S phc

287
S PHC
I. TRNG S PHC V S PHC
1. Trng s phc
Trng s phc ( ) { } , , a b a b = l tp hp
2
= m trn xc lp
cc quan h bng nhau v cc php ton tng ng sau y:
i) Php cng: (a, b) + (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)
ii) Php nhn: (a, b). (c, d) = (ac bd, ad + bc)
iii) Quan h bng nhau: (a, b) = (c, d) a = c v b = d
iv) Php ng nht: (a, 0) a ; (0, 1) i
2. S phc
Gi s ( ) , z a b = , vi a, bR. S dng php cng v php nhn ta c:
z = (a, b) = (a, 0) + (b, 0). (0, 1) = a + bi; i
2
= (0, 1). (0, 1) = (1, 0) 1
i z a b = + l dng i s ca s phc, trong i gi l n v o.
3. Phn thc v phn o ca s phc
Gi s i z a b = + , a, bR, khi a gi l phn thc, b l phn o ca z.
K hiu: Re(z) = a ; Im(z) = b.
Tnh cht:
Nu i z a b = + ; z
1
= a
1
+ b
1
i ; z
2
= a
2
+ b
2
i , a, b, a
1
, b
1
, a
2
, b
2
R
+) z
1
= z
2
a
1
= a
2
v b
1
= b
2
Re(z
1
) = Re(z
2
) v Im(z
1
) = Im(z
2
)
+) Re(z
1
+ z
2
) = Re(z
1
) + Re(z
2
) ; Im(z
1
+ z
2
) = Im(z
1
) + Im(z
2
)
+) Re(z) = Re(z), R ; Im(z) = Im(z), R.
4. Cc php ton v s phc
Cho z
1
= a
1
+ b
1
i ; z
2
= a
2
+ b
2
i , vi a
1
, b
1
, a
2
, b
2
R. Khi ta c:
z
1
+ z
2
= (a
1
+ b
1
i) + (a
2
+ b
2
i) = (a
1
+ a
2
) + (b
1
+ b
2
)i
z
1
z
2
= (a
1
+ b
1
i) (a
2
+ b
2
i) = (a
1
a
2
) + (b
1
b
2
)i
z
1
. z
2
= (a
1
+ b
1
i). (a
2
+ b
2
i) = (a
1
a
2
b
1
b
2
) + (a
1
b
2
+ a
2
b
1
)i

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
i i
i
i i
a b a b
z a a b b a b a b
z a b a b a b a b
+
+
= = +
+ + +
, z
2
0
ChngIII. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

288
5. S phc lin hp
Cho i z a b = + , vi a,bR, khi i z a b = gi l s phc lin hp vi z.
Tnh cht:
+) , z z z = ; z z z = ; i z z z =
+)
( )
2Re z z z + = ;
( )
2Im i z z z = ;
( ) ( )
2 2
Re Im z z z z = +
+)
1 2
, z z :
1 2 1 2
z z z z + = + ;
1 2 1 2
z z z z = ;
1 1
2
2
z z
z
z
| |
=
|
\
, z
2
0
6. Mun ca s phc
N: Cho i z a b = + , vi a, bR, khi mun ca z l
2 2
z a b = +
Tnh cht:
+)
2
; ; 0 z z z z z z = = ; 0 0 z z = =
+)
1 2
, z z :
1 2 1 2
z z z z = ;
1 1
2
2
z
z
z z
= , z
2
0
+)
1 2
, z z :
1 2 1 2
z z z z + + ;
1 2 1 2
z z z z
7. Dng lng gic ca s phc
Ta thy tn ti php tng ng 11 gia cc
phn t ca v cc im nm trn mt phng
2
nn c th ng nht vi
2
.
Khi tt c cc s phc z = a + bi c tng
ng vi im z = (a, b) trn mt phng ta
cc Oxy.
Vi z = a + bi 0 (a, b ), k hiu
2 2
r z a b = = +
Gc l gc nh hng to bi Oz

vi chiu dng trc Ox c gi l

Argument ca z. Nu l mt Argument ca z, th tp hp tt c cc
Arguments ca z l Argz = { + k2, k }. Nu l mt Argument ca z
tho mn 0 2 < , th c gi l Argument chnh ca z v c k hiu l
argz, khi ta c: arg 2 , Arg z z k k = + .
V a = r cos ; b = r sin, nn dng lng gic ca z l z = r(cos + i sin )
z
O
y
x
b
a

S phc

289
Tnh cht: z = r(cos + i sin) ; z
1
= r
1
(cos
1
+ i sin
1
) ; z
2
= r
2
(cos
2
+ i sin
2
)
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
z z r r cos i sin ( = + + +

; ( ) ( )
1 1
1 2 1 2
2 2
z r
cos i sin
z r
( = +

,z
2
0
( ) cos i sin
n n
z r n n = + ;
2 2
cos sin , 0, 1
n n
z r k i k k n
n n n n
( | | | |

= + + + = | |
(
\ \

H qu (Cng thc Moivre):
( ) cos sin cos sin
n
i n i n + = + , n
8. Hm s m phc
nh ngha: z = x + yi , (x, yR), th
( )
( ) e e cos i sin
z x
f z y y = = +
Tnh cht: e
z
0, zC ;
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
e e e ; e / e e
z z z z z z z z +
= = , z
1
, z
2
C
9. Hm lng gic phc
T nh ngha hm s m phc suy ra:
Cng thc Euler:
i i
e cos i sin ; e cos i sin
x x
x x x x

= + = , xR
H qu:

( ) ( ) ( )
i i i i 1 1
cos e e ; sin e e , *
2 2i
x x x x
x x x

= + =
Do cc v phi ca cc ng thc (*) cng xc nh khi thay th x bi
z , nn ta c cc nh ngha tng ng ca cc hm s phc sin, cosin,
tang, cotang:
( )
i i 1
cos e e
2
z z
z

= + ;
( )
i i 1
sin e e
2i
z z
z

=

i i
i i
sin e e 1
tan
cos i
e e
z z
z z
z
z
z

= =
+
;
i i
i i
cos e e
cot i
sin
e e
z z
z z
z
z
z

+
= =

10. Hm Hypebolic phc

( )
1
ch e e
2
z z
z

= + ;
( )
1
sh e e
2
z z
z

=

sh e e
th
ch
e e
z z
z z
z
z
z

= =
+
;
ch e e
coth
sh
e e
z z
z z
z
z
z

+
= =

ChngIII. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

290
II. CC DNG BI TP V S PHC
1. Dng 1. Biu din mt s phc di dng lng gic
Dng lng gic ( ) cos sin z r i = + , vi 0 r > .
Bi mu. Vit cc s phc sau di dng lng gic
( ) ( )
1 3
1
1 3 1 sin cos
1 2 2
i
i i z i
i i

+ = +
+ +
1. 2. 3. 4.
( ) ( )
1 cos sin
1 cos sin 1 cos sin
1 cos sin
i
i i
i

+ +
+ +
5. 6.
Gii
1. Ta c:
( ) ( )
1 3 2 cos sin ;
3 3
i i
(
= +
(

1 2 cos sin
4 4
i
(
+ = +
(

suy ra:
S dng z
1
. z
2
= (a
1
+ b
1
i). (a
2
+ b
2
i) = (a
1
a
2
b
1
b
2
) + (a
1
b
2
+ a
2
b
1
)i ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 3 1 2 2 cos sin
12 12
i i i
(
+ = +
(


2. S dng
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
i i
i
i i
a b a b
z a a b b a b a b
z a b a b a b a b
+
+
= = +
+ + +
, z
2
0
suy ra
( ) ( )
1 3 7 7
2 cos sin
1 12 12
i
i
i
(
= +
(
+

3. Ta c
1 1
2 2 4
i
i

=
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
cos sin cos sin
4 4 4 4 4 4
i i
( (
= = +
( (


4. Bin i sin cos z i = + thnh dng lng gic
( ) ( )
cos sin
2 2
z i

= +
5. Xt
1 cos sin
1 cos sin
i
z
i

= =
+ +

2sin sin . cos
2 2 2
2cos cos .sin
2 2 2
i
i
| |
|
\
| |
+ |
\
tg
2
i
| |
= |
\

Nu tg 0
2

> , th dng lng gic l

( ) ( )
tg cos .sin
2 2 2
z i

(
= +
(


Nu tg 0
2

< , th dng lng gic l

( )
tg cos .sin
2 2 2
z i

= + .
Nu tg 0
2

= , th s phc z khng c dng lng gic xc nh.

S phc

291
6. Xt s phc ( ) ( ) 1 cos sin 1 cos sin z i i = + +
4sin cos sin cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
z i i
| | | |
= + | |
\ \

( )
2 2
2sin sin cos sin cos cos sin 2sin sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
i i
( | |
= + = |
(
\

Nu sin 0 > th dng lng gic l
( ) ( )
2sin cos .sin
2 2
z i
(
= +
(


Nu sin 0 < th dng lng gic l
( ) ( )
2sin cos .sin
2 2
z i
(
= + + +
(


Nu sin 0 = , th do 0 z = , nn khng c dng lng gic xc nh.
2. Dng 2. Cc bi tp v argument ca s phc
Bi mu. Tm mt argument ca mi s phc sau: 1. 5 5 3 z i = +
2.
( )
1 sin cos ; 0
2
z i

= + < < 3. ( ) ( )
2
cos sin cos sin z i i = + + +
Gii
1. S phc 5 5 3 z i = + biu din trn mt phng ta Oxy l im M( ) 5; 5 3
Gi

MOx = l mt argument ca z th
5 3
tg 3
5
M
M
y
x
= = =

2
3

=
2. Xt s phc
( )
1 sin cos , 0
2
z i

= + < <
( ) ( )
2
1 cos sin 2sin 2sin cos
2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
z i i
| | | | | |

= + = + | | |
\ \ \

2sin sin cos 2sin cos sin
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
i i
( ( | | | | | | | | | | | |

= + = + + + | | | | | |
( (
\ \ \ \ \ \

Do 0
2

< < nn 2sin 0

4 2
| |

> |
\

( ) ( ) ( )
2sin cos sin
4 2 4 2 4 2
z i
(

= + + +
(


l dng lng gic ca s phc z. Vy
4 2

+ l mt argument ca s phc z.
3. Xt s phc ( ) ( )
2
cos sin cos sin z i i = + + +
( )
2 2
cos sin 2sin cos cos sin i = + + + ( ) ( ) cos 2 cos 2sin cos sin i = + + +
3 3 3 3
2cos cos 2sin cos 2cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
i i
| |
= + = + |
\
(1)
ChngIII. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

292
i Nu cos 0
2

> th z =
3 3
2cos cos sin
2 2 2
i
| |
+ |
\
l dng lng gic ca s
phc z. Vy
3
2

l mt argument ca s phc z.
i Nu cos 0
2

< , th t (1) ta c
3 3
2cos cos sin
2 2 2
z i
( | | | |
= + + + | |
(
\ \
l dng
lng gic ca s phc z. Vy
3
2

+ l mt argument ca s phc z.
i Nu cos 0 0
2
z

= = argument ca s phc z khng xc nh.

3. Dng 3. Tm tp hp im biu din s phc trn mt phng ta
Bi 1. Tm tp hp im trong mt phng phc biu din cc s z tha mn:
a. 3 5 z z + + = b. 1 2 z z i + =
c.
( ) ( )
2 z i z + l s thc ty d.
( ) ( )
2 z i z + l s o ty
e. 2 2 z i z z i = + f.
( )
2
2
4 z z =
Gii
t z x iy z x iy = + =
a. 3 5 2 3 5 1; 4 z z x x x + + = + = = = (hai ng thng 1; 4 x x = = )
b. ( ) ( )
2
1 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 z z i i y y y + = + = + = =

1 2 2
2
y

= . Vy tp hp l hai ng thng
1 2 2
2
y

= v
1 2 2
2
y
+
=
c.
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 z z i z x iy x i y x x y y i x y xy ( = + = + = + +


( )
( )
1
2 1 0 2 2 0 1
2
z x y xy x y y x

= = = +
d.
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
5 1
2 2 1 0 1
2 4
z z i z i x x y y x y = + + = + =
Tp hp im l ng trn tm
( )
1
1;
2
I bn knh
5
2
.
e. 2 2 z i z z i = + ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 2 1 1 1 x i y i y x y y + = + + = +
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 1 4 x y y y = + = Tp hp im l ng parabol
2
4
x
y = .
f.
( )
2
2
4 z z = ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 4 x y ixy x y ixy + = 4 4 ixy =
1 xy = Tp hp im l hai ng hypebol
1
y
x
= v
1
y
x
=
S phc

293
Bi 2. Xc nh tp hp cc im trong mt phng biu din cc s phc z sao
cho
2
2
z
z

+
c mt argument bng
3

.
Gii
Gi s z x yi = + . S dng cng thc
1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
z a a b b a b a b
i
z
a b a b
+
= +
+ +
suy ra:
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
x yi
z
z x yi
+

=
+ + +
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 4
2 2
x y y
i
x y x y
+
= +
+ +
.
2
2
z
z

+
c mt argument
3

= th
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 4
cos sin
3 3
2 2
x y y
i r i
x y x y
+

= +
+ +
vi 0 r >
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
4
cos
3 2
2
4
3
sin
3 2
2
x y
r
r
x y
y
r r
x y
+

= =

= =

( )
2 2
0 1
4
3
4
y
y
x y
>

2 2
4
4
3
y
x y + =
2 2
2 2 4
3 3
x y
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra tp hp cc im M l phn ng trn tm I
2
0;
3
| |
|
\
bn
knh
4
3
R = nm pha trn trc thc (trc Ox).
Bi 3 Xc nh tp hp cc im trong mt phng phc biu din cc s phc z
tha mn
z
k
z i
=

, (k l s thc dng cho trc).

Gii
Gi s ( ) , z x yi x y = +
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2
1
1
x yi x y
z
k k
z i x y i
x y
+ +
= = =
+
+
(1)
Nu 1 k = th (1)
1
2
y = v tp hp im l ng thng
1
2
y =
Nu 1 k th (1)
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 0
1 1
k k
x y y
k k
+ + =


( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
1
k k
x y
k
k
| |
+ =
|
\


Tp hp cn tm l ng trn c tm I
2
2
0;
1
k
k
| |
|
\
v bn knh bng
2
1
k
k

x
y
6 3
2 3
2 3
ChngIII. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

294
Bi 4 Trong mt phng phc cho 4 im A, B, C, D biu din cc s phc
( ) ( )
4 3 3 ; 2 3 3 ; 1 3 ; 3 i i i i + + + + + + . CMR: A, B, C, D mt ng trn.
Gii
T gi thit ta suy ra ( ) ( ) ( ) 4; 3 3 ; 2; 3 3 ; 1; 3 A B C = + = + = v ( ) 3; 1 D =
Ta c ( ) 3; 3 CA =

biu din s phc 3 3i + ,

( ) 1; 3 CB =

biu din s phc 1 3i + ,

S o gc ( ) , CA CB

l mt argument ca s phc
1
1 3
3 3
i
z
i
+
=
+
.
S dng
1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
a b i a a b b a b a b
i
a b i
a b a b
+ +
= +
+
+ +

1
2 3 3 6
12 12
2 3
i
z i
+
= + =
Vy s o gc ( ) , CA CB

cng l mt argument ca s phc 3 i + .
Mt khc ( ) 1; 2 3 DA = +

biu din s phc

( )
1 2 3 i + + ,
( ) 1; 2 3 DB = +

biu din s phc

( )
1 2 3 i + + .
S o gc ( ) , DA DB

l mt argument ca s phc
( )
( )
2
1 2 3
1 2 3
i
z
i
+ +
=
+ +
=
3
2
i +

Vy s o gc ( ) , DA DB

cng l mt argument ca s phc 3 i + .
V cc argument ca mt s phc sai khc nhau 2 , k k nn

ACB ADB = .
Vy ABCD l t gic ni tip.
4. Dng 4. Phn thc, phn o ca mt s phc
Bi 1. Tm phn thc v phn o ca mi s phc sau:
1.
( )
( )
50
49
1
3
i
i
+
+
2.
( )
( )
7
5
cos sin 1 3
3 3
i i i

+ 3.
10
10
1
z
z
+ , nu
1
1 z
z
+ =
Gii
1.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
50
25
50
1
49 49 24
49
25 25
2 cos sin 2 cos sin
4 4 1 2 2 1
cos sin
3 3 49 49
2
2 cos sin 3
2 cos sin
6 6
6 6
i i
i
z i
i i
i
(
+ +
(
+
= = = = +

(
+ +
+
(


S phc

295
Vy
( )
1
24 25
1 1
Re cos
3
2 2
z

= = ,
( )
1
24 25
3
1
Im sin
3
2 2
z

= =
2.
( )
( )
( )
9
9
6
2
cos sin 1 3 cos sin 2cos 2 sin
3 3 6 6 3 3
z i i i i i
(
= + + = + +
(


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
9 9 9 9 9 19 19
2 cos sin cos sin 2 cos sin 2 cos sin
6 6 3 3 6 6 6 6
i i i i

= + + = + = +
Vy
( )
9
2
8
3
Re 2 cos
6
2
z

= = ,
( )
9
2
8
1
Im 2 sin
6
2
z

= =
3. Xt s phc
10
3
10
1
z z
z
= + , vi
1
1 z
z
+ =
T
( ) ( )
2
1 3
cos sin
2 3 3
1
1 1 0
1 3
cos sin
2 3 3
i
z i
z z z
z
i
z i

+
= = +

+ = + =

= = +

i Vi
( )
10 10
3
1
cos sin cos sin
3 3 3 3
cos sin
3 3
z i z i
i
| |
= + = + +
|

+ |
\

( ) ( ) ( )
10 10
cos sin cos sin
3 3 3 3
i i
(
= + + +
(


( ) ( )
10 10 10 10
cos sin cos sin
3 3 3 3
i i

= + + +
10
2cos 1
3

= = .
i Tng t vi cos sin
3 3
z i

= + ta cng c
3
1 z =
Vy
( )
3
Re 1 z = ,
( )
3
Im 0 z =
Bi 2. Cho cos sin z i = + . Gi s 1 n l s nguyn dng.
Chng minh rng:
1 1
2cos ; 2 sin
n n
n n
z n z i n
z z
+ = = .
Gii
( ) cos sin cos sin
n
n
z i n i n = + = + ;
1 1
cos sin
cos sin
n
n i n
n i n
z
= =
+

ChngIII. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

296
5. Dng 5. Gii phng trnh trn trng s phc
Bi 1. Tm cc cn bc hai ca s phc 11 4 3 w i = + ;
( )
2
1
2
i
Gii
1. Gi s z x yi = + l cn bc hai ca s phc 11 4 3 w i = +
Khi ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
11 4 3 2 11 4 3 z w x yi i x y xyi i = + = + + = +
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 3
11
11 1; 2 3
2 3
12
2 3 1; 2 3
11
x y
y
x y x y
x
xy y x y
x
x
x

=
=
= = =



= = = = =

Vy s phc 11 4 3 w i = + c hai cn bc hai l
1 2
1 2 3 ; 1 2 3 z i z i = + =
2. Theo cng thc Moivre ta c ( )
2
cos sin cos 2 sin 2 i i + = + .
suy ra cos sin i + v cos sin i l cc cn bc hai ca cos 2 sin 2 i + .
Ta c
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 cos sin cos sin
2 4 4 4 4
i i i

= = + . T suy ra
( )
2
1
2
i
c hai cn bc hai l:
( ) ( ) 1
cos sin
8 8
z i

= + v
( ) ( ) 2
cos sin
8 8
z i

=
Bi 2. Gii cc phng trnh bc hai
( ) ( )
2
1 3 2 1 0 z i z i + + =
Gii
Ta c:
( ) ( )
2
2
1 3 8 1 1 6 9 8 8 2 i i i i i i = + + = + + + =
Gi s ( )
2
2
2 z x yi i = + =
2 2
4
1
1; 1 0
1; 1 1
1
y
x y x y
x
x y xy
x

=
= = =



= = =
=

Do 1 i + v 1 i l cc cn bc hai ca 2i nghim
1 2
2 ; 1 z i z i = = +
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh:
4 3 2 1
1 0
2
z z z z + + + = (1)
Gii
Do 0 z = khng l nghim ca (1), nn
( )
2
2
1 1 1
1 0
2
z z
z
z
+ + + =
( ) ( )
2
5 1 1
0
2
z z
z z
+ =
2 2 5
0 2 2 5 0
2
u u u u + = + = ; vi
1
u z
z
=
S phc

297
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 3 1 3 1
2 1 3 2 0 ; 8 6 2
2 2
1 3 1 3 1
2 1 3 2 0 ; 8 6 3
2 2
i i
u z
z i z i
z
i i
z i z i
u z
z
+ +
= =

+ = = +





= =
= =



Gi s ( )
2
2
8 6 z x yi i = + = +
2 2
4 2
3
3; 1 8
3; 1 3
8 9 0
y
x y x y
x
x y xy
x x

=
= = =



= = =
=

Do 3 i + v 3 i l cc cn bc hai ca 8+6i
1 2
1 1
1 ;
2 2
z i z i = + = +
Tng t 3 ; 3 i i + l cc cn bc hai ca 86i
3 4
1 1
1 ;
2 2
z i z i = =
Vy phng trnh c 4 nghim
1 2 3 4
, , , z z z z .
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh:
5 4 3 2
1 0 z z z z z + + + + + = (1)
Gii
( ) ( ) ( )
4 2
1 1 1 1 0 z z z z z + + + + + =
( ) ( )
4 2
4 2
1
1 1 0
1 0
z
z z z
z z
=
+ + + =

+ + =

4 2 2 1 3
1 0
2
i
z z z

+ + = =
( ) ( )
2
2
3 2 2 1
cos sin
2 2 3 3
3 2 2 1
cos sin
2 2 3 3
z i i
z i i

= + = +

= = +

T
2
2 3
2 2
cos sin cos sin cos sin
3 3 3 3 3 3
z i z i z i

= + = + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
4 5
2 2
cos sin cos sin cos sin
3 3 3 3 3 3
z i z i z i

= + = + =
Vy (1)
1 2 3
3 3
1 1
1; ;
2 2 2 2
z z i z i = = + = ;
4 5
3 3
1 1
;
2 2 2 2
z i z i = = + .
Bi 5. Gii h phng trnh hai n phc
1 2
, z z sau:
1 2
2 2
1 2
4
5 2
z z i
z z i
+ = +

+ =

Gii
Ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1
4 5 2 5 1
2 2
z z z z z z i i i
( (
= + + = + + = +



1 2
, z z l cc nghim ca phng trnh
( ) ( )
2
4 5 1 0 z i z i + + + =
Vy nghim ca h l ( ) 3 ; 1 2 i i + v ( ) 1 2 ; 3 i i +
ChngIII. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

298
6. Dng 6. Cc bi ton v mun s phc
Bi 1. Chng minh rng:
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 z z z z z z + + = + , z
1
, z
2

Gii
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
2 z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z + + = + + + + + = +
Bi 2. a. CMR: ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 z z z z z z + + = + + , z
1
, z
2

b. CMR: ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 z z z z z z = , z
1
, z
2

Gii
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z + + = + + + + + = + +
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z = + + + =
Bi 3. CMR: ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1
i i i i
4
z z z z z z z z z z = + + + z
1
, z
2

Gii

2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
i i i i z z z z z z z z + + +
= ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z + + + +
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
i i i i 4 z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z + + + + + =
Bi 4. CMR: ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2
1
Re ... Re
n
n k
k
z z z z
=
+ + +

, z
1
, z
2
, ... , z
n

Gii
t
2 2 2
1 2
i ; ... i
k k k n
z x y z z z a b = + + + + = + trong , , ,
k k
x y a b

2 2 2 2
1 1
n n
k k
k k
a b x y
= =
=

;
1
n
k k
k
ab x y
=
=

.S dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski

ta c:
2 2
1 1 1
n n n
k k k k
k k k
x y x y
= = =



2 2
1 1
n n
k k
k k
ab x y
= =


. T bt ng thc
S phc

299
ny suy ra nu
2
1
n
k
k
a x
=
>

th
2
1
n
k
k
b y
=

2 2 2 2
1 1
n n
k k
k k
a b x y
= =
>

. iu
ny mu thun vi
2 2 2 2
1 1
n n
k k
k k
a b x y
= =
=

.
Vy
2
1
n
k
k
a x
=

( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2
1
Re ... Re
n
n k
k
z z z z
=
+ + +

Bi 5. Cho a, b, c, d vi ac 0. Chng minh rng:

{ }
{ } { }
Max ; ;
5 1
2 Max ; Max ;
ac ad bc bd
a b c d
+

(1)
Gii
t
2
5 1
, , 1
2
b d
x y k k k
a c

= = = = , khi :
(1) { } { } { } Max 1; ; . Max 1; . Max 1; x y xy k x y + (2)
Nu |x| 1, | y| 1 th (2) ng v |xy| k.|x|.|y| (k <1)
Nu |x| 1, | y| 1 th (2) ng v k < 1
Xt |x| < 1, |y| > 1. Ta s chng minh: { } Max 1; ; . x y xy k y + (3)
Gi s { }
Max 1; ; x y xy k y + <
1
y
k
> v x y k y + <
Ta c:
( )
2
1 x x y y x y x y y k y k y k y + + + > = =

2
2
x y k y k y > Mu thun.
Do (3) c chng minh (2) ng (1) ng.
Chng minh tng t vi |x| > 1, |y| < 1 th { } 1; ; Max x y xy k x + (4)
Do (4) ng (2) ng (1) ng
Bi 6. Cho z
1
, z
2
, z
3
, z
4
. Chng minh:
1 2 3 4
1 4
i j
i j
z z z z z z

+ + + +

Gii
ChngIII. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

300
S dng bt ng thc: |a + b| |a| + |b| a, b
Ta c:
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3
2 2 z z z z z z z z z z + + + + + +
T suy ra:
1 1 2 1 3 2 3
1
2
z z z z z z z ( + + + + +


Tng t ta c:
2 2 3 2 4 3 4
1
2
z z z z z z z ( + + + + +


3 3 4 3 1 4 1
1
2
z z z z z z z ( + + + + +


4 4 1 4 2 1 2
1
2
z z z z z z z ( + + + + +


Cng cc bt ng thc
1 2 3 4
1 4
i j
i j
z z z z z z

+ + + +

ng thc xy ra (z
1
, z
2
, z
3
, z
4
) l mt hon v ca (a, a, a, a) vi a
Bi 7. Cho
, , 0 a b c
a b c abc

+ + =

Chng minh: T =
2 2 2
1 1
1
1 1 1 2 3
a b c
+ + + + +
Gii
T gi thit
1 1 1
1 1
a b c
a b c abc
abc ab bc ca
+ +
+ + = = + + =
Coi cc biu thc cha cn l mun ca cc s phc, khi ta c
2
, ,
i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 i 9 9 3 2 3
a b c
T
a a b c a b c ab bc ca
| | | | | |
= + + + + = + + + + + + =
| | |
\ \ \

Bi 8. Cho a thc
( )
2
2
1 ...
4 4 4
n
n
z z z
f z = + + + + . Chng minh rng:
z
1
z
2
tha mn | z
1
|, | z
2
| 1 th ( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
8
z z
f z f z

>
Bi 9. Gi s z
1
, z
2
, ..., z
n
l cc nghim phc ca a thc
P(z) =
[ ]
1
1 1
...
n n
n n
z a z a z a z

+ + + +
a. Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
1 2 2
... 2
n
z z z a + + +
b. Chng minh rng: Nu t
1
, t
2
, ..., t
n 1
l cc nghim phc ca a
thc P(z) th ta c bt ng thc sau lun ng
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2
2
... ...
n n
n
t t t z z z
n

+ + + + + +