PROJECT REPORT ON

CONTENTS OF THE TABLE

1. PROJECT ASSIGNED.
Introduction of the project. Objectives of the project.

2. CONCEPT OF STOCK MARKET.

Introduction to stock market a global approach. History of stock market. Features and characteristics of stock market.

Future Plans for developing stock market. Various Functions performed in stock market. Performance of stock market in Indian market.

3.FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES MARKET.

Introduction. Historical aspect.
Products, participants and functions.

Derivative terminology. Reasons behind its evolution. Requirements for Future and Options. Strength of Indian capital market. Importance of derivative investment. Instruments involved in derivative. Performance in India.

 Regulatory framework.

4.ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT.

Research Methodology. Graphical analysis.

5.RESULTS AND FINDINGS.

Reasons behind less development of F &O at AMRITSAR stock

exchange.

6.SUGGESTIONS. 7.LIMITATIONS OF STUDY. 8.CONCLUSIONS. 9.BIBLOGRAPHY. 10.SAMPLE OF QUESTIONNAIRE.

INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT

Derivatives have vital role to play in enhancing shareholder value by ensuring access to the cheapest source of funds. Active use of derivatives instruments allows the overall business risk profile to be modified, thereby providing the potential to improve earning quality by offsetting undesired risk. Under my project report, I have studied various trends that comes in the way of Derivatives market. Because impression is usually given that losses arose from derivatives are extremely complex and difficult to understand financial strategies. So after interviewing with different brokers ,investors and dealers, I have tried to give a solution to these complexities. i also find out that what would be the future of derivative market in india on the basis of interviews and observations of brokers, dealers and investors. regarding future, I have find out that derivatives can indeed be used safely and successfully provided a sensible control and management strategy is established and executed. inspite of that more awareness should be done and technical expertise knowledge should be more expanded.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The main objectives of my final project report are as follows:

To study the various trends that comes in the way of Derivatives market To find out that what would be the future and market potential of derivative To know the awareness & familiarity investors, dealers and brokers hold To know the experience of dealers, investors and brokers with derivatives till To get knowledge about shortcomings in indian derivative market.

market in india.

regarding derivatives market.

date.

INTRODUCTION TO THE STOCK EXCHANGE

A stock exchange is the place where securities, shares, debentures and bonds of joint stock companies, central & state govt., semi govt. organizations, local bodies and foreign govt. are bought and sold. A stock exchange is the nerve center of capital market. Changes in the capital market are brought about by a complex set of factors, all operating on the market simultaneously. Such changes are subject to secular trends set by the economic progress of the nation, and governed by the factors like general economic situation, financial and monetary policies, tax changes, political environment, international economic and financial development etc. A stock exchange provides necessary mobility to capital and directs the flow of capital into profitable and successful enterprises. The Securities Contract (Regulation) Act 1956 defines stock exchange as: A body of individuals whether incorporated or not, constituted for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of buying, selling, & dealing in securities. A stock exchange is a platform for the trade of already issued securities through primary market. It is the essential pillar of the private

sector and corporate economy. It is the open auction market where buyers and sellers meet and involve a competitive price for the securities.

It reflects hopes aspiration and fears of people regarding the performance of the economy. It exerts a powerful and significant influence as a depressant or stimulant of business activity. So, stock exchange mobilizes savings, canalizes them as securities into those enterprises which are favored by the investors on the basis of such criteria as - Future growth prospects. - Good returns. - Appreciation of capital. The stock exchange serves the role of barometer, not only of the state of health of individual companies, but also of the nations economy as a whole (it measures of all the pull and pressure of securities in the market). The trade in market is through the authorized members who have duly registered with concerned stock exchange and SEBI.

HISTORY OF STOCK EXCHANGE

The trading of securities in India was started in early 1973. The only stock exchange operating in the 19th century were those of Bombay set up in 1875 and in Ahemdabad set up in 1894. These were organized as voluntary nonprofit making associations of brokers to regulate and protect their interests. Before the control on securities trading became a central subject under the constitution in 1950. It was a state subject and Bombay securities contract (control) act of 1925 used to regulate trading in securities. Under this act, Bombay stock exchange was recognized in 1927 and Ahemdabad stock exchange were organized at Bombay, Ahemdabad and other centers but they were not recognized soon after it became a central subject, central legislation was proposed and a committee headed by sh. A.D.GORWALA went into bill for security regulation. On the basis securities contract act became law in 1956. At present there were 23 recognized stock exchanges in India. From these BSE & NSE are the two major stock exchanges and rest 21 are the regional stock exchanges. Daily turnover of all the stock exchange is app. 20,000cr. BSE is 129 years old. NSE is 11 years old and it brought the screen based trading system in India

FEATURES OF THE STOCK EXCHANGE

It is a place where listed securities are bought and sold. It is an association of persons known as members. Trading in securities is allowed under rules and regulations of stock exchange. Membership is must for transacting business. Investors and speculators, who want to buy and sell securities, can do so through members of stock exchange i.e. brokers. There are mainly three participants in stock exchange i.e. Issuer of security (company). Investor of security (Individual, HUF). Intermediaries and products (broker, merchant bankers and shares, bonds, warrants, derivatives products etc.). It is the market as well as source for the capital. Corporate and govt. raise resource from the market.

FUTURE PLANS OF STOCK EXCHANGE

The current market scenario in the capital market is not very encouraging, however, in the future; the business model of ISE would be the most preferred method of accessing multiple markets with low cost and high credibility of an Exchange. ISE is considering several value added services or new products which may help ISE and ISS in fulfilling the demands of low cost users. We are considering derivative segment through NSE and DP services initially for the participants and later for clients through CDSL and NSDL. This futuristic concept of consolidation being pursued by ISE is now being also explored by the Developed Countries. We think such consolidation enables optimal utilization of existing resources, enhanced due to economies of scale and permit product innovation, a sign o any dynamic market. On account of this philosophy we are proposing to implement most of the new products centrally on ISE, like, Internet trading, IPO segment, Distribution of mutual funds units, Information dissemination, etc. We are also planning to provide trading support to the commodities Exchanges and also consider providing hem entry into the securities industries. The creation of a national market has provided the brokers of the RSEs and individual investors in the regions and opportunity approach the liquid national level market. This market is expected to provide liquidity in small capital

companies as the other National Level markets have a higher entry norm and may not cater to this market.

FUNCTIONS OF STOCK EXCHANGE

Stock Exchange Performs The Following Functions:
The stock exchange provides appropriate conditions where by

purchase and sale of securities takes place at reasonable and fair prices.
People having surplus funds invest in the securities and these funds

used for industrialization and economic development of country that leads to capital formation.
The stock exchange provides a ready market for the conversion of

existing securities into cash and vice-versa.

The stock exchange acts as the center of providing business

information relating to enterprise whose securities are traded as the listed companies are to present their financial and other statements to it.
Stock exchange protects the interest of the investors through strict

enforcement of rules and regulations with respect to dealings. Punishments (including fine, suspension or even expulsion of membership) may be there if broker make any malpractice in dealing with investors like charging high commissions etc.

 Stock exchange acts as the barometer of the country as it measures

all the pulls and pressures of the securities in the market.

The stock exchange provides the linkage between the savings in the

household sector and the investment in corporate economy.

STOCK EXCHANGES OF INDIA

Name of Stock Exchange Year of Establishme 1. The Stock Exchange Mumbai 2. Ahmedabad Stock Exchange nt 1875 1897 Voluntary Non profit org. Voluntary Non profit org. Public ltd. Company Voluntary Non profit org. Company guarantee Company ltd. ltd. By By Type of Organization

3. Calcutta Stock Exchange 1908 4. Madhya Pradesh Stock 1930 Exchange 5. Madras Stock Exchange Ltd. 1937

6. Hyderabad Stock Exchange Ltd. 1943 7. Delhi Stock Exchange 1947 1957 1978 1982 1982 1983

guarantee Public ltd. Company Pvt. Converted into

Association Ltd. 8. Bangalore Stock Exchange 9. Cochin Stock Exchange 10.U.P. Stock Exchange Ltd. 11.Pune Stock Exchange Ltd. 12.Ludhiana Stock Exchange

public ltd. company Public ltd. Company Public ltd. Company Company ltd. By guarantee Public ltd. Company

13.Guwahati Stock Exchange 1984 14.Magadh Stock Exchange Ass. 1986 (Patna) 15.Jaipur Stock Exchange Ltd. 16.Bhubaneshwar Stock Exchange 17.SaurashtraKutch 1983 1989

Public ltd. Company Company ltd. By guarantee Public ltd. Company Company ltd. By guarantee Company guarantee N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D N.D ltd. By

Stock 1989

Exchange Ltd. 18.Vadodara Stock Exchange Ltd. 1990 19.National Stock Exchange of 1994 India Ltd. 20.Coimbatore Stock Exchange 1996

Ltd. 21.OTC Stock Exchange of India 22.Mangalore Stock Exchange Ltd. 23.Interconnected Stock Exchange (ICSE)

WHO BENEFITS FROM STOCK EXCHANGE

1.

Investors: - It provides them liquidity, marketability, safety etc. Company: - It provides them access to market funds, higher Brokers: - They receive commission in lieu of services to Economy and Country: - There is large flow of saving, better

of investments.
2.

rating and public interest.

3.

investors.
4.

growth more industries and higher income.

INDUSTRY PROFILE & COMPANY PROFILE

INDUSTRY PROFILE INDUSTRY OVERVIEW The securities market achieves one of the most important functions of channeling idle resources to productive resources or from less productive resources to more productive resources. Hence in the broader context the people who save and investors who invest focus more towards the economys abilities to invest and save respectively. This enhances savings and investments in the economy, the two pillars for economic growth. The Indian Capital Market has come a long way in this process and with a strong regulator it has been able to usher an era of a modern capital market regime. The past decade in many ways has been remarkable for securities market in India. It has grown exponentially as measured in terms of amount raised from the market, the number of listed stocks, market capitalization, trading volumes and turnover on stock exchanges, and investor population. The market has witnessed fundamental institutional changes resulting in drastic reduction in transaction costs and significant improvements in efficiency, transparency and safety.

Stock Exchange: A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a corporation or mutual organization which provides facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade company stocks and other securities. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for the issue and redemption of securities, as well as, other financial instruments and capital events including the payment

of income and dividends. The securities traded on a stock exchange include: shares issued by companies, unit trusts and other pooled investment products and bonds. To be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange, it has to be listed there. Usually there is a central location at least for recordkeeping, but trade is less and less linked to such a physical place, as modern markets are electronic networks, which gives them advantages

Of speed and cost of transactions. Trade on an exchange is by members only. The initial offering of stocks and bonds to investors is by definition done in the primary market and subsequent trading is done in the secondary market. A stock exchange is often the most important component of a stock market. Supply and demand in stock a market is driven by various factors which, as in all free markets, affect the price of stocks (see stock valuation). There is usually no compulsion to issue stock via the stock exchange itself, nor must stock be subsequently traded on the exchange. Such trading is said to be off exchange or overthe-counter. This is the usual way that bonds are traded. Increasingly, stock exchanges are part of a global market for securities.

History of stock exchanges: In 12th century France the courratiers de change were concerned with managing and regulating the debts of agricultural communities on behalf of the banks. As these men also traded in debts, they could be called the first brokers. Some stories suggest that the origins of the term "bourse" come from the Latin bursa meaning a bag because, in 13th century Bruges, the sign of a purse (or perhaps three purses), hung on the front of the house where merchants met. However, it is more likely that in the late 13th century commodity traders in Bruges gathered inside the house of a man called Van der Burse, and in 1309 they institutionalized this until now informal meeting and became the "Bruges Bourse". The idea spread quickly around Flanders and neighboring counties and "Bourses" soon opened in Ghent and Amsterdam.

In the middle of the 13th century, Venetian bankers began to trade in government securities. In 1351, the Venetian Government outlawed spreading rumors intended to lower the price of government funds. There were people in Pisa, Verona, Genoa and Florence who also began trading in government securities during the 14th century. This was only possible because these were independent city states ruled by a council of

Influential citizens, not by a duke. The Dutch later started joint stock companies, which let shareholders invest in business ventures and get a share of their profits - or losses. In 1602, the Dutch East India Company issued the first shares on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. It was the first company to issue stocks and bonds. In 1688, the trading of stocks began on a stock exchange in London. Stock Exchange. The role of stock exchanges: Stock exchanges have multiple roles in the economy, this may include the following: Raising capital for businesses

The Stock Exchange provides companies with the facility to raise capital for expansion through selling shares to the investing public. Mobilizing savings for investment

When people draw their savings and invest in shares, it leads to a more rational allocation of resources because funds, which could have been consumed, or kept in idle deposits with banks, are mobilized and redirected to promote business activity with benefits for several economic sectors such as agriculture, commerce and industry, resulting in a stronger economic growth and higher productivity levels. Facilitating company growth

Companies view acquisitions as an opportunity to expand product lines, increase distribution channels, hedge against volatility, increase its market share, or acquire other necessary business assets. A takeover bid or a merger agreement through the stock exchange is one of the simplest and most common ways for a company to grow by acquisition or fusion.

Redistribution of wealth

Stocks exchanges do not exist to redistribute wealth although casual and professional stock investors through stock prices increases (that may result in capital gains for the Investor) and dividends get a chance to share in the wealth of profitable businesses. Corporate governance

By having a wide and varied scope of owners, companies generally tend to improve on their management standards and efficiency in order to satisfy the demands of these shareholders and the more stringent rules for public corporations imposed by public stock exchanges and the government. Consequently, it is alleged that public companies (companies that are owned by shareholders who are members of the general public and trade shares on public exchanges) tend to have better management records than privately held companies (those companies where shares are not publicly traded, often owned by the company founders and/or their families and heirs, or otherwise by a small group of investors). However, some well-documented cases are known where it is alleged that there has been considerable slippage in corporate governance on the part of some public companies (pets.com (2000), Enron corporation (2001), One.tel (2001), Sunbeam (2001), Webvan (2001), Adelphia (2002), Mci world com (2002), or paramalat(2003), are among the most widely scrutinized by the media). Creating investment opportunities for small investors

As opposed to other businesses that require huge capital outlay, investing in shares is open to both the large and small stock investors because a person buys the number of shares they can afford. Therefore the Stock Exchange provides the opportunity for small investors to own shares of the same companies as large investors. Government capital-raising for development projects

Governments at various levels may decide to borrow money in order to finance infrastructure projects such as sewage and water treatment works or housing estates by selling another category of securities known as bonds. These bonds can be raised through the Stock Exchange whereby members of the public buy them, thus loaning money to the government. The issuance of such municipal bonds can obviate the need to directly tax the citizens in order to finance development, although by securing such bonds with the full faith and credit of the government instead of with collateral, the result is that the

Government must tax the citizens or otherwise raise additional funds to make any regular coupon payments and refund the principal when the bonds mature. Barometer of the economy

At the stock exchange, share prices rise and fall depending, largely, on market forces. Share prices tend to rise or remain stable when companies and the economy in general show signs of stability and growth. An economic recession, depression, or financial crisis could eventually lead to a stock market crash. Therefore the movement of share prices and in general of the stock indexes can be an indicator of the general trend in the economy.

Major stock exchanges: Twenty Largest Stock Exchanges by Market Capitalization as of July 12, 2007 (in trillions of US dollars) NYSE Euro next Tokyo Stock Exchange NASDAQ London Stock Exchange Hong Kong Stock Exchange Toronto Stock Exchange Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Deutsche Brose) Shanghai Stock Exchange Madrid Stock Exchange (BME Spanish Exchanges) Australian Securities Exchange Swiss Exchange Nordic Stock Exchange Group OMX (Copenhagen, Helsinki, Iceland,

Stockholm, Tallinn, Riga and Vilnius Stock Exchanges) Milan Stock Exchange (Boras Italian) Bombay Stock Exchange Korea Exchange Sao Paulo Stock Exchange Bovespa National Stock Exchange of India Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange Johannesburg Securities Exchange Taiwan Stock Exchange

STOCK EXCHANGE & SHARES The market or place, where securities, viz. shares are exchange / traded or simply where buying and selling takes place, is called stock exchange or stock market. Presently, the stock market in India consists of twenty three regional stock exchanges and two national exchanges, namely, the National Stock Exchange (NSE) And Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTC). The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) is the largest Stock Exchange, in the country, where maximum transactions, in terms of money and shares take place. The other major stock exchanges are Calcutta, Madras and Delhi Stock Exchanges. Other one at Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Bangalore, Kanpur, Rajkot, Hyderabad, Cochin, Pune, Bhubaneshwar, Guwahti, Indore, Mangalore, Ludhiana, Patna, Saurashtra, Vadodara, Coimbatore, Meerut, and Surat.

FUNCTIONING OF STOCK EXCHANGE:

LISTING: Listing of shares, on a stock exchange, means, such shares can be bought and sold, in stock exchange. A Company, which intends to issue shares, through prospectus, shall have to apply to one or more stock exchanges, for getting its shares listed. The detailed and elaborate procedure of getting the shares listed on a stock exchange is monitored by SEBI. The SEBI, issues guidelines and notifications, from time to time, with regard to listing of securities. Once the shares are listed, the are divided into two categories: 1. GROUP A SHARES 1. 2. GROUP "A" SHARES: are referred to as Cleaned Securities or specified shares". The facility for carrying forward a transaction from one account period to another is available for these shares. Group "A" shares represent companies, with huge amount of capital, and equally a large scope for investment. These shares are frequently traded and command higher price earning multiples. GROUP "B" SHARES: are referred to as, none cleaned securities or non-specified shares. For these groups facility of carrying forward is not available. Whenever a share is moved from Group "B" to Group "An" its market price rises; likewise, when a share is shifted from Group "A" to Group "B", its market price declines. There are some criteria and guide lines, laid down by stock exchange, for shifting stocks from the non-specified list to the specified list. GROUP "B" SHARES

PRIMARY MARKET Since 1991/92, the primary market has grown fast as a result of the removal of investment restrictions in the overall economy and a repeal of the restrictions imposed by the Capital

Issues Control Act. In 1991/92, Rs62.15 billion was raised in the primary market. This figure rose to Rs276.21 billion in 1994/95. Since 1995/1996, however, smaller amounts have been raised due to the overall downtrend in the market and tighter entry barriers introduced by SEBI for investor protection .SEBI has taken several measures to improve the integrity of the secondary market. Legislative and regulatory changes have facilitated the corporatization of stockbrokers. Capital adequacy norms have been prescribed and are being enforced. A mark-to-market margin and intraday trading limit have also been imposed. Further, the stock exchanges have put in place circuit breakers, which are applied in times of excessive volatility. The disclosure of short sales and long purchases is now required at the end of the day to reduce price volatility and further enhance the integrity of the secondary market. The primary is that part of the capital markets that deals with the issuance of new securities. Companies, governments or public sector institutions can obtain funding through the sale of a new stock or bond issue. This is typically done through a syndicate of securities dealers. The process of selling new issues to investors is called underwriting. In the case of a new stock issue, this sale is an initial public offering (IPO). Dealers earn a commission that is built into the price of the security offering, though it can be found in the prospectus. FEATURES OF PRIMARY MARKET ARE:1. This is the market for new long term capital. The primary market is the market where the securities are sold for the first time. Therefore it is also called New Issue Market (NIM). 2. In a primary issue, the securities are issued by the company directly to investors. 3. The company receives the money and issue new security certificates to the investors 4. Primary issues are used by companies for the purpose of setting up new business or for expanding or modernizing the existing business. 5. The primary market performs the crucial function of facilitating capital formation in the economy. 6. The new issue market does not include certain other sources of new long term external finance, such as loans from financial institutions. Borrowers in the new issue market may be raising capital for converting private capital into public capital; this is known as going public.

Methods of issuing securities in the Primary Market 1. Initial Public Offer; 2. Rights Issue (For existing Companies); and 3. Preferential Issue Secondary market: The secondary market is the financial market for trading of securities that have already been issued in an initial private or public offering. [1] Alternatively, secondary market can refer to the market for any kind of used goods. The market that exists in a new security just after the new issue, is often referred to as the aftermarket. Once a newly issued stock is listed on a stock exchange, investors and speculators can easily trade on the exchange, as market makers provide bids and offers in the new stock.

Function In the secondary market, securities are sold by and transferred from one investor or speculator to another. It is therefore important that the secondary market be highly liquid (Originally, the only way to create this liquidity was for investors and speculators to meet at a fixed place regularly. This is how stock exchanges originated; see History of the Stock Exchange). Secondary marketing is vital to an efficient and modern capital market. Fundamentally, secondary markets mesh the investor's preference for liquidity (i.e., the investor's desire not to tie up his or her money for a long period of time, in case the investor needs it to deal with unforeseen circumstances) with the capital user's preference to be able to use the capital for an extended period of time. For example, a traditional loan allows the borrower to pay back the loan, with interest, over a certain period. For the length of that period of time, the bulk of the lender's investment is inaccessible to the lender, even in cases of emergencies. Likewise, in an emergency, a partner in a traditional partnership is only able to access his or her original investment if he or she finds another investor willing to buy

out his or her interest in the partnership. With a securitized loan or equity interest (such as bonds) or tradable stocks, the investor can sell, relatively easily, his or her interest in the investment, particularly if the loan or ownership equity has been broken into relatively small parts. This selling and buying of small parts of a larger loan Or ownership interest in a venture is called secondary market trading. Under traditional lending and partnership arrangements, investors may be less likely to put their money into long-term investments, and more likely to charge a higher interest rate (or demand a greater share of the profits) if they do. With secondary markets, however, investors know that they can recoup some of their investment quickly, if their own circumstances change. Private equity secondary market In finance, the private equity secondary market (also often called private equity secondary or secondary) refers to the buying and selling of pre-existing investor commitments to private equity and other alternative investment funds. Sellers of private equity investments sell not only the investments in the fund but also their remaining unfunded commitments to the funds. By its nature, the private equity asset class is illiquid, intended to be a longterm investment for buy-and-hold investors. For the vast Majority of private equity investments, there is no listed public market; however there is a robust and maturing secondary market available for sellers of private equity assets. Driven by strong demand for private equity exposure, a significant amount of capital has been committed to dedicated secondary market funds from investors looking to increase and diversify their private equity exposure Laws governing capital market The four main legislations governing the securities market are: (a) The SEBI Act, 1992 which establishes SEBI to protect investors and develop and Regulate the Markets. (b) The Companies Act, 1956, which sets out the code of conduct for the corporate sector in relation to issue, allotment and transfer of securities, and disclosures to be made in public issues. (c) The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, read with the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules, 1957 which provide for regulation of transactions in securities through control over stock exchanges; and

(d) The Depositories Act, 1996 which provides for electronic maintenance and transfer of ownership of demat securities. Regulators SEBI is the primary regulator of the Securities Market and the entities operating therein. The SEBI Act and the Depositories Act are mostly administered by SEBI. The rules under the securities laws are framed by government and regulations by SEBI. All these are administered by SEBI. The powers under the Companies Act relating to issue and transfer of securities and non-payment of dividend are administered by SEBI in case of listed public companies and public companies proposing to get their securities listed Market Value The current quoted price at which investors buy or sell a share of common stock or a bond at a given time. Also known as "market price The market capitalization plus the market value of debt. Sometimes referred to as "total market value". In the context of securities, market value is often different from book value because the market takes into account future growth potential. Most investors who use fundamental analysis to pick stocks look at a company's market value and then determine whether or not the market value is adequate or if it's undervalued in comparison to its book value, net assets or some other measure.

Stock A type of security that signifies ownership in a corporation and represents a Claim on part of the corporations assets and earnings. There are two main types of stock: common and preferred. Common stock usually entitles the owner to vote at shareholders' meetings and to receive dividends. Preferred stock generally does not have voting rights, but has a higher claim on assets and earnings than the common shares. For example, owners of preferred stock receive dividends before common shareholders and have priority in the event that a company goes. Bankrupt and is liquidated. Also known as "shares" or "equity". A holder of stock (a shareholder) has a claim to a part of the corporation's assets and earnings. In other words, a shareholder is an owner of a company. Ownership is determined by the number of shares a person owns relative to the number of outstanding shares. For example, if a company has 1,000 shares of stock outstanding and one person

owns 100 shares, that person would own and have. Claim to 10% of the companys assets Stocks are the foundation of nearly every portfolio. Historically, they have outperformed most other investments over the long run. Shareholder Any person, company, or other institution that 3 own at least 1 share in a company. A shareholder may also be referred to as a stockholder. Shareholders are the owners of a company. They have the potential to profit if the company does well, but that comes with the potential to lose if the company does poorly. Share A unit of ownership interest in a corporation or financial asset. While owning shares in a business does not mean that the shareholder has direct control over the business's day-today operations, being a shareholder does entitle the possessor to an equal distribution in any profits, if any are declared in the form of dividends. The two main types of shares are common shares and preferred shares. In the past, shareholders received a physical paper stock certificate that indicated that they owned "x" shares in a company. Today, brokerages have electronic records that show ownership details. Owning a paperless share makes conducting trades a simpler and more streamlined process, which is a far cry from the days were stock certificates needed to be taken to a. Brokerage before a trade could be conducted. While shares are often used to refer to the stock of a corporation, shares can also represent ownership of other classes of financial assets, such as mutual funds.

BSE INDICES:INDEX: An Index is used to summarize the price movements of a unique set of goods in the financial, commodity, forex or any other market place. Financial indices are created to measure price movements of stocks, bonds, T-bills and other type of financial securities. More specifically, a stock index is created to provide investors with the information

regarding the average share price in the stock market. Broad indices are expected to capture the overall behavior of equity market and need to represent the return obtained by typical portfolios in the country SENSEX: SENSEX is India's first Index compiled in 1986. It is a basket of 30 constituent stocks representing a sample of large, liquid and representative companies. The base year of BSE-SENSEX is 1978-79 and the base value is 100. The index is widely reported in both domestic and international markets through print as well as electronic media. Due to its wide acceptance amongst the investors, SENSEX is regarded to be the pulse of the Indian stock market. All leading business newspapers and the business channels report SENSEX, as it is the language that all investors understand. As the oldest index in the country, it provides the time series data over a fairly long period of time (from 1979 onwards) to be used for various research purposes. The Index Cell of the exchange is responsible for the day-to-day maintenance of the index within the broad index policy set by the Index Committee. The Index Cell ensures that the SENSEX and all other BSE indices maintain their benchmark properties by striking a delicate balance between frequent replacements in index and maintaining its historical continuity. SENSEX is calculated using a market capitalization weighted method. As per this methodology, the level of the index reflects the total market value of all 30- component stocks from different industries related to particular base period. The total market value of a company is determined by multiplying the price of the stock by the number of shares outstanding Statisticians call the index of a set of combined variables (such as price and No. of shares) a composite index. An indexed number is used to represent the results of this calculation in order to make the value easier to work with and track over a time. It is much easier to graph a chart based on indexed values than one used on actual values.

World over majority of the well known indices are constructed using Market Capitalization Weighted Method.

In practice, the daily calculation of SENSEX is done by dividing the aggregate market value of the 30 Companies in the index by a number called the Index Divisor. The Divisor is the only link to the original based period value of the SENSEX. The Divisor keeps the Index comparable over a period of time and the reference point for the entire index maintenance adjustments. SENSEX is widely used to describe the mood in the Indian Stock Markets.

COMPANY PROFILE

ICICI Securities Limited

ICICI Securities Ltd is a premier Indian Investment Bank, with a dominant position in its core segments of its operations - Corporate Finance including Equity Capital Markets Advisory Services, Institutional Equities, Retail and Financial Product Distribution. ICICI Securities Limited assists global institutional investors to make the right decisions through insightful research coverage and a client focused Sales and Dealing team. ICICI Securities has the largest reach to the retail segment through its two pioneering bra Winning is a habit that is assiduously cultivated at ICICI Securities Limited (I-Sec). Be it deals, mandates or awards, we manage them all in our quite and efficient way.

For us winning awards is a matter of pride and honour. Each new award is a manifestation of our hard work and commitment to our clients Since inception, I-Sec's expertise has been time and again widely recognized by both domestic and international agencies. I-Sec PD has been recognized as the Best Domestic Bond House in India

by Asiamoney for 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2007. I-Sec PD has been awarded the prestigious Best Bond House by Financeasia.com for the years - 2001, nds ICICIdirect.com and ICICIdirect2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007. These awards are a strong testimony of our capabilities and continuing dominant position in the market. The equities team was adjudged the Best Indian Brokerage House-2003 by Asiamoney. The Corporate Finance group also was awarded a runner-up Best Merchant Banker by Outlook Money in 2007. ICICI Securities (I-Sec) topped the Prime Database League Tables 2007 for money raised through IPOs/FPOs.

With a full-service portfolio, a roster of blue-chip clients and performance second to none, we have a formidable reputation within the industry. Today ICICI Securities is among the leading Financial Institutions both on the institutional as well as retail side. The Corporate Finance team regularly ranks highest among the leading capital markets league tables and recently topped the Prime Database League tables for funds mobilized through equity instruments in the first half of CY 07. Headquartered in Mumbai, I-Sec operates out of several locations in India. ICICI Securities Inc., the step-down wholly owned US subsidiary of the company is a member of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (NASD). As a result of this membership, ICICI Securities Inc. can engage in permitted activities in the U.S. securities markets. These activities include Dealing in Securities and Corporate Advisory Services in the United States and providing research and investment advice to US investors. ICICI Securities Inc. is also registered with the Financial Services Authority, UK (FSA) and the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) to carry out Corporate Advisory Services and Dealing in Securities.

ICICI Securities Indias Leading Investment Bank

A subsidiary of ICICI Bank - the largest and most recognized private bank in India ICICI Securities Ltd is premier Indian Investment Bank, with a dominant position in its core segments of its operations - Corporate Finance including Equity Capital Markets Advisory Services, Institutional Equities, Retail and Financial Product Distribution With a fullservice portfolio, a roster of blue-chip clients and performance second to none, we have a formidable reputation within the industry

2.3 VISION MISSION AND QUALITYPOLICY: VISION:

SHAREHOLDERS: High ROCE, ROE. CUSTOMERS: Value and experience. EMPLOYEES: Rewards and growth. SHAREHOLDERS: High ROCE, ROE CUSTOMERS: Value and experience. EMPLOYEES: Rewards and growth.

MISSION:
Focus on core competence in financial services: Multiple products and diverse revenue streams ensure derisked businesses. Asset Heavy or long gestation businesses through separate JVs/group companies.

QUALITY POLICY:
Drive customer stickiness through quality advice, best value and delightful experience:

Cutting edge proprietary technology for execution, backoffice and customer service.

Wide, multi modal network serving as one stop shop to customers.

2.4 PRODUCTS/SERVICES PROFILE

Icici Securities offering a one-stop financial services shop, most respected for quality of its advice, personalized service and cutting-edge technology.

SERVICE PROFILE:

Other Income Financing & Investing

Online Media & Content

Equities PRODUCT PROFILE:

Mutual Funds

Life Insurance

1) EQUITIES

Commodities

Icici Securities provided the prospect of researched investing to its clients, which was hitherto restricted only to the institutions. Research for the retail investor did not exist prior to Icici Securities . Icici Securities leveraged technology to bring the convenience of trading to the investors location of preference (residence or office) through computerized access. Icici Securities made it possible for clients to view transaction costs and ledger updates in real time.

2) PMS PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT SERVICE Portfolio Management Service is a product wherein an equity investment portfolio is created to suit the investment objectives of a client. Icici Securities invests the customers resources into stocks from different sectors, depending on their risk-return profile. This service is particularly advisable for investors who cannot afford to give time or don't have that expertise for day-to-day management of their equity.

3) RESEARCH Sound investment decisions depend upon reliable fundamental data and stock selection techniques. Icici Securities Equity Research is proud of its reputation for, and wants the customer to find the facts needed.

4) COMMODITIES Icici Securities extension into commodities trading reconciles its strategic intent to emerge as a one-stop solutions financial intermediary. Its experience in securities broking has empowered it with requisite skills and technologies. The Companys commodities business provides a contra-cyclical alternative to equities broking. The Company was among the first to offer the facility of commodities trading in Indias young commodities market (the MCX commenced operations only in 2003). Average monthly turnover on the commodity exchanges increased from Rs 0.34bn to Rs 20.02 bn. The commodities market has several products with different and noncorrelated cycles. On the whole, the business is fairly insulated against cyclical gyrations in the business.

5) MORTGAGES During the year under review, Icici Securities acquired a 75% stake in Money tree Consultancy Services to mark its foray into the business of mortgages and other loan products distribution. The business is still in the investing phase and at the time of the acquisition was present only in the cities of Mumbai and Pune. The Company brings on board expertise in the loans business coupled with existing relationships across a number of principals in the mortgage and personal loans businesses.

6) INVEST ONLINE Icici Securities has made investing in Mutual funds and primary market so effortless. No paperwork, no queues and No registration charges.

7) INVEST IN MF Icici Securities offers a host of mutual fund choices under one roof, backed by indepth research and advice from research house and tools configured as investor friendly.

8) APPLY IN IPOS You could also invest in Initial Public Offers (IPOs) online without going through the hassles of filling ANY application form/ paperwork.

9) SMS: There are three products under SMS Service: Market on the move. Best of the lot. VAS (Value Added Service)

10) INSURANCE: An entry into this segment helped complete the clients product basket; concurrently, it graduated the Company into a one-stop retail financial solutions provider. The Companys entry into the insurance sector de-risked the Company from a predominant dependence on broking and equity-linked revenues. The annuity based income generated from insurance intermediation result in solid core revenues across the tenure of the policy.

11) WEALTH MANAGEMENT SERVICE: The company offers the customers a dedicated group for giving the most personal attention at every level..

12) NEWSLETTERS: The Icici Securities Weekly Newsletter is a flashback for the week gone by. A weekly outlook coupled with the best of the web stories from Icici Securities and links to important investment ideas, Leader Speak and features is delivered in the clients inbox every Friday evening.

Competitors

KARVY

KARVY, is a premier integrated financial services provider, and ranked among the top five in the country in all its business segments, services over 16 million individual investors in various capacities, and provides investor services to over 300 corporate, comprising the who is who of Corporate India. KARVY covers the entire spectrum of financial services such as Stock broking, Depository Participants, Distribution of financial products - mutual funds, bonds, fixed deposit, equities, Insurance Broking, Commodities Broking, Personal Finance Advisory Services, Merchant Banking & Corporate Finance, placement of equity, IPOs, among others. Karvy has a professional management team and ranks among the best in technology, operations and research of various industrial segments. The birth of Karvy was on a modest scale in 1981. It began with the vision and enterprise of a small group of practicing Chartered Accountants who founded the flagship company Karvy Consultants Limited. We started with consulting and financial accounting automation, and carved inroads into the field of registry and share accounting by 1985. Since then, we have utilized our experience and superlative expertise to go from strength to strengthto better our services, to provide new ones, to innovate, diversify and in the process, evolved Karvy as one of Indias premier integrated financial service enterprise.

Mobile Request: Access your demat account by sending SMS to enquire about Holdings, Transactions, Bill & ISIN details. Mobile Alerts: Receive SMS alerts for all debits/credits as well as for any request which cannot be processed.

INDIA INFOLINE The India Infoline Group comprises the holding company, India Infoline Ltd, which has 4 wholly-owned subsidiaries engaged in distinct yet complementary businesses which together offer a whole bouquet of products and services to make your money grow. As on date, the Group employs 4000 plus employees, in over 60 locations, across India. The corporate structure has evolved to comply with oddities of the regulatory framework but

still beautifully help attain synergy and allow flexibility to adapt to dynamics of different businesses. The parent company, India Infoline Ltd owns and manages the web properties www.indiainfoline.com and www.5paisa.com. It also undertakes research, customized and off-the-shelf. Launched on 11 May 1999, www.indiainfoline.com is Indias leading and most comprehensive business and financial information website. The site provides quality information and analysis - earlier restricted to a few people - to the common man, absolutely free! The site has met with an overwhelming response and has been reviewed as the most comprehensive financial content website in India by BBC World - Money Watch, Business World, Business Line and others. The company also won the Golden Mouse Award in India Internet World 2000 for the "Best Finance" site. In May 2001, our website was included in the Top 200 Best of the Web list by Forbes Global under the Asia Investing category. We were the only website from India to be featured in any category. Since then it has been nominated twice to this list. In its last review, Forbes editors have said, "www.indiainfoline.com is a must read for the investors in South Asia..."

Sharekhan Sharekhan is a Indias leading stock broker of the retail arm SSKI (Sri Shantilal Kantiwal,Ishwarlal Pvt. Ltd.), an organization with over eighty years of experience in the stock market, With more than 240 share shops in 110 cities, and Indias premier online trading destination. Sharekhans customer enjoy multi channel access to the stock market, and it offers you trade execution facilities for each as well as derivatives, on the BSE and the NSE, depository services, commodities trading on the MCX and NCDEX and most importantly, It bring investment advice tempered by eighty years of broking experience.

Indiabulls

Indiabulls Financial Services Ltd is listed on the National Stock Exchange, Bombay Stock Exchange, Luxembourg Stock Exchange and London Stock Exchange. The market capitalization of Indiabulls is around USD 800 million, and the consolidated net worth of the company is around USD 500 million. Indiabulls and its group companies have attracted USD 300 million of equity capital in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) since March 2000. Some of the large shareholders of Indiabulls are the largest financial institutions of the world such as Fidelity Funds, Capital International, Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Lloyd George and Farallon Capital.

PRODUCT BOUQUET Angel Oyster Bottom up concentrated portfolio with emphasis on Value Investing. Objective: To generate wealth on long term basis rather than outperform by taking higher risk. Earlier identification of stock to ride through the entire investment cycle Stock picking is based on hidden values and not the market capitalization. Investment Strategy: A blend of Value and growth stocks; high weightage is towards value stock. Ensuring a balanced portfolio with a relatively medium risk profile. Investor Profile: The scheme would be suited for investors with medium to high risk appetite having long term perspective Fees and Charges 2% Asset Management Charges 0.50% brokerage on transactions

Angel Blue-chip

Bottom up concentrated portfolio with Emphasis on GARP (Growth at Reasonable Price). Objective: The scheme will seek to achieve returns through broad based participation in equity markets by creating a diversified equity portfolio of medium to large capitalized companies Out-performance to sensex will be the prime motive

Investment Strategy: Major proportion of large and medium capitalized stocks Medium capitalized stocks not to exceed 25% Sectoral exposure not to exceed 25% Investor Profile: The scheme would be suited for investors with medium to low risk appetite, having long term perspective Fees and Charges 2% Asset Management Fees 0.50% Brokerage on transactions

Angel Equity Derivatives Fund Bottom up concentrated portfolio with Equities and Derivatives and Emphasis on Hedging using volatility in the Markets. Objective: The scheme will seek to achieve returns through deployment into Equity assets and partially hedging the portfolio using options and futures. The objective is to generate moderate returns by creating margin of safety.

 Also the funds lying idle would be deployed in arbitrage between cash and future and /or place in low maturity debt funds and low risk F&O Strategies. Investment Strategy: Investments would be in fundamentally strong Large cap and Mid Cap companies having high liquidity in Options. Partial hedging of open positions would be done by writing options Investor Profile: The scheme would be suited for investors with low to medium risk appetite, having long term perspective. Suitable for HNIs and Corporates who want to park money for consistent Return from the market even if market remained flat. Fees and Charges 1% Asset Management Charges 0.10% on Delivery and Rs.50 flat on options, 0.03% on futures

Organizational structure A sound organization structure ensures a smooth progress path & achieving of milestones

Managing Director

Finance & systems S

Operation & legal

MIBL

Marketing

HR/Training/ Admn

Treasury Corp. Affair

Product domestic &global

Product group

Activity head Domestic & Global Reg/Br

Principal office Systems

Life Non-life Corporate

Training

Recruitment Branding Reg/Br

Auto Tracto Refinance

PMS Car Product Mkt Intellige nce

Process Admin

Accounts
Regions Qualit Legal

Asset Restructing

Payroll

Reg/Br

INTRODUCTION TO DERIVATIVES

Primary market is used for raising money and secondary market is used for trading in the securities, which have been used in primary market. But derivative market is quite different from other markets as the market is used for minimizing risk arising from underlying assets. The work "derivative" originates from mathematics. It refers to a variable, which has been derived from another variable. i.e. X = f (Y) WHERE X (dependent variable) = DERIVATIVE PRODUCT Y (independent variable) = UNDERLYING ASSET A financial derivative is a product that derives value from the market of another product. Hence derivative market has no independent existence without an underlying asset. The price of the derivative instrument is contingent on the value of underlying assets. As a tool of risk management we can define it as, "a financial contract whose value is derived from the value of an underlying asset/derivative security". All derivatives are based on some cash product. The underlying assets can be: a. b. c. d. e. Any type of agriculture product of grain (not prevailing in India) Price of precious and metals gold Foreign exchange rates Short term as well as long-term bond of securities of different type issued by govt. and companies etc. O.T.C. money instruments for example loan & deposits.

Example: Wheat farmers may wish to sell their harvest at a future date to eliminate the risk of change in price by that date. The price of these derivatives is driven from spot price of wheat. DEFINITION OF DERIVATIVE In the Indian context the Securities contracts (Regulation), Act 1956 defines "Derivative" to include: (1) A security derived from a debt instrument, Share, Loan whether secured or unsecured, Risk instrument or contract for difference or any other form of security. A contract, which derives its value from the prices of underlying securities.

HISTORICAL ASPECT OF DERIVATIVES:

The need for derivatives as hedging tool was first felt in the commodities market. Agricultural F&O helped farmers and PROCESSORS hedge against commodity price risk. After the fallout of BRITAIN WOOD AGREEMENT, the financial markets in the world started undergoing radical changes, which give rise to the risk factor. This situation led to development of derivatives as effective "Risk Management tools". Derivative trading in financial market started in 1972 when "Chicago Mercantile Exchange opened its International Monetary Market Division (IIM). The IMM provided an outlet for currency speculators and for those looking to reduce their currency risks. Trading took place on currency. Futures, which were contracts for specified quantities of given currencies, the exchange rate was fixed at time of contract later on commodity future contracts was introduced then followed by interest rate futures. Looking at the liquidity market, derivatives allow corporate and institutional investors to effectively manage their portfolios of assets and liabilities through instruments like stock index futures and options. An equity fund e.g. can reduce its exposure to the stock market and at a relatively low cost without selling of part of its equity assets by using stock index futures or index options. Therefore the stock index futures first emerged in U.S.A. in 1982.

PRODUCTS, PARTICIPANTS AND FUNCTIONS

Derivative contracts have several variants. The most common are FORWADS, FUTURES, OPTIONS AND SWAPS. The following three categories of Participants-Hedgers, Speculators, and Arbitrageurs.

(1)

HEDGER:
Hedgers face risk associated with the price of an asset.

They use futures or options markets to reduce the risk. Thus, they are operation who want to eliminate the risk composing of their portfolio.
(2)

SPECULATORS:
They wish to be on future movements in the price of

an asset. A speculator may buy securities in anticipation of rise in price. If this expectation comes true he sells the securities at a higher price and makes a profit. Usually the speculator does not take delivery of securities sold by him. He only receives and pays the difference between the purchase and sale prices.
(3)

ARBITRAGEURS:
They are in business to take advantage of discrepancy

between price in two different markets. If for example, they see the future price of an asset getting out of line with the cash price, they will take off setting positions in two markets to lock in profit.

TYPES OF DERIVATIVES

The most commonly used derivative contract is forwards, futures and options:
(1)

FORWARDS :
a forward contract is a customized contract

between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specific date in the futures at today's pre-agreed price.
(2)

FUTURES:
a future contract is an agreement between two

parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time the future at the certain price. Futures contracts are the special types of forward contracts in the sense that are standardized exchange traded contracts.
(3)

OPTIONS:
it is of two types: call and put options.

Underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date. PUTS give the buyer the right but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given date.

(4) LEAPS:
Normally option contracts are for a period of 1 to 12 months. However, exchange may introduce option contracts with a maturity period of 2-3 years. These long-term option contracts are popularly known as Leaps or Long term Equity Anticipation Securities.
(5)

BASKETS:

Baskets options are option on portfolio of underlying asset. Equity Index Options are most popular form of baskets.

(6) SWAPS:
these are private agreements between two parties to exchange cash flows in the future according to a prearrange formula. They can be regarded as portfolios of forward's contracts. The two commonly used swaps are:
a)

INTEREST RATE SWAPS:

these entail swapping both

Principal and interest between the parties, with the cash flow in one direction being in a different currency than those in the opposite direction.
b)

CURRENCY SWAPS:
these entail swapping both Principal

and interest between the parties, with the cash flow in one direction being in a different currency than those in the opposite direction.

Cash Vs Derivative Market

The basis differences between these two may be noted as follows. a) In cash market tangible asset are traded whereas in derivatives market contract based on tangible assets or intangible like index or rates are traded. b) The value of derivative contract is always based on and linked to the underlying asset. Though, this linkage may not be on point-to point basis. c) Cash market contracts are settled by delivery and payment or through an offsetting contract. the derivative contracts on tangible may be settled through payment and delivery, offsetting contract or cash settlement, whereas derivative contracts on intangibles are necessarily settled in cash or through offsetting contracts. d) The cash markets always has a net long position, whereas the net position in derivative market is always zero. e) Cash asset may be meant for consumption or investment. Derivatives are used for hedging, arbitration or speculation. f) Derivative markets are highly leveraged and therefore could be much more riskier.

THE DERIVATIVE MARKETS PERFORM A NUMBER OF ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS:

(1) Prices in organized derivative markets reflect the perception of market participants about the future and lead the prices of underlying to perceived future level. The prices of derivatives converge with the prices of the underlying at the expiration of the derivative contract. Thus derivatives help in discovery of future as well current prices. (2) The derivative market helps to transfer the risks from those who have them but may like them those who have an appetite for them. (3) Derivatives due to their inherent nature are linked to the underlying cash markets. With the introduction of derivative, the underlying market, witness higher trading volumes because of participation by more players who would not otherwise participate for lack of an arrangement to transfer risk. (4) Derivatives have a history of attracting many bright, creative, welleducated people with an entrepreneurial attitude. They often energize others to create new business, new products and new employment opportunities, the benefits of which are immense. (5) Derivatives market helps increase savings and investments in the long run Transfer of risk enables market participants to expand their volume of activities.

PARTICIPANTS IN DERIVATIVE MARKET

Exchange, trading members, clearing members. Hedgers, arbitrageurs, speculators. Clearing, clearing bank. Financial institutions. Stock lenders and borrowers.

OBJECTIVES OF DERIVATE TRADING

(1) HEDGING:
you own a stock and you are confident about the prospects of the company. However at the same time you feel that overall market may not perform as good and therefore price of your stock may also fall in line with overall marked trend. You expect that some adverse economic or political event might affect the market sentiments, though fundamentals of the company will remain good, therefore, it is good to retain the stock. In both these situations you would like to insure your portfolio against any such market fall. Such insurance is known as hedging. Hedging is a tool to reduce the inherent risk in an investment. Various strategies designed to reduce investment risk using call option, put options, short selling, and futures are used for hedging. The basic purpose of a hedge is to reduce the risk of loss.

(2) ARBITRAGE:
The future price of an underlying asset is function of spot price and cost of carry adjusted for any return on investment. However, due to uncertainty about interest rates, distortions in spot prices, or uncertainty about future income stream, prices in futures market may not truly reflect the expected spot price in future. This imbalance in future and spot price gives rise to arbitrage opportunities. Transaction made to take advantage of temporary distortions in the market are known as arbitrage transactions.

(3) SPECULATION:
you may have very strong opinion about the future market price of a particular asset based on past trends, current information and future expectation. Likewise you may also have an opinion about the overall market trend. To take advantage of such opinion, individual asset or the entire market (index) could be sold or purchased. Position taken either in cash market of derivative market on the basis of personal opinion is known as speculation.

DERIVATIVE TERMINOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT:
It means allocation of an option contract, which is exercised, to a short position in the same opinion contract, at the same strike price, for fulfillment of the obligation, in accordance with the procedure specified in by the relevant authority from time to time.

BADLA:
It is an indigenous mechanism of postponing the settlement of trade. This product is peculiar to India markets. This involves Badla financiers, stock lenders and stock traders. The long buyers and short sellers may postpone settlement of their trade by making payments and giving delivery by using the services of Badla financiers and stock lenders who assume their positions for Badla charges. Counterparty risk, unpredictable charges and high risk due to inadequate margining are inherent limitations of Badla.

BASIS:
It is difference between spot price and future price of the same asset. In normal markets this basis is always negative, i.e. spot price is always less than future price. A positive basis provides for arbitrage opportunity.

BETA:
It is a measure of the sensitivity of returns on scrip to return on the market index. It shows how the price of scrip would move with every percentage point change in the market index.

CONTRACT VALUE
It is the value arrived at by multiplying the strike price of the option contract with the regular/market lot size.

EXERCISE:
It is defined as the number of future or option contracts required be buying or selling per unit of the spot underlying position to completely hedge against the market risk of the underlying.

MARGIN:
It is the money collected from parties to trade to insure against the default risk. Some amount of margins is collected upfront and some are collected shortly after the trade. Failure to pay margins may result in mandatory closure of position.

OFFSETTING CONTRACT:
new matching contract, which offsets an existing contract, is known as offsetting contract.

OPTION PREMIUM:
It is consideration paid by the option buyer to option writer. The premium has two components intrinsic value and time value. Intrinsic value is the difference between the spot price of the underlying and exercise price of the contract. Time value represents the cost of carrying the underlying for the option period, adjusted for any dividend and option premium.

RISK TRANSFER:
It refers to hedging against the price risk through futures. The holder of an asset, which he intender to sell in near future, may transfer the inherent risk by selling futures today. The counterparty assumes the risk in anticipation of making gain

REASON FOR STARTING DERIVATIVES

1.Counter party risk on the part of broker, in case it ask money from us but before giving delivery of shares goes bankrupt. 2.Liquidity risk in the form that the particular scrip might not be traded on exchange. 3.Unsystematic risk in the form that the price of scrip may go up or down due to Company Specific Reasons. 4.Mutual funds may find it difficult to invest the funds raised by them properly as the scrip in which they want to invert might not be available at the right price. 6.Systematic risk in the form that the price of scrip may go up or to reason affecting the sentiment of whole market. down due

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR SETTING UP FUTURE AND OPTION TRADING ARE OUTLINED BELOW:
1. Creation of an Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) as the single guarantor of every traded option. In case of default by a party to a contract, the clearing house has to bear the cost necessary to carry out the contract. 2. Creation of a strong cash market (secondary market). This is because after the exercise of an option contract, the investors move to the secondary market to book profits. 3. Creation of paper-less trading and a book-entry transfer system. 4. Careful selection of the securities may be listed on a National securities exchange, have a wider capital base, be actively traded, and so on. 5. Uniformity of rules and regulation in all the stock exchanges. 6. Standardization of the terms governing the options contracts. This would decrease the transaction costs, For a given underlying security, all contracts on the options exchange should have an expiry date, a strike price, and a contract price, only the premium should be negotiated on the floor of the exchange. 7. Large, financially sound institutions, members and a number of market makers, who can write the options contracts. Strict capital adequacy norms to be laid out and followed.

STRENGTH OF INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET FOR INTRODUCTION OF DERIVATIVES

1.

LARGE MARKET CAPITALIZATION:

India is one of the largest market capitalized country

in Asia with a market capitalization of more than 7,65,000 corers.

2.

HIGH LIQUIDITY:
In the underlying securities the daily average traded

volume in Indian capital market today is around 7,500 crores. Which means on an average every month 14% of the country market capitalization gets traded, shows high liquidity.
3.

TRADER GUARANTEE:
The first "clearing corporation" (CCL) guaranteeing

trades has become fully functional from July 1996 in the form of National Securities Clearing Corporation (NSCCL) for which it does the clearing.
4.

STRONG DEPOSITORY:
A strong depository National Securities Depositories

Ltd.(NSDL), which started functioning in the year 1997, has strengthen the securities settlement in our country.
5.

A GOOD LEGAL GUARDIAN:

SEBI is acting as a good legal guardian for Indian

Capital market.

IMPORTANCE OF DERIVATIVE TRADING

1. Reduction of borrowing cost. 2. Enhancing the yield on assets. 3. Modifying the payment structure of assets to correspond to investor market view. 4. No physical delivery of share certificate so reduction in cost by stamp duty. 5. Increase in hedger, speculator and arbitrageurs. 6. It does not totally eliminate speculation, which is basic need of Indian investors.

INSTRUMENTS OF DERIVATIVE TRADING

FORWARD Derivative FUTURE OPTION SWAPS

FORWARD CONTRACT
"It is an agreement to buy/sell an asset on a certain future date at an agreed price". The two parties are: Who takes a long position agreeing to buy Who takes a short positionagreeing to sell The mutually agreed price is known as "delivery price" or "forward price". The delivery price is chosen in such a way that the value of contract for both parties is zero at the time of entering the contract, but the contract takes a positive or negative value for parties as the price of underlying asset moves. It removes the future price risk. If a speculator has information or analysis, which forecast an upturn in price, and then be can go long on the forward market instead of cash market. The speculator would go long on the forward, wait for the price to rise, and then take a reversing transaction to book profits. Speculator may well be required to deposit a margin upfront. However, this is generally a relatively small proportion of the value of assets underlying the forward contract.

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN PRICE:

As mentioned above the value of such a contract in zero for both the parties. But later as the price & the underlying asset changes, it gives positive or negative value for contract.

PRICE UNDERLYING ASSETS INCREASE DECREASE

& HOLDER POSITION POSITIVE

&

LONG HOLDER & SHORT POSITION VALUE NEGATIVE VALUE

NEGATIVE VALUE

POSITIVE VALUE

E.g.
A agrees to deliver 100 equity shares of Reliance to B on Sept. 30, 2002 at a Rate of Rs. 120 per share. Now if the price of share on that date is Rs. 140 per share, than a who has short position would stand to loss of Rs. (20*200) = 4000, long position would gain the same amount or vise versa if price quoted is less than delivery price. Profit/Loss = ST-E ST = spot price on maturity date E = delivery price

LIMITATIONS OF FORWARD CONTRACT

1. No standardization. 2. One party can breach its obligation. 3. Lack of centralization of trading. 4. Lack of liquidity. To overcome this other type of derivation instrument known as "Future Contracts" were introduced.

VALUATION OF FORWARD CONTRACT

The forward contract can be put under three categories for the purpose & valuation:

VALUATION OF THOSE SECURITIES PROVIDING NO INCOME

Shares, which neither expects to do not pay any, dividend in future nor having arbitrage opportunities. e.g. Here Price (F) = S0e rt Where F = Future Price S0 = spot price of asset R = risk free rate of interest p.a. with continuous compounding T = time of maturity. If F>S0ert In this case the investor will buy asset and take a short position in the forward contract.

"Short position is not position of investor is of seller means contract sold is greater then contract bought". Investor may buy the assets, borrowing an amount equal to * * for "t" period at risk free rate. At the time of maturity, the assets will be delivered for price F and repayment will be equal to S0ert and there is net profit equal to F- S0ert

If F< S0ert
He will long his position in forward contract. When contract matures: the assets would be purchased for "F" Here profit is S0ert F

E.g.
Consider a forward contract were non-dividend shares available at Rs, 70 matures in 3 months, Risk free rate 8% p.a. compounded continuously. S0ert = 70 x [e] 0.25x0.08 = 70 x 0202 = Rs. 71.41 If F = 73 Then an arbitrageur will short a contract, borrow an amount of Rs. 70 & buy share at Rs, Repay the loan of Rs. 70. At maturity sell it as Rs. 73 (forward contract price) and 71.40, thus profit is (73- 71.40) 1.60 Thus he shorts his forward contract position.

SECURITIES PROVIDING A CERTAIN CASH INCOME

If there is certain cash income to be generated on securities in future to the investor, we will determine present value of income e.g. in case of preference share. Present Value of Dividend = Rate & Interest (continuously compounded) ~If there is no arbitrage Then F = (So I) ert

~If F> (So I)ert

Arbitrageur can short a forward contract, borrow money and buy the asset at present and at maturity asset is sold and earns profit. Profit = F (So I) ert If

F <(So-I) ert
Arbitrageur can long a forward contract, short the asset a present and invest the proceeding Profit (at maturity) (So-I) ert F

E.g.
Let us consider a 6-month forward contract on 100 shares at Rs. 38 each risk free of interest (compounding continuously) earn is 10% p.a. dividend is expected to a yield of Rs. 1.50 in 4 months.

Solution: divided receivable after 4 months

resent Value & dividend

100x1.50=Rs.1.50

= 150xe (4/12)(0.10)50

= Rs 50x0.9672=RS 145.88 = (3800-145.8) e(0.5)(0.10) = 3654.92x1.05127 F = 3842.31

VALUATION & FORWARD CONTRACT PROVIDING A KNOWN YIELD

In case of share included in portfolio companies the index, as underlying assets, are expected to give dividend in course of time, which may be percentage 0 their prices. It is assumed to be paid continuously at a rate of "Y" p.a. F = Soert

E.g.
Stock underlying an under provide a, dividend yield of 4.1% p.a., current value of index is 520 and risk free rate of interest is 10% p.a. r=0.10, y = 0.04, * * = 520 T =3/12 =0.25 F = 520xe(0.10-0.40) (0.25) = 520x01512 = Rs. 527.85

FUTURE CONTRACT
'It is an agreement between buyer and seller for the purchase and sale of a particular assets at a specific future date; specific size, date of delivery, place and alternative asset. It takes obligation on both parties to fulfill the contract.

FEATURES OF FUTURE CONTRACT:

1. Standardized contracts e.g. contract size. 2. Between two parties who do not necessarily know each other. 3. Guarantee for performance by a clearing corporation or clearing house. Clearinghouse is associated with matching, processing, registering, confirming setting, reconciling and guaranteeing the trades on the future exchanges. Clearinghouse tries to eliminate risk of default by either party. 4. It has some features of Badla also.

FUTURE TERMINOLOGY
SPOT PRICE:
the price at which an asset trades in the spot market.

FUTURES PRICE:
the price at which the futures contract trades in the futures market.

CONTRACT CYCLE:
the period over which the contract trades. The index futures contracts on the NSE have one month, and three-month expiry

cycles, which expire on the last Thursday of the month. Thus a January expiration contract expires on the last Thursday of the January. On the Friday following the last Thursday, a new contract having three-month expiry is introduced of trading.

EXPIRY DATE:
it is date specified in the futures contract. This is the last day on which the contract will be traded, at the end of which it will cease to exist.

CONTRACT SIZE:
the amount of asset that has to be delivered less than one contract. For instance, the contract size on NSE's futures market is Nifties.

BASIS:
in the contract of financial futures, basis can be defined as the futures price minus the spot price. There will be a different basis for each delivery month for each contract. in a normal market, basis will be positive. This reflects that futures prices normally exceed spot prices.

COST OF CARRY:
the relation between futures price and spot price can be summarized in terms of what is known as cost of carry. This measures the storage cost plus the interest that is paid to finance the assets less the incomes earned on the asset.

INITIAL MARGIN:
the amount that must be deposited in the margin account at a time a future contract is first entered into is known as initial margin.

MARKING-TO-MARKET:
in the futures market, at the end of each trading day, the margin account is adjusted to reflect the investor's margin gain or loss depending upon the future's closing price.

MAINTENANCE MARGIN:
this is somewhat lower than initial margin. This is set to ensure that the balance in the margin account never becomes negative. If the balance amount falls below the maintenance margin, the investor receives a margin call and is expected to top up the margin account to the initial margin level before trading commences on the next day.

INSTRUMENTS OF FUTURE CONTRACTS

COMMODITY FUTURES
1. Trader in American Exchanges like CBOT, New York: Commodity Exchange, Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), New York Mercantile Exchange Includes: Wheat, Natural Gas, Platinum, Gold, and Cattle etc. 2. Contract Life: Mostly for 90 days or less. 3. Maturity date is mostly non-standardized. 4. Quality specified

FINANCIAL FUTURES
1. Introduced by IMM (a division of CME) It Includes: 10 or 5 year treasury notes (in 1976 by I:M:M), S & P 5000, Nikkie 225, Euro Dollars, British Pound, Canadian Dollars, Mini Value line Stock Index, Russell 2000, Russell 3000, etc. 2. Mostly Longer time e.g. US Treasury Bond Futures are of even more than 2 years 3. Maturity date is standardized. 4. There connot be any quality variations into these assets.

TYPE OF FUTURE CONTRACTS:

INDEX FUTURES & STOCK FUTURES INDEX FUTURES:

Of the financial futures, Index future contracts are key contracts, introduced in U.S. A, in 1982 by the "Commodity Futures Trading Commission" (CFTC) by approving the Kansas Board proposal. Index Futures began trading in India in June 2000 of Trade (KSBT)'s Futures derive its value from the underlying index-e.g. NSE's futures. Contracts are based on "S & P CNX NIFTY" At present it has become the most liquid contract in the country, the arbitrage between the futures equity market is further expected to reduce impact cost. 80-90% of retail participation is expected in India because. 1. Brokerage cost is lower. 2. Savings in cost is possible thorough reduced bid-ask spreads where stocks are trade in package forms. 3. Impact cost will be much lower than dealing in individual scrip. 4. Institutional and large equity holders need portfolios hedging facility. Index derivatives are more suited to them and more cost effective than in individual stocks. Pension funds in the US are known-to use stock index futures for risk hedging purpose.

5. Stock Index is difficult to manipulate as compared to individual stock prices, more so in India, and the possibility of cornering is reduced. 6. Stock index, being an average is much less volatile than individual stock prices. This implies lower capital adequacy and margin requirements. 7. Index derivatives are cash settled, and hence don't suffer from settlement delays and problems related to bad delivery & forged certificates.

INDIVIDUAL STOCK FUTURES

The high level committee on capital market on 2001 decided to permit FII's to participate in "Individual Stock Futures" trading e.g. in Reliance SEB! Frame guidelines for its trading stock futures can be effectively used for hedging: speculation and arbitrage At present there are 31 scrips in which stock derivatives are trading. E.g. the Reliance stock traders at Rs. 1000 and the two month futures trades at 1006. Assume that the minimum contract value is Rs. 1,00,000. He buys 100 Individual stock futures for which he buys a margin of Rs. 20,000. 2 months later the stock closes at Rs. 010. OR expiration date, he makes a profit of Rs. 400 on an investment of Rs. 20,000 works out annual return of 12%.

VALUATION OF FUTURES CONTRACTS

It can be made possible on following basis: 1. Valuation of financial futures 2. Valuation of commodity futures
I.

Carry type commodities Non-Carry type commodities

II.

VALUATION OF FINANCIAL FUTURES:

Valuation of financial futures is based on following assumptions 1. The markets are perfect. 2. There is no transaction cost. 3. All the assets are infinitely divisible. 4. Bid-asks spreads do not exit so that it is assumed that only one price prevails.There is no restriction on short selling. Also short selling gets to use the full proceeds of the sales valuations. This includes stock index futures. The value of futures contract on a stock index may be obtained by using the "cost of carry model". In this case Price of the contract is = spot price+ Carry cost-carry returns i.e. (s + C R)

Here: SPOT PRICE: Current Price of One Unit of Deliverable asset in the Market.

CARRY COST: Holding cost i.e. interest Charges etc. + opportunity

cost of using funds.

CARRY RETURNS: Dividends etc.

Valuation of Stock Index futures is F = S0e(r-y) t

COMMODITY FUTURE'S VALUATION

1)

CARRY TYPE OR INVESTMENT PURPOSE

These types of commodities are held

COMMODITIES VALUATION
by significant number. Of investor for futures safety as investment alone. ~If storage cost is zero then F = Soert ~If any storage cost or opportunity cost then it is regarded as negative income. If S is the present value. of all the storage costs that may be incurred during the life of a future contract then F = (So + s)ert ~If the storage cost were proportional to price of commodity then would be the same as in case of Providing a negative yield. If S represents the storage costs p.a. proportion of spot prices, we have F = Soe(r+s) t E.g. Let us consider a 6 months gold futures contract of 100 gm.

Assume that the spot price is Rs. 480 per gram and that it cost Rs. 3 per gram for the 6 monthly period to store gold and that the cost is incurred at the end of the period. If the risk free rate of Interest is 12% p.a. compounded continuously then R=0.12, s=480 x 100= 48000, e = 6/12 = 0.5 S=3 x 100 e-(0.12 x 0.5) = Rs. 282.53 Then F (48000 282.53)e-0.12 = Rs. 54,438.40

2)

NON CARRY TYPE COMMODITITES:

Consumable goods like agricultural

product's futures price will not exceed the sum of spot price + Caring CostCaring Returns, in these arbitrage arguments doesn't work investor stores these on because of its consumption value only not for investment. Valuation of non-carry commodity futures requires another concept. i.e. "Convenience return" or "Convenience yield", which is the returns (in terms of money) that the investor realizes for carrying commodity over his short term needs. The financial assets have no convenience return. This is different or different investor. F= (So +s) e (r-c) t S= P.V. C=convenience cost So=Spot price

PAY OF FOR FUTURES:

(a) Payoff for buyers of futures contract-long futures
Its payoff is same as payoff of a person who holds assets. Result of holding an asset may be unlimited upside or unlimited downside. Profit 1220 Nifty (underlying) Assets Loss

INTERPRETATION
The figure shows P/L for a long futures position. The investor bought futures when THE INDEX WAS AT 1220. If Index If Index His futures position shows profits His futures position shows losses

(b) Payoff for seller of futures contract-short futures

It can be explained by taking an example: A speculator who sells a 2 months Nifty Index futures contracts when the nifty stands at 1220 (Nifty an underlying assets) Profit Nifty (underlying assets)

Loss INTERPRETATION: When Index moves When index movers. Seller start making Profits. Seller starts making Loss.

FORWARD VS. FUTURES Features

-Operational Mechanism -Contract Specifications -Counter party Risks -Liquidity -Price Discovery -Example -Settlement

Forward
Traded between two parties Differ from traded to trade Exists such risk Low Not Efficient Currency Market At end of period

Future
Trade on Exchange Standardised contracts No such risk High Highly Efficient Future Market Daily

COBOT WHEAT FUTURES CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS Trading Unit Deliverable Grades 5000 Bushels No. 1 Northern Spring wheat at par and No. 2 Soft. Red, No. 2 Hard Red Winter, No. 2 Dark Northern Spring and Price Quotation Tick Size Daily Price Limit Cents substitution and at different bushel established by the exchange. quarter-cents ($12.50 per contract.) One-quarter cent per bushel ($12.50 per contract) 20 cent per bushel ($1000 per contract) previous above day's or below the price settlement

(expandable to 30 cent per bushel) No limit in the spot month (limit are lifted two business day before the spot month begins.) Contract Months Contract Year Last Trading day March, May, July, September and December. Starts in July and ends in May Seventh business day preceding the last business day of the delivery month.

Last Delivery Day Trading Hours

Last business day of the delivery month 9.30 to 1.15 p.m (Chicago time!, Monday through Friday, Only the last trading day of an expiring contract, trading that contract closes in noon.

Ticker Symbol

OPTIONS
Options are fundamentally different from forward and futures. An option gives the holder/buyers of the option the right to do something. The holder does not have committed himself to doing something. In contrast, in a forward or futures contract, the two parties have committed them self to doing something. Whereas it nothing (expect margin requirement) to enter in to a futures he purchases of an option require an up front payment.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF OPTION:

Although options have exercised for a long time, they were traded OTD, without much knowledge of valuation. Today exchange-traded options are actively traded on stocks, stock indices, foreign currencies and futures contracts.

The first trading is options began in Europe and U.S. as early as the century. It was only in early, 1900s that a group of firms set up what is known as the "put and call brokers and dealers association" with the aim of providing a mechanism for bringing buyers and sellers together. It someone wanted to buy an option, he or she would contract one of the member firms. The firm would then attempt to find a seller or writer of option either from its own client of those of other member firms. If no seller could be found, the firm would undertake to write the option itself in return of price. The two deficiencies in above markets were 1. 2. No secondary market No mechanism to guarantee the writer of option would honor it In 1973, Black, Marton, Scholes invented the Black-Scholes formula. In April 1973, CBOE was set up specially for the purpose of trading options. The market for options develop so rapidly that by early 80's number of share underlying the options contract sold each day exceed the daily volume of share traded on the NYSE. Since then, there has been no looking back.

What is option?
An options is the right, but not the obligation to buy or sell a specified amount (and quality) of a commodity, currency, index or financial instruments a to buy or sell a specified number of underlying futures contracts, at a specified price on a before a give date in the future. Thus, option like futures, also provide a mechanism by which one can acquire a certain commodity on other assets, or take position in order to make profits or cover risk for a price. In this type of contract as well, there are two parties:

(a) The buyer (or the holder, or owner of options) (b) The seller (or writer of options) While the buyer take "long position" the seller take "short position" So every option contract can either be "call option" or "put option" options are created by selling and buying and for every option that is buyer and seller.

OPTION

BUYER

SELLER

RIGHT

OBLIGATION

TO BUY (CALL)

TO SELL (PUT)

TO SELL (CALL)

TO BUY (PUT)

OPTION TERMINOLOGY
Buyer of an option: the buyer of an option is the one who by paying the option premium buys the right but not the obligation exercise his option on the seller/writer. Writer of an option: the writer of a call/put option is the one who receives the option premium and is thereby obliged to sell/buy the asset if the buyer exercise on him. Option price: option price is the price, which the option buyer pays to the option seller. It is also referred as option premium. Expiration date: the date specified in the options contract is known as expiration date, the exercise date, the strike date or the maturity. Strike price: the price specified in the options contract is knows as strike price or the exercise price. American options: these are the options that can be exercised at any time upto the expiration date. Most exchange-traded options are Americans. European options: these are the options that can be exercised only on the expiration date itself. These are easier or analyze than American option, and properties of American options are frequently deducted from those of its European counterpart. In the money option: an in the money option is an option that would lead to a positive cash flow to the holder if it will exercise immediately. A call option in the index is set to be in-the-money when the current index stands at a level higher than the strike price (i.e. spot price>strike price). If the index is much higher than the strike price,

 the call is set to deep ITM. In the case of a put, the put is ITM if the index is below the strike price. At-money option: (ATM) option is an option that would lead to zero cash flow if it were exercised immediately. An option on the index is at-the-money when the current index equals the strike price. Out-of-the money option:(OTM) option is an option that would lead to a negative cash flow it was exercised immediately. A call option on the index is OTM when the current index stands at a level, which is less than the strike price (spot price<strike price). If the index is much lower than the strike price, the call is set to be deep OTM. In the case of a put, the put is OTM if the index is above the strike price. Intrinsic value of an option: the option premium can be broken into two components-intrinsic values and time value. The intrinsic value of a call is the amount the option is ITM, if it is ITM. If the call is OTM, its intrinsic value is zero. Time value of an option: it is a difference between its premium and its intrinsic value. Both calls and puts have time value. An option that is OTM or ATM has only time value. Usually the maximum time value exists when the options is ATM. The longer the time to expiration, the greater is an option's time value, all else equal. At expiration, an option should have no time value.

TYPES OF OPTIONS
Thus the options are of two types: CALL OPTION AND PUT OPTION.

CALL OPTION:
It gives an owner the write to buy a specified quantity of the underling assets at a predetermined price i.e. the exercise price, or the specific date i.e. is the date of maturity.

EXAMPLE
Suppose it is January now and the investor buys a March option contract on Reliance Industries (RIL) Share with an exercise price/strike price Rs. 210. With this he get a right to buy share on a particular date in March, of course he is under no obligation. Obviously, if at the expiry date the price in market (spot price on expiry date) is above the exercise price he'll exercise his option and reverse is also true.

PUT OPTION:
It gives the holder the right to sell a specific quantity of underlying assets at an agreed price on date of maturity he gets the right to sell.

EXAMPLE
If an investor buys a March Put Option on RIL shares with an exercise price of Rs. 210 per share the investor get the right to sell 100 share @ 210 per share. The investor would naturally exercise his right if on maturity date price were below 210 and stand to gain and viceversa. Buying out options is buying insurance. To buy a put option on Nifty is to buy insurance: which reimburses the full extent to which-Nifty drops below the strike price of the put option. This is attractive to many people.

AMERICAN Vs EUROPEAN OPTION

Its owner can exercise an American option at any time on or before the expiration date. A European style option gives the owner the right to use the option only on expiration date and not before.

OPTION PREMIUM
A glance at the rights and obligation of buyer and seller reveals that option contracts are skewed. One way naturally wonder as to why the seller (writer) of an option would always be obliged to sell/buy an asset whereas the other party gets the right? The answer is that writer of an option receives, a consideration for Undertaking the obligation. This is known as the price or premium to the seller for the option. The buyer pays the premium for the option to the seller whether he exercise the option is not exercised, it becomes worthless and the premium becomes the profit of the seller. Premium/Price of an option = Intrinsic Value + Time Value Do Nothing Option to option holder matching writer. Exercise the option. Close out the position by write a, call option or it in case of

IN-THE-MONEY AND OUT-THE-MONEY OPTIONS

Condition So>E So<E So=E So =spot price Call In the money Out of the money At the money E = exercise price Put Out of the money In the money At the money

Consideration for selling the option/Option Pricing/Option Premium Assumption Not transaction cost likes brokerage or commission on buying or selling.

FACTORS AFFECTING PRICING

1. Supply and demand in secondary market 2. Exercise price 3. Risk free interest rate, 4. Volatility of underlying 5. Time to expiration 6. Dividend on underlying

Option-to-option holder in case ofhe opt for expiry date.

i.e How Option Work

CALL OPTIONS Spot Nifty: 1100 Strike Price: 1150 Duration :3 months No. of option bought=200 Premium per option:10 Total premium paid=2000

Da y1

Da y 90

Spot Nifty:1200 Buyer exercise the option Profit: No. of option x price Differential-Premium paid=Rs. (200x(1200-1150)2000=Rs.8000)

Spot Nifty: 1000 Buyer foregoes the option Loss premium paid Rs. 2000

CALL OPTION WORK Spot Nifty:1200 Buyer exercise the option Profit: No. of option x price Differential-Premium paid=Rs. (200x(1200-1150)2000=Rs.8000)

Da y1

Spot Nifty: 1100 Strike Price: 1150 Duration :3 months No. of option bought=200 Premium per option:10 Total premium paid=2000

Da y 90

Spot Nifty: 1000 Buyer foregoes the option Loss premium paid Rs. 2000

PRICING OF OPTION

AT EXPIRATION

BEFORE EXPIRATION

Call option At expiration

Put option Before expiration

Put option At expiration

Call option Before

expiration

1 AT EXPIRATION (a) Call option pricing at expiration:

If the price of the underlying asset were lower than the exercise price on the expiration date, the call would expire unexercised. This is because no one would like to buy an asset, which is available in the market at a lower price. If an out of money call did actually sell for a certain price, the investor can make an arbitrage profit by selling it and earning premium. The buyer is unlikely to exercise option, the allowing seller to retain premium. In even of (irrational) exercise of such a call, writer can purchase asset as S1 and give it at making a profit of (E+S1)+ premium. On the other hand, if the call happens to be in the money, it'll, be worth its intrinsic value, equal to excess of asset price over the exercise price. If call price <intrinsic value then he can buy call at c, exercise it immediately at S1 and make a profit" of S1EC

VALUE OF CALL OPTION

Value

Price of share

Put option at expiration:

When at the expiration date the price of the underlying asset is greater than exercised price, the put option will go unexercised. This is because there is no use of using option to sell at E when If the option were exercised, it would have resulted in a profit to seller of option of about (E-S1) + premium. When S1<E

Value of put option

Value

Price of share

2. BEFORE EXPIRATION:
Before expiration, the options call and put are usually sold for at least intrinsic valued (difference of E & S1).

(a) Call Option Pricing:

A call option will usually sell for at least its intrinsic value, Minimum value of call is always is equal to its intrinsic value. Intrinsic value = S>E To this would be added the time value, if any longer the time expiry, greater were time value. P=f (E,S,T) Y Price of Call option Intrinsic Value

450

Stock Price

In figure intrinsic value is shown, by, a 45 0 line starting at E, equal to the excess of stock price over the exercise price.

At Stock price S2, Call Option pence is out- of-the money i.e. zero intrinsic value then option price=S2B= only time value

(c)Put Option Pricing

It would sell for a price that is at least equal to intrinsic value, which is excess of exercise price over stock price, when option is in the money. For in the money Put Option i.e. S<E P=Intrinsic value +Time Value Time Value=f (Time of Maturity) Higher the time to maturity, higher is the time value.

For out-the-money/at the money Put Option i.e. S>E, E,S = 0 P=Time Value b'coz intrinsic value = 0
B Price of put option Time value

Value Intrinsic B1 Time Value Stock prices S1 E S2

DERIVATIVES TRADING IN INDIA

The first step towards introduction of derivatives trading in India was the promulgation of the securities laws (amendment) ordinance, 1995 which withdrew the prohibition on options in securities. The market for derivatives, however, did not take off, as there was no regulatory framework to govern trading of derivatives. SEBI set up a 24 members committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. L.C. Gupta on 18th November, 96 to develop appropriate regulatory framework for derivatives trading in India. The committee submitted its report on 17th March, 98 prescribing necessary preconditions for introduction of derivatives trading in India. the committee recommended that derivatives should be declared as 'securities' so that regulatory framework applicable to trading of 'securities' could also govern trading of securities. SEBI also set up a group in June 1998 under the Chairmanship of Prof. J.R. Varma, to recommend measures for risk containment in derivatives market in India. The report, which was submitted in October, 1998, worked out the operational details of margining system, methodology for charging initial margins, broker net worth, deposit requirement and real time monitoring requirements. The SCRA was amended in Dec. 1999 to include derivatives within the ambit of 'securities' and the regulatory framework was developed for governing derivatives trading. The act also made it clear that derivative shall be legal and valid only it such contract are traded on a recognized stock exchange, thus preluding OTC derivative. The government also rescinded in March 2002, the three decade old notification, which prohibited forward trading in securities.

Derivatives trading commenced in India in June 2000 after SEBI granted the final approval to this effect in May 2000. SEBI permitted the derivative segments of two stock exchanges. NSE and BSE, and their clearing house/corporation to commence trading and settlement in approved derivatives contracts. To begin with, SEBI approved trading in index futures contracts based on S & P CNX Nifty and BSE-30 (Sensex) index. This was followed by approval, for trading in options based on these two indexes and options on individual securities. The trading in index options commenced in June 2001. Futures contracts on individual stocks were launched in November 2001. Trading and Settlement in derivatives contracts is done in accordance with the rules, bye-laws, and regulations of the respective exchanges and their clearing house/corporation duly approved by SEBI and notified in the official gazette. Thus, the following five types of Derivatives are now being traded in the India Stock Market. * Stock Index Futures * Stock Index Options * Futures on Individual Stocks * Options on Individual Stocks * Interest Rate Derivatives

INDEX FUTURES:
Index futures are financial contracts for which the underlying is the cash market index like the Sensex, which is the brand index of India. index futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a specified quantity of underlying index for a future date at a price agreed

upon between the buyer and seller. The contracts have standardized specifications like market lot, expiry day, tick size and method of settlement.

INDEX OPTIONS:
Index Options are financial contracts whereby the right is given by the option seller in consideration of a premium to the option buyer to buy or sell the underlying index at a specific price (strike price) on or before a specific date (expiry date).

STOCK FUTURES:
Stock Futures are financial contracts where the underlying asset is an individual stock. Stock futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a specified quantity of underlying equity share for a

future date at a price agreed upon between the buyer and seller. Just like Index derivatives, the specifications are pre-specified.

STOCK OPTIONS:
Stock Options are instruments whereby the right of purchase and sale is given by the option seller in consideration of a premium to the option buyer to buy or sell the underlying stock at a specific price (strike price) on or before a specific date (expiry date).

INTEREST RATE DERIVATIVES:

The derivatives are taken on various rates of interests. OPERATIONAL MECHANISM FOR DERIVATIVES TRADIN

1.

REGISTRATION WITH BROKER:

The first step towards trading in the derivatives

market is selection of a proper broker with whom the investor would trade. Investors should complete all the registration formalities with the broker before commencement of trading in the derivatives market. The investor should also ensure to deal with a broker (member of the exchange) who is a SEBI registered broker and possesses a SEBI registration certificate. 2. CLIENT AGREEMENT: The investor should sign the Client Agreement with the broker before the broker can place any order on his behalf. The client agreement includes provisions specified by SEBI and the derivatives segment. 3. UNIQUE CLIENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: After signing the client agreement, the investor gets a unique identification number (ID). The broker would key this identification number in the system at the time of placing the order on behalf of the investor. This ID is broker specific i.e. if the investor chooses to deal with different brokers, he needs to sign the client agreement with each one of them and resultantly, he would have different Ids. 4. RISK DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT: As stipulated in the Bye-Laws provide his particulars to the investor. The particulars would include his SEBI registration number, the name of the employees who would be primarily responsible for the client's affairs, the precise nature of his liability towards

the client in respect of the business done on behalf of the investor. The broker must also apprise the investor about the risk associated with the business in derivative trading and the extent of his liability. This information forms part of the Risk Disclosure document, which the broker issues to the client. The investor should carefully read the risk disclosure document and understand the risks involved in the derivatives trading before committing any position in the market. The risk disclosure document has to be signed by the client and a copy of the same is retained by the broker for his records.

5. FREE COPY OF RELEVANT REGULATION:

The client is also entitled to a free copy of the extracts of relevant provisions governing the rights and obligations of clients, relevant manuals, notifications, circulars and any additions or amendments etc. of the derivatives segment or of any regulatory authority to the extent it governs the relationship between the broker and the client.

6. PLACING ORDER WITH THE BROKER:

The investor should place orders only after understanding the monetary implications in the event of execution of the trade. After the trade is executed, the investor can request for a copy of the trade confirmation slip generated on the systems on execution of the trade. The investor should also obtain from the broker, a contract note for the trade executed within 24 hours. The contract note should be time (order receipt and order execution) and price stamped. Execution prices, brokerage and other charges, if any, should be separately mentioned in the contract note. If desired, the investor may change an order anytime before the same is executed on the exchange.

7. MARGINING SYSTEM IN DERIVATIVES:

The aim of margin money is to minimize the risk of default by either counter-party. The payment of margin ensures that the risk is limited to the previous day's price movement on each outstanding position. The different types of margins are:

A) INITIAL MARGIN: The basic aim of initial margin is to cover the largest potential loss in one day. Both buyer and seller have to deposited before the opening of the position in the futures transaction. This margin is calculated by SPAN by considering the worst case scenario. B) MARK TO MARKET MARGIN: All daily losses must be met by depositing of further collateral-known as variation margin, which is required by the close of business, the following day. Any profits on the contract are credited to the client's variation margin account.

7. INVESTOR PROTECTION FUND:

The derivatives segment has established an "Investor Protection Fund" which is independent of the cash segment to protect the interest of the investors in the derivatives market.

8. ARBITRATION:

In case of any dispute between the members and the clients arising out of the trading or in relation to trading/settlement, the party thereto shall resolve such complaint, dispute by arbitrations procedure as defined in the rules and regulations and ByeLaws of the respective exchanges.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
The trading of derivatives is governed by the provisions contained in the SC (R) A, the SEBI Act, the rules and regulations framed there under and the rules and bye-laws of stock exchanges. Securities contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 SC(R) A aims at preventing undesirable transactions in securities by regulating the business of dealing therein and by providing for certain other matters connected therewith. This is the principal Act, which governs the trading of securities in India. The term "securities" has been defined in the SC(R)A. As per Section 2(h), the 'Securities' include:

1. Shares, scrips, stock, bonds, debentures, stock or other marketable securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or other body corporate. 2. Derivative

3. Units or any other instrument issued by any collective investment scheme to the investors in such schemes. 4. Government securities. 5. Such other instruments as may be declared by the Central Government to be securities 6. Rights or interests in securities "Derivative" is defined to includes: A security derived from a debt instrument, share, loan whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of security. A contract which derives its value from the prices, or index of price, of underlying securities. Section 18A provides that notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, contracts in derivative shall be legal and valid if such contracts are: Traded on a recognized stock exchange. Settled on the clearinghouse of the recognized stock exchange, in accordance with the rules and bye-laws of such stock exchanges.

REGULATIONS FOR DERIVATIVES TRADING

SEBI set up a 24-member committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. L.C. Gupta to develop the appropriate regulatory framework for derivatives trading in India. The committee submitted its report in March 1998. On May 11, 1998 SEBI accepted the recommendations of the committee and approved the phased introduction of derivatives trading in India beginning with stock index futures. SEBI also approved the "suggestive bye-laws" recommended by the committee for regulations and control of trading and settlement of derivatives contracts. The provisions in the SC(R)A and the regulatory framework developed there under govern trading in securities. The amendment of the SC(R)A to include derivatives within the ambit of 'securities' in the SC(R)A made trading in derivatives possible with in the framework of that Act. 1. Any Exchange fulfilling the eligibility criteria as prescribed in the LC Gupta committee report may apply to SEBI for grant of recognition under Section 4 of the SC(R)A, 1956 to start trading derivatives. The derivatives exchange/segment should have a separate governing council and representation of trading/clearing members shall be limited to maximum of 40% of the total members of the governing council. The exchange shall regulate the sales practices of its members and will obtain prior approval of SEBI before start of trading in any derivative contract. 2. The Exchange shall have minimum 50 members.

3. The members of an existing segment of the exchange will not atomically become the members of derivative segment. The members of the derivatives segment need to fulfill the eligibility conditions as laid down by the LC Gupta committee. 4. The clearing and settlement of derivatives traders shall be through a SEBI approved clearing corporation/house. Clearing corporation/house complying with the eligibility conditions as laid down by the committee have to apply to SEBI for grant of approval. 5. Derivative brokers/dealers and clearing members are required to seek registration from SEBI. This is in addition to their registration as brokers of existing stock exchanges. The minimum networth for clearing members of the derivatives clearing corporation/house shall be Rs. 300 Lakh. The networth of the member shall be computed as follows: Capital + Fee reserves Less non-allowable assets viz. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. Fixed assets Pledged securities Member's card Non-allowable securities (unlisted securities) Bad deliveries Doubtful debts and advances Prepaid expenses Intangible assets 30% marketable securities

6. The minimum contract value shall not be less than Rs. 2 Lakh. Exchange should also submit details of the futures contract they propose to introduce. 7. The initial margin requirement, exposure limits linked to capital adequacy and margin demands related to the risk of loss on the position shall be prescribed by SEBI/Exchanges from time to time. 8. The L.C. Gupta committee report requires strict enforcement of "Know your customer" rule and requires that every client shall be registered with the derivatives broker. The members of the derivatives segment are also required to make their clients aware of the risks involved in derivatives trading by issuing to the client the Risk Disclosure Document and obtain a copy of the same duly signed by the client. 9. The trading members are required to have qualified approved user and sales person who have passed a certification programme approved by SEBI.

DR. L.C.GUPTA COMMITTEE

The Securities and exchange board of India (SEBI) appointed a committee with Dr. L.C. Gupta as its chairman in November, 1996 to develop regulatory framework for derivatives trading in India. The committee recommended introduction of derivatives market in a phased manner with the introduction of index futures and SEBI appointed a group with Prof. J.R. Varma as its Chairman to recommend measures for risk containment in the derivative market in India. The recommendations of L.C. Gupta Committee at a glance: a) Stock index futures to be the starting point of equity derivatives. b) SEBI to approve rules, bye-laws and regulation of the derivatives exchange and the derivatives contracts. c) SEBI need not be involved in framing exchange level regulations. d) SEBI should create a special Derivatives Cell as it involves special knowledge, and a Derivatives advisory council may be created to tap outside experts for independent. e) Legal restrictions on institutions, including mutual funds, on use of derivatives should be removed. f) Existing stock exchanges with cash trading to be allowed to trade derivatives if they meet prescribed eligibility conditionimportantly, a separate Governing Council and at least 50 members. g) Two categories of member-clearing members and non-clearing members, with the latter depending on the former for settlement of trades. This is no bring in more traders.

h) Broker members, dealers and sales persons in the derivatives market must have passed a certificate programme to be registered with SEBI. i) Co-ordination between SEBI and the RBI of financial derivatives market must have passed a certificate programme to be registered with SEBI. j) Clearing corporation to be the center piece of the derivatives market, both for implementing the margin system and providing trade guarantee. In the near term, existing clearing corporation be allowed to participate in derivatives. For the long-term, a centralized clearing corporation has been recommended. k) Minimum networth requirement of Rs. 3 crores for participants, maximum exposure limits for each broker/dealer on gross basis and capital adequacy requirements to be prescribed. l) Mark-to-market to be collected before next day's trading starts. m) As a conservative measure, margins for derivatives purposes not to take into account positions in cash and futures market and across all stock exchanges. n) Margins to be systematically collected and not left to discretion of brokers/dealers. o) Much stricter regulation for derivatives as compared to cash trading. p) Strengthen cash market with uniform settlement cycles among all SEs and regulatory oversight. Proper supervision of sales practices with registration of every client with the dealer/broker and risk disclosure as the corner-stone.

J.R. VARMA COMMITTEE

After the submission of L.C. Gupta committee report and approval of the introduction of index futures trading by SEBI the board mandated the setting up of a group to recommend measures for risk containment in the derivative market in India. Prof. J.R. Varma was the chairman of the group.

ASSUMPTIONS
-Volatility in India markets are high. -Volatility is not constant & varying. -There is no data on the volatility on Index futures. -Even at 99% "Value At Risk" model there could be possibility of default once in six months. -Not efficient organized arbitragers players. RECOMMENDATIONS - Only traders with high net worth be allowed to traded in Derivatives. - Imposition of VAR margin system. - Submission of periodic reports by CC and SE to SEBI. - Continuously refining of Margin system. - Daily changes in the Margins be calculated and imposed. - Proper liquid net worth. -Online position monitoring at customer, TM, CM and Market level.

RISK MANAGEMENT
NSCCL has developed a comprehensive risk containment mechanism for the F & O segment. The salient features of risk containment mechanism on the F & O segment are: 1. The financial soundness of the members is the key to risk management. Therefore, the requirements for membership in terms of capital adequacy (net worth, security deposits) are quite stringent. 2. NSCCL charges an upfront initial margin for all the open positions of a CM. It specifies the initial margin requirements for each futures/options contract on a daily basis. It also follows value-at-risk (VaR) based margining through SPAN. The CM in turn collects the initial margin from the TMs and their respective clients. 3. The open positions of the members are marked to market based on contract settlement price for each contract. The difference is settled in cash on a T + 1 basis. 4. NSCCL's on-line position monitoring system monitors a CM's open positions on a real-time basis. Limits are set for each CM based on his capital deposits. The on-line position monitoring system generates alerts whenever a CM reaches a position limit set up by NSCCL. NSCCL monitors the CMs for MTM value violation, while TMs are monitored for contract-wise position limit violation. 5. CMs are provided a trading terminal for the purpose of monitoring the open position of all the TMs clearing and settling through him. A CM may set exposure limits for a TM clearing and settling through him. NSCCL assists the CM to monitor the intra-day exposure limits set up by

a CM and whenever a TM exceed the limits, it stops that particular TM from further trading. 6. A member is alerted of his position to enable him to adjust his exposure or bring in additional capital. Position violations result in withdrawal of trading facility for all TMs a CM is case of a violation by the CM. 7. A separate settlement guarantee fund for this segment has been created out of the capital of members. The fund had a balance of Rs. 648 crore at the end of March 2002. The most critical component of risk containment mechanism for F & O segment is the margining system and on-line position monitoring. The actual position monitoring and margining is carried out online through Parallel Risk Management System (PRISM). PRISM uses SPAN (r) (Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk) system for the purpose of computation of on-line margins, based on the parameters defined by SEBI.

MINIMUM BASE CAPITAL

A Clearing Member (CM) is required to meet with the Base Minimum Capital (BMC) requirements prescribed by NSCCL before activation. The CM has also to ensure that BMC is maintained in accordance with the requirements of NSCCL at all points of time, after activation. Every CM is required to maintain BMC of Rs.50 lakhs with NSCCL in the following manner:

(1) Cash

Rs.25

lakhs

in

the

form

of

cash.

(2) Rs.25 lakhs in any one form or combination of the below forms:

FIXED DEPOSIT RECEIPTS (FDRs) issued by approved banks

and deposited with approved Custodians or NSCCL

BANK GUARANTEE in favour of NSCCL from approved banks in

the specified format.

APPROVED SECURITIES
approved Custodians.

in demat form deposited with

Any failure on the part of a CM to meet with the BMC requirements at any point of time, will be treated as a violation of the Rules, Bye-Laws and Regulations of NSCCL and would attract disciplinary action inter-alia including, withdrawal of trading facility and/ore clearing facility, closing out of outstanding positions etc.

ADDITIONAL BASE CAPITAL

Clearing members may provide additional margin/collateral deposit (additional base capital) to NSCCL and/or may wish to retain deposits and/or such amounts which are receivable from NSCCL, over and above their minimum deposit requirements, towards initial margin and/ or other obligations.

EFFECTIVE DEPOSITS / LIQUID NETWORTH

Effective deposits All collateral deposits made by CMs are segregated into cash component and non-cash component. For Additional Base Capital, cash component means cash, bank guarantee, fixed deposit receipts, T-bills and dated government securities. Non-cash component shall mean all other forms of collateral deposits like deposit of approved demat securities. At least 50% of the Effective Deposits should be in the form of cash. Liquid Networth Liquid Networth is computed by reducing the initial margin payable at any point deposits. The Liquid Networth maintained by CMs at any point in time should not be less than Rs.50 lakhs (referred to as Minimum Liquid Net Worth). in time from the effective

MARGINS
NSCCL has developed a comprehensive risk containment mechanism for the Futures & Options segment. The most critical component of a risk containment mechanism for NSCCL is the online position monitoring and

margining system. The actual margining and position monitoring is done online, on an intra-day basis. NSCCL uses the SPAN (Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk) system for the purpose of margining, which is a portfolio based Initial system Margin

NSCCL collects initial margin up-front for all the open positions of a CM based on the margins computed by NSCCL-SPAN .A CM is in turn required to collect the initial margin from the TMs and his respective clients. Similarly, a TM should collect upfront margins from his clients. Initial margin requirements are based on 99% value at risk over a one day time horizon. However, in the case of futures contracts (on index or individual securities), where it may not be possible to collect mark to market settlement value, before the commencement of trading on the next day, the initial margin may be computed over a two-day time horizon, applying the appropriate statistical formula. The methodology for computation of Value at Risk percentage is as per the recommendations of SEBI from time to time.

INITIAL MARGIN REQUIREMENT FOR A MEMBER: For client positions - shall be netted at the level of individual client and grossed across all clients, at the Trading/ Clearing Member level, without any setoffs between clients.

For proprietory positions - shall be netted at Trading/ Clearing Member level without any setoffs between client and proprietory positions. For the purpose of SPAN Margin, various parameters are specified from time to time. In case a trading member wishes to take additional trading positions his CM is required to provide Additional Base Capital (ABC) to NSCCL. ABC can be provided by the members in the form of Cash , Bank Guarantee , Fixed Deposit Receipts and approved securities .

Premium

Margin

In addition to Initial Margin, Premium Margin would be charged to members. The premium margin is the client wise margin amount payable for the day and will be required to be paid by the buyer till the premium settlement is complete.

Assignment

Margin

Assignment Margin is levied on a CM in addition to SPAN margin and Premium Margin. It is required to be paid on assigned positions of CMs towards Interim and Final Exercise Settlement obligations for option contracts on individual securities, till such obligations are fulfilled.

The margin is charged on the Net Exercise Settlement Value payable by a Clearing Member towards Interim and Final Exercise Settlement and is deductible from the effective deposits of the Clearing Member available towards margins. Assignment margin is released to the CMs for exercise settlement pay-in.

PAYMENT OF MARGINS
The initial margin is payable upfront by Clearing Members. Initial margins can be paid by members in the form of Cash , Bank Guarantee, Fixed Deposit Receipts and approved securities .

Non-fulfillment of either the whole or part of the margin obligations will be treated as a violation of the Rules, Bye-Laws and Regulations of NSCCL and will attract penal charges @ 0.09% per day of the amount not paid throughout the period of non-payment. In addition NSCCL may at its discretion and without any further notice to the clearing member, initiate other disciplinary action, inter-alia including, withdrawal of trading facilities and/ or clearing facility closing out of outstanding positions, imposing penalties, collecting appropriate deposits, invoking bank guarantees/ fixed deposit receipts, etc.

POSITION LIMITS, VIOLATIONS & PRICE SCAN RANGE

Position addition to initial margins requirements Exposure Limits Trading Memberwise Position Limit Client Level Position Limits

Limits

Clearing Members are subject to the following exposure / position limits in

Market Wide Position Limits (for Derivative Contracts on Underlying Stocks) Collateral limit for Trading Members

VIOLATIONS
PRISM (Parallel Risk Management System) is the real-time position monitoring and risk management system for the Futures and Options market segment at NSCCL. The risk of each trading and clearing member is monitored on a real-time basis and alerts/disablement messages are generated if the member crosses the set limits. Initial Margin Violation Exposure Limit Violation Trading Memberwise Position Limit Violation

 Client Level Position Limit Violation Market Wide Position Limit Violation Violation arising out of misutilisation of trading member/ constituent collaterals and/or deposits Violation of Exercised Positions Clearing members who have violated any requirement and/ or limits, may submit a written request to NSCCL to either reduce their open position or, bring in additional collateral deposits by way of cash or bank guarantee or FDR or securities. NSCCL renders a service to members, whereby the members can give standing instructions to debit their account towards additional base capital.

A penalty of Rs. 5000/- is levied for each violation and is debited to the clearing account of clearing member on the next business day. In respect of violation on more than one occasion on the same day, each instance is treated as a separate violation for the purpose of calculation of penalty. The penalty is charged to the clearing member irrespective of whether the clearing member brings in margin deposits subsequently. Clearing Members (CMs) and Trading Members (TMs) are required to collect upfront initial margins from all their Trading Members/ Constituents. CMs are required to compulsorily report, on a daily basis, details in respect of such margin amount due and collected, from the TMs/ Constituents clearing and settling through them, with respect to the trades executed/ open positions of the TMs/ Constituents, which the CMs

have paid to NSCCL, for the requirements.

purpose

of

meeting

margin

Similarly, TMs are required to report on a daily basis details in respect of such margin amount due and collected from the constituents clearing and settling through them, with respect to the trades executed/ open positions of the constituents, which the trading members have paid to the CMs, and on which the CMs have allowed initial margin limit to the TMs.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & ANALYSIS

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research is a procedure of logical and systematic application of the fundamentals of science to the general and overall questions of a study and scientific technique by which provide precise tolls, specific procedures and technical, rather than philosophical means for getting and ordering the data prior to their logical analysis and manipulation. Different type of research designs is available depending upon the nature of research project, availability of able manpower and circumstances. The study about " Trends and future of derivatives in india " is descriptive in nature. So survey method is used for the study. Sampling Procedure The small representative selected out of large population is selected at random is called sample. Well-selected sample may reflect fairly, accurately the characteristic of population. The chief aim of sampling is to make an inference about unknown parameters from a measurable sample statistics. The statistical hypothesis relating t population. The sample size was 60 which includes brokers,dealers and investors.

Sources of Data: The sources of data includes primary and secondary data sources. Primary Sources: Primary data is collected by structured questionnaire administered by sitting with guide and discussing problems. Secondary Sources: The secondary data is data, which is collected and compiled for the different purpose, which are used in research for this study. The secondary data include material collected from: Newspaper Magazine Internet Data collection instruments The various method of data gathering involves the use of appropriate recording forms. These are called 'tools' or 'instruments of data collection. Collection Instruments: 1. Observation 2. Interview guide 3. Interview schedule

Each tool is used for specific method of data gathering. The tool for data collection translates the research objectives in to specific term/questions to the response, which will provide research objective. The instrument data collection in our study interview schedule mainly. Every respondent was conducted personally with an interview

schedule containing questions. Interview method was used because it can be explained more easily and clearly and takes less time to answer. Methodology Assumptions: The research was based on the following assumption: 1. The methodology used for this purpose are survey and questionable method. It is assumed that this method is more suitable for collection of data. 2. It is assumed that the respondent have sufficient knowledge to ensure questionable. 3. It is assumed that the respondent have filled right and correct option according to their view.

BROKER'S PERCEPTION ABOUT DERIVATIVES (ANALYSIS)

TRADING PERIOD IN DERIVATIVES

Trading period in derivatives.

25 20 15 10 5 0 Less than 1 year 1 year 2 year 3 year More than 3 year 13 13 7 6 Series1 Series2 21

From my sample of 60, 13 (22%) brokers and investors investing in derivatives from last 1 year and less than this. 21(35%) are investing from last 2 years ,7 (11%) are investing from last 3 years and only 6 (10%) have experience of more than 3 years of investment in derivatives.

REASONS BEHIND ITS ADOPTION

Purpose for derivative Trading

3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5
S pe cu la tio n en t

2 4 15 1 4 7 S rie e s1 S rie e s2

0
H e dg in g

Reasons behind adoption of derivatives are different by brokers,investors and dealers e.g. liquidity, risk management hedging, investor

is

M a n ag e m

Li qu id ity

demand(speculation) etc. Out of 60 brokers,investors dealing in derivatives 14 (23%) adopt it due to characteristics of risk management, 15 (25%) due to hedging , 24 (40%) for investor (client's) demand (speculation) and remaining 7 (12%) due to liquidity.

EXPERIENCE WITH DERIVATIVE

Out of my sample size 60, only 23 (38%) find derivatives as quite profitable investment. 14 (23%) find that derivatives cant give big profits in future.17 (29%) feels that equities are better option for onvestment than derivativies.remaining 6 (10%) have other opinion thatonly those investors,brokers can derive good return from derivatives those have surplus funds and patience for long period..because derivative requires huge investment and risk also.

INVESTED AMOUNT IN DERIVATIVES

Invested am nt in derivative trad . ou ing
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2 lacs 2 cs-5 la la cs 5 la cs-1 0 la cs An o e y th r S s1 erie S s2 erie S s3 erie

Out of my sample size 60 ,27 (45%) investors and brokers have invested 2 lacs normally.9 (15%) invested between 2 lacs to 5 lacs.and 15 (25%) invested between 5 lacs to 10 lacs,and remaining have invested in other amounts. Reason behind this is that those are investing from many years are taking the risk of investing huge amount.

TRADED PERIOD IN DERIVATIVES

T d dp rio fo d riv tiv ra e e d r e a e in e tm n v s e t.

2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 0 We e kly M n ly o th M re th n o a 1m n o th M re th n o a 2m n s o th 1 3 5 2 3 1 9 S rie e s1 S rie e s2

13 (22%) investors and brokers are investing weekly in derivatives,23 ( 38%) investing monthly,19 (32 %) investing after more than 1 month and only 5 ( 8%) investing too late after 2 months.

IMPACT ON CUSTOMER BASE

Impact on customer base.

50 40 30 20 10 0 Increase Decrease Remain same 3 15 Series1 Series2 42

Out of 60 brokers and investors, 3 ( 5%) of brokers said that it doesn't increase their customer base because introducing small savings as investment, but derivatives increases customer base of 42 (70%) wich is more than half.it is basically beneficial for those who are investing from last 2 or more years. In investment sector need minimum of Rs. 2,00,000 as investment so it is basically for corporate and investment sector only not for small investors.15 ( 25%) said their customer base remain same because they have started just now for investing in derivatives.in future it will increase their customer base.

RELATIONSHIP WITH CASH MARKET

relation Between derivative and cash m arket.

30 20 10 0 Positiv e Negativ e Can't say 5 27 28 Series1 Series2

Out of 60 brokers,dealers 27 (45%) have the positive response toward the relation between derivative and cash market and remaining 5 (8%) has negative response. 28 (47%) are not able to say anything because they dont have proper knowledge about stock market.they are investing with the guidance of brokers and with the support of their close relatives those are investing for last many years.

BROKER'S PERCEPTION TOWARDS INDIAN INVESTOR i.e. is settled in Indian investor psyche?
Relation am ong derivative and cash m arket.
40 30 20 10 0 Yes N o 23 Series1 37

out of total 37 (62%) of investors and dealers are saying it hasn't settled in Indian investor psyche and 23 (38%) are saying it has.

DERIVATIVES AND RISK

Every broker says that there is a risk factor (up to some extent) in derivatives also.

SHORTCOMINGS IN INDAIN DERIVATIVE SYSTEM

27 (45%) brokers,investors respond towards shortage of domestic technical expertise. 31(52%) feel lack of awareness in investor about derivatives and remaining 2 (3%) market failure.

RESULTS / FINDINGS
1. 2.
3.

Brokers not dealing in derivatives at present are also not going to adopt it in near futures. Hedging & Risk Mgt. Is the most important feature of derivatives. It is not for small investors. It has increased brokers turnovers as well as helpful in aggregate investment. Brokers haven't adequate knowledge about options, so most by them are dealing in futures only. There is a risk factor in derivative also. Most of investors are not investing in derivatives.

4. 5.
6.

7.

8.People are not aware of derivatives, even people who have invested in it, hasnt adequate knowledge about it. These people are interested to take it in their future portfolio also. They consider it as a tool of risk management. 9.They normally invest in future contracts. 10.They are investing in future contract, because futures have up to home extent similar quality as Badla.

REASON BEHIND LESS DEVELOPMENT OF F&O SEGMENT AT L.S.E. At L.S.E. the is become possible by L.S.E.S.L, which is working as a broker at N.S.E. and the broker of L.S.E. (301 members) are working as a client of LSES Ltd. Itself (in reality). So they can't trade as a broker of their client and sub-broker concept does not exist in F&O segment. At National Level 1. Securities and contract's regulations act has recognized "index" as a security very later i.e. in Nov. 2001. It will take time to take position in derivative or capital market. 2. 3. 4. The Limited mutual faith in the parties involved. It hasn't a legalized market. Commodity F & O market has not yet been come to India. this will make easy to understand and take simple investor under investor base of derivative trading. 5. 6. 7. Market failures Scandals Inadequate infrastructures

8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Shortage to domestic technical expertise, in India even most of people are not aware of concept derivatives. Large lot size, so small investors are not able to come under derivative segment. There are less scripts under derivatives segment. High margin as compare to Badla. In India there can't be a long term trading in F & O, it is only for 1 to 2 or maximum for 3 months.

SUGGESTIONS
1.

LOT SIZE:
Lot size should be reduced so that the major segment of

an India society i.e. small saving class can come under F & O trading. There is strong need for revision of lot sizes as the lot sizes of some of the individual scrips that were worth of Rs. 200000 in starting, now same lot size amount to a much larger value.
2.

SUB BROKER:
Sub-broker concept should be added and the actual

brokers should give all rights of brokers in F & O segment also.

3.

SCRIPS:
More scrips of reputed companies etc. should be

introduced in "F & O segment".

4.

TRADING PERIOD:
Trading period should be increased.

5.

TRAINING CLASSES OR SEMINARS:

There should be proper classes on derivatives for investors, traders, brokers, students and employees of stock exchanges. Because lack of knowledge is the main reason of its less development. The first step towards it should be seminars provide to brokers & LSE employees and secondly seminar to students.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

No study is complete in itself, however good it may and every study has some limitations: Time is the main constraint of my study. Availability of information was not sufficient because of less awareness among investors/brokers Study is based only on NSE because information and trading in BSE is not available here. Sample size is not enough to have a clear opinion.

CONCLUSION
On the basis of overall study on derivatives it was found that derivative products initially emerged as hedging devices against fluctuation and commodity prices and commodity linked derivatives remained the soul form of such products. The financial derivatives came in spotlight in 1972 due to growing in stability in financial market. I was really surprised to see during my study that a layman or a simple investor does not even know how to hedge and how to reduce risk on his portfolios. All these activities are generally performed by big individual investors, institutional investors, mutual funds etc. No doubt that derivative growth towards the progress of economy is positive. But the problems confronting the derivative market segment are giving it a low customer base. The main problems that it confronts are unawareness and bit lot sizes etc. these problems could be overcome easily

by revising lot sizes and also there should be seminar and general discussions on derivatives at varied places.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. BOOKS AND ARTICLES NCFM on derivatives core module by NSEIL. The Indian Commodity-Derivatives Market in Operations. 2. MAGAZINES The Dalal Street LSE Bulletin 3. INTERNET SITES
www.nseindia.com www.derivativeindia.com www.bseindia.com www.sebi.gov.in

SAMPLE OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Respondent, I am a student of MBA 2nd year. I am working on the project " TRENDS AND FUTURE OF DERIVATIVES IN INDIA : A DETAILED STUDY You are requested to fill in the questionnaire to enable, to undertake the study on the said project. NAME: OCCUPATION: ADDRESS: PHONE NO.:

1) For how long you have been trading in derivatives? a) Less than 1 year c) 2 Year b) 1 Year d) 3 Year e) More than 3 years.

2) What is your purpose for trading in derivatives? a) Hedging c) Risk Management b) Speculation d) Liquidity

3) How will you describe your experience with derivative till date? a) I find these quite profitable b) I don't find derivatives can give big profits c) I feel that equities are better than derivatives d) Any other __________________________________ 4)What is amount of money you are investing in normally? a) 2,00,000 b) Rs. 2,00,000 to Rs. 5,00,000 c) Rs. 5,00,000 to Rs. 10,00,000 d) Any other amount____________ 5)How often do you trade? a) Weekly d) More than 2 month 6)What is your customer base with introduction of derivatives? a) Increase b) Decrease c) Remain same b) Monthly c) More than 1 month

7)What according to you is relationship between derivative market and cash market?

a) Positive

b) Negative

c) Can't say

8) According to you have derivatives settled in Indian investors psyche? a) Yes b) No

9)What shortcomings do you feel in Indian derivative market? a) Lack of awareness among the investors about derivatives. b) Shortage of domestic technical expertise. c) If any other___________________________ 10) Which of following Media would you prefer the most for investor education? a) TV b) Newspaper c) Magazines

11) What suggestions do you want to make with regard to investors education in derivatives market in India?

THANKS FOR YOUR COOPERATION