Professional Documents
Culture Documents
'NIK
MW WM OIL )0X
opper,
& Common
Blue Butterflie
v,,
B0"M.
13tr>
S^,/
THE
NATURALIST'S LIBRARY.
EDITED BT
SIE
VOL. XXIX.
ENTOMOLOGY.^
WHITISH BUTTERFLIES. y
BY JAMES DUNCAX,
M.W
S.,
ETC.
EDINBURGH:
W. H. L1ZARS,
3,
ST.
JAMES' SQUARE.
LONDON:
HENRY
G.
55$
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Memoir
of
Werner,
17
48 49
Genus Papilio,
Swallow-tail Butterfly. Papilio Machaon. Plate IV. Fig. 1. Scarce Swallow-tail Butterfly. Papilio Podalirius. Plate IV. Fig. 2.
92
9-1
Brimstone Butterfly. Gonepteryx Rhamni. Plate V. Fig. Clouded Yellow Butterfly. Colias Edusa. Plate V. Fig. 2.
.
1.
100
103
106
Pale Clouded Yellow Butterfly. Colias Hyale. Plate VI. F'ig. 1. Scarce Clouded Yellow Butterfly. Colias Europome. Plate VI. Fig.
2.
108
110
Butterfly.
Pontia Brassicce.
1.
and 2
113
CONTENTS.
I'AGE
Male.
116
3.
117
119
Hoard's White
Pontia Metra.
Butterfly.
2.
Green-veined White Butterfly. Pontia Napl Plate IX. Fig. 1. Dusky-veined White Butterfly. Pontia SabelliccB. Plate VIII. Fig.
121
3.
123
124
2.
125
127
&
Wood White
Butterfly.
3.
Leucophasia Sinapis.
128
Black-veined White, or Hawthorn Butterfly. Pieris Cratceyi. Plate XI. Fig. 2. Apollo Butterfly. Parnassius Apollo. Plate XI. Fig. 1.,
131
134
Duke
Fig.
1.
137
Genus Melitcea,
Pearl-Bordered Likeness. Melitcea Athalia. Plate XII. Fig.
2.,
.
139
140
Greasy
Fritillary.
Melitcea Artemis.
2.,
142
XIV.
Fig. 2.
144
145
148
XV.
Fig. 2.
3.,
C0NTENT5.
Genus Argynnis.
....
XVI.
PAGE
.
150
Queen
Fig. 2.
152
High Brovm Fritillary. Argynnis Adippe. Plate XVI. Fig. 1. Dark Green Fritillary. Argynnis Aglaia. Plate XV. Fig. 1.
SHlyei-Washed Fritillary.
153 155
Argynnis Paphia.
Plate
XIV.
Fig.
1.
157
Genus Vanessa,
159 ICO
2.
Comma
Butterfly.
Vanessa C. -album. Plate XVI. Fig. 1. Great Tortoise- Shell. Plate XVII. Fig. Vanessa polychloros Small Tortoise-Shell. Vanessa Urticce. Plate
1G2 164
XIX Fig.
1.
Peacock's Eye. Vanessa Io. Plate XVIII. Fig. 1. Camberwell Beauty. Vanessa Antiopa. Plate XVIII. Fig.
166
2.
168
Red Admiral.
Vanessa Atalanta.
Plate
Plate
XX.
Fig.
1.
170
XIX.
Fig. 2.
174
XXI.
Plate
177
White Admiral.
Limenitis Camilla.
Genus Hipparchia.
....
Plate
XX.
Fig.
2.
181
184
4.
186
Wall
Butterfly.
Hipparchia Megcera.
XXII.
Fig,
3.
188
The
Grayling.
Hipparchia Semele.
1.
&2.
190
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Marbled White Butterfly. Hipparchia Galathea. Plate XXIII. Fig. 1. Large Heath. Hipparchia Tithonus. Plate XXIII. Figs. and 3
192
2.
194
196 198
Meadow- Brown
Butterfly.
Hipparchia Janira.
Plate
XXIV.
Figs.
1.
&
2.,
The Ringlet
Butterfly.
4.
Hyparchia Hyperanthus. Plate XXIV. Fig. Mountain Ringlet. Hipparchia Cassiope. Plate XXIV. Fig. 3.
Arran Brown Butterfly. Hipparchia Ligea. Plate XXV. Fig. 1. Scotch Argus Butterfly. Hipparchia Blandina. Plate XXV. Fig.
.
199
201
2.
202
204
205
Scarce Small Ringlet Butterfly. Hipparchia Davus. Plate XXVI. Fig. 1. Marsh Ringlet Butterfly. Hipparchia Polydama. Plate XXVI. Fig.
2.
Plate
XXVI.
Fig. 3.,
207
208 209
Brown Hair-Streak.
Thecla Betulce. Plate Purple Hair-Streak.
Thecla Quercus.
XXVII.
Figs.
1.
&
3.
2.
211
4.,
Plate
XXVII.
Figs.
&
212
214
215
Plate XXVIII. Fig. 1. Streak. Phecla W-album. Plate XXVIII. Fig. Green Hair Streak. Thecla Rubi. Plate XXVIII. Fig. 3.
Thecla Pruni.
2.
217
Genus Lyc^na.
Large Copper.
Lyccena dispar.
Plate
219
XXIX.
Tigs.
1.
& 2.,
220
CONTENTS.
Plate
XXIX.
Fig.
3.
222
224
Purple-edged Copper. Lyccena Chryseis. Plate XXX. Fig. 1 Dark Under-winged Copper. Lyccena Hippothot. Plate XXX. Fig. Common Copper. Lyccena Phleas. Plate XXX. Fig. 3.
2.
225
226
Genus Polyommatus
Azure Blue Butterfly. Polyommatus Argiolus. Plate XXXI. Figs. and 2 Bedford Blue Butterfly. Polyommatus Alsus. Plate XXXI. Fig. 3. Mazarine Blue Butterfly. Polyommatus Acts. Plate Fig. 4.
1.
228
229
230
231
XXXL
Large Blue Butterfly. Polyommatus Avion. Plate XXXII. Fig. 1. Alcon Blue Butterfly. Polyommatus Alcon. Plate XXXII. Fig. 2. Chalk-Hill Blue Butterfly. Polyommatus Corydon. Plate XXXII. Fig. 3. Clifden Blue Butterfly. Polyommatus Adonis. PI. XXXIII. Figs. 1. & 2. Common Blue Butterfly. Polyommatus Alexis. Vignette Title-page,
Silver
233
234
235
237
239
241
Fig.
3.
Brown Argus
Polyommatus Agestis.
Plate
XXXIV.
Fig.
1.
243
Durham
Argus.
Plate
XXXIV.
Figs. 2.
244
PI.
XXXIV.
Fig. 4.
245
Portrait of Werner,
Vignette Title-page.
Butterfly,
2 3
In
Volume.
MEMOIR OF WERNER*.
The
fancy,
the birth of a
the
its in-
of the
Earth.
sport, as
tory.
Its arbitrary
seemed
sciences
to
;
men
riod excluded
from the
At
has
been brought within the range assigned to the hu* Instead of writing
anew the
life
of this distinguished
individual, for which few materials could be procured that have not been already laid before the public, it has been
thought that we should best consult the interest of our readers, and at the same time give an agreeable variety to our biographical notices, by introducing, in an English form, the Eloge of Baron Cuvier, pronounced before the .Royal Institute of France. This sketch furnishes all that is interesting in a life remarkably free from incident, and presents a view of Werner's opinions and discoveries, distinguished by the analytical talent and philosophical discernment for which its author was so eminent.
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
faculties, and, confining itself to the
it
man
modest task
netrated into
plained
place
its
its
bowels, and, in
It
anatomy.
among
is
what
very remarkable,
of
its
any thing
which
it
marvellous character.
The
objects
the
truths which
are even
that
and Saussure
completed by Werner.
have filled for he had the good fortune to witness, during his own lifetime, the universal prevalence of
his ideas
in
their character
of most naturalists.
of his
in the
He
has
left
as
many
inheritors
the
man
to be found,
his pupil.
have been
name, as
if they
had
CSl
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
19
When
most ardent
ries
in
writings, or
who have
But
in
in his case
all
this.
Confined to a small
the country,
town
lie
in
pils.
He
in
power;
his disposition,
the press.
portant, he
that the
at a
all
was so
little
conscious of his
own
merit,
most
trifling
that
But
self,
this
man, though so
far
little
and so
was
in
any
of
language and
conversation.
When
when once, over a few fragments of stones or rocks disposed almost by chance, he had developed, as if by inspiration, all those general ideas and innumerable relations which his genius had perceived, no one
20
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
Feeling the
ascendency of Ins
Werner
re-
him
as
a father.
his doctrines,
his
and
It
affection.
was thus
little
school
few miners
for
Pupils flocked to
it
try
dividuals,
at-
born on the
Upper
Lusatia.
From
was
His
father,
who
piling
them together, tossing them about, and breaking them in pieces, to group them, and recognise them by their most prominent characters. He always
* Guttlob, Praise
God
MEMOIR OF VVERN&K.
preserved a few of these pieces, and,
21
when he shewto
Europe,
lie
seldom
failed to
it,
draw attention
as if he
wished to shew
first
in the
bu-
siness of mining,
that those
who embrace
first
should be re-
gularly licensed, he
and subsequently
be rather said,
Two
two
it
may
passions, attended
him through
life
the love
of
He
delighted in
What;
and when
lie
do so rather
Both these
work, the
first
years of age.
It
all
is
designated by an appro-
all
mineralogists
may
be readily understood.
22
Jar to that
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
which Linnseus had conferred on botany;
at the
but
it
same
price.
It
more
detail
and precision
that persons
who accustom
markable
first
themselves to apply
it,
acquire a re-
facility in
;
glance
cessary to
draw up
But
it
modes
of expression as well as in
air to the
its
an affected
servilely
lixity
works
in
which
more frequently fatiguing than useful. These inconveniences seem, however, to have been but little felt. Technical and half-barbarous
terminologies had long been
the reigning fashion.
naturalists,
already accus-
tomed
deed,
at
to so
many
In-
we may suppose, that if any one was alarmed this new creation, it was Werner himself, and
if
that
he wrote so
little
it
waa
Happily
his early
work,
adapted as
it
was
to the
made
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
his
23
He
was nominated
in
Freyberg
an appointment
bestowed on him that he might devote himself without restraint to his strongest inclination, and which
retained
in in
him
in a district the
it,
Europe
to satisfy
since
and
all
from a re-
mote
this
directions
by the
to
it
operations of miners.
and
alone
nius,
became one of immense extent. His first step had been to create for
second was to form a system
;
it
a language
latter, as
his
it
but the
also greatly
the
most
difficult.
classifica-
all
the organs to a
common
action,
and the
species, resulting
from the
More remote
relations
may
ways more or
mind.
some
24
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
The mysterious
it
force of crys-
determines
in like
manner the composition but this is only within cerRecent experiments have evinced that tain limits. there are substances whose crystalline virtue is such,
that
different
their
form
and
it
or of lime, as there
or less of iron
animals of the
same species
latine, or
addresses
itself
to our sight
but in an
immense majority
is
very
it
for the
latter is
more
and im-
more
easily.
No
al-
properties which
are
the fundamental
principle,
cleavage,
which
are
is
only one of
its
phenomena,
and the
effect of the
less
more or
immediate consequences.
led
by that
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
25
He
and
as
which he
self to
sets out.
when
in perfect
all
in-
make
itself har-
as
it
best may.
All unctuous
many of them
magnesia.
ciple, that
So rigorously did he
he always persisted
the siliceous
in
mond among
gem
gular
is
is
stones, although
had
this
more
sin-
among
all
perties,
he paid
which
It
is
is
commenced
admirable manner
ner,
it
afterwards attained
and Wer-
on
his
part,
may
easily be ex-
cused
for
all
26
rivals.
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
But the conduct of some
of his followers
ill-di-
admits of no excuse,
who
attempted, with an
rected zeal, which he took every opportunity of reprobating-, to depreciate a series of truths with
lie
which
con-
little
acquainted.
trary proceeding
per, for
it
is
would have been greatly more pronecessary to unite and combine the
Far from being opposed
results of the
two methods.
same
in spirit,
some
establish
mistry.
sufficiently consulting
for
che-
them, tacitly at
is
least,
principle of individuality
which
not inherent in
obliged at the
by indicating distinctions in substances which she was unable to detect by her analysis, till after the fact had been announced.
The
only difference
is,
that
ance to the characters which have been most the object of his study.
has recourse to
scientific
many
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
27
what
ture-,
and when,
two methods,
not only
qualities,
itself,
he has almost
employ are
Werner had
thus
method of arranging
in this
a knowledge of
The
was
garded them.
The Earth is composed of mineral masses and modern observers have ascertained that these masses
are not distributed at random.
Pallas, in his
la-
marked
De
in
Saussure
direc-
De
in
numerous
tions, the
Europe.
Without quitting
small
province, W^erner
ao
28
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
in
of
all
the
Follow-
continuity, without
shift-
by the
crests
rise
age of
all
The
different fluids
legible
left
behind them.
and have
predominating in-
gredient.
this
To
By
degrees,
argil
begins to predominate.
;
Schists of
dis-
Ser-
pentines,
porphyries, and
is
succeed, in which
sili-
the grain
less
purity.
Internal
mary deposites
and
new
rocks,
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
united by a cement.
It is in the
29
midst of these
commotions that
the
first
life first
begins to appear.
Carbon,
of these products,
now shews
;
itself.
Lime,
by man,
fill
large
The
in
of living
tain
them.
At
last,
immense
alluvial collec-
moveable substances, which form the earof vegetation, of culture, and of social
life.
liest seats
The
and the
first
of
They become
rare,
however, in
recent formation.
They
be produced by rents
after their formation
;
in the
filled
equal age.
The
last
their
themselves intersected.
Tin
is
the
oldest of the
whole
silver
and iron
at
Gold
those
two masters
its
of the world
seem
the periods of
formation
but
at
each pe-
30
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
we can
thus to
its
different mines.
The
me
bring together,
results which, as
may
their accuracy
;
subsequent investigation
and
if
we except
none of
his
countries,
his
But
in their hori-
is,
by the
dif-
differences,
of which
it is
These
Werner regards minerals, and which he designates by the name of Geographical Mineralogy.
Indeed, the rocks of most recent formation, and
which
lie
least elevated
mountains.
From
this
we
infer, that
creased.
tions of
produc-
which became of a
diversified
is
character.
The
therefore dissi-
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
milar
31
fact
more
attentively
we examine
is
;
their structure.
advancement
their
and
all
the details of
manners.
for
In Lombardy,
.of
is
example,
we
is
brick
contiguous to
Its
it,
quarries of
travertin
made Rome
;
ancient world
modern
But Michael Angelo and Braat Paris in the same style Rome, because the same materials were atimes.
;
wanting
and
extends to
Under
abundance of rivulets;
in those
charming
valleys,
It was these that minds of which the human race have most reason to be proud while, on the other hand,
arts first
sprung up.
birth to
ways prevented
their inhabitants
32
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
In
is
the composition of
the
same manner
as a philosophical
mi-
Our
on
all
granitic districts
effects
The natives Lower Bretagne, are neither lodged nor fed like those of Champagne or of Normandy and it may even be said that they do not Even the results of the conscription think alike.
;
is
conformhigh
when we connect it in this manner with what Werner called Economical Mineralogy, or the
new
delight, to the
him
to
embrace.
But,
in his
much
greater length.
The
history of
man and
tha'
MEMOlIt OF WERNER.
he was departing from
his principal subject,
33
by
in-
He traced
the mi-
He
common
source, origi-
nating always in the highest central land of an elevated mountain-range, he regarded each dialect, as
diit
becoming
soft or
harsh as
happened
to
become
stationary in a level or a
mounmore
Even
Werner endeaand
if
his ac-
commenced
Freyberg.
his career
by studying
for
some time
at
own
Werner
of
in like
manner fancied
that
demand
the world.
Strangers
who happened
Freyberg, and
were surprised
34
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
They were
allied to the
Indeed,
we may admit
that
there
of exaggeration in
generalizing to such an
single object
to
;
mind
and
so varied
At
and
when exceptions
are
so
much
disliked,
difficulties so easily
surmount-
upon a
field
them
final analysis,
still
of leading
Some individuals who have since risen to the first rank among the mineralogists of Germany, had wished to hear him, only
for the
purpose of obtaining a
summary knowledge
of their lives.
became the
profession
MEM OIK
triors,
OF WERNER.
35
who have
so carefully described
exist
;
tfne
different
states in
which minerals
and
fatigable observers
the globe
Humboldt,
Karsten
Von
summit of the
have been
Hunled on
by the spirit of their master. They always ascribed to him the honour that resulted from their labours and it might be said of him, what could formerly be
said with truth of Linnaeus only, that
Nature was
in his
name.
but
his
Few
it
by
There was no
for his pupils.
;
sacrifice
His time
he
at their service
and
if
knew
of
When
his
audience became
at all
times
open to them
of
them
in
company,
opportunity should be
his
36
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
;
and
it is
in fact
by them
also, re-
In this point,
sembling Socrates, to
in so
his
whom
many
known
of
his lectures.
Whether
it
was
that he
was
satisfied
by
his
his
tediousness of writing,
est difficulty that
for
two pamphlets, and a few arBut he engaged in oral disof genius, as well as
of beuevolent feeling.
make him
for the
take up a pen.
He
mechanical act
its
amusing by
very
ten-
extremely few.
The
last,
him
and
at
that he
polite-
for this
want of
open such
letters as
were sent
to
One author, who was desirous to have the opinion of many scientific men respecting a voluminous work, circulated his manuscript among them.
him.
During
its
lost.
After a
thousand researches,
was at
last disinterred
from
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
under a hundred others
in the
37
house of Werner
placed him on
is
To
the
Academy when
it
of
its
adorn-
ed with
not even
all
boast for
names of which Europe can more than a century and perhaps he did
the great
;
know
that this
from some
But we may
that,
when we
learn,
him by his sister from Dresden, was obliged to wait two months at an inn, and at his expense, before a simple
about
this
same
business.
was
him most.
In every thing
he
is
tesies of social
with as
much
punctuality as he
This
spirit of
in
Germany
and
in
for a
seemed
kind of method.
He
delibe-
much
or cabinet.
3.3
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
There was
still
his
Whatif
ever
he
temper.
lustre,
stain
on
their
freshness or
Of such
his
indivi-
usual
good humour,
to handle minerals.
eccentricities,
to smile,
is
to
whatever
most elevated
in genius,
and amiable
his youth-
in disposition.
They had no
him by
who were ever happy to be instructed, and warmed by his words and attentions. They
pupils,
them
eager
to
foibles.
But these
will
by deprived of valuable works, which no other person, for a long time, will be able to execute so well.
It is said
that the
first
work on
His whole
life
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
sophical and friendly conversation
that
39
of
all
ignorant
was going on
at a distance,
His
life
be prolonged
for a considerable
of
all
care of his
own
him
least.
Among
his
whims,
be placed
But
of
all
was the
The
peace which
it
He
tenderly
on him
He
loved a prince
who
protected the
them profoundly,
and of
and
whom
serve from so
many
calamities.
and of
his country,
and
his anxiety
duced a complication of diseases, to which no care He died in the arms of could administer a remedy.
bis sister,
40
MEMOIR OF WERNER.
seems as
if
him
to this ca-
pital, that
honours.
The most
dom
M.
Boettiger, a dis-
The most
day render
celebrated academies of
Germany have
which
the
same
in
tribute
will
we
this
and which
be
every
cultivated.
June
1817.]
To
determine the
utility of
Natural Histoiy,
to
it is
scarcely necessary to do
more than
it
enumerate
its
its
will
be seen in
most
convincing form.
This be-
41
all
the importance of
attempts
to sti-
and
Under the
for
we make no apology
state
progress,
and present
of the Wernerian
Natural History
history, to
To
this so-
inter-
it
will
be well to illustrate
sible
and
though progressive influence that has been exeron the minds of many, by one enlightened, zeal-
cised
ous,
On
made
in
its
;
steps to-
our
own
country,
though so rich
and
Price's
servations.
Yet
ignorance of the
be surpassed by the
flights of
Para-
42
celsus,
would
The
berg.
individual to
is
whom
mineralogy
is
ly indebted,
the well
known Werner
He
curate
He
;
should not be
made
to
bend to hypothesis
but
that every
man who
and
While
this illustrious
of ge-
Dr Hutton
;
of Edinburgh took
his genius
would, in
all
:
probability, have
but
it is
known
man, by
his
became Mi-
43
flattering
and of
attainment of
it.
About 1804,
lished.
Mr
Playfair's beautiful
and eloquent
first
Illustrations of the
pub-
In this work,
and
infinite ingenuity,
dicate
author
pion.
may be
Dr
Hutton's
contest
became
keen
and the
result
has
mineralogy
is
who
felt
anxious to render
it
beneficial, naturally
its
history,
would
afford
the
operations of the
mineralogist.
To
the
neglected
though
44
THE WERNTERIAN
SOCIETY.
perceived and
felt
who had
Professor
Germany; and
solicited,
had
been strongly
by
his
valuable works, to
it
was considered
original
founders.
Professor Jameson,
Barclay, and
Doctors Wright,
Macknight,
Thomson, Colonel Fullerton, Messrs Anderson, Neill, and Walker (now Sir Patrick Walker) held their first meeting, and " resolved to associate themselves into a society for promoting the study of natural history ; and in honour of the illustrious Werner of Freyberg, to assume the name Proof the Wernerian Natural History Society." fessor Jameson was elected the first president Doctors Wright, Macknight, Barclay, and Thomson, the
;
vice-presidents
Mr
and
Mr
(now Dr) Neill, the secretary. Honorary and other members were elected and among the first of the
names of Werner,
it
Sir
Joseph Banks,
At
same time,
45
and accordingly,
The
Some,
who
are
more disposed
to cavil
title
than to
reflect,
have
of the Wernerian
Society,
narrowing
its
scope.
Werner,
it is true, is chiefly, if
not exclusively,
known
His know-
and
is
regarded,
by
those
who have
extent.
to
possessed
markable for
its
accuracy as for
its
Werner's me-
as
it
man
of science,
ought to be considered,
what
really
is,
The name
implies
no determination blindly
culiar views
to
as
dom of The
discussion.
Society has
now
records have
all
and
46
has
useful career,
and
has, both
and
indirectly, contributed
most
essentially to
Most
of the active
mem-
engagements circumscribe the sphere of their scientific utility; yet, notwithstanding this and other disadvantages, they have explored a large portion of
country
papers,
its
more imme-
suffi-
ciently
known
it is
and as ana-
lyses of these
elsewhere,
details.
The course
the whole,
and upon
we
obtrusive career, in which solid foundations, for future distinction and lasting reputation, are laid,
is
to
be preferred to that rapid course which dazzles for a while, but leaves no fixed and permanent impression.
When,
it
indeed,
we
recall
the
circumstances
re-
under which
wa-
first
established
when we
47
to the very
name
we cheerfully
merited by
we owe all that true spirit of mineraloginow abroad, and which bids fair to place our country among the first where such studies have been successfully cultivated. While we thus bestow praise where it is due, we cannot refrain from tendiligence,
cal inquiry
dering our mite to the Geological Society of London, which has done so
much towards
elucidating
it
Sincerely must
two
societies
objects.
may
comshall
mon
Let
we
anxiously apply to them the spirit of the dying address of Father Paul to his country
petua."
LEPIDOPTERA.
INTRODUCTION.
Child of the sun pursue thy rapturous flight, Mingling with her thou lov'st, in fields of light; And where the flowers of paradise unfold, Quaff fragrant nectar from their cups of gold. There shall thy wings, rich as an evening sky, Expand and shut with silent ecstasy. Yet wert thou once a worm, a thing that crept On the bare earth, then wrought a tomb, and slept And such is man ; soon from his cell of clay To burst a seraph in the blaze of day Rogers.
!
!
The
lume
is
devoted, acquires
its
the other
their
entire
surface
which has caused the insects to be designated by the name Lepidoptera, from ten-is, a scale, and
scales,
rrrs^u,
wings.
is
not uni-
denuded of
scales,
and others
in
which the
them
But these
50
INTRODUCTION.
which
is
The
as
species which
it
known
terms
Butterflies,
flight,
and Nocturnal.
Many
;
of these are
among
our most
common
insects
Their amount
is
so considerable, that
among
we
;
are acquainted.
it
There
is
is
Coleoptera or Beetles
inclined to assign
it
that
numerous order.
its
though
little
variable
above
little
fall
short of 2000.
From
this
we may
infer that
their
numbers
diurnal
way
The
Lepidoptera, or such as
fly
during
INTRODUCTION.
the (lay, to which the present notice
stricted, are the
51
must be
in this
is
re-
known
couna
lite-
try
This term
ral translation of
is
become prevalent
butter.
They
winged kinds, by possessing antennae with a knob or club at the summit,* and holding their wings, when
in
They
by
pearance, seldom
those
fail
beauty
of natural objects.
line
The
their
gay and
fitful
the
splendour of
their colouring
kingdoms
of
confer on
seem to them a kind of superiority over other insects. Some naturalists have accordingly considered them
head of the Insect Class
;
and
if,
as
Mr
and gaiety,
requisite,
Kirby remarks, beauty, and grace, and splendour of colours were the gTeat
* Certain foreign genera, however, such as Morpho and Urania, form an exception to this rule, as they have antennae either of equal thickness throughout, or tapering Blightly to the summit.
52
they are
INTRODUCTION.
doubtless
deserving
of this
preference.
na-
was to employ her pencil, that it might admit of more varied and profuse decoration. Even the under face of the wings, contrary to what is observed
in other flying animals, is usually as
much adorned
what may be
favoured
as the surface,
ner.
and often
in
Each wing,
two
therefore, presents
called
different pictures.
is
No
kind of ornament
in this
omitted
to
form de-
The
like
we assign to their beauty. Unmany others of this class, which delight to riot among substances most offensive to our senses, or
*
Usus Papilionum
;
ad rura illustranda velut tot bracQuis enim eximiam earum pulchritudinem et varietatem contemplans mira voluptate non afficiatur? Quis tot colorum et schematum elegantias naturae sius d ivinas artis vestigia eis impressa non agnoscat et miHist. Insect. 109.
retur? IUii,
INTRODUCTION.
which destroy the property and
lives
53
of their less
Instead of grovelling on the and flowers. " dungy earth," they are generally seen either sportair,
all
ing in the
flower, and
They
when
in its highest
connected with
rise to
many
summer.
Several
seem but
ill
adapted to
resist the
warm days
of spring, are
among
These circumstances,
to-
phenomena
* In the sunny clime of Italy, where nature never dies, and probably also
may be
in
54
INTRODUCTION.
The
rountry.
scribed,
numerous in number inhabit this Between 2000 and 3000 have been deit
and
is
About 75
diffe-
namented kinds are natives of the new world, especially of Brazil but they abound in all tropical
;
countries,
"
should undertake an endless task," say Messrs Kiror one or other of these authors,
all
attempt to specify
the
modes
it,
of marking,
all
among
the lepi-
dopterous tribes
to a
shall therefore
confine myself
few of the
coloured wings,
the beholder so
of
Of whole know none that dazzle the eye of much as the upper surface of tbose
I
Linne
just-
ture that, for brightness and splendour, can be paralleled with this colour
:
it
is
and, what must cause a striking conthe prone surface of the wings
is
flight,
as
INTRODUCTION.
dull
55
so that one
in
and dark
as the supine
is brilliant,
its
wings open
and shut
Another
by
its
radiating ceru-
lean disk, surrounded on every side by a margin intensely black, gives the idea of light
first
emerging
this idea
it
was probably
Linne
to
give
it
the
name
know no
insect
upon
of the
rests with
name
its
the contrast
wings
its
abdomen,
beyond expression
regal
and magnificent." *
Although our British butterflies can in no way compete with the magniflcent examples just referred to, we yet possess many of great beauty, whether
as regards the brilliancy of their colour, or the har-
monious manner
buted.
in
distri-
The
Emperor
Woods, has a
is
rich-
tint,
which
The
prevailing hue
among
the Lycce?ice,
cy
in
exhi!)iting, in great
tints
* Futroduction to
p. 651.
56
of blue.
INTRODUCTION.
What
fine pencilling
and
Atalanta
merous
otlu-r species?
beautiful shades
them
sure
and the
by
their
and compa-
tribe.
The mode
rich tints,
of painting
employed
produce these
may
the
scales,
whole
surface.
These
where
but some-
(A
number
of the
Fig. 2,
They
pedicle,
and overlapping
In
of a roof.
some
instan-
cases
there appear
to
be two lyers of
INTRODUCTION.
scales
57
rubbed
the wing
thin
is
found to consist of an
membrane,
The
latter are so
numbers on a
wings of the
single
of
400,000 on the
some of our native butterflies; must this number be to that necessary to form a covering to some foreign butterflies, the wings of which expand upwards of half a foot; or certain species of Moths, some of which But how much
inferior
Moth
!
Owl Moth
wings
may
contain
870
tesserulse,
100,736
In
common
nourishment entirely
mouth
is
masticating kinds.
They
among The
58
INTRODUCTION.
is
some-
times of
great,
length,
it
spirally convoluted
when
unemployed, but
pidity,
and
is
admirably
corollas
great flexi-
some resemblance
to the
is
The
junc-
two
parts
is
;
perfectly air-tight
and
this
union
of
is
effected
by
means of an
to each other.
infinite
number
filets,
resembling
Of
lateral
these three
alimentary
the
two
ever,
is
lateral pores.
is
The
many membranous
papillae,
resembling
INTRODUCTION.
some authors
them
as absorbents.
59
chiefly in long
was
more steady, by affording numerous points of support, and adhering in some degree to the subtbat organ
it
is
inserted;
an
explanation
the long
fact, that
some
point-
tip,
Several
Fig". 9, is
are
showing
its
Fig. 10,
is
composed, each of
which
it is
and forming
Fig. 11,
is
by
canal
The two
is
com-
development
This
at the
spicuous.
labial palpi,
These
or-
(See PI
1.
fig.
12 a
60
INTRODUCTION.
attached to a triangular plate, which must he
lip,
They are
as
it
the trunk.
base, there
On each
is a
of
two or three
The
representative
lip, is
a minute membranous
;
and
two other
ternally,
cis
smafll projections,
more or
gnawing
ist in
Most
and
afford an-
many
already familiar
sential function
for, if
some
when
fully developed,
it is
how they could be employed by the insect, way prove serviceable to its economy.
Both the
different kinds of eyes
The
ordinary, or
compound
in
As
some
M.
Puget's ob-
INTRODUCTION.
61
The stemmatic,
two
in
They
when
among
The
of a great
number
of joints,
in
(PL
in
I. fig.
12, b).
They
are greatly
more uniform
species of the
tifully
same
The shape
The thorax
diate
Its
co-
two corneous
let
tufts of hairs, so as to
:
these
may be observed, covered with make them resemble an epauhave received the name of patagia, or
scales
62
tippet9.
INTRODUCTION,
The
scutellum
very conspicuous
exists in
its
tribes
likewise
is
butterflies,
point
directed forwards.
The
thorax
always shorter
it
These important appendages are of course the wings and legs, of which it is necessary to give some
account.
The
latter, as in all
composed
same amount
inserted
They are
The
is of-
frequent-
at the tip.
The
jointed,
at the extre-
(PI.
I.
fig. 13.)
Many
short to reach
the
plane of position,
and usually
drawn close to the sides of the thorax, the long hairs of which in a great measure conceal them from our These spurious legs have only one joint in view. the tarsus, which, in some cases (as in Vanessa, &c),
is
are
named tetrapod, or four-footed butterflies. The wings are of much greater extent^ in propor-
INTRODUCTION.
tion to the size of the body, than in
63
any other
tribe
of insects.
are very
various
pair
is
to-
They
in
numeelastic
and hold
tension
the
thin
membrane
are
of
which
it is
composed.
These nervures
aeiial
tubular, and
fluid,
are
permeated by an
and
aqueous
when
sect
in
lias
The
principal
is
at-
numerous
is
The
which they
term areas.
margin
:
The
anal
;
costal
the
area, a
posterior margin
that
part of the
others.
is
The
butterflies
towards
usually
is
In
many
no transverse
nervures, and
outer side.
64
INTRODUCTION.
it i9
easy for butterflies to support themselves for a long time in the air; but their
mode
of flight, at least in
Reaumur's opinion,
is
They seldom
and
fly in
up
side.
By
flying in this
make
them a prey.
says
"
was not-
withstanding
terfly,
flight,
and
at
which
it
expected to seize
it."
Many
of
much from
Such
each other
mode
continuous
flight,
way
Of
our British species, the White Admiral is the most " The graceful celebrated for its manner of flying.
elegance displayed by this charming species," says
Mr
sailing
on the wing,
is
greater,
scctes,
INTRODUCTION
perhaps, than can be found in any otner
Britain.
65
we have
in
in
London, so
to go to the woods,
and
sit
down on
evolutions
!"
The hinder
ture.
is
section of the
body
is
the abdomen,
in its
form or struc-
consists of six
or seven
segments, and
diameter.
It is
without
any appendage
being nothing
butter-
among
well
several diffe-
Of
these a
somewhat
detailed account
plete
view of
their history.
by the parent
fly, after
accomplishing which,
able numbers.
They
by a
coat-
66
INTRODUCTION.
tit
em from
from
They
differ essentially
the eggs of birds, as no lime enters into their composition, and, instead of
shell,
They
species,
Some
of
them
are nearly
The
surface
is
when highly
urticce,
Plate
I. fig. 3,
Egg
of
Vanessa
Fig. 4, Subconical
egg of Pontia
ribs,
the colour
bright yellow.
Fig. 6,
ries of
Egg
imbricated scales.
Globular egg of
Hipp. Hyperanthus, ornamented with regular rows Fig. 8, Egg of Hipp, of minute elevated points. (egrria, having the whole surface covered with hexagonal meshes. After the
fly
Tbis gene-
warmth
to
less
Such, indeed,
INTRODUCTION
as are laid late in
pillars
till
67
To
at
facilitate
the egress
some
species are
is
lid
Guided by an
instinct
howto af-
fails to
is
mediate vicinity
so that,
Upis
larvje appeal' as
worms
full
ra-
state
probably
owe
to their voracious
all
and
and
word is not very obvious, hut it no doubt refers to their destructive propensities. The most probable derivation is that which assigns it to the two old
origin of this
The
more recently
writ-
Was
and
piller, to
alas! how simple to these cates the crude apple that diverted Eve
pillage.
68
INTRODUCTION.
by consuming
Almost
their
to eat
and so indus-
double their
racity of
own weight
find
of food
a degree
of vo-
which we
of
animals.
their
Their structure
life
;
admirably adapted to
mode
nomy
when,
No
They through
longer reptile but endowed with plumes, the blue air wander.
The body
drical,
of caterpillars
is
and
is
gument, or
The outer intemembranous and soft, but in some instances it approaches more to a coriaceous texture. The general softness of the body is of
skin,
is
usually
great utility, as
it
flexibility,
inflections
ner
in
which
it
itP
food.
Most
of the cater-
pillars
that produce
of
two distinct kinds. Six them are placed on the three anterior segments that portion of the body which corresponds to
INTRODUCTION.
the thorax of the winged insect
(39
and
segments.
is
The form
They
lower extremity,
in a strong claw.
Each
of
them
future
legs).
is
(Plate II.
fig. 1,
The
and
fleshy,
and
membranous
is
legs, or
ened
at pleasure,
which
is
smooth
surface, or
em-
What may
its
the
foot,
plate,
which
furnished on
row
short and
mur
circumference.
When
70
the foot,
is
INTRODUCTION.
dilated, these claws are turned outwards,
and their small curved points find inequalities to which they can adhere even on a surface which might Several appear to the naked eye almost smooth.
modifications of this curious prehensile foot occur
among
these
it
but of
an account.
Reaumur.
in
pair of pro-legs,
The head
to be
of caterpillars
is
of a harder consistence
in
lobes united.
(Plate III.
The conformation
of the
mouth
of lepidop-
See Plate
II. fig. 4,
which represents
It
con-
an upper
lip,
two strong mandibles divided at the tip into numerous sharp teeth, which cut the leaves that serve as food (c, c) two small and indistinct organs
(b)
;
;
of a soft consistence,
and an un-
Near the summit of the latter, which is usually of a pyramidal shape, is placed* according to Reaumur, a small conical protuberance, perforated
INTRODUCTION.
byasmall
hole, through
71
This
named
the spinneret.
On
it
each side
lip,
at the base,
(e, e),
which
may
well
be regarded as the
labial palpi.
is
The
consume the
They
invariably begin to
gnaw
the margin
of the
leaf,
it
steady.
Before ap-
plying
mouth, the
its
boly,
it
and advances
head as
may
command a larger extent of the leaf. The mandibles are moved with great rapidity, and every time they
meet cut
lowed.
off a small piece,
which
is
instantly swalis
At every motion
legs,
and
commenced to gnaw, and the same process repeated. In this manner the mandibles describe a succession
of arcs, and the leaf
is
somewhat resembling
the leaf-cutting bees.
in
is
made by
notch
to,
seems,
lip,
formerly alluded
72
INTRODUCTION.
leaf,
and
in the direction
it.
most favourable
to
for the
which
it is
neces-
The former
head.
in size,
and seem
to be of
insects.
The
antennae,
two
many
joints within
till
they are
wholly concealed.
Many
Lepidoptera
but
in
some
cases
hairs,
and numerous
These hairs are sometimes simple, but more commonly they have a series of small pointed
pieces springing from each side, like leaves from a
stem.
and diverge in
directions.
These tubercular
elein
INTRODUCTION.
row across the middle
of
tlie
73
segments.
The
spi-
little
many
armour
exotic spe-
but
we have
good examples
;
such, for
common
They
Even when
so
numerous
as
arm-
ed with a transverse
four to eight.
series,
The accompanying
caterpillar of
Cynthi
(Plate
II. fig.
These
that,
many
;
means
of defence,
Few
birds prey
is
upon hairy
Cuckoo which
to the rule.
Arctia caja
74
INTRODUCTION.
The
it is
in
all
its
genious mechanism, presents few topics more deserving of consideration than are afforded by the
to enter
upon
that
dormant
perfect
or
state
fly.
change of
envelope
in
is
enclosed.
is
The
latter
can scarcely be
grow, but
offers so
much
re-
enclosed animal,
it becomes necessary to throw it off entirely. must be evident, however, that it is no easy task to withdraw the body from a shell in which every separate limb and articulation is closely encased,
the
which
The
is
operation,
at times
thus described
by Reaumur
A
tive,
critical
moment
arrives,
become very
inac-
may be
in greater
INTRODUCTION.
security,
75
it
natural position,
is
elevated,
At
;
some
The
effect of
comes apparent,
and
rigid,
on the back
new
is
integument.
The
commenced,
easily
first
is
no sooner
free
than
it is
head
is
old envelope,
is
it,
and raised
re-
through the
The head
then reclined on
and nothing
which is done by contracting the segments, and drawing them towards the head till they reach the
opening. All these operations, apparently so laborious, are
76
INTRODUCTION.
As
if
exhausted
by its
a 9tate of inactivity,
its skin,
ciently
The
colours
which,
before
become
and well defined, and are often distributed in a manner different from those which adorned the rejected coveting. Its strength and activity are soon
restored,
Nunc
returns to
maturity
many
instances,
it is
After continuing
form
new
by
attributes
This important
and
singular
metamorphosis,
by
which a long cylindrical worm, possessing all the necessary organs of motion and nutrition, and employing these with the utmost activity,
is
converted
is
preat-
As
if
foreseeing
its
ap-
INTRODUCTION.
proachhig incapacity either to defend
77
itself or to flee
caterpillar,
having
now completed
the
plant
full
growth,
it
generally abandons
on
which
fixed
is
fed,
retreat, or
some
It
and
stable object to
may
adhere.
in
consequence of
we
so of-
ten find chrysalides in the holes of old buildings, in the fissures of timber, &c. or attached to walls, posts,
and
rity
which so many
racious days.
Having
its
animal commences
by means of a cord of silk. As chrysalides are suspended in two different ways, either perpendicularly by the tail, or horizontally by means of a band round
of the chrysalis, and the suspension of the latter
and
it
will
therefore be
When
the chrysalis
is
to be
suspended by the
first
tail
operation of the
surface to
which
it
is
threads,
their
which
readily
adhere
consequence of
layer
viscosity.
Each successive
a
little
covers a
it,
so that
they form,
when completed,
hillock of silk,
Into
78
tliis
INTRODUCTION.
the animal pushes ns hinder pair of pro-legs,
by the small hooks which project from a part of the outer edge of the foot. (Plate II. fig. 2.) The anterior part of the body is then permitted to fall down,
and
it
head lowest.
upwards,
curve
is
Soon
after,
it
in
it
head to
fall
itself,
do so
in
one direction.
than
Reaumur,
it
lasted for
in the back,
The
in
latter is
which
and
in
wedge, both
pushing
it
upwards
to the
By alternate
;
contrac-
the caterpillar,
now
pressed togetail
of
the chrysalis.
This, however,
is still
and suspend
itself to
now
this,
considerably above
it.
In order to accomplish
which seems
to require
an
effort
beyond the
INTRODUCTION.
power
it
79
arms or
legs,
seizes
ments, holding
supports
sheath.
itself
and thus
from
its
till
withdraw the
tail
It
its
tail
as
much
as possible,
same manoeuvre
silk, to
till
the extremity
which
it
immediately adit
number
from
withdrawing the
to
Reaumur,
finally
whom we
It is impossible
but once
in
its
life,
We
must necessarily conclude that it has been instructed by a Great Master for he who has ren;
dered
it
the requisite
means
its
in
safety." *
is
still
In order to get
quit of
tlie
slough, which
suspended by
curves
it,
its tail in
such a manner as
partly to
embrace
disengaging
the ground.
it
from
its
fastenings,
and throws
it
to
Reaumur, vol.
i.
p. 423, 424.
80
INTRODUCTION.
When
tally,
the chrysalis
is
to be
But
as
it
some
preits
by
caterpillars
for
cincture.
The
that
common Cabbage
But-
allied species.
Availing themselves
bend the
is
lead
backwards
to the point
where the
girdle
to
Other
caterpil-
Machaon,
may
to
hang down
in a loop, into
it is
completed.
among them
use
it
in
its
its
makes of
which
it
employs to
in a proper position.
Some time
been thus
at-
INTRODUCTION.
81
to
where
it is
When
the chrysalis
is first
disclosed
it is
soft
ana
through which
many
may
As
this liquor
dries,
mem-
more
the
weather.
so
closely
many
of
them can be traced by the ridges and other prominences they form on the surface.
by the accompanying
larger
Tortoise-shell
Butterfly
to
( V.
polychloros),
human countenance.
its
Fig. 7, a magnified
view
of
under side:
;
a, a,
Kirby)
be,
be,
trunk or
sucker f,f, two trigonal pieces, forming the eyecases. In consequence of their being so completely
\
8 '1
puDse obtected.
INTRODUCTION.
In this state, they are of
comae
in-
abdomen to one side, which they when disturbed. Scarcely any other
is
symptom
of animation
The milky
fluid
which
is
whole of the
interior,
by evais
In this
way
the
germ
till it
ultimately
the whole
The
process
all
of respiration
appearance
in
medium
The
number
the
and tapering
to
tail
in
the
form of a cone.
diffe-
The
;
prevailing colour
but, in
is
some
INTRODUCTION.
agreeable hues.
83
Swallow-tail and
Those
of
the
fine green,
resembling their
common Cabbage Butterfly is greenish-yellow, marked with small black points, somewhat arranged while that of the Black-veined White in lines
the
;
(Plate III.
fig. 4.)
is
yellow, streaked
and spotted
with black.
a
But many chrysalides are decorated in more sumptuous manner, some of them appearing
and others spotted with goldenlustre.
It is this co-
entirely covered,
now used
indiscriminately in
Among
most of
flies
That
its
is
is
proved by
fly
enclosed
escapes.
that
it is
The
is
observations of
owing
which
tinge to
a shining white
membrane
is
lying
immediately be-
neath
it.
similar effect
sometimes produced by
artificial
means.
duration of the pupa state varies greatly in
The
different species,
and even
in the
same
species, ac-
cording to circumstances.
the Swallow-tail Butterfly
the
84
caterpillar enters
INTRODUCTION.
upon that
state in July,
;
produces
formed
in the
till
Suck
were conjectured by Reaumur to depend on the temperature to which the chrysalides are exposed and he proved this to be the fact by a series of
;
By placing
if
natural influences,
He
much
tarding
it
and the
result
was equally
satisfactory.
He
an icehouse, in consequence
till
a year
When
itself
it
the butterfly
extricates
ea-
sily
membrane
friable.
On
ii.
its first
Reaumur,
10.
INTRODUCTION.
is
85
fixes itself
feeble
on the
neighbouring object,
strength.
it
acquire
some degree
first,
of
and covered
soon disappears.
of the wings
is
Hi-
But
their folds
and corrugations
way
the whole extent of the wing, and which are themselves excited
fluid
As
dually
become
by frequently shaking
its
wings
The
spots
and other
for a short
time exposed to
the sun, the new-born fly launches into the air with
much
if
it
had
The appearance
it
86
INTRODUCTION.
difficulties to
those
like
an " oleaginous
soil ;"
young
The
Swammerdam were
its
to
show
this subject in
By
the
delicacy
as an
up within the body, in the same manner embryo flower may be detected in the interior " It is clearly and distinctof an unexpanded bud.
folded
ly seen," says
Swammerdam, "
and
butterfly
is
hid-
must
manner
by
accretion." *
exists,
the
germ
Book
of Nature,
ii.
26.
INTRODUCTION.
of the future
fly,
87
which
is
gradually developed by
;
the accretion of
lopes are
perficial,
new matter
off as
fully
and
its
various enve-
thrown
till it is
When
in the state of
more
;
previous condition
and
some time
before
the the
final
membrane in which they are enclosed. Even when viewed in this light, as a series
we
are
to the an*
emblem of
the soul
and
word Psyche, which properly means the human soul, With greatly more acto signify also a butterfly.
curate notions of the real nature of these transfor-
mations, few
modern
and
wTiters on the
subject have
failed to notice
lical
upon the general symboanalogy which subsists between them and the
dilate
is
destined to unin
The
its
caterpillar
chiefly occupied
pro-
viding for
is
regard-
88
INTRODUCTION.
it
from the tomb to enter upon a more exalted " But although the analogy bestate of existence.
tween the
body
of
man
it is
He
appears in
his
tion for a
it
more
When
and goes into a hidden state of being in Hades, where it rests from its works, and is prepared for its
final
consummation.
it
The time
for this
being ar-
rived,
its
comes
for
though
was sown an animal body, it shall be raised a spiritual body," endowed with augmented powers, faculties, and privileges, commensurate to its new
and happy
fectly true
state.
"
And
between the
The
if it
prepared
and
be not destroyed by the ichneumons, and other enemies to which it is exposed, symbolical of the vices
that destroy the spiritual
life
of the soul,
it
will
pupa, which
is its
come Hades
;
and
at length,
when
it
forth with new powers and beauty to its final glory and reign of love. So that in this view of the sub= ject, well might the Italian poet exclaim,
INTRODUCTION.
Non
v*
89
Nati a formar
accorgete voi, che noi siam' vermi 1' angelica farfalla ?" *
assailants,
which
effect a
lodgment
in the interior of
great
num-
In none of their different stages are they exattacks, excepting perhaps in their
them when
nopterous
Linnaeus
;
caterpillars.
The
parasites are
hyme-
flies
As an example
of the
we have
:
is
the
8,
(Plate II.
fig.
The
size is
very diminutive, the largest specimen seldom exceeding two lines in length.
the body
is
The
general colour of
The wings
The abdomen
flat
is
furnished
valves,
and
in
i.
a point.
The
ntrod. to
Entomology,
p. 76.
90
INTRODUCTION.
is
conveying the
When
weapon
This
repeated
till
no fewer than
in the
thirty or forty
body
of a single ca-
in their singular
nidus,
animal.
They do
not, however,
by a wonderful
vital
inif
organ, as
own
In consequence of
assume
at
in which,
in that
its
sides.
Having
which
in
way
themis
selves
now 60
soon
dies,
W hen
the perfect
lid at
fly is
INTRODUCTION.
and
after
it
91
air, it is
ready
their offspring
way, that
it is
evident-
within due
to propagate
in-
calculable mischief,
of vegetable produce.
we now proceed
to deto
notices as
may
full
elucidation
of the subject,
we come
92
the bright train their radiant wings unfold, silver fringed, and freckled o'er with gold. On the gay bosom of some fragrant flower, They idly fluttering live their little hour, Their life all pleasure, and their task all play, All spring their age, and sunshine all their day.
!
Lo
With
Barbauld.
Genus PAPILIO.
The word
in
the
the
diurnal Lepidoptera.
species
As
the
amount
of
known
in
increased,
and
their
structural
differences
were more
affording a
were arranged
for the
purpose of
The
its
origi-
greatly restricted in
appli-
and
is
now conned
cuvod
to eiuch butterflies as
Antennae
which
is
rather
not com-
third
all
legs
formed
two small
PAPILIO.
spines at the apex, and the claws undivided
93
:
hinder
their interior
edge con-
The
the
ca-
They have
power
which
neck a
two branches,
like the
Y.
bears
much
forth only
when
it
alarmed, and
it
The
1.
The
chrysalis
is
angular, and
fixed
by a silken
These
insects
name
of Equites.
Nearly
200
many
of which are
re-
insects
known, and
markable
They abound
mates.
is known to inhabit Europe, viz. P. Alexanor, which, though observed of late years more frequently than formerly, is still extremely rare.
94
SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Machaon.
PLATE
linn. Donovan,
vi.
IV. Fig.
1.
Britain,
pi. 34.
This
nous
to
elegant insect
is
butterflies, the
tween the
per wings
portion of
wings.
The
powdered with yellow a large the apex is of the same colour, and adornblack,
is
narrowly edged
is
with yellow
yel-
running
in
The
under wings
is
is
black,
and the curved nervure on the under side of the discoidal cell, which is defined by a black streak
:
Beyond
the yellow
portion there
is
PapiUuMnrhxwn
Papil/o
S<
i'l'Jnlir in..
Swallow TailJS
arce Swallow Tc
SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY.
a series of imperfectly defined blue spots,
95
and a row
the outer
edge
is
also yellow,
nervures.
On
The under
two or three
faint
cell,
The body
thorax
is
The
ment deep
fig.
the retractile
(Plate III.
fre-
It
is
a solitary feeder,
and usually
derable injury to
it
in
known
in certain districts
The
chrysalis
is
ference
For an accurate and more detailed description, may be made to Ray's Hist. Insect, p. 111. 1.
re-
96
SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY.
Although somewhat
local in Britain, this species
seems
to be pretty
Beverley in Yorkshire.
It
it
probably
certainly
nor have we
dis-
heard of
tricts of
its
occurrence in Ireland.
it
The fenny
Cambridgeshire produce
;
in considerable
abundance
served
of
it
occasionally in
it
Ray obdays
both
and
in the
the caterpillar),
in
was
Westram
Kent.
It is generally diffused
:
of Europe it occurs plentifully in Egypt and Syria; and specimens are said to have been brought to this
It
appears
continues
97
PLATE
Linn
IV. Fig.
PI. 109
2.
Donovan,
iv. 1,
Lewin, PI.
35.
The
yellow
;
ground colour
in this
conspicuous insect
is
and there are six transverse same colour on each, the third
and
fifth
are likewise
;
marked with
tail,
same
colour,
and there
is
edged with
in front
The
bounded
by
The markings on
the under side do not differ materially from those of the surface, the principal difference consisting in a
reddish line between the
two
is
largest bars
on the
the
under wings.
The body
G
yellow,
black on
98
row
The
and tapers
smooth,
It is
white
lines,
and
indistinct
the segments,
It feeds chiefly
tail.
most
Numerous
having occurred
but
all
of
it
in
whether
it is
really indigenous.
and
in others,
been
fully ascertained.
Mention
is first
it
made
of
it
by Ray, who
in Italy
;
and
memini,
is
Berkenhout
it
has admitted
and
is
figured
among our
its
native
In a
list
1827, there
is
an announcement of
having been
in-
discovered in the
*
New
Forest
but subsequent
sists
says that its food conof the different kinds of brassica; but this statement is at variance with recent and more accurate observation.
99
The Rev.
F.
W. Hope
informs
Mr
Stephens (III us. of Brit. E?it. 145), that he possesses a specimen of P. Podalirius which was taken
at Netley, Salop.
Thk
as
we know, been
very
common
in
some
where
named
in
he Flamhe, from
flames.
resemblance
the
100
BRIMSTONE BUTTERFLY.
Gonepteryx Rhamni.
PLATE
Pap. Rhamni, Linn.
V. Fig.
1.
Donovan,
v. 1, PI. 145.
This insect, and a few others, were first formed mto a distinct genus by Dr Leach, on account of the
peculiar shape of the wings, which are large and an-
gulated.*
The
little
all
and alike
13.).
in both sexes
the claws
to re-
(PI.
I. fig.
ceive the
abdomen.
The male is entirely bright sulphur-yellow above, and the female greenish-white, both sexes with a
small round orange spot near the middle of each
wing, those on the upper wings being smallest, and a few minute rust-coloured dots along the outer
edge.
The under
Named from
side
is
an angle, and
-x-n^vs
a wing.
\GonepteryxBhcurwi,.
Brimsto
Colias Cloud
editsa.
BRIMSTONE BUTTERFLY.
pale in the centre.
101
The body
is
The
The
caterpillar
is
articus),
It
conical beak,
by the
tail,
and has
the
This insect
is
generally
;
distributed
over
it
abundant
been observed by
Mr
Mr
Wilson on
been noticed in Scotland, a circumstance perhaps to be attributed to the rarity of the plants from which
the larvae derive their sustenance.
vives the winter
;
It
and
its
its
colour,
it
wings, render
The
very
first
butterfly," says
Mr
Knapp, "
that will
aloft repair,
And
102
is
BRIMSTONE BUTTERFLY.
and vibrating
a primrose
first
in
the breeze."*
apIt
pearing in
May
last in
autumn.
in
The
presents scarcely
Mr
in the neighal-
103
PLATE
V. Fig.
2.
Colias edusa, Fab Donovan, vii. PL 238, Fig. 2, female, and ii. PL 43 ( C. hyale), male Pap. Electra, Lcicin, PL 32. Clouded yellow or Saffron 3., Harris'' Aur. C. He-
lice,
The
wings, however,
tri-
The
spe-
of
size.
some shade
of yellow, often
more marked with black. This general resemblance has led to some confusion in their synonymy. The
.is
male of C. edusa
yellow
;
border
at the extremity,
and a
waved on its inner edge, rounded spot of the same colour in the middle
which
is
104
of each.
deep yellow.
On
are pale tawny on the disk, and greenish at the extremity, with a central black spot, and an obsolete
series of blackish spots parallel with the outer edge
:
row of
is
The body
by hav-
the antennae
reddish.
The female
is
distinguished chiefly
Examples of
this sex
sometimes
which the
describe
it
as distinct,
helice.
many
naturalists.*
The
spots
is
dots.
On
the Continent
it
as,
i.
p.
U,
PI.
II*
figs. 1, 2.
105
probably
per-
it
taining to the
occurs
in
in
same natural order. The butterfly the south of England in considerable plenty
met
with.
It
ample
to be
seems
neighbourhood of Dover.
Over
C edusa
It
is
is
tensive range.
well
known
in
most portions
and
10G
PLATE
VI. Fig.
I.
Pap. Hyale, Linn. Donovan, vii. 238, Fig. 1. Curtis, Brit. Pale Clouded Yellow, Harris' Aurel Ent. vi. 242
Lewin, PL
33.
This
fine
species
is
generally
somewhat
fine
larger
sulphur-yel;
the female
attenuated at the
down
it
;
the middle.
The under
wings
is
mote from the outer edge, and nearly parallel with it. Beneath, the upper wings are whitish -yellow,
suffused with orange at the
tip,
having a discoidal
dusky marks
at
107
spots.
The
fringe of the
The
irregular
fig. 2.)
(Plate III.
appropriate food
is
it
itself
with
The
butterfly
is
considerably
is
found
There
may
it
almost be said
to be a maritime
so rarely has
been noticed
at
103
PLATE
Stephen's Illus.
ii.
VI. Fig.
2.
and
No.
Eurymus Euro2d
ser.
12.
Both
phureous-yellow above
the
:
whiter, with a
black or dusky
gin
is
iris,
and
mar-
a very obsolete
row
of
dusky spots
the pos-
terior
and a secondary
they
The female
differs in
109
hinder margin of the anterior wings, irregularly spotted with yellow, and in wanting the border to the
posterior wings, having in
triangular
its
place
some
cilia,
obsolete
dusky
spots.
this in-
we have introduced
by whom
it
thor
was
first
made known
to the public
as British.
its
Many
which
regarded in that
light,
But
since the
means
all,
became
accessible to
several
announcements
its
England.*
Suffolk,
It
and
also in Sussex.
Has been
noticed in
the
meadows near
a rare insect."
Avon and
110
Genus PONTIA.
This genus comprehends
which are so
so well
common in gardens, and which are known for the depredations they commit
on cabbages and other ole-
raceous plants.
The
species are
prolific, that
we seldom
fail
to see
them
flitting
about
lately
Till
our native species were not thought to exceed three, but an indefatigable naturalist,
who
distinct,
W.
judgment of entomologists
and
these early
distinct species.
For my-
may
say that
some years
summer
and as
my obserP.
me
are
Chariclea and
Metra
mere
varieties respectively
GENL'S PONTIA.
of
*i
P. Rapes
is
avowedly
conse-
chances
It
there are so
many more
must be admitted, indeed, that when a small and perfectly immaculate specimen of P. Metro, is compared with a full sized and strongly marked one of P. Rapce, the prima facie difference is so wide, that any one would at once pronounce them distinct.
But
sible
we
rally to
it
connect and identify the two extremes and would be next to impossible to decide, in many instances, to which of the two these intermediate
links should with more propriety be referred. The same observations apply also to the kindred species P. Napi, the earliest spring specimens of which are
summer
them
and
P. Brassicce and
Rape,
is
No
material
been observed
in the caterpillar or
them from
in the
in
Mr
Stephens
proof
seem scarcely
sufficient
outweigh what
*
may be urged on
242.
112
GENUS PONTIA.
judiciousness of the above observations, few
The
who
which they
ledge
;
refer will,
we
think, hesitate to
acknow-
the reputed
new
them
species as
mere
it
varieties.
still
Several
inclined
in the
may
be as well
till it
meanwhile
to regard
them
in that light,
be seen
With
we have
described
P.
Chariclea, Metra,
and
SabelliccB,
racteristic
eminent naturalist by
whom
be
they were
first
named
and described as
likely to prove
genuine species.
the following
The
in
true Pontia
:
may
known by
characters
one side
the posterior
:
legs alike
The
chryis
salis
attached by the
middle.
Common, Cabbage!}.
j.j'emtia
mall White
Rapes Male.
,
113
PLATE
Pap. Brassiere, Lxnn.
VII. Figs.
and 2.
PI. 25.
In
this
well
knowu
somewhat indented
:
on
its
mark on
On
sprinkled
an indistinct dusky
pair.
The
yellowish, slightly
waved with
black.
114
and black above, the former clothed with hoary pu~ bescence on the thorax. Males sometimes occur
spotted with black on the upper wings, somewhat
in
The
caterpillar
is
the
common cabbage
and
its
&c),
this
voracity
is
were
it
prevent
its
superabundant increase.
parasitical
Of
these, the
ichneumons, es-
others allied to
great numbers.
The
I
"
ones to
its
killed
by
insects,
ground
they do
much
mischief,
effectual
by.
Page
115
when they
first
begin to ap-
The
butterfly
is first
often
all
It occurs
abundantly in
parts of Britain,
and seems
to be equally plentiful
throughout Europe.
116
PLATE
i.
PI. 3,
fig. 1.
fig. 2.
This
insect
is
than the
preceding species
patch on the
tip,
but
indentations on
white.
its
On
is
wings
yellow, and
no appreciable
dif
ference from
P.
Brassicce.
end of June.
It ha3 hitherto
;
chiefly in
and
Mr
Wailes
in the
neighbourhood of
Newcastle.
PLATE
EartyWfute
117
PLATE
Pap. ilapte, Linn
VII. Fig.
PI. 26
3,
Letliin,
Hist. Insect.
Small Garden
The
is
it
is
therefore
The
;
upper surface
tending a short
way along
in the
male there
is
two
in
in the
same sex
of
P. Brassicce
with dusky
pear as
if
edge
at
powdered with black dust on the anterior the base, there is a narrow streak of orangethis butterfly bears so
yellow.
Although
much resemblance
118
of the
two
is
well evinced
respective caterpillars.
by the appearance of the That of P. Rapes is lightalong the back, and a whitish
on cabbages, turnips, &c.
and
is
P.
It ge-
hence
cceur.
The
butterfly
is
very
common
in all
and
in
end of
flight takes
But the
is
insect
is
at all times so
The markings
119
PLATE
Stephens
VIII. Fig.
2.
Illus.
Haust.
i.
19.
The
lines.
wings of
this insect
expand from 20
to
25
The
hase of the wings blackish, and the tip of the anterior pair,
which
is
cies, slightly
in the
male
there
is
which, however, are always very obsolete, and sometimes, as in the variety figured, entirely wanting.
The
yel-
The
tip of the
upper wings
is
on
disk
rather bright
The
fringe of the
Occurs early
in the
It has
is
120
in
Newthus
"
whether
in
specifically dis-
much
G.
may
it
the autumn
JVailes,
Esq.
WMI
Green vein&LWMtB
Bath
121
PLATE
Pap.Napi,Z,iran
fig. 1.
IX. Fig.
1.
Leivin, pi. 27
Donovan,
The
lines
;
wings of
expand from 17
to
22
The
tip of the
primary wings
is
there
is
are
On
ed with a dilated
line of dusky green and there are two black spots on the upper wings, near the hinder margin. The body and antennae are nearly as in the
preceding species.
The
It is
caterpillar
feeds on
tetradynamous
plants,
122
The
chrysalis
is
greenish-yellow,
Tins butterfly
is
common
species
Its
time of appearance
it is
is
and
It
presents
numerous
it is
variations in
its size
and markre-
ings, of
which
account.
One
of the
name
It is of larger
the secondary
first
123
PLATE
VIII. Fig.
3.
Stephens, Must. Haust. i. pi. Ill * fig. 3 $ ; fig. 4 $ Bryonia?, Godart, Ency. Meth. No. 146.
Pap.
Upper
and the
tip,
dusky black,
the ner-
tip,
and
two.
On
the
under
side, the
hinder
The
fly
not known.
The
has been frequently taken in the vicinity of Lon" Not rare in some seasons near Newcastle." don.
G.
IVailes,
Esq,
124
Genus
So
MANCIPIUM.
between
this
and
the preceding genus, that the species have been generally grouped together
under a
common
generic
But the structural differences of M. Cardamines and Daplidice are too considerable to admit of their being associated with the true Pontice, however much they may be allied in habit and general
name.
appearance.
The
principal
distinctions consist in
in the
;
rounded form
in
and
having the
cha-
to
constitute
a subgenus.
is
The
M. Cardamwes\
boat-shapeu
125
PLATE
Pap. Daplidice, Linn
IX. Fig.
2.
Leicin, pi. 28 Donov. vi. 47, pi. 200. Bath White, Leicin, 1. c Green chequered White, Haworlh, Curtis, B. E. i. pi. 48.
The
ish
male of
;
this
rare British
insect
is
nearly
white above
patch at the
interrupted
by
large spots of
it.
The
but
in
se-
in this sex,
the
is
The markings on
the
The
hinder
margin,
an
irregular
cross
band
of white,
and three
spots
of that colour
towards
126
the base.
black.
The
Brassica
also
wild
Mignonette [Reseda
luted),
It
The
chrysalis
is
at
first
as a na-
continues to be classed
noticed by
:
among our
rarest kinds.
It is
Ray
as
it
has likewise
neighbourhood of
been taken,
Piastrier of
Bristol.
More
recently
it
has
both
by
Mr
Stephens and
Mr Le
Ramsgate,
Castle, in the
Lewin, that
lady, from a
it
in the meadow under Dover month of August. We are told by was named the Bath White, from a
young
specimen of
be taken
Orange
izp
ir N/l /
Woou
127
ORANGE-TIP BUTTERFLY.
Poniia Cardamines.
PLATE
Pap.
X.
Figs.
1.
&
2.
Donovan, v. pi. 1G9 Letcin, of the Woods, Harris, Aurel. pi. 32. Pontia Cardamines, Steph. Illus. Mancipium Cardamines, Hubner.
pi.
Cardamines, Linn
30
Orange-tip,
delicate
or
Lady
This
and
it
to
parts of Britain,
Its
ordinary
time of appearance
when
where
April.
the weather
is
mild
is
on the
gay and
flight.
The
were mistaken by
distinct species.
Ray and some other authors for The expansion of the wings varies
are white,
dusky
at the base,
in
with
the middle,
tip
:
the
1*28
is
in
the female.
Rexes
morated
yellow.
ipots
of green,
powdered
as
it
were with
The
The
caterpillar feeds
Cardamines
also
on
It is of
The
chrysalis
also greenish-yellow.
PLATE
Pap. Sinapis, Linn.
pis,
X. Tig.
3.
Leach, Jermyn.
Sinapi. 29.
Loti, Rennie.
tevxog,
is
volute,
and
an apparition
or appearance),
d'stin-
"WOOD
short and
flat,
WHITE BUTTERFLY.
129
and by the
al-
The
club,
and the
which are
much
as has
been
Dragon-fly.
base of
all
The
colour
is
the wings
the under side the latter are faintly tinged with green
at
the
tip,
sprinkled with
black
points from
The under
and bands.
found on the BirdVfoot
The
Trefoil
ling
caterpillar is usually
(Lotus corniculatusj, and Meadow VetchIt is green, with a deep ( Lathyrus pratensisj.
There are two broods of the butterfly each season, in the end of July. Although an abundant species in most parts of Europe, it is
one in May, the other
rather scarce in Britain.
ever,
it
In certain localities,
how-
as in
Darenth
130
also ib
We
It
occurrence in Scotland.
by
Mr Heysham
131
PLATE
Pap. Crateegi, Linn
45
1.
XI. Fig.
pi.
2.
Hawthorn
Lewin,
24
Donovan,
xiii. pi.
Butterfly, Kirby
Spence.
In
this
is
the club
formed gradually
two
is
about
the up-
being sparingly
is
one
of
the
few
butterflies
any other
species,
cilia, it
11,
fig. 1.)
The
same characters
will distinguish
it
at
132
tia,
HAWTHORN BUTTERFLY.
which
it is
by the equal
The strong nervure that surrounds each wing has never before been noticed." *
the basal one.
from
all
its
asso-
ciates.
Common Cabbage
of
a uniform white
colour, with
There
is
the wings,
marks on the outer margin of the upper pair. The some time after tbey are
hatched,
hairs,
partially
clothed with
of the
represents a
full-
grown
rious,
They
are gregasilk,
and
live for
Their favou-
food
is
wise attack
to
commit considerable damage in orchards. This butterfly is by no means generally distributed through
England, and
it
is
wholly
unknown
in Scotland
but
and
rest,
New Fo-
Berkshire, Dorsetshire.
by no means
viii.
a scarce
360.
HAWTHORN BUTTERFLY.
insect
133
he
on the Continent
that he at
and Pallas
relates that
flights of
first
them
is
in the vicinity of
Winof ka,
of snow.
The
female, indeed,
and
hawthorn branch, with a coating of varnish, so remain in secusaid, for several years),
larvae.
till
cir-
The
colour, streaked
fiff.
(PI. III.
4.)
li*4
APOLLO BUTTERFLY.
Parnassius Apollo.
PLATE XL
Pap. Apollo, Linn.
Fig.
1.
Haworth
Donovan^
xiii.
pi.
433
Doritis Apollo,
In
this
beyond the
head
scales, especially at
The
The
caterpillars
have the
power of protruding a
retractile
by means of
silken threads.
The expansion
.'
Pirns Crdiou
APOLLO BUTTERFLY.
ot tne
135
black
spots,
by a black
The extremity
of the wings
is
band
at
it.
The
black dots
The markings on
the
:
how:
mark
in the centre
spots, bor-
The body is
knob.
The
lour,
side,
body
is
It feeds
on
the Orpine (
various kinds
13G
APOLLO BUTTERFLY.
first
in
consequence
of
mens
in the possession of
but no authentic
on record of
its
any one
circumstance which
may
fairly
be as-
sumed, in the case of such a marked and conspicuous object, as a sufficient indication that
inhabitant of this island.
it is
not an
We
however, that
it
sum-
mer
in
must be a mistake, we
it
aifords
insect
tinent,
mean while, such an ornamental among our indigenous species. On the Conit
Its flight
said to
fiuyundp FritzZIary.
Tearl 6,
137
DUKE OF BURGUNDY
FRITILLARtf.
Nemeobius Lucina.
PLATE. XII.
Pap. Lucina, Linn
pi.
Fig.
I.
242.
f.
Duke
Lewin,
of
Burgundy
15
Fritillary,
This and
may
be
and destitute of
found only
male,
Nemeobius (from
v.pos,
a grove, and
/3<o?,
palpi
much
the
The
inferior
the
rounded
The species above reknown to inhabit Britain. The expansion of the wings seldom much exceeds fourspurs,
ferred to,
138
series of irregular
each spot
The under
side
much
and a
small
dusky mark
in the
centre of each
besides
two
pale bands,
spots,
The
above, the
named
onisciform.
It is of
a pale olive-brown
on the Cowto
and Primrose.
local,
The
it
butterfly appears
be
somewhat
forded
it
but
occurs
not
unfrequently.
occasionally af-
abundance, and
it
We
its
in the
neighbourhood of which
by
Mr
Heysham.
139
Genus MELITiEA.
The
which
is
large and
in
palpi long
some
others, with
the
terminal
size, the
joint ovate
and minute
wings of moderate
cushion.
neath,
The
M.
The
caterpillars are
by the
tail
140
PEARL-BORDERED LIKENESS.
Meliicea Athalia.
PLATE
XII. Fig.
2.
Pap. Athalia, Esper. Pap. Dictynna, Lewin, pi. 14. fig. 5. and 6. Pearl-bordered Likeness, Harris Melitaea Atha-
lia,
Stephens.
The
to
is
two inches
the colour
edged with
black
and near
fringe
the margin
is
two
The
The
caterpillar is black
on the
accordbutter-
common
heath.
The
not
uncommon
in Devonshire,
PEARL-BORDERED LIKENESS.
parts of the south of
141
England
It
hut
it
appears to he
that
named P. Py-
1.
are entirely
The under
side of the
upper wings
is
yellow
at the base,
also black,
pair,
of the hinder
central
veins.
142
GREASY FRITILLARY.
Melitcea Artemis.
PLATE
Pap. Artemis, Fabr.
XIII. Fig.
15
2.
pi.
Melitaea
Pap. maturna,
is
The
deep brown-
undulating
lines,
and
light
yellow spots
the secon-
and of a
are
light yellow.
Beneath, the
pri-
mary wings
somewhat
the
hinder pair
irregular,
between
is
merly mentioned
surrounded with
the wings
is
is
distinctly
light ochre-yellow.
The
fringe of
1.
Melitaea Athaha,
var.
2 2eiitnea,Aremis. Gr,
Fritillary.
GREASY FR1TILLARY.
anterior wings only.
in the allied species.
143
The
The
caterpillar feeds
on the two
common
species
The body
same
is
colour,
is
yellow.
line
side.
The
The
butterfly
first
number of
varieties.
It
owes
if
English
name
It
appears
land,
and
is
likewise
we
are informed
by
Mr Andrews
;
that
it
Dur-
ham
and P.
taken
it
near Bel-
ford, in the
countv of Northumberland.
144
GLANV1LLE FRITILLARY.
Melitaea Cinxia.
PLATE XIV.
Pap. cinxia, Linn
Fig. 2.
Haworth,
30.
Glan-
ville Fritillary,
Harris
Bears
dissimilar.
The
colour
is
is
the whole
surface
reticulated
row
Beneath, the
much
iris.
The fringe is whitish- yellow, spotted with The caterpillars are black, with rows
dots on the incisures, and along the sides
;
black.
They
feed on the
NarrowSpeed-
Mouse-ear
the
Common Germander
GLANVILLE FRITILLARV.
well
(
145
Veronica chamcedrys).
They
generally issue
meri-
tamorphosis.
To
colonies,
tent,
web
of
silk.
The
it is
butter-
by no
Dover, and
in a
in the
abundant on the
PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARl'.
Melitcea Euphrosyne.
PLATE XV.
Pap. Euphrosyne, Linn.
Fig.
2.
Leivin,
pi. 13.
Donovan*
xi.
pi. 312.
The
22
lines.
8 to
each of
them having a row of black spots towards the apex, and a band of the same colour along the outer mar-
146
gin,
in
PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY.
which forms on the inner
side a triangular point
row
of
are ra-
with
light
yellow.
The
hinder wings
some
of
them
Beyond
this,
there
a long quadrate
sil-
is
row
of dark spots.
The
hinder margin
spots,
bounded on
all
sides
is
by a deep black
line.
The
brown the antennae ringed with white, and the knob tipped with reddish-brown. Several varieties
occur, of which the most remarkable are those ha-
wings
half of the
upper
marked with
The
lines of
caterpillar
on
diffe-
rent
and Viola
The
butterfly
is
apparently dis-
PEARL-BORDERKD FR1TILLARY.
tributed over the whole island, as
tices of its
147
no;
we have seen
most parts of Emdand and numerous specimens have been received from
occurrence
in
of Scotland, while
It is a
it is
not
double-brood-
appearing
in the
auain in autumn.
148
PLATE
XIII. Via.
3.
Melitaea Silene, Jermyn. Pap. Silene, Fabr. Haivorth. Small pearl-borSteph Pap. Euphrasia, Lewin, pL 13 dered Fritillary, Haivorth.
Rather
which
in the
it is
smaller than
the
preceding, which
:
it
the characters by
band
in
light a
yellow as in
the
are
M. Euphrosyne :
central
three of which
in
The
and
The
butterfly
149
In Scotland it is much scarcer than M. Enphrosyne. " Not at all rare near Newcastle, appearing in the
M.
Euphrosi/ne usually
G. Andrews
JVailcs, Esq. " Both these species are abundant near Durham."
)
June."~G.
Esq,
150
Genus
ARGYNNIS.
number
lar-
Although
ant
among
we
possess, as
When
is
no appearance of much embellishment, the surface beJng rather remarkable for uniformity of ing of
tint, consist-
some shade
of reddish-brown, streaked
;
and
under side
is
conspicuous
species
objects,
They are
the only
" silvery
two
ceding genus.
To
may
be
Antennae
GENUS ARGYNNJS.
shaped club, ridged on the under side
:
151
palpi with
wings
anterior legs
The
chry-
suspended by the
tail.
152
PLATE XVI.
Pap. Lathonia, Linn.
pi. 73
Fig.
2.
Queen
is
Leivin,
pi. 12.
Donovan,
iii.
The
form.
surface
wings
marked with
The under
condary
wings
is
ornamented with
upwards
of
twenty
a transverse
with black.
account,
is
Viola tricolor),
a kind of Saintfoin
(Hedysarum
onobrychis), and
Anchusa
officinalis.
brawn
Frit,
2 AniVNiusLuf/i/'!.:,;
QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY.
Although abundant
inhabiting
Britain.
in all the
153
among
the rarest
for
many
many
to be
species,
r
which
seldom
met w ith. The following localities may be mentioned Gamlingay and Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire; Castle-meadow, Dover; Hal vergate, Norfolk;
:
Birchwood, Kent.
Lewin.
pi.
10
Donovan,
The
and a
wings generally expand about two inches and are of a bright yellow, inclining to
the upper surface, with transverse undu-
half,
brown on
lating streaks,
which
is itself
On
154
the tip
;
centre,
somewhat
band there
is
brown spots, most of them having a silver pupil. The body is blackish above, with reddish hairs, and
pale yellow "beneath
;
The
on the
caterpillar is reddish,
becoming olive-green
line
It feeds
ing violet
Not
many
It is
Many
varieties
155
PLATE XV.
Pap. Aglaia, Linn.
pi.
Fig.
1.
Very
side,
but
The
principal
marks of
on the under
which are of a
;
fine yellowish-green,
margin,
spots.
The
The
row
caterpillar feeds
on the dog's
violet.
It
is
156
The
reddish,
with waved
streaks
of
brown.
This
is
the country.
said to be
abundant throughout
often procured
districts of
we have
bourhood of Newcastle
Durham,
it
in the
beginning of Juty.
must be regarded
as
somewhat scarce
in that neigh-
Silver WashtzlFritdlary.
GlarwiUe Fi
M>7
PLATE XIV.
Pap, Pa phia, Linn.
Fig.
1.
Donovan,
is
vii. pi.
247,
5.
Lewin,
pi. 9.
This
of the
species
two preceding, but it bears considerable resemblance to them in the colour and markings of the
surface.
The upper
side
is
a bright yellowihh-brown
Beyond
the middle of
all
and angular
in
white, the
tween the two hinder bands and bears traces of the two
is
superficial
rows of
spots.
The body
is
158
wings,
lights.
SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY.
changing
into
yellowish-green
in
certain
The under
caterpillar
is
side of
the antennae,
and the
The
light
the spines
first
seg-
ment
5.)
It feeds
on
19
The
perfect insect
not
is
uncommon
in nearly
all
found also
in Scotland,
but
much
less frequently-
159
Genus
VANESSA.
Hub
is
legs alike in
both sexes
composed of a
single
compressed
,
The
caterpillars are
spines,
but
chry-
The
angular, with
is
two projecting
tail.
points on the
head, and
suspended by the
Several of the
insects,
Vanessse are
and
The wings
the generality of their tribe, that they frequently pass the winter in a kind of
dormant
state,
spring.
They
pre-
some
differences in
orm two
or three subgenera.
160
COMMA BUTTERFLY.
Vanessa C- album.
PLATE
XVII.
Fig.
1.
Donovan,
The
This
is
side
is
and having the hinder margin dark brown two of the largest spots on the upper wings are placed on
;
numThe
inclin-
is
two
gin
indistinct
rows of greenish
may
be traced
across both wings, not very far from the outer mar:
its
name.
PLATE
17
_'
Comma
B.
B.
COMMA BUTTERFLY.
The
antennse are black above, and
;
161
rings beneath
The
brownish-red,
The
large
head
is
two
consumes the
and
nettle.
The
fly is
by no means
of frequent occurrence in
Britain,
we have heard of
Scotland.
It
in
Fifeshire in
The
first
Such summer.
as are
produced
insect
nent,
late in the
year,
are usually of a
much The
common in most parts of the Contiknown in the French provinces, and has been described by Geoffroy, under the name of Ro'
very
is
and
bert le diable
162
GREAT TORTOISE-SHELL.
Vanessa polychloros.
PLATE XVII.
Pap. polychloros, Linn
Fig.
2.
Donovan,
278.
This
V.
ly
Urticce in
it is
usual-
much
is
larger, the
The upper
some
of the
large quadrate
margin
the base
two smaller spots, placed obliquely, towards two small rounded ones on the disk, and
;
marked with a
mented with a
by two
series of crescents,
in
On
is
the under
wings
dark brown,
finely
marked with
GREAT TORTOISE-SHELL.
163
are observable on
"
The
with a
slightly
larvse
lateral
stripe
of
orange
the
spines
are
skin.
They
feed on the
fruitis
particularly
the
cherry.
The
chrysalis
Although abundant
Butterfly, as
in
sometimes
called),
ed
among
the most
least,
common
it
of our day-flying
Le-
pidoptera; at
is
scarce in
many
districts,
and appears
It
occurs
in
and
in the Isle of
Wight
we have
in
traced
it
as far
its
ha-
many
of the inter-
mediate counties.
in
There seems
to be but
one
flight
middle of July.
in spring
On
the Continent,
it
appears both
Encyclop. Methoclique
Papillon, p. 305.
Ifi4
SMALL TORTOISE-SHELL.
Vanessa Uracce.
PLATE XIX.
Fig.
1.
The prevailing
margin
rate
;
is
orange-
on the anterior
black
is
there
marked with three large quadobliquely, beyond which towards the middle of a small white mark
the latter
spots,
is
placed
is
the hinder
ed with a series of blue crescents, and two undulating lines of pale yellow
:
wings
wings.
is
On
pale yellowish,
with
three large
;
patches of dark
brown
and marked with an indistinct row of dusky crescents the basal portion of the under wings is dark:
in the middle,
marked
PLATE
19.
SmalLTortoist-shellB
Paint&lZadyB.
SMALL TORTOISE-SHELL.
spots.
165
hairs,
The
and
egg,
for
some time
from the
live
together in
They
are of a
blackish
colour,
stripes,
two
by
far the
parts of England,
and extending
state,
and
issue
first
warm
days of March.
it
is
known by
name
and Witch's Butterfly, we have occasionally observed it on the wing even before that period, and it has
been noticed in the
nuary.*
Isle of
Wight on
There appear
to be at least
two broods
it
is
likewise a prevalent
and
in
Italy
it
are admirably
the
name
of the
Common
Loudon's Mag. of Nat. Hist. v. p. 595. T Book of Nature, pi. xxxiv. and xxxv.
166
PEACOCK'S EYE.
Vanessa
To.
PLATE
Pap. Io, Linn.
XVIII.
Fig.
1.
Donovan,
206.
The
ish-red,
is
deep brown-
On
composed of a yellow
blue
externally,
unites
On
colour,
The
ocellus
bounded
internally
is
by
next to this
margin
is
yellowish,
with transverse
The
ocellus of the
silky-brown, which
is
bounded
anteriorly
by a large
PLATE
If
Peacock
B.
CamherwelLbeauA
peacock's eye.
black crescent.
167
is
The under
si-
der wings.
The body
:
blackish,
rust-coloured hairs
The
caterpillar feeds
on the two
common
species
of stinging nettle.
It is of a shining
black colour,
in
omnium
regina,"
is
much
species.
Although abundant
in
south where
it is
comes scarce
as
is
beyond the Frith of Forth. Throughout the south of Scotland, indeed, it is seldom seen, although it
nas been stated, through
some mistake,
to be a
it
comhave
mon
We
know
to
168
PLATE
XVIII.
Fig. 2.
Donovan, iii. 45, pi. 89. Lewin^ Papilio Antiopa, Linn. The Willow Butterfly, Wilke's English Butterpi. 1
flies, pi.
113. Curtis, B. E.
ii.
96.
This
terflies,
is
The upper
band of velvet-black,
in
series of
beyond
this there
waved on
the
points, especially
rior border
The
ante-
beyond
The under side is shining dark brown, with transverse waved lines of deep black, and a small yellowish spot near the middle of each wing, and two
larger ones on the anterior border.
CAMBERWELL BEAUTY.
The
caterpillar, like
169
to
foliage
The
colour of
its
body
is
ries of spots
Mr
Curtis, "
is
renderits
in this
country by
pe-
The most
probable con'
jecture
is
(as
Mr Haworth
occasionally
then-
may
lie
dormant
sons,
life.'
V.
Antiopa
when
it
parts of the
in
and
Mr
it
which period
its
It has received
first
English
observed
at
Camberwell, whither
found
The
It
butfre-
beginning of August.
British
96.
270
ADMIRAL RED.
Vanessa Atalanta.
PLATE XX.
Fig.
1.
Leivin, pi. 7. Donovan, \-\ii. pi. 260 Pap. Atalanta, Linn. Pap. major nigricans, &c. The Admiral, Ray's Ins. The Admirable, Jlbin, p. 3 Admiralis Atalanta, 126
The
upper side of
a
fine
this
beautiful insect
:
is
deep
Llack, with
silky gloss
the
upper wings
yond which are six white spots, small and rounded, except the two at the anterior margin, of which the inner one is large and quadrate, and the other some-
what crescent-shaped
is
a faint
:
the
in
which there
is
On
oblique band
hinder extremity
is
1.]
anes&i
ZXimmitis
II7//A-
'a/rulla
Red, Admiral
.///
ADMIRAL RED.
red,
171
be-
one of which
is
yond the
latter are
hinder wings
are
finely
latter
forming a large
The
nettle.
wings
is
The
It
caterpillar is solitary,
and
it,
which
it
secures by silken
with a ma-
common
in England,
all
and occurs
in
It is
plenty apparently in
parts of Scotland.
some most
dahlia,
all
or
found in
parts of
some Eu-
In the
it is
Teneriffe,
re
The
latter is
named
it
V. vulcania,
presents are so slight, that they might seem rather between those few days that intervene from the end
172
ADMIRAL RED.
yet the
two have a
distribution.*
late in
in its
plumage, as to manifest
recent production
we may
another,
;
perhaps,
to be obtained
nor do they
seem, like the wasp, to be scarce or abundant according to the deficiency or plenty of the season, but
influenced by other causes.
flies
Many
of our butter-
here
dual
it is
;
difficult to
mark
and
and wood
tortoise, in
many instances
in
some
But
V. atalanta
and hence
we
can
to be
comprised only
* A figure of V. Vulcania will be found in Loudon's Mag. of Nat. Hist., v. p. 752, where it is described by an intelligent observer as intermediate between V. Atalanta and C.
Cardui.
it
as a va-
riety of V. atalanta.
ADMIRAL RED.
of
its
173
September
to the
Some sheltered wall, garnished with the bloom of ivy, may prolong its being a little longer, but
rendering the
life
Journal
01 a Naturalist, p. 290.
174
PAINTED LADY.
Cynthia Cardui.
PLATE XIX.
Fig.
2.
Pap. Cardui, Linn. Donovan, ix. pi. 202 Lewin, pi. 6 Vanessa Cardui, Samou Curtis The Painted Lady, Wilkes, pi. 107 Harris, Aur. pi. 11.
The
foregoing, that
held to he distinct,
it
can only
The
in the
any prois
jecting
lobe.
The
club
of
the antennae
very
narrowing to a point.
species found in
base,
of the only
at
Britain
tawny-brown
the
the
middle ochre-red,
inclining to carmine,
white
spots,
the
inner
one
largest,
and placed
obliquely,
the others
two
in the
somewhat rounded, and the middle rather minute. Near the margin
PAINTED LADY.
there
is
175
yond
is
this a
row
white,
interrupted with
The secondary
at the
and black anteriorly, the remaining portion ochreyred, spotted with black, the latter
behind
of
the
first
some
them
indistinctly ocelliform
ries of crescents,
The
anal angle
is
On
the
under
side, the
at the base, in
is
light
with
black,
tint of
The under
wings
is
manner
as to produce in
and the
placed be-
76
PAINTED LADY.
mugin
is
brownish-yel-
The body is
The
brownish-grey
from
all
those
V. atalanta,
and feeds
malchry-
on different species of
thistle, also
on the
nettle,
The
This species
is
certain indefinite
[t
individuals in the
retreat.
PLATE
21.
Apatura Iris
Purple. Emperor.
177
PURPLE EMPEROR.
Apatura
Iris.
PLATE XXI.
Pap. Iris, Linn. Donovan, Purple Emperor, Harris
Purple
Lewin,
pi. 16
The
Highflyer, Wilkes.
Antennae
cave
:
palpi long,
The
caterpillar has
the head divided behind into two long horns (PI. III.
6g. 6).
is
The
head piece
bifid,
and
suspended by the
The
named,
certain
tint.
dark
brown,
changing
when
of
seen
in
lights
into
purplish-blue
very
rich
This
brilliant
female,
also
distinguished
by the
178
ditional
PURPLE EMPEROR.
white spots towards
the outer extremity
two outermost
consisting of
The
largest
outer edge.
pale
far
Midway between this band and a tawny streak which circumscribes the wings not
is
and on
On
the under
hinder angle, and two black spots not far from the
base, in addition to the white
to those
marks corresponding
and the
and a
margin.
The body
Both the
caterpillar
down
on the
common
PL'RPLE EMPEROR.
This
fine insect,
l'[)
which
is
and the
which
many
does not
It has been found in some Coombe-wood, Great and Little Stour Woods, in Essex, Dodnash and Raydon Wood?, in
extend
plenty in
Suffolk, &c.
Owing
it is
to the strength
fly
and thickness
of
its
wings
enabled to
and continuous
flight
a bird of prey.
scribed
that
Its habits
by Haworth
in his
Lepidoptera Britannica,
we cannot refrain from extracting the passage. " The Purple Emperor of the British Oaks is not
Aurelians.
In the
month
state,
of July he
makes
his
appearance
in the
winged
and invariably
when
sumes
the sun
is
at the meridian,
take place, and about four in the afternoon he rehis station of repose.
He
ascends to a
much
if
mounting higher than the eye can follow especially he happens to quarrel with another Emperor, the
;
monarch
of
180
PURPLE KMPEROR.
all
as
much
The wings
flight
which
is
so
much
admired by entomologists.
of
The
many
;
wing
them
in one day),
fly
at
all.
The males
by a bag-net, fixed to the end of a rod twenty or There have been instances, though thirty feet long.
very rare, of their settling on the ground near puddles
of water, and being taken there.
When
more
the Purple
Emperor
is
within reach, no
fly is
easily taken;
and
fearless,
move from
him
off;
181
WHITE ADMIRAL.
Lxmenitis Camilla.
PLATE XX.
Fig.
2.
Curtis, Brit. Ent. iii, pi. 124 DonoPap. Camilla, Linn Lewin. pi. 8 White Admiral, Pettier van, viii. pi. 244 and Curtis The "White Admirable, Harris' Aurelian,
pi.
30.
Antenna
and elongated
thickening
gradually from
near the
at
the
tip,
ending suddenly
in a point
eyes pubescent
pair
legs
both sexes,
the
anterior
short and
in
Vanessa.
is
cimens of the Small Tortoise-shell Butterfly, the expansion of the wings being nearly two inches.
The
182
colour
is
WHITE ADMIRAL.
dull black above, variegated with
obscure
Both wings are traversed by a broad oblique white band, which is very irregular on the updark spots.
per pair, being widely interrupted in the middle, and
divided by the nervures into separate spots, the anterior portion directed
inwards
is
in-
terrupted, there
is
one on a
line
with
tip,
externally
On
the hinder
;
is
on the
latter is
black spots, and two rows of obscure dark spots occupy the space between tho band and the hinder extremity.
is
The
brownish-yellow
all
few
others,
The
with black.
;
The
fringe
is
on the
tip
and under
side.
The
caterpillar,
been observed in
which does not appear to have England, is described by the conthe head, dorsal
The
honeysuckle
placed
is its
favourite food.
species, this insect
must be
among our
Some
WHITE
AD31IRAL.
183
produced
it
it
has
The
following
localities
may be
cited
New
Forest,
Few butter-
and none have been more highly eulogized for the " The graceful elegance gracefulness of their flight.
displayed by this charming species," says
Mr Ha-
worth, "
when
sailing
on the wing,
is
greater perhaps
than can be found in any other we have in Britain." " In its beautiful flight," says another writer, " when
it
skims
aloft, it rivals
it
seems> howfor
latter),
to avoid the
sunbeams,
it
rapidly in-
sinuates itself
by the most beautiful evolutions and the tall underwood on each the glades, appearing and disappearing like
little fairies."*
so
many
The
some
insect
is
not rare on
of
them very
closely
Fade Mecum, 2d
edit. p. 121.
184
Genus
HIPPARCHIA.
With
proaches
in the
number
of species, this
is
by
far
among
As
it
at present constituted,
however,
it is
not
of a very
homogeneous
which
None
of the in-
deep brown,
relieved
ish-red
is
eye-like spots.
riably of
lated,
The
caterpillars are
almost inva-
some shade
of green,
the
colour of the plants on which they feed, viz. the different kinds of grasses.
and there
The
in
H.
semele,
GENUS HIPPARCHIA.
however,
it
185 The
palpi
is
are
and obante-
half longer
The
H.
Pamphilus
the basal
areolet
The
with
The
chrysalis
is
double-beaked,
and
suspended perpendicularly.
136
PLATE XXIII.
Fig.
4.
Leivin, pi. Pap. JEgeria, Linn. Donovan, xiv. 77, pi. 498 19 Wood Argus, Wilkes Speckled Wood Butterfly,
Harris.
The
gularly,
upper side
is
spot, with a
;
the ante-
The
is
pale
it
wing interrupting
wings
;
and making
it
of crescents.
The under
side of the
pale
brown
the hinder
and a row of
sometimes
187
sides of
body
are concoloious
corresponding
The
caterpillar
is
marked on
It feeds
the sides
on various
common
couch-grass.
is
a vernal spe-
the
first
flight
is
of April.
This
in
in
August.
;*
It
appears to extend
list
Britain.
It is
included in a
of Papilioit
we have
received
from
it
in the
neighbourhood of Edinburgh, in Roxburghshire, and other southern counties, and it is far from scarce in
From
the notices
we have
in
Durham.
vol. 5.
188
WALL BUTTERFLY.
Hipparehia Megcera.
PLATE XXII.
Fig.
3.
Pap. Megaera, Linn. Donovan, viii. pi. 279. Orange Argus, Lewin, pi. 21 Great Argus, Wilkes "Wall Butterfly, Harris.
The
is
orange-
disk,
with a black
The
ing a
row
num-
without a pupil.
the
neath,
Bebrown
bands
marked
is large,
and
lines, be-
a curved
WALL BUTTERFLY.
double
;
89
is
waved band of
is
pale
yellow.
The
fringe
of the wings
whitish and
brown
alternately.
caterpillar is pubescent, of a light green, with
The
parts of the
country.
It
occurs in
April, July,
and August.
190
THE GRAYLING.
Hipparcfiia Semele.
PLATE XXII.
Pap. Semele. Linn.
pi. 17
Figs.
1.
&
2.
Donovan,
viii.
pi.
259
Letvin y
The Gravling
Butterfly, Harris.
One
The
brown, varying
Towards the
wide and irregular band or patch of pale yellow, extending nearly across the surface, in which are placed
two remote
iris
;
ocelli,
and
blacl<
each ocellus.
The
brown
in
both
yellow,
more or
less
On
are
tawny
is
at the base,
latter
Jfefe
'
THE GRAYLING.
:
191
cuous the posterior wings are clouded with white and dark brown, the basal half darkest, and the dark part terminating near the middle, in an irregular
sinuated line
;
there
is
The
caterpillar
The
butterfly frequents
situations in
The rocky
localities
in
sides of
Ar-
Seat,
and similar
it
throughout the
considerable plenty in
Among
numerous Heath
localities
gists,
ton
in
Essex.
in-
Mr
Wailes
forms us that
limestone,
it
it is
that
is
Durham, month of
192
PLATE
XXIII.
Fig.
1.
Pap. Galathea, Linn. Donovan, viii. 15, pi. 258. c Wilkes" English Butterflies, pi. 100. Lewin, pi. 28.
The
equal
colours of this
the fringe of
There
is
same
hinder extremity.
The under
side
is
upper, the greenish-yellow colour greatly predomiall the wings having a row of large triangular marks on the hinder margin. There is a small ocellus near the tip of the upper pair, and five others on the
nating,
PLATE
L\"
Large Usath
4.
Mipparchia.jaerM
Speckled
W,
193
little
double.
The body
is
lowish hairs.
wing
that in
Dover;*
neath.
in the other,
The
line
caterpillar
is
The
It is
head
found
tense).
in
May
is
local,
localities
found in moist
The
it
Near Dover,
Teignmouth, woods
renth
at
It
Baylham
is
Hall. Ipswich,
Danear
Wood, &c.
is
likewise
abundant
York, which
as
it is
probably
its
not
known
to occur in Scotland.
* This variety
tab.
iij,
fig.
4),
v. 335.
*94
LARGE HEATH.
Hipparchia Tithonus.
PLATE XXIII.
Figs.
%&
3.
Pap. Tithonus, Linn Pap. Pilosella\ Fair Donovan xii. pi. 405 The Gate Keeper, Harris'' AareL, pi. 44.
Upper wings
(he base
On
the outer
wing there
black, with
is
The hinder wings arp likewise brown, with a large reddish -yellow mark in the centre, which hears a
minute ocellus on the side nearest the anal angle.
On
middle,
in
by a
brown cloud.
The male
is
considerably smaller
brown cloud
in the
LARGE HEATH.
The caterpillar, which (Poa annua), is of
in
195
meadow
but-
grass
brown head.
is
The
June,
and
of frequent occur-
many
196
MEADOW-BROWN BUTTERFLY.
HipparcJiia Janira.
PLATE XXIV.
Pap. Janira, Linn.
<$
Figs.
1.
&
2.
Pap.
Donovan,
This
species
is
The ground
colour
is
brown,
the male.
but in the
very
The hinder
but those
in the male,
mark
wings
in the middle.
is
The under
in
which
is
placed an ocel-
as
PLATE
24.
197
are
tawny-brown
teris
which
is
of the
same
co-
The
if
two
surface seems as
Both the
caterpillar
light green,
on several
common
first
grasses,
particularly
the
Smooth-stalked
Meadow-grass (Poa pratensis). The butterfly is seen on the wing in the beginning of June, and,
may perhaps be common insect of its tribe inAmid the tribes of insects,"
little
Mr
Kapp, "
particularly influenced
affected
by seaby
the
Brown Meadow
Butterfly, so
and
the
in
damp and
cheerless
is
summers
scarcely
when even
maybe
and
its
sweets.
Diy and
it
ex-
hausting as the
terfly is
summer may
it,
dusky butprofusion
that arid
uninjured by
and we see
foliage.
in
hovering
In
summer
198
RINGLET BUTTERFLY.
a3 to be
was so obvious
rent persons." *
remarked by very
indiffe-
PLATE XXIV.
Pap. Hyperanthus, Linn
Fig.
4.
Donovan,
viii.
pi.
271
The
pi. 35.
The
is
of a uniform
brown
frequently having
distinctly formed.
The under
two
side
is
pale brown,
ocelli,
them placed close together towards the anterior margin, and three others in a line behind, the inner one being usually smallest.
variable in size,
two
of
the fringe
light
grey
and the
The
on the Annual
Meait is
dow-grass in
*
country
on the Continent
T>.
Journal of a Naturalist.
288.
MOUNTAIN RINGLET.
also found
199
-
on the Mil Hum effusum. It is greyish white, with a narrow brown line on the back some;
times, however,
it is
entirely blackish.
pretty abundant is
all
The
variations
which
it
presents in
number
merous.
MOUNTAIN RINGLET.
Hipparchia Cassiope.
PLATE XXIV.
Fig.
3.
StePap. Mnemon, Haworth, Entom. Trans Fabricius phens's lllus. Haust. vol. i. pi. 8. P. melampus, Herbst.
P. Alcyone, Borkh.
Mcch
less
expanding about 16
with a silky gloss,
The
colour
is
dark brown,
the
marked with a row of from three to black spots the short band of the hinder wings
:
consists of a
The under
wings
differs
200
more
MOUNTAIN RINGLET.
or less tinged with rust-red
:
The
is
fringe of the
wings
is
brown
the
This species
its
any of
associates
by
its inferior
The
pair.
red band on
it is
some instances
The
insect
is
and Westmoreland.
south of France,
On
the continent,
it
inhabits
PLATE
25.
'
"
'<*k
ArrqrL -brawn.
-.
,,
901
PLATE XXV.
Pap. Ligea, Linn.
vol.
Fig.
1.
Stephens' Illust.
i.
pi. 6.
In
this
species,
is
The
colour of
an abbreviated
On
in
The
ocelli,
The
un-
der side
somewhat
mark-
behind
The antennas
202
The The
We
Isle of
Patrick it was first found by Sir Walker and A. MacLeay, Esq. It is not an uncommon species in several northern countries of Europe, frequenting
A rran, where
PLATE XXV.
Pap. Blandina, Fabricius.
Fig.
2.
Donovan,
Each
of the upper
two
fore-
one of them
in
is
occasionally ob-
number.
The
red
:
it
somewhat interrupted
at the
The markings
on both sides
pair,
beneath, are
203
two minute
male has the base of the wings and the hinder margin greyish.
The
fringe
is
light
brown
in
the male,
with brown.
The
is
caterpillar is light
;
green, with
head reddish.
Arran many years ago, and has been found abundantly since in
curs in
many
It oc-
of considerable
in
extent in Dumfriesshire
shire
in
near Minto
RoxburghIn
England,
Eden
Dean; and
Mr
it
exists in
profusion in one or
two
204
PLATE XXVI.
Fig.
1.
Pap. Davus, fab Pap. Hero, Donovan, Lcwin, pi. 23, figs, 5. G.
The
lines
;
is
from
15 to 20
pair.
l>e-
the
it
two
remote
having a black
iris
and
is
light
PLATE
26.
Htpparctua. tiitvus
205
iris
consisting of a black
with
by a yellowish-white
ring.
is
sometimes double.
else-
where
in
Moor
in Yorkshire.
Ashdown
cited as a locality.
PLATE XXVI.
Fig.
2.
Hip. Iphis & Polydama, Steph. Jermyn Pap. Typhon ; Scarce Heath, Haworth Pap. Polydama, Haworth, Jermyn. Pap. Tiphon, Esper.
This
which
surface
species
is
it is
The
colour of the
is
towards the
hinder margin
the
secondary
two others
206
on a line with
brown
in the
two remote
and black
ocelli,
iris,
encircled
by a whitish ring
one of
The
basal half of
hairs
\
is
beyond
this
there
in the fe-
some
of
indistinct,
in the
white band.
The
an-
tawny.
Caterpillar
This
insect,
may
ultimately prove to be
only a variety of the preceding one, occurs not unfrequently on marshy heaths in the months of July
and August.
in
Mr Wailes
It
finds
it
it
frequently in such
was seen
great abunin
,
dance
summer
in
Sutherlandshire, as well as
others of the
207
PLATE XXVI.
Fig. 3.
The Small Heath Pap. Pamphilus, Linn. Lewin, pi. 23. Golden Heath or Gate Keeper, Harris, Aurel. pi. 21
Eye, Petiver.
This pretty
It
is
little
butterfly
is
very
common
in all
appears
first
and there
of
The expansion
the wings
slightly
The
pri-
the situation of
spot.
^08
Both the
the former
names
genous
to have
of
in
our indithe
lists, viz.
been found
many
years ago by
Mr
Palstead.
As
it is
may
likewise inhabit
their
this country,
distinctive characters.
Pap.
tis,
Sahacus, Fab
v. pi.
B. E.
205.
Brown,
margin,
the
ly,
inclining to yellow.
near which
are
two
ocelli,
On
the
secondary
HIPPARCHIA ARCANIUS.
five
line,
209
large
ocelli,
forming a curved
silver.
a narrow stripe of
down
Forest, Sussex.
Hipparchia Arcanius.
Pap. Arcanius, Linn.
Hipp. Arcanius,
B. E.
v.
Jermyn
Curtis,
205. *
"
The
The
is
obscure brown,
is
bears at
ocellus,
its
commencement on
the
two anterior of
when
is,
There
is
and yellow
lia t a."
lateral rays.
on the Mtiica
ci-
*
British example that has
The only
found
in the
*
oecured was
same
place as
H. Hero.
i.
174.
210
The
LyccenidcB of
Dr Leach, and
of
the Poli/ommatidce of
S wainson. Most
size,
them are
insects
but
all
are distinguished
by delicate markings,
and many by great brilliancy of colour. The caterpillars are oval and depressed, and termed onisci-
form, from
brown above, and usually have the under side adorned with narrow undulating lines of pale yellow
or white.
The
larvee are
ous
plants,
but confine
themselves to trees
and
shrubs.
"3
\.Theela.3otul46 male 2
/>'/>:
>A-
ofaQuercus
Purple Sati
rto
fern* Aht.iL-
211
BROWN
HAIR-STREAK.
Thecla Betulee.
PLATE XXVII.
Pap. Betulae, Linn.
250.
Figs.
1&2.
viii. pi.
This
is
The
is
;
cloud beyond
it
in the male,
orange patch
in the female.
are
and the two projecting lobes at the anal angle marked with reddish-yellow. The under side is entirely tawny yellow, inclining to red at the hinder
extremity, particularly of the posterior wings, with
lines,
edged
with black, the anterior one abbreviated, and forming only a dusky streak on the upper wings, edged,
with white.
The
rust-red.
212
BROWN HAIR-STREAK.
caterpillar
is
The
plum, &c.
August, but
The
it is
fly
The
may be
it
mentioned,
in
some plenty.
Reydon wood,
PURPLE HAIR-STREAK.
Thecla Quercus.
PLATE XXVII.
Pap.
Figs. 3
pi.
&
4.
460
The
Quercus,
Linn.
Letcin,
43.
Donovan,
xiii.
pi.
Thecla Quercus,
Steph.,
Jermyn, &c.
Rather
The
is
dark
a large
anal
On
of an ash-grey colour
with a silky
lustre,
and
tra-
PURPLE HAIR-STREAK.
versed by a continuous undulating white
213
streak,
beyond
this there is a
two fulvous
pupil.
spots,
one on
the anal angle, and the other forming an ocellus with a yellow
iris
and a black
The
is
caterpillar,
brown head
row
where
It
far as
in
Mr Wailes
Beyond
far
from uncommon.
it
and
in
Scotland
it
may be
The
we have
seen were
in the vi-
214
PLATE XXVIII.
Fig.
1.
Pap. Pruni, Linn. Ochsenheimer, Pap. Eur., torn, i Polyommatus Pruni, Godart, Lepid. de France Thecla Pruni, Curtis, Brit. Ent. vi. pi. 264.
Expansion
inch,
of the wings
The under
side
is
yellowish-brown
line
the primary
there
them bounded
middle,
and a marginal
series
of black
cres-
cents.
The
rays,
The
and
head, as in
small,
$'f>.
?n
1.
Theda-fruni. Black
/,,<,,
ier hair-streak
//.
o.Ihccla
BLACK HAIR STREAK.
of a yellow colour, with two black points
of eyes.
(Plate III. Fig. 8.)
in the
215
form
of
much more
frequent oc-
Authentic indigenous
first
examples of the
and described
sect
figured
was found by
Mr
Seaman,
in Yorkshire, in
such
abundance, that
cabinet.
it is
It is well
it is
parts of which
common.
PLATE XXVIII.
Fig.
2.
Donovan, xiii. pi. 437 Thecla Pap. Pruni, Lewin. pi. 4-1 Pruni, Jermyn, Stephen's Illus. Haus. i. 77. Dark or Black Hair Streak, Harris. Polyommate W-blanc, Go-
Pap. de France
Upper
The un-
der side
is
light
slightly interrupted
216
manner
as to resemble
the letter
behind
this there is
an irregular band
side
by a black
line,
;
which
is
the margin
is
black,
The
caterpillar
is
ml
and a double
When
about to undergo
metamorphoses
it
it
be-
comes brown.
feeds
appropriate food.
by most British Entomologists as the P. Pruni of Linnaeus, who does not appear to have been
it.
acquainted with
Of
some
late years
districts,
it
has occurred
it
in great plenty in
but in general
may be accounted
says
Mr
Stephens,
" The boundless profusion," " with which the hedges, for
by
bramble blossom,
thing of the kind
of their
that
1
ever witnessed.
Some
notion
numbers may be formed, when I mention captured, without moving from the spot,
in less than half an hour, as
nearly
200 specimens
GREEN HAIR-STREAK.
T
217
bramble- bush,
they
successively
I
approached
the
where
had taken up
my position.
numbers
I
How to
account
am
perfectly unable,
as the
same
fields
plored by
me
at the
same and
different periods of
its
and
it is
to
the north
ly free,
were perfect-
GREEN HAIR-STREAK.
Thecla Rubi.
PLATE XXVIII.
Pap. Rubi, Linn.
Fig.
3.
Leicin,
pi.
44
Donovan,
xiii.
pi.
443.
The Green
or
The Green
Fly,
Expansion
the
the
wings
about an
inch, the
surface of a uniform
brown tint in both sexes, with nervures somewhat darker, the female sometimes
The under
row
side
is
"
fine
more
Haust.
i.
77.
^18
GREEN HAIR-STREAK.
caterpillar is pubescent, light green or green-
The
ish-yellow, with a
row
It
many
other plants.
The
of
It is
fly
June
a second brood
not a very
common
occurs in Darenth
Wood, Bromley
We
some
have
of
the neighbourhood
Raehills,
observed
central districts of
some
219
Genus LYCJENA.
The
distinguished
by the following
characters.
Antennae
the
and ovate,
sometimes a
little
compressed
at
apex
two lower
which
is
slender, point-
ed,
pearing naked
in
legs
all
formed
for walking,
and alike
both sexes
eyes naked.
as in the Theclce.
hue
of their wings,
this
country
of
Most
them
220
LARGE COPPER.
Lyccena dispar.
PLATE XXIX.
Curtis, Brit. Ent.
i.
Figs.
&
2.
pi. 12
vii.
pothoe, Donovan,
Hippothoe, Jermyn.
P l. 132.
Pap. dispar. Haw Pap. Hip217 Leivin, pi. 40 Lycaena L. dispar, Swainson's Zool. Illus.
pi.
The
male of
shining copall
the
the base
se-
margin of the
condary wings
middle of the
is
spots,
latter
and a
row of
near the apex, which are coppery red. both sexes are similar
;
Beneath,
row beyel-
all
of
anothei
LARGE COPPER.
transverse series of simple black spots,
221
beyond which
;
the colour
is
the under
light blue,
at the hinder
it
mar;
be-
and
five
round the external margin and abdominal edge of the wings is white.
fringe
The
The
caterpillar
is
said to feed
on a kind of
Curtis,
Mr
" was
Hudson.
has
considerable abundance
went
to Wittlesea
Meer, Huntingdonshire,
it.
expec-
tation of finding
They inform me
it
that the
end
of July
sect,
is
the beginning of
Meer
reeds.
near Yaxley
that
it
is
itself
Upon
they found the butterfly upon that plant just emerged from the chrysalis, drying its wings.' * Donovan
states that the
his figures
were
Entom
vol.
i.
fol. 12.
222
SCARCE COPPER.
Lyccena Virgaurece.
PLATE XXTX.
pap. Virgaureae, Linn.
41,
3,
fig. 1
Fig.
3.
Donovan,
Illus.
v.
173,
i.
3-
Lewin,
1
pi.
and
2,
<$.Steph>
Haust.
pi. 9, fig.
and
6-
fig- 2,
?.
This
male
species
is
brilliant
On
the
primary
behind
this,
row of black dots, and the hinder margin is clouded with dusky the secondary wings are dusky towards the base, with
a very irregular transverse
;
five of
them
placed before
the
is
The
The
caterpillar
is
SCARCE COPPER.
the sides.
It lives
223
virin-
The
many
years.
Donovan
have afforded
it;
and Lewin
states that
he
locality.
224
PURPLE-EDGED COPPER.
Lycccna Chryseis.
PLATE XXX.
Fig.
1.
Pap. Chryseis; Purple-edged Hesperia Chryseis, Fabr Sowerby, B. M. 1st. pi. 13 Lyceena Copper, Haioorth Chryseis, Jermyn, Sle/ih.
Fulgid copper
margin of
all
The
wings beneatli
is
grey; and over the surface there are numerous ocellated spots, with a black pupil
of
and white iris, three them towards the base placed longitudinally, and the rest forming two irregular bands, of which the the posterior marginal one is somewhat obsolete
:
at the
The
The
brown
is
at the base,
This
we have
of,
'
225
by Miss Jermyn,
in
viz.
and Ashdownham
Sussex.
PLATE XXX.
Pap. Hippothoe', Linn.
Fig.
2.
Lycsena
Hippothoe, Stephens.
Expansion
row
dary
external
15 to 17
lines,
is
entire in
in the
the
secon-
besides
this,
there
is
a minute transverse
black
mark
in the
The
su-
upper
side,
nated on
its
226
COMMON COPPER.
In France
it is
COMMON COPPER.
Lyccena Phlceas.
PLATE XXX.
Fig.
3.
Lycaena
Donovan, urn.
pi. 466.
Phlaeas, Jer-
myn, Stephens.
Upper
margin
black, and
disk of each
wing bearing
from 8 to 10 black spots, two of them arranged longitudinally towards the base, the rest transversely
in a zig-zag
The
outer
is
band
edge.
posteriorly,
dotted with
side
black
on
its
The under
is
of
the
primary wings
the secondary
indistinct-
marked
This
is
dots,
and
differs
in
COMMON COPPER.
ing nearly alike.
227
and specimens have been found which those parts of the surface usually copper
It is rather
com-
mon
and
in
all
parts of Britain,
and seems
to breed se-
It likewise
occurs in Asia
North America.
The
caterpillar is said to
stripe,
and to
'228
Genus
POLYOMMATUS.
tlie
Distinguished from
by
liaving the
wings
entire,
without any
The
minate
in
narrow point
ject a
little
from one
side.
The
palpi pro-
parallel,
and
vered with
scales
only,
hairs.
being clothed
terminate
in
with
scales
and
The
in
tarsi
all
pimple claws.
butterflies,
i
summer months in pastures and grassy glades. They are adorned on the surface with the most dehe
licate
name,
are
7roXv$,
many, and
eyes.
P.
aslus, agesiis,
The
which
immatusArgiolusMaU 2Femal
.
blue,
llfus,
Ads.
229
PLATE XXXI.
Pap. Argiolus,
xiv. pi. 481
Figs.
1.
and
2.
LinnLewin, pi. 36. figs. 4, 5, 6 Donovan, The Azure Blue Butterfly, Harris.
Expansion
tinged
with
lilac,
;
the
and a transverse
same colour
Be-
narrow black
placed by
lar
margin
itself
marked
in a simi-
The
fringe
on the superior
wings
is
when seen
of
nearly white.
The number
;
at times
230
them
The
is
It
The
viz. in
is
butterfly,
in
the year,
May, and near the end of July plentiful in many parts of England.
in
or in August,
It is of fre-
quent occurrence
shire,
Kent, Somersetshire,
;
Hampin
in
and Devonshire
Suffolk.
it
also near
It
is
London, and
Norfolk and
north,
rather scarce
the
although
is
Newcastle,
in
in places
where
abound
and
also
Castle
Eden Dean.
FLATE XXXI.
Fig.
3.
Lewin, pi. 39. f.3, 4. Pap. Alsus, Donovan, ix. pi. 322. fig. ] Bedford Blue, Leach. Small Blue Butterfly, Haworth.
Tins
is
Butterflies,
line3
the
between
The
sur-
231
The under
side
is
white.
This delicate
little
butterfly, the
smallest of the
Nu-
for
Mr
also
VVailes informs
is
common on
;
near Newcastle:
is
found
in
woods
near
Durham
PLATE XXXI.
Polyommatus
f.
Fig. 4.
6.
cSc
Leach
Expands
above,
lines,
border to
The
232
female
is
wings
ish.
The under
side
is
at the base of the wings, the anterior pair of the latter with
usually
most numerous
in
the male.
is
On
two
band of
ocelli,
white
iris,
&C.
PLATE
32
tahu Arion.
Fig.
PLATE XXXII.
Linn
Leitin. pi. 37
Don.
Considerably
wings.
larger than
The upper
side
is
spots
pair, of
which the
interior
transverse and
the fe-
the wings.
The under
the
side
is
anterior
wings with
two
ocelli
towards
the
base, an irregular
band of 6 or
7 others
behind the
the base, where there are four scattered spots, the disk
bearing- a black lunule, behind
which there
;
is
an in-
the posterior
brown
benei.th.
234
This beautiful
Britain,
tinent,
is
said
by Lewin
to
ver
Cliffs,
near
at
Batb.
Miss Jermyn
commons
Broomham
it
Bedfordshire, and
certain places in
it.
More
recently
was found by
Mr
Dale
in
the neighbourhood of
Bedford.
PLATE XXXII.
Polyommatus Alcon,
Fig.
2.
on the disk of the upper pair of the female dusky Under brown, tinged with blue towards the body.
side greyish in both sexes, with a central crescent-
behind
shaped spot, bordered with white, on each wing; this there is a curved row of rather large
rounded black
angular marks,
spots,
all
tri-
of
them
the
235
As
this insect
once in
this country,
and
is
not figured
by any
Bri-
tish author,
we have been
It
does not
Mr
Stephens's description of
Mr
be
Jones
in
Buckinghamshire
latter
PLATE XXXII.
Pap. Corydon, Donovan,
Illus.
terfly,
i.
Fig.
3.
vii.
pi. 131.
f.
1.
<$
.Stephens
W.Lewin,
pi. 36
Harris.
One
the male
17 or 18
lustre, the
across
the wings.
The
surface of
blackish band,
series of
surmounted
by a
the sur-
236
face of the
central
spot,
wings.
The under
sexes
is
similar
the female
are
more
marked
marked
ranged
in
two curved bands, that next the base conthe second, which
in
is
sisting of four,
placed rather
white
iris
brown
Somewhat
restricted in
its
plenty on a range of
hil-
Wood,
it
has
received the
name
It inha-
Dover, the
Isle of
Wight, "
in
Blakenham,
Moulton,
and
Eriswell
Suffolk
Little "
stone-quarries near
caterpillar, of
The
which we have never seen any debeen stated to feed on Wild Thyme.
scription, has
237
PLATE XXXIII.
Hesperia Adonis Fab
Figs.
1.
&
2.
Pap. Argus, $
tus Adonis, Steph.
Donovan,
Pap. Jermyn
Adonis, Lewin,
iv. pi. 143.
f.
1.
Polyomma-
Expansion
face of the
all
a black
a white fringe,
The female
is
brown above,
times
wings.
continued across
me
On
brownish-
in
P. Cori/dnn, but
the
verse streak.
Of
frequent occurrence in
the
many parts
of England,
especially in
southern counties.
It
occurs in
238
most of the
cies,
and, like
which chalk
is
found.
Brighton,
Newport, Coombe
numbers.
Wood, &c.
afford
it
in considerable
239
(See Vignette.)
Pap. Alexis,
Hubner
Argus, Donovan,
Butterfly, Harris
var.
Pap. pi. 38 Blue (two upper figs. Pap. Hvacinthus, Lewin, pi. 37. f. 4-G,
About
much
very-
resembles, but
readily distinguished
is
by the
bright lilac-blue in
by the
fringe of the
and unspotted.
wings
narrowly mar-
The
female
is
generally
entirely purplish-blue),
Beneath, brownish-ash
clining to green, the
ocelli
colour,
upper wings usually having two near the body, a slender central streak lying
transversely,
ocelli
near the
240
middle,
crescents,
and
beyond
this there is a
row
of small
dusky spots on
being black.
a whitish
ground,
the
margin
itself
The
in its centre,
a curved
band of 8 or 9
ocelli,
more con-
spicuous
band of
even
ocelli
This Bpecies
in
so variable in
its
markings, and
may
a very
abundant
is
frequents
pasture-lands
in in
is
first
appearing
There
is
The
caterpillar
It
pu-
colour.
appears to be
241
SILVER- STUDDED
BLUE BUTTERFLY.
Polyommatus Argus.
PLATE XXXIII.
Pap. Argus, Linn.
Blue, Harris
Fig.
3.
$ Pap.
Lewin,
Idas, Linn.
mya, Steph.
Male
with a
all
the
more
sionally obscured
The
unin-
der side
is
becoming more
numerous
ocellated
there
is
The female
is
entirely
is
The
oblique
and
ones of the
same
It
trefoil.
colour,
bordered with
The
butterfly
is
rather
242
common
and
is
many
rare.
north as York, where it is not must be very scarce, however, northwards of that city, and it probably does not occur at all in
found as
far
It
Scotland.
Pohh'hn/'itti/*
.
r
'
'/>
I
.
'flir
[h
Irtareiirrt
243
PLATE XXXIV.
Pap. Agestis, Hubner
Idas,
Fig.
1.
Donovan,
x.
pi. 322.
pi. 39.
f.
1-2
Idas, Jermyn.
Po-
Expands
dark-brown, with a
silky gloss,
all
the wings
the
and brown.
to that
The under
on the sur-
side
is
by the wings being without any tinge of blue, either above or below, and from
either of the following,
interior pair.
many
June, and
again in August.
244
DURHAM
ARGUS.
Polyommatus Salmacis.
PLATE XXXIV.
Figs.
'2.
and
3.
band of orange-red on
solete in the male,
Silky brown above, with a macular posterior all the wings, somewhat oband a white spot on the disk of
is
occasionally
wanting
in
in the female.
The
fringe
brown
grey-
at the base.
The
is
beyond
this a
white central
band.
Most
the female.
ARTAXERXES BUTTERFLY.
245
Found in some plenty at Castle Eden Dean, ncaT Durham, and also on the magnesian limestone district
it
occurs in considerable
numbers
ARTAXERXES BUTTERFLY.
Polyommatus Artaxerxes.
PLATE XXXIV.
Hesperia Artaxerxes, Fabr.
f.
Fig.
4.
8, 9.
Donovan,
xvi.
38.
Jermyn, Steph.
Dark
brown above,
of
them
On
differ materially
this,
from
the
that
In
some
observable on the
The
curious.
riod,
is
history of this
little
butterfly
is
somewhat
peit
The only
locality
known,
for a long
was Arthur's
Seat,
it
has been
found elsewhere.
246
drawing by
Mr
Jones of Chelsea.
It
was long
much valued by the English collectors, some of whom, we are informed by Donovan, were in the
habit of placing a drawing of the insect in an ob-
that
their
cabinet
for possessing
an object of such
It
the
now abundantly
It
has
among
the
Pentland Hills, at
Flisk in Fifeshire, near Queensferry, and in the vicinity of Jardine Hall, Dumfriesshire.
It
appears in
series of
will
July.
The examination
of an extensive
pro-
the marks
to be regarded as specifisatisfac-
tory.
The appearance
which are unknown, will afford the most means of determining the point.
0031^^