
a. Chu un 1 phng:
- Vi mt ct ch nht khong cch t trc trung ha ti mp chu nn:
'
1
.
0, 85. . .
s y
c
A f
c
f b
Trong :
+ As : Din tch ct thp chu un b tr trn mt ct ngang.
+ f
y
: Cng chy ca ct thp.
+ b : Chiu rng ca bn cnh chu nn.
+ f
c
: Cng chu nn ca btng tui 28 ngy.
+
1
: H s quy i hnh khi ng sut tng ng.
- M men khng un tnh ton:
. . . .
2
r n s y s
a
M M A f d
_

,
Trong :
+ a : Chiu dy ca khi ng sut tng ng a=
1
c.
+ d
s
: Khong cch t th chu nn ngoi cng n trng tm ct thp chu ko.
+ : H s sc khng un.
- Kt cu kh nng chu un khi:
M
r
M
u
Trong :
+ Mu: Mmen ti mt ct kim ton.
+ Mr: Mmen khng un tnh ton.
b. Chu un 2 phng:
- Nu lc tnh ton dc trc P
u
< 0,1..f
c
.A
g
: Kim ton un 2 phng theo iu kin:
1 +
ry
uy
rx
ux
M
M
M
M
Trong :
+ M
ux
: Mmen un tnh ton tc dng theo phng x.
. . .( / 2)
rx sx y s
M A f d a
+ M
uy
: Mmen un tnh ton tc dng theo phng y.
. . .( / 2)
ry sy y s
M A f d a
+ M
rx
: Mmen khng un tnh ton n trc theo phng x.
+ M
ry
: Mmen khng un tnh ton n trc theo phng y.
+ d
s
: Chiu cao c hiu ca mt ct.
+ A
s
: Din tch ct thp chu ko.
+ f
y
+ : H s sc khng.
+ a =
1
.c : Chiu dy khi ng sut tng ng.
( )
'
1
. / 0, 85. . .
s y c
c A f f b
+ f
c
+
1
: H s chuyn i biu ng sut.
+ b : Chiu rng ca mt ct.
- Nu lc tnh ton dc trc P
u
0,1..f
c
.A
g
: Kim ton un 2 phng theo iu kin:
1 1 1 1
.
rxy rx ry o
P P P P
+
Trong :
+ P
o
: Kh nng lm vic ca ct chu nn ng tm P
o
= 0,85.f
c
.(A
g
- A
st
) + A
st
.f
y
+ A
g
: Din tch nguyn ca mt ct.
+ A
st
: Gii hn chy quy nh ca ct thp.
+ : H s sc khng = 0,75 vi cu kin chu nn dc trc.
+ P
rxy
: Sc khng dc trc tnh ton khi un theo hai phng.
+ P
rx
: Sc khng dc trc tnh ton khi ch c lch tm e
x
+ e
x
: lch tm ca lc dc trc tnh ton tc dng theo hng trc X, e
x
=M
uy
/P
u
+ P
ry
: Sc khng dc trc tnh ton khi ch c lch tm e
y
+ e
y
: lch tm ca lc dc trc tnh ton tc dng theo hng trc Y, e
y
=M
ux
/P
u
+ P
u
: Lc dc trc tnh ton.
8.4.1.2. Tnh duyt kh nng chu ct:
V
u
.V
n
Trong :
+ : H s sc khng ct = 0.9
+ V
n
: Sc khng ct danh nh l tr s nh hn ca:
V
n
= V
c
+ V
s
+ V
p
V
n
= 0,25
c
f

b
v
d
v
+ V
p
Vi:
V
c
= 0,083
c
f
b
v
d
v
s
)sin cotg (cotg d f A
V
v y v
s
+
+ b
v
: B rng bn bng hu hiu ly bng b rng bn bng nh nht trong chiu cao d
v
c xc nh trong iu 5.8.2.7.
+ d
v
: Chiu cao chu ct hu hiu c xc nh trong iu 5.8.2.7.
+ s : C ly ct thp ai.
+ : H s ch kh nng ca b tng b nt cho truyn lc ko c quy nh trong iu
5.8.3.4.
+ : Gc nghing ca ng sut nn cho c xc nh trong iu 5.8.3.4.
+ : Gc nghing ca ct thp ngang i vi trc dc.
+ A
v
: Din tch ct thp chu ct trong c ly s.
+ V
p
: Thnh phn lc d ng lc hu hiu trn hng lc ct tc dng, l dng nu
ngc chiu lc ct.
8.4.1.3. Kim tra hm lng ct thp ti thiu:
y
c
f
f
'
min
03 . 0
Trong :
+
min
: T l gia din tch thp chu ko v din tch nguyn.

+ f
y
+ f
c
8.4.1.4. Kim tra hm lng ct thp ti a:
0, 42
e
c
d

Trong :
+ d
e
: Khong cch hu hiu tng ng t th chu nn ngoi cng n trong tm
lc ko ca ct thp chu ko.
+ c: Khong cch t trc trung ha ti mp chu nn.
8.4.1.5. C ly ti a ca ct thp ngang:
C ly ti a ca ct thp ngang khng c vt qu tr s sau:
+ Nu V
u
< 0,1f
c.
b
v.
d
v
th s <= 0,8d
v <=
600 mm
+ Nu V
u
0,1f
c.
b
v.
d
v
th s <= 0,4d
v
<= 300 mm
8.4.2. Tnh duyt theo TTGH s dng:
Kim tra khng ch nt bng phn b ct thp:
y
c
sa s
f
A d
Z
f f 6 . 0
) . (
3
2

Trong :
+ A: Din tch phn b tng c cng trng tm vi ct thp chu ko v c bao
bi mt ct ngang v ng thng song song vi trc trung ha, chia cho s lng cc thanh
ct thp (A = A
c
/n).
+ Z: Thng s b rng vt nt.
+ d
c
: Chiu cao phn btng tnh t th chu ko ngoi cng cho n tm ca thanh hay
si t gn nht
+ f
s
: ng sut trong ct thp ch di tc dng ca ngoi lc.
CHNG 9: GI CU BI GING C S CNG TRNH CU
CHNG 9:
GI CU
9.1. KHI NIM CHUNG:
9.1.1. Vai tr ca gi cu:
Gi cu l b phn lin kt gia kt cu nhp v m tr, nhm:
- Truyn ti trng t KCN xung m tr v t nn.
- m bo chuyn v tng i (tnh tin v xoay) gia KCN v m tr.
+ Chuyn v tnh tin (theo c phng dc v ngang) ca gi cu l do t bin, co
ngt v nhit .
+ Chuyn v xoay ca gi cu l do hot ti, sai s thi cng v ln khng u ca m
tr.
Cc loi gi cu:
- Gi c nh: Ch m bo chuyn v xoay ca KCN.
- Gi di ng: m bo c chuyn v xoay v chuyn v tnh tin ca KCN.
Gi di ng Gi c nh
Hnh 9.1: S tnh hc ca gi cu.
9.1.2. Nguyn tc b tr gi cu:
9.1.2.1. B tr trn mt chnh:
a. i vi dm gin n:
- Trong KCN nhp dm gin n, m bo tnh nh, ngi ta b tr mt gi c nh v
mt gi di ng.
- Trong cu dm gin n nhiu nhp, trn mi tr u b tr mt gi c nh v mt gi di
ng, nh vy lc ngang ln mi tr (do lc hm, gi) v co gin ca cc khe l nh nhau.
a a
Gi c nh
Gi DI ng
a+ a+
Hnh 9.2: B tr gi cu trong cu gin n nhiu nhp.
- Trong trng hp gp tr cao, gim lc ngang th c th b tr 2 gi di ng trn tr
.
Gi c nh
Gi DI ng
a+2 a+ a a
Hnh 9.3: B tr gi cu trong cu gin n nhiu nhp khi c tr cu cao.
b. i vi dm lin tc:
Ta trn v tr t gi c nh da trn hai tiu ch:
- t m hoc tr c chiu cao thp chu lc y ngang.
L
a+T.L a
Hnh 9.4: B tr gi cu trong cu lin tc theo tiu ch 1.
- t ti tr gia cu gim bt ln khe co gin.
a+T.L1
L1 L2
a+T.L2
Hnh 9.5: B tr gi cu trong cu lin tc theo tiu ch 2.
Trong :
- a: Khe h ti thiu gia hai u dm hoc gia u dm v tng m (a5cm).
- : Bin dng kt cu nhp do chnh lch nhit (khi t gi di ng), =T.L
+: H s gin n nhit ca btng, =1.17.10
-5
(1/).
+T: Chnh lch nhit gia nhit cao nht v nhit trung bnh.
+ L: Chiu di on kt cu nhp bin dng.
9.1.2.2. B tr trn mt bng:
- i vi cu c B
cu
12m, c th b qua chuyn v ca dm ch theo phng ngang cu
nn ch cn b tr gi di ng mt phng.
- i vi cu c B
cu
12m, chuyn v ca dm ch theo phng ngang cu l kh ln nn
phi b tr gi di ng a phng.
- Trng hp khng c gi di ng a phng, ta c th s dng gi di ng mt phng.
Khi ta phi t gi di ng theo phng xin gc, khi cc gi di ng phi c phng
ng qui ti tim gi c nh.
Hnh 9.6: B tr trn mt bng.
9.2. CU TO GI CU:
9.2.1. Gi cu dm BTCT:
9.2.1.1. Gi tip tuyn:
a. Cu to:
Gm 2 bn thp: bn tht trn v bn tht di.
- Bn tht trn c t na chm trong u dm, lin kt hn vi ct thp neo v ct thp
neo c hn vi cc thanh ct thp dc ch ca dm. Bn tht trn c mt di hnh bn
nguyt tip xc vi tht di v m bo chuyn v xoay ca u dm.
- Bn tht di c t na chm trong x m m tr, lin kt hn vi ct thp neo v ct
thp neo c hn vi cc thanh ct thp ca x m.
2
0
4
0
130
180
170
R
3
0
0
Ct thp neo
Th t d i
Th t trn
l trn, gi c nh l van, gi di ng
6
2
Hnh 9.7: Gi tip tuyn.
- Pha trn mt ca bn tht c bi m v phi thng xuyn kim tra m m bo
s di chuyn tnh tin ca tht trn so vi tht di.
- Cu to gi c nh v di ng ch khc nhau ch gi c nh c cht hoc vu ngn
cn chuyn v theo phng dc cu ca tht trn i vi tht di.
- Gi tip tuyn c cu to n gin, d thi cng.
- Phn bn thp l ra ca cc tht gi rt d b g, do cn phi c bin php bo v, c
th t khe co gin trong hp kn v thng xuyn bi m bo v.
- Gi tip tuyn thng c p dng cho cc KCN cu nh L=918m i vi cu ng
st v L=1218m i vi cu ng t, vi chuyn v u dm nh =12cm.
9.2.1.2. Gi con ln:
a. Cu to:
- Gm 2 tm thp b mt hnh tr, gia l khi BTCT gi l con ln.
- Gi con ln c h s ma st nh f=0.05 ng thi m bo chuyn v t do theo phng
dc cu ca KCN.
- Nu ng knh con ln D1820cm thng dng gi con ln trn. Nu ng knh con
ln D20cm, th nn dng con ln ct vt.
- Chuyn v xoay ca gi c m bo bng s quay tng i gia tht trn v tht
di. Cn chuyn v tnh tin ca KCN c m bo bng chuyn v ln ca cc con ln
trn trn tht di.
- Gi c th chu c phn lc N80T.
- Gi con ln c p dng cho cu c chiu di nhp L=2040m.
- Tuy nhin gi con ln bng BTCT c cu to phc tp v kh nng chu ti khng ln
cho nn hin nay rt t c s dng.
50x30x2
hnlpy
L ? 10mm
Mt ct B - B
42x30x2
nghn10mm
udm
G1
A
Gi c nh mt ct A - A
42x30x2
50x30x2
450
150 50 200 50
8
0
6
0
5
0
1
0
0
3
2
0
5
0
6
0
300
160
420
480
100 300 100
500
8
0
6
0
2
0
0
6
0
3
2
0
50 200 50
300 150
100 300 100
500
1
0
0
6
0
6
0
1
2
0
150 70 160 70
300
90 220 90
1
0
0
6
0
6
0
1
2
0
400
420
480
400
k gi
G1
k gi
B
B
udm
A
Gi di ng
nghn10mm
Hnh 9.8: Gi con ln.
9.2.1.3. Gi chu:
a. Cu to:
- Gm mt tm cao su hnh trn t trong mt b phn bng thp hnh chu.
- Chuyn v xoay v chuyn v tnh tin ca gi c m bo bi bin dng ct n hi
ca tm cao su. Nh c chu thp m tm cao su khng b n hng v bin dng khi chu p
lc thng ng do ti trng.
- Trong gi di ng, chuyn v trt ca gi do tm Teflon PTFE trt trn mt l thp
hp kim. Tm trt Teflon PTFE c t trong khc lm ca bn thp. Trn mt tm trt
Teflon PTFE l mt l thp hp kim mn phng v khng r, c chiu dy ti a 1mm. gi
di ng 1 phng th ch cn lp thm thanh np dn hng.
- Gi c nh c cu to c np trn v np di t ln nhau truyn trc tip p lc
thng ng xung m tr.
c u t o gi c ao s u c hu t hp
1/2 mt c t ii - ii
i i iii iii v v
ii II iv iv vi vi
1/2 mt bng
1/2 mt c t i - i 1/2 mt c hnh 1/2 mt c t iii - iii
1/2 mt c t iv - iv 1/2 mt bng
1/2 mt c hnh 1/2 mt c t iv - iv
1/2 mt c t vi - vi 1/2 mt bng
1/2 mt c hnh
980
1
7
0
505 490
1010
980
1
8
6
1
8
6
1020
970
1
8
1
1
8
1
9
8
0
1
0
2
0
510 485
9
7
0
(H ng MAURER- C)
TL1:10
gi di ng 2 h ng (t ga)
gi di ng 1 h ng (t ge)
gi c nh (t f )
Chu thp Tmcao su
a PTFE
Giong cao su
chng m
Bn tr t
L thp h p kim
Np y
9
8
0
9
8
0
980
980
1
7
0
Hnh 9.9: Gi chu.
b. u, nhc im v phm vi s dng:
- H s ma st ca gi vi btng f=0.05.
- Kh nng chu lc ca gi P2500T.
- Gi chu thng c dng cho cc cu trung v cu ln L150m, vi chuyn v
=515cm v p lc gi P=1002500T.
- Do gi c kh nng chu lc ln nn cn c p dng ph bin cho KCN cu BTCT
DL thi cng theo phng php c y hoc c hng.
9.2.1.4. Gi cao su bn thp:
a. Cu to:
- Gi c dng mt khi cao su hnh ch nht, bn trong c cc bn thp dy =5mm c tc
dng tng cng kh nng chu lc theo phng thng ng.
- u dm c th chuyn v trt hoc xoay l do bin dng n hi ca gi.
P
H
M M
H
P
a) b)
Hnh 9.10: Gi cao su bn thp.
- H s ma st ca gi vi btng f=0.3.
- Kh nng chu lc ca gi P200T.
- Gi c cu to n gin, d nh hnh ho trong ch to, lp rp, sa cha v thay th khi
cn thit.
- Tui th ca gi kh cao do khng b g v n mn nh gi thp.
- Do gi c cu to bng cao su nn gim c lc xung kch t KCN truyn xung m
tr.
9.2.2. Gi cu dm v dn thp:
- Trong cu thp c nhp L<25m thng p dng gi tip tuyn c cu to ni trn.
- Khi chiu di nhp L>25m, phn lc gi P=70300T thng dng gi con ln ni trn.
- i vi cu c chiu di nhp L>100m, p lc gi P>300T thng dng gi c 2 hoc
nhiu con ln (s con ln khng qu 4).
Hnh 9.11: Gi con ln cho cu thp.

Hnh 9.12: Gi con ln cho cu thp (gi di ng v c nh).

Bai Giang Co So Cong Trinh Cau - T

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MC LC BI GING C S CNG TRNH CU

60)% tng gi thnh xy dng cng trnh.

25 m, thm ch n hng trm mt.

: i vi mt TTGH no th h s sc khng c s dng xt

1.05 cho cc cu kin v lin kt khng do.

1.05 cho cc b phn khng d tha.

0.95 cho cc mc d tha c bit.

1.05 cho cc cu quan trng.

0.95 cho cc cu tng i t quan trng.

20 nm v nhanh b hao mn do tng chi ph duy tu bo

20mm ph trn khe h gia

60)% tng gi thnh xy dng cng trnh cu v

50cm gi l chn khay. Mi dc nn

15% v pha nn ng. Mt u bn k ln g k ti tng

50cm gi l chn khay. Mi dc nn

0.5)H. Ngoi ra tng n nh

2:1 a im t ca hp lc v pha sau mng.

50cm m bo b tr cc lp ct thp chu lc. Trong m vi do c phn

6 tn, khi ln th trng lng mi

1.5m. Chiu dy mi khi ph thuc vo chiu dy thn

12)m v chiu di nhp L40m th thn tr c th

12)m v chiu di nhp L>40m th thn tr c th

40:1 m bo kh nng chu lc v kh

50)% vt liu so vi tr thn nng.

: T l gia din tch thp chu ko v din tch nguyn.

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