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http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924029295710

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER

AND

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

EonDon: c. J. CLAY AND SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AVE MARIA LANE.

amfitiae:

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THE GOSPEL
ACCORDING TO PETER, AND THE REVELATION OF PETER

TWO LECTURES
ON THE NEWLY RECOVERED FRAGMENTS TOGETHER WITH THE GREEK TEXTS

BY
J.

ARMITAGE ROBINSON
AND

B.D.

FELLOW AND ASSISTANT TUTOR OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE

MONTAGUE RHODES JAMES

M.A.

FELLOW AND DEAN OF KING'S COLLEGE

LONDON: C. J. CLAY and SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE,

AVE MARIA LANE.
1892

^T:s^!' "-';LV.*ff

^^

fUNlVt,RS!rv

\ UBRARY

A.

M-H^S

6.

5~

Cambrtttge

PRINTED BY

C.

J.

CLAY, M.A.

AND

SONS,

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

TO

FENTON JOHN ANTHONY HORT

THE LADY MARGARET'S READER IN DIVINITY

D.D.

PREFACE.
"
I
-*-

"HE

Lecture on the

'

Gospel according to Peter

was given

in the Hall of Christ's College

on the
first

20th of November, three days after the text was

seen in Cambridge, in response to a general desire

for information as to the

new

discovery.

It

has since

been

corrected
notes,

and

enlarged

by the addition of

some

which are placed at the foot of the

page, with a view to guiding students to various

sources of information which
light

may yet throw further upon the interpretation of the fragment. The Lecture on the 'Revelation of Peter' was

given before the Divinity Faculty shortly afterwards,

and was at the time already in the press. These editions must be regarded as

tentative.

Our
in

object has been to place the texts without delay

the hands of other students.

We

hope that hereof Texis

after they

may

be expanded

in the series

and

Studies.

We

have to express our best thanks

to

M.

Bouriant, not only for the scholarly

way

in

which

he has published the transcription of the MS., but

also for the generosity with which he has placed the

documents

at the disposal of scholars

see p. 147 of

8
vol. ix. fasc.
I.

PREFACE.
of the

Memoirs of the French Archaeothis

logical Mission at Cairo.

For the rapidity with which

sequent loss of accuracy
are due to the officers and
Press.
in

published, without (we would fain believe)

book has been any con-

the printing, our thanks

workmen of the University

Postscript.
for the press

This

little

book was

finally corrected

whose latest message to us was permission to dedicate it to him, had gone to his rest. It was not without expressions of misgiving that we had asked to prefix to this hurried work a name which must always be connected with the minutest accuracy and the most cautious utterances. It is quite unworthy to be, dedicated to his memory. But we feel that we cannot draw back
that he, or alter now.
'

when we heard

As here, make allowance for us.'

so there, his gentle spirit will

To

his voice

we had looked
tell us,

forward as the one voice which should

other could, where

as

no

we were

right or wrong.

Now we

must learn it in a harder school. But it will remain a sacred duty to carry out these investigations with
the patience and deliberateness which his example
enjoins

and

his

removal has made more than ever

J.

necessary.

A. R.
J.

M. R.
Cambridge,
Dec.
I,

1892.

CONTENTS.
PAGE

Lecture on the Gospel according to Peter Lecture on the Revelation of Peter

ii

37

Greek Text of the Gospel

Greek Text of the Revelation

83

89

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER

A LECTURE
ON THE NEWLY RECOVERED FRAGMENT
BY

J.

ARMITAGE ROBINSON

B.D.

"ExepoN eyArreAiON, d

o^'k

gctin

Aao.

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

We
no
less live in

an age of surprises
last

of surprising recoveries,
Not
to

than of surprising inventions.

of Christianity has been

go further
all

back than the

literature

ten years, our knowledge of the early

enriched beyond

expectation.

In 1883 the Greek Bishop Bryennius gave

us the 'Teaching of the Apostles;' and in 1891 Harris gave us the 'Apology of Aristides.'

Mr Rendel
the

We knew

fame of both of them with our ears, and when at last we saw them we found that all the time they had both been
lurking

among

us in disguise.

During the past week fragments of three early documents have come to the light: fragments of the Book of
Enoch, of the Gospel of Peter and of the Apocalypse of

The Book of Enoch is prae-Christian it is quoted Jude we knew it in an Ethiopic Version', but we doubted whether we could trust the Version now we have The Apocalypse the first 30 chapters in the Greek itself. of Peter may go back almost to the end of the first
Peter.
S.
;

by

century of our era

Mr M.

some of us what
^

it

R. James, of King's, had told would contain, if it were ever found

There

is

also

and a

critical edition

an Old-Sclavonic Version of the Book of Enoch based on the Versions is now in preparation at

Oxford.

14

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

a large fragment of
it,

now we have
was
right.

and we know

that

he

But perhaps the most

this?

startling of our recoveries is that

of the 'Gospel according to Peter'.' Eusebius,

'the

Father of Church History,'

What was known of who

seems so well to have divined what would be of

to readers

interest

who
its

lived fifteen centuries later than his time

letter of

mentioned
its

name, and gave us too a

This
vi.

Serapion on
It

use in church.

letter

we must

read.

runs as

follows (Eus.

H. E.

12):

'We, brethren, receive Peter and the other Apostles

even as Christ; but the writings that go falsely by their

names we
I

in

our experience

reject,

things as these

we never
all

received.

When

knowing that such I was with you

;

supposed you

to be attached to the right faith

and

so without going through the Gospel put forward under

Peter's

quarrel^

name I said If this why then let it be

:

is

all

that

read.

makes your petty But now that I have

that their

learned from information given

lurking in

me

some hole of
you again
then,
:

heresy, I will

mind was make a point of

coming

to

so,

brethren, expect

me

speedily.

what kind of heresy was Marcion then follows a sentence where the text is faulty I read 'Marcion' with the Armenian Version', against
brethren,

Knowing

of

'

' I take the title from Origen, Comm. in Matth. x. 17, 'As to the brethren of Jesus, some say on the authority of the Gospel according

to Peter (as

it

is

entitled) or of the

Book

of James, that they were

25, 6.

sons of Joseph by a former wife.'

^

Tapix^w fUKpo^vxiaii, ^ The Armenian Version, made from a Syriac Version which at this point is no longer extant, runs literally as follows, 'Now, brethren, that (or, 'for') ye see and understand of what heresy was Marcion,
'

H. E. iii. 3, 2 and perhaps causes you ill-feeling.'

Cf. Eus.

that

(or 'for')

he contradicted himself and that which he spake he

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

'

an unknown person, of the Greek text From others,' he goes on, who used this very Gospel, I mean from the successors of those who started it, whom we call Docetae ; for most of its ideas are of their school
Marcianus,'
'
'

from them,
it

I say, I

and

to find that

borrowed it and was able to go through most of it belonged to the right teaching

of the Saviour, but some things were additions.' Thus much, says Eusebius, for Serapion. Serapion was Bishop of Antioch igo 203, and his letter was addressed to the Church of Rhossos, on the coast just below Antioch. Now if our Gospel be the one referred to by Serapion and we shall see that it bears out his description we take it back at once to the 2nd century; and we must allow some years at least for it to gain autho-

rity,

so that

it

should be read in church at Rhossos.

Hippolytus,

who

wrote a Refutation of All Heresies,

of timber, in their eye'.
their

suggested that the Docetae were well named, because they

had a
seem.'

Sokos,

or

beam

more
'to

charitable

philology derives

name from

Sokciv,

They held
sufferings.

that the sufferings of Christ were but

seeming

the Passion and Resurrection of the Lord,

As our Gospel fragment contains just we shall have

ample opportunity of seeing whether it harmonizes with what we can learn of these early Docetae. It is now time to come to the document itself. It was dug up six years ago in an ancient cemetery at Akhmtm (Panopolis) in Upper Egypt, and it now rests, I believe, in The French Archseological the Gizeh Museum at Cairo. Mission at Cairo have the honour of its discovery, of its identification, and of its somewhat tardy publication.
did not comprehend, this same thing ye learn from those
are written to you,' &c.
^

tilings

which

Hipp. Ref.

viii.

ad

init.

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

The
first

page of the

little

parchment book, which

the

contains

our Gospel together with

portions

of the
writing.

Apocalypse and the Book of Enoch, contains no

It

seems that the scribe had nothing but a fragment to copy

from.
far,

Thus we

are taken back at once,

himself,

we cannot

say

how

beyond the scribe

who

is

judged to have lived

not earlier than the eighth century.

The second page begins 1. "But of the Jews none washed

his hands, neither

Herod nor any one of His judges. And when they wished And then Herod the king to wash them Pilate rose up. commandeth that the Lord be taken', saying to them. What things soever I commanded you to do unto Him, do."

We

begin then after the incident of Pilate washing his

only in
S.

hands, an incident found

Matthew's Gospel.
it.
;

Notice the use to which our writer puts

rated
:

Pilate

is

exone-

the Jews

must bear the blame

they cannot wash

Herod's share in the Trial is mentioned only Here the responsibility is shifted from Pilate's shoulders on to his. Our writer hates the Jews: his whole account is a commentary on the brief sentence of Aristides' Apology, He was pierced by the Jews.' 2. "And there was come there Joseph, the friend of and, knowing that they were about Pilate and of the Lord to crucify ' Him, he came to Pilate and asked the body of And Pilate sent to Herod and asked the Lord for burial. His body. And Herod said, Brother Pilate, even if no one had asked Him, we should have buried Him since indeed
their hands.
S.

by

Luke.

'

the sabbath draweth on^: for

^

it is

written in the law, that

Matt.

irap[aXi;/i]0ff^;'Oi

is

perhaps supported by irapaXa/Swrts,

xxiv. 27.
^

''I

know no

other instance of <rTavpl<rKeiv.

:

Cf. Jn. xix. 31,

where Syr. Pesch. reads

cross,

'

They

say,

These bodies

shall not

remain on the

because the sabbath dawneth.'

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

down on him that day before the unleavened bread."
the sun go not
is

1/

put to death, on the

Here

is

a strange perversion in the narrative.

Joseph

is

made
this

to

plained

come to Pilate before the Crucifixion. This is exwhen we observe the anxiety displayed throughout

document

place.

lest the sun should set before the burial took According to our writer Herod has assumed re-

sponsibility,

and so the body must be asked from him.

This would

mean

further delay,

if

the request be put off

till

the hour of the Death.

We

have here incidentally two

details helping to exculpate Pilate:

Joseph
leave.

is

his 'friend';

Pilate can

do nothing without Herod's

sabbath draweth on'':
S.

"The

pression in

Luke
'

xxiii.

54,
'

literally 'dawneth': an exwhere the commentators ex-

plain that the Jewish sabbath

dawned

'

when

Friday's sun

was
is

setting.

Let not the sun go down upon your wrath

S. Paul's

the form of the

xxi.

command in Eph. iv. 26. This may illustrate command the substance of it is in Deut.
:

23
3.

(cf.

Josh.

x. 27),

but

it

there applies to

all

days

alike.

"

And
said,

they took the Lord and pushed

Him

as they

ran,

and

Let us drag away' the Son of God, having

obtained power over Him.

purple,

And

they clothed

Him

with

and

set

Him

on the

seat of judgement,

saying,

Judge righteously, O king of Israel. And one of them brought a crown of thorns and put it on the head of the

And others stood and spat in His eyes, and others smote His cheeks: others pricked Him with a reed; and
Lord.

some scourged Him,

the Son of God."
^

saying,

With

this

honour

let

us honour

Mr
i.

Rendel Harris suggests cyptoMeN

/myovs roirovs
(just before

for

eypcoMeN, from

Justin

Ap.

35, dmiripovTes.

Cf. too the cry in Acts of Philip (Tisch. p. 143),

Si}/)ore Tois

the cod. has eupovTes for aipovm).

iii.

"Apw/iB/ would have the support of Isa.

as Justin read
it

10, 'Apa/xev t6i>

SIkmov,

{Tryph. 137).
2

R.

J.

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

For the
illustration of this
i.

passage we turn to Justin

as

Martyr {Apol.
dragged

35):
set

'For,

the prophet said,

seat,
2,

they
said,

Him

and

Judge
to

for us'.'

on the judgement This depends on Isa. Iviii.

:

Him

and

quoted by

Justin just before

'

draw nigh

to God.'

They ask of me The Septuagint Version (and indeed

'They ask of

judgement, and dare

the

Hebrew
is
still

text) has,

me

just judgement,'

But whence came to Justin or to our author the conception that the Lord was set upon the judgement seat ? Whence, but from the Gospel When Pilate therefore heard of S. John ? There we read these words, he brought Jesus out, and sat upon the judgement seat^' But Archbishop Whately used to translate
which
closer to our Gospel.
:

'

the words,

'

and

set

Him
:

on the judgement
Greek.

seat

'

a perseems

fectly legitimate rendering of the

So

it

and so too the writer of our Justin Martyr read them Gospel, or the source from which he borrowed.

And they brought two malefactors, and they cruciLord between them. But He held His peace, asAnd when they had raised the cross they f^?'''liaving no pain. wrote upon it, This is the king of Israel. And having set His garments before Him they parted them among them,
4.

"

,fied

the

and

cast a lot^ for them.

And one

of those malefactors
for

reproached them, saying.

evils that

We

have suffered thus

this

the

we have done, but

Saviour of men, what wrong hath

they, being angered at him,

man, having become the He done to you ? And

that his legs should f

commanded

not be broken, that he might die in torment."

^ '

Aiatrii/joj'Tes

airhv inaSiaav

Jn. xix. 13 Kal iKaBurai

iirl

toO jS^/ioros Kal

Cf.

eiTrov

Kptyor

ij/uv.

jS^/taros.

Salmon, Introd.
rare one:

to

N.

T.

ed. 4. p. 74 n.
'

Aaxjiiic i^oKov.

authority seems to be Justin,

The word Xapyiis is a who uses it in this

the earliest
iji.

connection, Tiyph.

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

'

He

held His peace, as having no pain

is

'

is

our

first

sign
to
f

that this

the Gospel of the Docetae.

'

Observe

that,
;

make room for this, the words Father, forgive them for they know not what they do must be omitted. Our writer
'

is

no

friend of the Jews

he would willingly omit a prayer

for their forgiveness.

words

in

But it is worthy of notice that the question, which are found only in S. Luke xxiii.

34, are omitted there

may
this

by some very important MSS. ', and not have been present in our author's copy of S. Luke.

Note here, too, one of the many strange perversions in Gospel in S. Luke one malefactor chides the other
:

here the reproach

is

addressed to the Jews.

'

Again, 'the
:

breaking of the legs

is

strangely

perverted

but

it

is

another echo of

S.

John.

"And it was noon, and darkness covered all Judsea: 5. and they were troubled and distressed, lest the sun had gone down, since He yet lived [for] it was written for
:

them, that the sun go not down on him that

is

put to death.

And one of them said, Give Him And they mixed and gave Him
things,
'

to drink gall with vinegar.

to drink,

and

fulfilled all

and accomplished
'

their sins against their

S.

own head."^
(xix. 28):

Fulfilled all things

takes us again to

John

Jesus,

knowing

that all things

were already

finished, that

the Scripture might be accomplished (a respectable number

of MSS., headed by Codex Sinaiticus, reads

said, I thirst... they set

'fulfilled'),

on hyssop a sponge full of vinegar' (again a respectable group of MSS. adds 'with gall '). This last addition is clearly based on Ps. Ixix. 21, 'They gave me gall for my meat; and in my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink.' S. Matthew also mentions wine mingled
'

E.g. the Vatican

MS., the Codex Bezae

at

Cambridge, and an

early corrector of the Sinaitic Codex.

20
with gall

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

'

(xxvii. 34)

but that

is

before crucifixion, and is

S.

his version,

based upon the Psalm, of words which

Mark

more precisely as 'myrrhed wine,' offered to It seems as though lull the pain and refused by the Lord. the draught here given was intended to hasten death. If there is one word in the Canonical narratives of the Passion which is calculated to set our minds at rest on the
preserves to us

question whether our Blessed Lord truly

Crucifixion,
it is

felt

the pain of

the word from the Cross,

it

'I thirst.'

During

the hours of darkness

would seem that a great spiritual struggle was taking place, and this is marked by the quotaAt its tion of the first verse of the twenty-second Psalm. close the tortured body for a moment claims and receives
;

attention
lips

and the cry of

thirst is

heard from the parched

of the Sufferer.

The

value of this word to us receives

fact that
it

fresh illustration

from the

can find no place in a

Docetic Gospel, although the writer uses words which

before and after
it

come
it

in S. John's narrative.

"And many went

was
,

about with lamps, supposing that

night,

and

fell

down".

And

the Lord cried out, saying,

My
He

power.

My
it

power, thou hast forsaken Me.

And when

had said

He

was taken up.

And

in

that hour the

vail of the

temple of Jerusalem was rent in twain^."

In a document purporting to be an account of the Crucifixion by Pilate to the Emperor Tiberius, Pilate is made to say that not even the Emperor could be ignorant that in all the world they lighted lamps from the sixth hour until evening': Anaphora Pilati, B. c. 7 For iiriaiuiTO, at the end of the (Tisch. Ew. Apocr. ed. i p. 446 f.). sentence, I have written hna&v re: cf. Isa. lix. 10 naX ireffovvTai. ir It also seems an echo of Jn. xviii. 3, 6 Hannx^piq. us iv ixeaovvKrlif.
^

sent

'

ipXeTU liera <j>avuv Kal '\ainrdS(x)v...Kal iireaav x^M"'* For airos upas we must read aiSr^s upas, or perhaps o^ijs rijs uipas airrii is the equivalent in later Greek literature of iKelvri (as in the iKelr{i Mt. Mc). modern tongue); cf. Lc. a. 7, 21, and xii. 12
:

(||

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

This
is

21

the most startling passage in the document.

it is

The view that underlies down upon the Human

Cross.
Irenseus, a
'

that the Divine Christ

came

Christ at the Baptism in the form

of a Dove, and departed from the

Human

Christ

upon the

contemporary of Serapion, denounces the doctrine that one Christ suffered and rose again, and another flew up and remained free from suffering'.'

'The power' then, so often emphasised in S. Luke's Gospel in connection with the person of our Lord', is here, by a strange perversion of our Lord's quotation from Ps.
xxii.
I,

described as forsaking

'taken up,' the

Eli,

/i

is

Him the Divine Christ is Human Christ remains upon the Cross. rendered as 'My power. My power ^' We are
:

thus confirmed in the belief that this was the Gospel, as

Serapion

tells us,

of the Docefae*.

''

Iren. ill.
cf.

12. 2,
i.

where he seems to have Cerinthus

specially in

mind,

in. 11.
i.

Compare too

his description of the Valentinian

doctrine in

7.

-z.

i. 35 'the power of the Most High shall overshadow thee,' iv. 14 in the power of the Spirit,' v. 17 'the power of the Lord was present that He should heal,' vi. 19 'power came Mc. v. 30) and forth from Him and healed them all ; also viii. 46 note besides Lc. xxiv. 49; Acts i. 8, viii. 10. ' Eusebius, in an interesting note upon the Psalm {>em. v, *. 8,

Compare

especially Lc.
'

'

(||

p. 494), tells us that Aquila,

who

strove to give a
'

more

literal transla-

tion than the

LXX,
/^""t

rendered the words

My

strong one,

My

strong
'

one
text

'

(urx^pi

ti^X^P^ M-ov),

but that the exact meaning was

l<rxfii /lov).

My

strength,

My

strength' (laxis fwv,

list

The rendering

in our

must be added to the

of authorities that support the form /i,

as against EUi, in the

New

Testament.

In interpreting 'Israel' Justin

(Trypk. 125) says: t6

4

H fjK Sii/a/us.

For the use of the text in question among the Valentinians, cf. I. 8. 2. We must distinguish these early Oocetae from the later heretics, who denied the reality of Christ's body: see Dr Salmon's articles Docetae and Docetism in Did. Christ. Biogr.
Iren.

22
6.

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

"And
then they drew out the nails from the hands

of the Lord, and laid

Him upon
:

the earth, and the earth all

the sun shone, and it was found the ninth hour and the Jews rejoiced, and gave His body to Joseph that he might bury it, since he had seen what good things He had done. And he took the Lord, and washed Him, and rolled Him in a linen cloth, and brought Him into his own tomb, which was called the

quaked, and great fear arose.

Then

Garden of Joseph." Here again we have echoes of

S.

John.

He

alone

mentions the Nails': he alone mentions the Garden.

The Jews
:

rejoiced,

when the sun shone out

it

again, be-

was only the ninth hour, and not sunset so that the law might still be complied with. "Then the Jews and the elders and the priests, 7. seeing what evil they had done to themselves, began to lament and to say, Woe for our sins for the judgement
cause they found that
:

and the end of Jerusalem hath drawn nigh. And I with my companions was grieved and being wounded in mind we hid ourselves for we were being sought for by them as malefactors, and as wishing to set fire to the temple. And upon all these things we fasted and sat mourning and weeping night and day until the sabbath.''
;
:

The

cry of

Woe

is

found in Tatian's Diatessaron, a

Gospel Harmony made about the middle of the second

century and chiefly
version of
S.

known to us through an Armenian Ephrem's Syriac Commentary upon it. Thus

here nor in Jn. xx. 2Si 27 is there any In the Anaphora Pilati, B. 7,

'

It is curious that neither

reference to Nails through the Feet.

one

MS.

reads

'

And

there began to
fixed in the

be earthquakes
is

in the

hour in

which the
evening."
S.

nails

were

hands and

feet of Jesus, until the

Here, however, the earthquake

it.

placed later than in

Matthew, who alone mentions

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

we
read'
:

23

'Woe was
...the

it,

Woe was

it

unto us

this

was the

judgements of the desolation of Jerusalem have come.' The Old Syriac Version adds to Lc. xxiii. 48, 'Woe to us what hath befallen us ? Woe to us
:

Son of God;

from our
has
: '

sins.'

And one
:

Latin

Codex

(S.

Germanensis,
this

g,)

Woe

to us

what hath happened

day

for

our

sins? for the desolation of Jerusalem hath drawn nigh".'

8.

" But the scribes and Pharisees and elders being

gathered together one with another, when they heard that

all the people murmured and beat their breasts saying, If by His death these most mighty signs have come to pass, the elders were afraid and came to see how just He is,

Pilate,

beseeching him and saying, Give us soldiers, that they

sepulchre for three days,
lest.

may watch His

come and
is

His disciples

steal

Him

away, and the people suppose that

evil.

He

risen

from the dead and do us

And

Pilate gave

them Petronius the centurion with soldiers to watch the tomb. And the elders and scribes came with them to the sepulchre, and having rolled a great stone together with' the centurion and the soldiers they all together who were there set it at the door of the sepulchre; and they put upon it seven seals, and they pitched a tent there and kept
watch."

Longinus
the

is

the

name
It

of the centurion at the Cross in

is
:

'Acts of

Pilate.'

of course not necessary to

identify the

two centurions

but

we

shall

see presently

that the words attributed in our Gospels to the centurion

1

Eph. Diat.
desolation
'

p.
is

224 (Moesinger pp. 245

f., cf.

for

'

that used for ip'/nuans in the

The word p. 248). Armenian Gospels.

:

Vae

nobis, quae facta sunt hodie propter peccata nostra

appro-

pinquauit enim desolatio Hierusalem.

'

The

text

is

here corrupt

for

it

says that
I

'

they rolled the stone

to sub-

upan the centurion (kotA toO

KevTvplianos).'

have ventured

stitute ^era, 'together with:' cf.

Mt. xxvii. 66.

24
at

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

the Cross are here assigned to the centurion at

the

Sepulchre '9.

"And

early

in

the morning as the sabbath was

drawing on^ there came a multitude from Jerusalem and the region round about, that they might see the sepulchre

was sealed. And in the night in which the Lord's day was drawing on, as the soldiers kept watch two by two on guard, there was a great voice in the heaven and they saw
that
;

the heavens opened, and two

great light

men

descending thence with

which was put

parted to
the young
10.

and approaching the tomb. And that stone at the door rolled away of itself and deone side and the tomb was opened and both
;

men entered in. "When therefore the

soldiers

saw

it,

they awakened

the centurion and the elders, for they too were hard by

seen, again they see

keeping watch ; and, as they declared what things they had coming forth from the tomb three

them.

men, and the two supporting the one, and a cross following And of the two the head reached unto the heaven,
but the head of

Him

that

was led by them overpassed the

heavens.

And

they heard a voice from the heavens, saying,

Hast thou preached to them that sleep'? was heard from the cross. Yea."
^

And an answer

Petronius

is

a disciple of S. Peter in the Acts of S.

Hermione
and

(Sept. 4).
"

The same phrase

xxviii. 1.

as in 2

itrujiiiaKOVTo^

toB crappdrov,

immediately afterwards iiri^uffKev

i]

KvpiaK^

but here apparently from

Mt.
'

When

a document of this kind,

where the

text

is

frequently

corrupt,

first

comes

to light,

it is

difficult to assign to individuals

the

true share of credit for emendations that sometimes arise in

common

but I must mention that I owe to Mr F. C. Burkitt the suggestion To him that the Voice from heaven should be taken as a question.

and

to other friends I

am

very deeply indebted.

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

No
'the
subject

25

Christian

had a greater fascination for the early mind than the Descent of Christ into Hades and Harrowing of Hell.' The only unmistakeable referit

ence to

in the
iii.

New

Epistle (i Pet.

19, iv. 6),

Testament is in S. Peter's First He went and preached to the

'

spirits in prison,'

dead.'

But
S.

it is

and 'The gospel was preached to the also possible that the ancient hymn, from
v.

which

Paul quotes in Eph.

14,

'Wherefore

it

saith.

Awake, thou

that sleepest,

And And

arise

from the dead,

Christ shall shine

upon

thee,'

was intended to represent the triumph-song with which the

Lord entered the Under-world.

In seeking the source of the actual words of the Voice

from heaven, we may note that

S.

Matthew says

that at the

moment
had

of Christ's Death,

'

many

bodies of the saints that

fallen asleep arose' (xxvii. 52).

But we must

also

com-

pare a passage which Justin Martyr says the Jews cut out

from the prophecy of Jeremiah

'

in their copies of the

Israel,

LXX.

The Lord God,

the

Holy One of

remembered His

dead that had fallen asleep aforetime in the earth of burial, and descended to them to proclaim to them the good news of His salvation'.' Irenaeus also quotes this passage several times but we have no reason to believe that it ever formed part of the Old Testament Scriptures. But yet it is important, if only to shew how much these thoughts were in the air in early times a fact to which further witness is borne by the Gospel of Nicodemus", an apocryphal work
: :

TpoKeKoi/iij/iivuv.

See Bp. Lightfoot's note on Ign. Magn. ix. I read with Irenaeus This is supported also by Hermas, who says of
ix.

the

Apostles {Sim.

16,

5)

Koi.ix-i]6ivTes...iK^pv^a,v

Kcd rots

irpoKe-

In the Gospel of Nicodemus

11.

10 (Tisch. p. 430), the Cross

is

26

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

full description of the Descent into Hell, and by the Anaphora of Pilate, to which reference has been already made. A few sentences of this last book are worth

containing a

quoting here, as their thoughts are closely akin to those of our document. And on the first day of the week, about
'

the third hour of the night, the sun was seen as never

it

had shone
stature, in

before,

and

all

the heaven was brightened.

And

even as lightnings come in a storm, so certain

men

of lofty

adornment of apparel and of glory indescribable, appeared in the air, and a multitude of angels crying aloud and saying, Glory in the highest to God, and upon earth peace, among men good will come up out of Hades, ye that have been enslaved in the under-world of Hades '.' In a heretical book called 'the Wanderings of the Apostles,' which Dr Zahn says 'must have been written
:

left in

the Under-world: 'and the

of Hell (in medio inferni), which

there even for evermore.
'

is

Lord placed His Cross in the midst the sign of victory and shall remain
This book has clearly some

Anaph. PH., B. 8

(Tisch. p. 447).

close connection with our document.

Beside the striking resemblances

note that Pilate makes Herod and the Jews Death of Christ and, whereas here the disciples were supposed to wish to set fire to the Temple, there all the Synagogues in Jerusalem save one are swallowed up in the earthquake. A small
already cited,
responsible for the
;

we may

coincidence of language
cf.

is

supra

6.

We

may

found in A. 10 (Tisch. 441) ^v dtaakjisvot, even wonder whether the earlier part of the
details

Anaphora does not preserve

our Gospel: e.g. there
is

from the

still

missing part of
said to

the same use of S. John, and the

strange perversion, in the account of Lazarus,

who

is

same have

been in an advanced state of corruption, and yet to have come forth from the tomb like a bridegroom from his chamber. " Zahn Ada yohannis p. cxliv. On p. 216 he gives the passage of Photius, Cod. 114, on these Leucian Acts, which I have cited here. Hermas Sim. ix. 6, i introduces the Lord as 'a Man of lofty
stature,

so as

to
is

overtop the tower'

represented as 'a

and

in

S.

Perpetua's Vision

(Passio X.)

He

Man

of marvellous greatness, so

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

before i6o,' and of which fragments are preserved to us,

2/

we

are told that Christ appeared in various forms to His disciples,

then again as a boy

'

sometimes as a young man, then as an old man, ; and sometimes small, and sometimes
Further coincidences tend to shew that this book

very large, so that at times His head reached even unto

heaven.'

too stands in
II.

some near relation to our Gospel. "They therefore considered one with another
Pilate.

whether to go away and shew these things to

opened, and a certain
sepulchre.

And

while they yet thought thereon the heavens again appear

man

descending and entering into the

When

the centurion and they that were with

him

by night to Pilate, leaving the saw tomb which they were watching, and declared all things which they had seen, being distressed and saying, Truly He was the Son of God. Pilate answered and said, I am pure
these things, they hastened

from the blood of the Son of

God

but ye determined

this.

Then
him

they
to

drew near and besought him and entreated command the centurion and the soldiers to say
all
:

nothing of the things which they had seen

say they, for us to

For

it is

better,

and not

to fall

owe the greatest debt of sin before God, into the hand of the people of the Jews and
Pilate therefore

to be stoned.

commanded

the

centurion

and the

soldiers to say nothing."

The

hatred of the writer to the Jews, which stands in

striking contrast to the just

Evangelists,

is

and measured terms of our nowhere more marked than in the keen satire
With
reference to the

as to overpass the top of the amphitheatre.'

two

men who
cross,

support the Lord

it is

interesting to note a representation in

early art, in

which

'

our Lord in glory stands by and supports a large

having the angels Michael and Gabriel on either hand.'

I.

Did.

Christ. Antiqq. vol.

p. 497.

Michael and Gabriel come

'B.

for the soul

of B.V.

Mary

in Transitu!

Marias

8 (Tisch. p. 130).

28

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

Pilate

of this passage.

once more

is

freed as far as possible

from blame'.
12.

"And at dawn upon

the Lord's day

Mary Magdalen,

disciple of the Lord, [who] fearing because of the Jews,

since they were burning with wrath,

Lord's sepulchre the things which the

for those that die

women

had not done at the are wont to do

by them, took her where He was

friends with her

laid.

and that and came

are beloved

to the sepulchre

And

they feared lest the Jews should see them, and

Even if on that day on which He was crucified we could not weep and lament, yet now let us do these things at His sepulchre. But who shall roll away for us the stone that is laid at the door of the sepulchre, that we may enter in and sit by Him and do the things that are due? For the stone was great, and we fear lest some one see us. And even if we cannot, yet let us set at the door the things which we bring for a memorial of Him; let us weep and lament, until we come unto our home. "And they went away and found the tomb opened, 13. and coming near they looked in there and they see there a certain young man sitting in the midst of the tomb, beautiful and clothed in a very bright robe who said to them, Why are ye come? whom seek ye? Is it that crucified One? He is risen and gone away. But if ye believe not, look in and see the place where He lay, that He is not [here]^; for
they said,
;
;

The white-washing
Pilate's

of the unhappy

Roman

governor was some-

times carried further

in

still.

answer to

In the Paradosis Pilati (Tisch. p. 455) prayer for forgiveness before his execution by

Tiberius a voice comes from heaven saying,

call thee blessed. ..for

'AH generations

shall

under thee

all

these things were fulfilled':

and
(gj):

an angel of the Lord receives his head. In Lc. xxiv. 6 we have 'non est, surrexit' in Cod. Sangerm. and perhaps we ought not to add here in this place.
'^

'

'

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

29

He

Then

and gone away thither, whence He was sent'. feared and fled." This passage, which opens with clear traces of S. John,
is

risen

the

women

(compare especially
bury'),
is

xix.

40, 'as the

also full of the peculiar phrases of S.

custom of the Jews is to Mark. The

correspondence ends too with the abrupt conclusion of

S.

Mark's Gospel, as we now have

it:

and there

is

no

trace

of the twelve disputed verses^.

"Now it was the last day of the unleavened bread, 13. and many went forth returning to their homes, as the But we, the twelve^ disciples of the Lord, feast was ended. mourned and were grieved and each one grieving for that which was come to pass departed to his home. But I Simon Peter and Andrew my brother took our nets and went away to the sea; and there was with us Levi the son of
:

Alphaeus,
'

whom
this

the Lord...."
the 20th

With
to

we must compare
that sent

Homily of Aphrahat

(ed.

Wright, p. 385), 'Ai>dthe angel said to Mary,

He

is

risen
is

and gone
reason to

away
thus

Him

Him'

(cf.

Jn. xvi.

5).

There

believe that Aphrahat, a Syrian writer, used Tatian's

Harmony: and

we seem

to

have a second link between our Gospel and that

origin of the addition,
in direct contrast to

important work.

Whatever be the
Jn. XX.
17,

it

is

'I

am

not yet ascended to the Father.'

In our Book

however the Ascension of both Christs has taken place already. 2 Cf. in Mc. xvi. 3 ff. tIs diroKvXtffei iifuv .rjv yap ii.iyas...veavl<TKOv KaBTi/J^vov .Tepipe^XilljApoii ffTo\-qv: and compare the last words itfivyov
. .
.

...iipo^ovvro

ydp with
is

S.

Mark

there

this document <po^8ei(rai (<l>vyov. Here as in no record of an appearance of the Lord to the

women. 3 'The

twelve disciples'
:

is

perhaps a mere

slip

of the author or

of a copyist

but

it

is

conceivable that Judas too as well as Pilate

if

underwent a cleansing process,

our writer's narrative.

indeed he was ever mentioned, in

'twelve'
is

The reading

confirmed by the
disciples.'

Apocalypse

( 2)

which has the same phrase, 'we the twelve

30

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

This broken sentence must remain unfinished,
till

some
in

new
this

discovery

tells

us what

we long

to

know

whether

Gospel the Disciples ever see the Lord.

Meanwhile

we may be
is

clear

grateful that it adds a final proof of what indeed enough already to a reader of the original Greek,

namely our writer's use of the Fourth Gospel. It is probable enough that if we knew what followed we should find that he 'had honoured it with the honour' which he has given to it already with the same impartiality as to the other three Perversion is a form of the honour of misrepresentation.
witness to the thing perverted.

Now
think of

that
it ?

we have read our new Gospel, what

will doubtless

are

we

to

The document

be subjected to the most

it

searching criticism both in England and elsewhere, and

would be presumptuous to pretend

close of this Lecture.

to give the final verdict. at the

But a few general remarks may not be out of place

And, first, I would call attention to the fact that all our most recent recoveries are not entire surprises. Nothing wholly new and unheard of turns up as we explore neglected
libraries or dig in disused cemeteries.

The range
limited.

of Chris-

tian literature in the second century

to

was

Eusebius,

whose researches we owe a debt of gratitude which can

it

never be too generously acknowledged, covered

cally all

practi-

by

his

It is true that,

own reading or by the reports of others. now that we have entered upon a new field
is

of exploration in the tombs of Egypt, there

nothing that

we need despair of finding be it the Expositions of Papias, or the Memoirs of Hegesippus, or the Chronicle of Julius But again and again our new friend has proved Africanus.

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

to

be an old one, whom we knew at least by name. he has fitted in at once into the old surroundings.

And
The

second century was a book-making age; but the books were very often not original. As Spurgeon used to say of

many modern

They stir up our pure minds by way Books were made out of books. The literary imagination played around the old facts or the old The Teaching of the Apostles used an earlier, records. perhaps a Jewish, manual the Apology of Aristides was indebted to a book still unrecovered, the Preaching of Peter. Each of these in turn was embodied in later works the Teaching was 'used and used up,' as we are told, in the Shepherd of Hermas, besides the more obvious places where we trace it the Apology of Aristides lies embedded
books,
'

of remembrance.'

Similarly, there can be no manner of doubt as to whence our new Gospel derived the main bulk But as it was a true of its facts and of its language.
in a religious novel.

Apocryphon,' the secret book of a sect and not the property of the Catholic Church, its circulation was but limited and we cannot expect to find it largely used
'

common

in the later writings

it is

surprising that

it

which have come down to us. Indeed should have so many points of contact
a

as

we have already noted with the surrounding literature. The second point to which I would call attention is

very different one.

the Books of the
that
is

We
New

are sometimes told that certain of

Testament are Tendenz-schriften

composed with the aim of setting forth at any cost the pecuUar view of some special school of Christian thought. Well, here we have a good example
to say, they are

of a 'Tendency- Writing.'
this

It is

worth careful study from

point of view.

Old statements are suppressed, or

:

wilfully perverted

duced which bear

and displaced new statements are their condemnation on their faces.

intro-

No-

32
thing

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

is left

as

it

was before.

Here

is

'

History as

it

should

be': 'Lines left out' of the old familiar records.

And no

one who will take the pains to compare sentence by sentence, word by word, the new Lines left out with the old Line upon Line,' will fail to return to the Four Gospels
' '

'

with a sense of relief at his escape from a stifling prison of

prejudice into the transparent and the bracing atmosphere

of pure simplicity and undesigning candour.
Thirdly, I must try to say a

word about the date of our

new Book.
side

The

points in which our writer seems to coin-

cide with Tatian, together with the use of the Four Gospels

suggesting that the work is based upon a Harmony, might make us hesitate to place it previous But on the other hand its seeming earlier than c. I'jo.

by

side,

coincidence with the Leucian Acts, which deserves a

investigation, tends to

full

push

it

back before i6o.

is

For the
all

whole

style

of the narrative
at

much

less

complex, and In
the
as

indeed suggests
yet
that

once a very early date.

instances of similarity with other books

we cannot prove

Four In every other case he may have used some Gospels. source used also by the other writers and now entirely lost nay, in some cases he may be the original authority himThe main views here expounded may be traced back self. even to Cerinthus the opponent of S. John and we know that S. Ignatius strenuously combated Docetic teachers. So that we need not be surprised if further evidence shall
our author has borrowed,
save from the
:

tend to place this Gospel nearer to the beginning than to

the middle of the second century.
Lastly, the unmistakeable acquaintance

of the

author

with our Four Evangelists deserves a special comment'.

'

He

In the margin of the Greek text

have placed references only to

those lines in which

some statement

or phrase occurs

which

is

peculiar

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

uses and misuses each in turn.

33

To him

they

all

stand on an

equal footing.

He lends no support to the attempt which

rest,

has

been made to place a gulf of separation between the Fourth

Gospel and the
as regards the period or area of their

acceptance as Canonical.
tury of

Nor

again does he countenance

the theory of the continued circulation in the second cen-

we
is

feel

an Urevangelium, or such a prae-canonical Gospel as must lie behind our Synoptists. He uses our Greek
;

Gospels

there

is

no proof (though the

possibility of course

always open) that he knew of any Gospel record other

than these.

And
the

so the

new

facts are just

what they should be,

is still

if

Church's universal tradition as to the supreme and

to

unique position of the Four Canonical Gospels

sustained by historical criticism.
(III.

be

The words

of Irenaeus
close,

II. 7), as the

second century was drawing to a

latest

are as true as ever to-day, and they have received a

new

and notable confirmation by our

'

recovery

So strong

is

the position of our Gospels, that the heretics

start

themselves bear witness to them, and each must

these to prove his

from

own

doctrine.... Since therefore those

who

contradict us lend us their testimony

and use our Gospels,

the claim which

we have made on

their behalf is thereby

confirmed and
to one of our

verified.'
distinctive

parts of each Gospel

Four Gospels. Thus the use made of the may be seen at a glance.

R.

J.

ADDITIONAL NOTES.
1
.

On

AND CODEX
(k),

BoBBlENSis.

It

Seems as though

we had
xvi.

at last

a parallel to the extraordinary interpolation at Mc.

Bobbiensis

an Old Latin MS., which reads, after 'Who shall roll away for us the stone from the door,' as follows instead of our verse 4: 'But suddenly, at the third hour of the day, darkness came over the whole world, and angels descended from heaven, and rising in the glory of the living God ascended with Him; and immediately it became light.' This passage clearly cannot belong to its present context but it closely corresponds with the Ascension of the Divine Christ from the Cross even to the mention of the reappearance
in cod.
:

of the sun.
inconsistent

The when

'hour'

may have been

changed, so as to be less
its

the passage had got into

new

context.

2.

On the Chronology
adpparor

of this Gospel.
fiids

The

notes of time

are as follows
1.

iin^ili(rKei...irpb

tuv

Atliiuav.

The Body must

not remain unburied after sunset on this day. ?;' Bi lieinni^pla. The darkness covers Judaea. 2.
3.

eipiSrf

apa

imrr}.

The
Sios

light returns.

4.

vvKTis Kal ii/iipas

toC

(TojS/SaTou.'

The

Disciples fast and

mourn.
5.
iirl

Tpm

iip^pas.

The Jews propose

to

watch the Tomb.

6.

irpatas Sk iin<l>ii(rKovTos tov (TojS/Sotou.

The

multitude

come

to

see the
7.

Tomb.
rg di vvktI f
vvKTos.
iTri(j>a(rKev
t)

/cupia/ci}.

The Voice and

the Vision.

8.
9.

They hasten
Trji

to tell Pilate.

SpBpov Si

KvpiaKTJs.

Mary Magdalen comes

tuv
d^/t(i;;'...T^s

to the

Tomb

with the other women.

10.
ijv

dk

TeXevrala

Tifiipa

iopr^s irmiaaiiivqs.

Many

return to their homes.

The

Disciples go to the sea.

32

36
Abib

ADDITIONAL NOTES.

We may perhaps arrange them in order thus

14.

Preparation

i> 2, 3,

At even Passover
bread begins.
15.

killed.

Period of unleavened

Sabbath.
First

16.
17.

Sheaf waved day of the week

.....
. .

[4],

5> 7) 8,

18.
19. 20.

Second Third Fourth

Fifth

21.

Preparation

'

.10
[4]

At even Period of unleavened bread

22.

ends.

Sabbath
still

In 13 the Disciples are

'weeping and mourning': sn that

all

we

may

explain 4 perhaps as meaning

/3
/3'

the days until the second sabbath.

In fact a -shaped
possibly restore tov

may have
aa^^arov.

fallen out after tov: so that

we might

But

this is not necessary, as the first

to.

sabbath had begun at the time referred

the Disciples remain a
it

It is

remarkable then that

week

in hiding at Jerusalem,
at all.

and then leave

first

for Galilee without

having seen the Lord

The

of these
it

statements

may be

suggested by Jn. xx. 26 ; but the second, while

S.

might be suggested by the silence of S. Matthew and

direct contrast with Lc. xxiv. 34, 36

Mark,

is

in

and

Jn. xx. 19, 26.

3.

On the Reconstruction of this

Gospel.

have already

suggested (pp. 20, 22, 26) that the Anaphora Pilati has used this Gospel and this view is confirmed by some Coptic fragments (Revillout, 1876),
as yet untranslated,

my

knowledge of which

In these the same

stress is laid

is gained from Mr James. on the corruption of the body of Lazarus

and Philip appears together with Herod as plotting against the Lord, Moreover these fragments seem to be connected in as in Anaph. Pil. method with others which correspond to the Historia Josephi, in which we find the one statement which Origen preserves to us from this Gospel
(see

above p. 14 n.)

set forth in full.

THE REVELATION OF PETER

A LECTURE
ON THE NEWLY RECOVERED FRAGMENT
BY

MONTAGUE RHODES JAMES

M.A.

ET APPAREBIT LACVS TORMENTI ET CONTRA

ILLVM ERIT LOCVS REQVIETIONIS

ET CLIBANVS

GEHENNAE OSTENDETVR ET CONTRA EVM lOCVNDITATIS PARADISVS

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

Of the two fragments of early Christian literature which have just been called out of Egypt, the extract from the
Gospel of Peter
ing
:

is

no doubt the more immediately

it

interest-

and, in the excitement caused by that, the Apocalyptic

in the

fragment, which follows

Gizeh MS., runs some

yet,

chance of being overlooked.

stood by
itself,

And

had

this

latter

its

discovery would have caused a very the theological world.

considerable

stir

in

No one

in-

terested in the history of the

could have failed to

Canon of the New Testament be excited when nearly half of the text

of the Revelation of Peter was laid before him.

book was one of which we heard much and It always seemed strange that we were constantly encountering its name in early documents, and yet, when we came to inquire about its character and contents, there were exactly six passages which gave us any idea on the subject, while the total amount of the text which they preserved may have been eight lines. Curiously enough, moreover, modern writers on the subject had hardly ventured more than the most general conjectures on these fragments, and had not succeeded in drawing from them
For
this

saw very

little.

by any means

all

the information which, scanty as they

were, they could be

made

to afford.

40

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

as being the remains of a

For myself, they had always possessed a curious interest, book once highly prized in several important Christian communities, and, more than that, as
being the
relics

of the earliest Christian Apocalypse, save

one, that was ever written: and, in the year 1886, I

had

taken some pains in collecting and commenting on these

poor

relics,

and, in particular, in attempting to reconstruct

by

their

aid the probable contents of the book, and to

its

estimate

influence

on

later

works of the same

it

class.

In the course of these investigations

that

became

clear

book must have contained at least two elements, one a prophetical or predictive section, relating to the end of the world, the other, a narrative of visions; and more particularly, a vision of the torments of the
the
as

wicked, in which various classes of sinners were represented

punished in a manner suitable to their offences.

clear,

It

became
in

moreover, that certain books showed more

:

or less clear traces of obligation to this old Apocalypse

particular,
this

was true of the second book of the Sibylline oracles, the Apocalypse of Paul, and the later Apocalypse of Esdras. And, what was interesting from
the literary point of view,

we could trace the influence of

upon almost
all

the Apocal5rpse of Paul

visions, even in the

the mediaeval

Divina Commedia of Dante. So that through the medium of the Pauline vision, the Apocalypse of Peter had had a share in moulding the greatest poem
of the middle ages.
of

In

my

recent edition of the Testament

Abraham'
:

took occasion to set forth the main lines of

this

view but it was not possible there (nor will it be, I fear, on the present occasion) to set forth, with all the necessary detail, the steps which led me to the conclusions which But perhaps I have said enough to I have just stated.
'

Texts

and Studies,

ii.

2,

pp. 23, i\.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

show
that

the Apocalypse

of Peter had for some time

occupied no small share of

will justify the precipitation

my

attention
I

and

hope

this

with which

have ventured to

attack the newly-discovered fragment.

It is time,

however, to leave generalities and to approach

this

details.

propose to divide

paper into three heads

Under a practice for which I fancy there are precedents. the first I shall arrange my account of what was known
about the book previous to
this late discovery.

Under

the

second I

shall give a translation of the

new

fragment, with

a few notes.

Under

the

third I shall try to state what

new

light this discovery

throws upon the book as a whole.

tell

It is

perhaps simplest to

the story of our

it,

book

in

the words of the writers

who speak of
mention

arranging them in

order of date.

The

first

(real or apparent) of

an

Apocalypse of Peter is found in the Muratorian Fragment, dated circ. 170 200 a.d. The writer has mentioned the Wisdom of Solomon: he goes on to say; "The Apocalypses

and Peter only do we receive which (in the singular) some of our number will not have read in the churches." Most critics have understood this sentence to mean that the only Apocalypses (and the number of Apocalypses was large) which the Roman Church received were those of John and Peter; and that the latter was repudiated by some Roman
of John
:

Christians.

But

it

has been lately urged with great ingethat there

is no reason to believe that was known at all at Rome; and that the Petrine Apocalypse we ought to suppose that a line has here dropped out of our undoubtedly corrupt fragment, and to read: "(There is) the Apocalypse of John and of Peter one epistle, which alone we receive there is also a second (epistle), which some

nuity by

Dr Zahn,

of our number, will not have read in church'."

'

Zahn, N. T. Kanon,

ii.

105 sqq.

42
I

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

do not
it

feel

ticularly as

convinced that Dr Zahn is right, more parseems that we have some reason to believe that
of Alexandria, at the beginning of the third
tells

Hippolytus used our book.

Of Clement
*

century, Eusebius

us' that in his great lost work, the

all

Hypotyposes or Outlines, he commented on

Scripture,

the Canonical
I

'not

even omitting the disputed scriptures,

mean

the Epistle of Jude

Epistles,

and

that

and the rest of the Catholic of Barnabas, and the so-called Apocalypse

of Peter.'

When we
the
Outlines)

turn to Clement's works, in the collection of

extracts (either from a lost

book of his Miscellanies, or from which are called Eclogue ex Scripturis Prothree

pheticis,

we

find

separate quotations (and a fourth

passage repeating one of the three) from this Apocalypse'',

in

one of which

it is

called 'the Scripture.'

I shall reserve for the

present the translation of these

fragments.
S.

Methodius of Olympus in Lycia, living

at the

end of

the third century,, has a fairly long passage identical in part

with one of the Clementine quotations;

of this passage
writings ^'
is

and the material

'divinely-inspired

taken, he says, from

So

far,

then, Lycia, Alexandria,

and probably Rome, are

critical

witnesses to the early popularity of the Apocalypse.

In the fourth century we have a

book,

estimate of the

where we

naturally expect to find

it,

in

the Eccle-

siastical History of

Twice over he gives us his view of the book, based largely on the use or non-use of it by earlier Church writers: and it is by no means a favourable view.
Eusebius of Caesarea.
1

H.E.

vi. 14, I.
'

"

See Fragments 36.

5 b.

See Fragment

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

writings,

43

In the former of the two passages he enumerates the

genuine and spurious, which were current under

of
S.

the

name

Peter; of the spurious writings he says: "the

book, so entitled, of his Acfs, and the so-called

Gospel

known as his Preaching, and what is called his Apocalypse these we know not at all as having been handed down among catholic scriptures; fOr no
according to him, and what
is

ancient Church writer, nor contemporary of our own, has

of

made use of testimonies taken from them I" As a matter fact, we know that Clement of Alexandria used both
:

Preaching and Apocalypse

still,

in its

broad

lines,

the state-

ment
found

is

no doubt

correct.
is to be Testament

The second
in his writings^.

of Eusebius's estimates of this book

classification of the
it

famous

New

The

place assigned to

is

below the limbo of

disputed books, but in the uppermost circle of the abode of

spurious ones,

among

those which, though certainly spurious,

or outside the pale, were not of distinctly heretical tendencies.

'

Among

spurious books let there be classed

the writing of

the Acts of Paul, and the book called the Shepherd, and the

Apocalypse of Peter, and, besides these, the Epistle of Barnabas, and what are called the Teachings of the Apostles:

and

besides,

if

you take that view, as

said above, the in

this class
will

Apocalypse of John... and.

some include

the

Gospel according
the

to

the Hebrews.

All these

be of

number of

disputed books.'

applies to this class both the terms spurious

So that Eusebius himself and disputed:

but I think the former more truly represents his

own

opinion,

and the softening down of

of

it is

a concession to the opinions

many

of his contemporaries.
fifth

Macarius Magnes, a writer of the beginning of the

century, furnishes us with two
1

more fragments of our book.

^

H. E,

iii.

3, 2.

H. E.

iii.

25, 4.

44

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

nature of his evidence requires a word of explanation. His book, called Apocritica, gives a series of objections brought by a heathen against Christianity, and the answers to these by Macarius. Now the objections are evidently genuine, and seem to be taken out of a written work. And
it

The

is

thought very likely that the author of them

Porphyry.

In that case, the quotations must be set

objector adduces the book 'by

may be down as
superto
it.

a testimony to the currency of our book in the third century.

The heathen
fluity,'

way of

apparently not attaching

much importance
:

Macarius, when he comes to explain the matter, takes no

pains to defend the source of the quotation
'

repudiate the Apocalypse of Peter,

utterances of prophecy

we

are forced

Even if we by the

and of the Gospel,

to agree with the

Apocalypse of

Peter.'

More light on the reception of the book is given us by Sozomen in the first half of the fifth century. 'For instance,'
he
says,

'the

so-called

Apocalypse of Peter, which was

stamped as

entirely spurious

by the ancients, we have

dis-

covered to be read in certain churches of Palestine up to the present day, once a year, on the Friday during which
the people most religiously fast in

commemoration of the
of the book
:

Lord's passion'.'

This exhausts the

calypse of Peter (in
Epistles: but this
is

list

of

notices

it is

true

that Rufinus in his version of Eusebius retains the

Apo-

H. E.

vi. 14)

and omits the Catholic

calls

because Eusebius

the latter dis-

puted in that place.

Jerome, again, merely translates Eusebius {H. E. in. 3) the works attributed to Peter: Nicephorus, too, copies Eusebius and Sozomen.

when he enumerates

Hist. Eccl.

vii. 19.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

:

45

three

But a certain amount of evidence remains we have lists of apocryphal books which mention our Apocalypse. The list which goes by the name of Nicephorus, and may be placed about 850 a.d., is interesting as containing the name we are in search of, and as being a production of some one writing at Jerusalem'.
of this
list
is

One

division

set

apart for

'

disputed books of the

New
lines.

Testament.''

These are
containing 1400

The Apocalypse of John The Apocalypse of Peter The Epistle of Barnabas The Gospel according to
This
list

300
the

Hebrews

1360 2200

gives us really valuable information as to the

length of the book.

We

will

put next to

it

a statement

of similar character from a different source.

The Codex

Claromontanus Da, of St Paul's Epistles, of the sixth century, has a catalogue in Latin of all the Scriptures, remarkable
for

many

reasons, which
(it

drian origin
original)

is

Dr Zahn takes to be of Alexanundoubtedly rendered from a Greek

third or fourth century in date.

and of the

The

concluding items in

this are

Epistle of Barnabas

Revelation of John

850 verses 200

(i.e.

Hnes).

Acts of the Apostles 2600

The Shepherd
Acts of Paul
Revelation of Peter

4000
3560 270
.

third

list,

which

may be

of a.d. 600, and

is

is

very

commonly
teresting.

called the List of the Sixty Books,

It gives us,
^

less in:

among New Testament Apocrypha

ii.

Zahn, N. T. Kanon,

290 sqq.

46

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

The The The The The The
History of James
Travels,
(i.e.

the

'

Protevangelium

').

Apocalypse of Peter.

and Teachings, of the Apostles.

Epistle of Barnabas.

Acts of Paul.

Apocalypse of Paul.
&c.

&c.

Let us summarise the information we have gained from

all

these passages.

The Apocalypse
lines

of Peter was a Greek

book containing 270 or 300

of a line of

of the average length

Homer

(36 to 38 letters) and about a quarter

as long as the Revelation of S.

John

or, in

other words,
it

about the length of the Didache as we have

or the Epistle to the Galatians (311 lines).
-

(316 lines)
in the

It

probably found a partial reception at

it

Rome

second century; certainly

in Palestine
it

did in Egypt, and in Lycia;

still

survived and was

fifth

read in church on

Good
It

Friday in the

century.

continued to be copied
(for
:

down

to the ninth century

in

Jerusalem

the

list

of Nicephorus was

made

for

and as we are told that the Gizeh MS. is of a date between the eighth and twelfth centuries, we may say the same of Egypt. But all this while the popularity and reception of the If the Muratorian Fragment book were not universal. does mention it, it is with a caution if Methodius quotes while Eusebius it, he does so without naming his source and Sozomen are unqualified in their repudiation of it as a genuine work of the Apostle, and tell us that the use
practical purposes)
:

made
was

of

it

practically nil.
it

by the great writers who had preceded them Macarius would not at all object to
over
it
:

throwing

one of our

lists

calls

it

a disputed book,
the third, whose

another places

among Apocrypha, and

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

author probably might have accepted
it,

47
it

gives

a place

among
)

writings which form a sort of appendix to the un-

y^

doubted portion of the New Testament Canon. So that, though no doubt it was a popular book,
educated class of Christians.
ception to this statement
:

its

popularity seems to have been almost confined to the less

Clement

is

no doubt an

exdis-

but few writers are less

criminating than he, though there are few

who

are better

informed ; while,
willing to lay

if I

read Methodius

rightly,

he

is

un-

much

stress

on the source which he

full

uses,

and

uses sparingly.
I

cannot attempt to give anything like a

not very large.
Cod. Apocr.

account of

what modern
first

writers have written about this Apocalypse,

is

albeit the bulk of matter

J.
i.

E. Grabe
74.
\.

collected the fragments in his Spidlegium,

Fa940.

bricius

added some notes Did. Chr.

extra
in a lecture

in

N.

T.,

Liicke,

in his Introduction to the Revelation

of S. John,

Lipsius,

Biogr., art.

'Apocalypses,' Hilgenfeld,

Nov.

Test,

Can. rec,

Salmon
Kanon,

iv. 74 (1866 and 1883), Dr on Uncanonical Books, now embodied

in his Introduction
11.

to

the

New

Testament, Zahn,

N.

T.

Robinson, Passion of S. Perpetua, pp. 37 43, should be consulted: they contain practically all that has as yet been said about the Apocalypse of

810

820,

Peter.
It is

necessary before

we

pass to the second section of

my

paper to

call special attention to

two hypotheses

one,
is

put forward by Bunsen in his Analecta Ante-Nicaena,

in his fragment

suggestion that one source which was used by Hippolytus

'

Concerning the Universe was the Apoca'

lypse of Peter

the other, which

is

Mr

Robinson's,

is

that

we may

find traces of this

of S. Perpetua, and in

same Apocalypse in the Passion Barlaam and Josaphat. I think the

48

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

discovery goes some

new

way towards confirming both con-

jectures.

We

will

now read

the

divided into twenty short sections

new fragment, which I have and short notes will be

;

given on such points as suggest themselves.

will

My

rendering

be
1.

literal

and

bald.

"

'

Many

of them will be false prophets, and will

:

teach ways and various doctrines of perdition

will

and they
and

be sons of perdition.
faithful

And

then will

God come unto

souls in this

my
life
;

ones that are hungering and thirsting

suffering oppression,

and proving

their

own

and

He

will

judge the sons of lawlessness.'

'

Let us go unto the mountain and pray.' And as we twelve disciples went with Him, we besought Him that He would shew us one of our
2.

And

the

Lord said furthermore

righteous brethren that

we might

see of what form they were

had departed from the world, that and so take courage

and encourage them also that should hear us. And as we were praying, there suddenly appeared 3.

we could not look upon

such as never eye of

two men standing before the Lord towards the east, whom} for there came from their counte:

nance a ray as of the sun and all their raiment was

light,

man

beheld,

nor mouth can describe,

nor heart conceive the glory wherewith they were clad, and
the beauty of their countenance.

And when we saw them we were amazed

rose,

for their

bodies were whiter than any snow, and redder than any

and the red thereof was mingled with the white, and, them for their hair was thick and curling and bright, and beautiful upon their face and their shoulders like a wreath woven of spikein a word, I cannot describe the beauty of
: '

Italics indicate

words supplied where a gap occurs in the MS.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

was
their beauty.
4.

49

nard and bright flowers, or like a rainbow in the sky, such

When, therefore, we saw their beauty, we were all amazement at them, for they had appeared suddenly and Who are these ? He I came near to the Lord and said These are your brethren the righteous, whose saith to me
: : '
'

'

forms ye wished to behold.'

And

said to

Him
is

'

And

where are

all

the righteous, or of what sort

this glory ?

the world

wherein they are and possess

5.

And

the

Lord shewed

me

a very great space outside

this

light, and the air that was there illuminated with the rays of the sun, and the earth itself blooming with unfading flowers, and full of

world shining excessively with

spices

and

fair-flowering plants, incorruptible

:

a blessed

fruit

and bearing and so strong was the perfume that it was

borne even to us from thence.

raiment was like their land
encircled)

And

the dwellers in that

place were clad in the raiment of angels of

:

light, and their and angels ran about {or

them

there.

And

the glory of the dwellers there

was equal, and with one voice they praised the Lord God, The Lord saith unto us ' This is rejoicing in that place.
:

the place of your predecessors {perh. brethren) the righteous

men.'
6.

And

other, very squalid,

saw also another place over against that and it was a place of chastisement ; and
atmo-

those that were being chastised, and the angels that were
chastising,

had

their raiment dark, according to the

sphere of the place.

And there were some there hanging by their tongues 7. and these were they that blaspheme the way of righteousand there was beneath them fire flaming and torness
:

menting them.
8.

And
J.

there was a certain great lake full of flaming

R.

50

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

men
set

mire, wherein were certain

that pervert righteousness

upon them. And there were also others, women, hung by their 9. hair over that mire that bubbled up and these were they that had adorned themselves for adultery and the men that had been joined with them in the defilement of adultery were hanging by their feet, and had their heads in the mire: and all were saying 'We beUeved not that we should come into this place.' 10. And I saw the murderers and them that had conspired with them cast into a certain narrow place full of evil reptiles and being smitten by those beasts and wallowing there thus in that torment and there were set upon them worms as it were clouds of darkness. And the souls of them that had been murdered were standing and looking upon the punishment of those murderers, and saying 'O God, righteous is thy judgment' 11. And hard by that place I saw another narrow place wherein the gore and the filth of them that were tormented ran down, and became as it were a lake there. And there sat women having the gore up to their throats, and over against them a multitude of children which were born out of due time sat crying and there proceeded from them flames {or sparks) of fire, and smote the women upon
: : : :

and tormenting angels were

the eyes '.

And

these were they that destroyed their children

and caused
12.

abortion.

And

there were other

to their middle
evil
spirits

and

cast into a dark place

and having their and these were they that persecuted the righteous and delivered them up. And hard by them again were women and men 13.
that rested not:
'

men and women on fire up and scourged by entrails devoured by worms

See Fragment

4.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

gnawing
their lips,

hot iron upon their eyes

and being tormented, and receiving redand these were they that had blasphemed and spoken evil of the way of righteousness.
:

And over against these were again 14. women gnawing their tongues and having
their

other

men and
fire

flaming

in

mouths

and these were the

spit,

false witnesses.

15.

And

in a certain other place were pebbles sharper red-hot,

than swords or than any

men

clad in filthy rags were rolling

and women and upon them in torment

and these were the wealthy that had trusted in their wealth and had not had pity upon orphans and widows, but had
neglected the
16.

commandment

of God.

and blood and boiling mire stood men and women, up to their knees and these were they that lent money and demanded interest on interest. 17. And there were other men and women being hurled down from a great clifif, and they reached the bottom and again were driven by those that were set upon them to climb up upon thfe cliff, and thence they were hurled down again, and they had no rest from this torment.
in another great lake full of pitch
:

And

[These were guilty of lewdness.]

18.

and

there stood

instead
19.

cliff was a place full of much fire, men who had made for themselves images of God with their own hands. And beside them were other men and women who

And

beside that

had rods, smiting each manner of torment.

20.

other,

and never

resting from this

And

others again near them,

burning, and turning themselves

these were they that

women and men were and being roasted: and had forsaken the way of God."
sufficient length to give us

Here we have a fragment of

a
fair

idea of the contents of the whole Apocalypse.

As

42

52
a
fact,
it

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

does contain something like 140 out of the original
lines of

300

which the book consisted.

three parts: the
first is

It falls into

the eschatological

discourse,

the second, the vision of Paradise, 2

20. the third, the Inferno, 7 We will take them separately.

The

first

gives the con-

cluding lines of a speech of our Lord concerning the end of

the world.

The opening
Matt. xxiv. 24;

clause recalls, and

is

doubtless indebted to.

Mark

xiii.

22, 'For there shall arise false

But both this and the words of a remarkable series of resemblances to the Second Epistle of Peter, which I propose to collect in a note, in order that we may be the better able to realise them '.
Christs and false prophets.^

which follow contain the

first

'

Apoc.
ii.

I.
I

iroXXol...l(roi'Tai \l/evdoTpo<j>iJTai,

2 Pet.

iyivovTo

5^

Kal ^eu5o7rpo0^Tat iv t(^ Xa^,

us koI iv

iiuv iaovTai, ij/evSoSiSacrKaXoi,,

and

iii.

3.

Ka.l...ibyixaTa...Tris diriaXetas SiSafowffij/.

2 Pet.

ii.

otrives trapetad^ovo'LV alp^a-eis dirwXeas.

SoKi/idiovTas

ris

iawuv

\f'vxas-

Pet.

ii.

^'OCh"

SiKalav...

6 Behs...Kpivet

rois

vloiii Trji cLvof/.ias>

2 Pet. 2.

ii.

3 oh to xplfM ?K7raXat o6k dpyet

Td 8pos,
i. 1

2 Pet.

(rto oiiri? feres ev

tQ

aylip 6pei.

tQv 4^e\66vTuv
2 Pet.
i.

dirh rov K6af/.ov.

rijv ifi^v ?|o5ov.

15 /ierd

jrorawoi elcn tt)v pLop(j>'^v.

2 Pet.

iii.

1 TToraxoiis Set

vTrapx^iv ifnas.

7.
2 Pet.

roirop
i.

.aixMPo^'

19 iv

aixMPV
oi
ofls T)

"roirip.

7 (and 13).
2 Pet.
ii.

^\a<r^ri/wvvTes t^v oihv t^s

656s t?s dXTjSefos
Ti]v

SiKai.o<Tivrii.

2 Si'

|8XaiT0r;/i7)ffT)(rerai.

idiri. 2 1

iweyvUKivai

oSiv t^s SiKMoaivqi.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

What
take
it

S3

the bearing of these resemblances

may be upon
not
re-

the vexed question of the authenticity of

2 Peter, I will
it

upon myself

to

determine

only,

must be

membered

that three explanations of

them are

possible.

Either the author of the Apocalypse designedly copied the

Epistle (as S.

Jude may

also

have done), or the Apocalypse

and

Epistle are products of one

exist.

and the same

school, or

the resemblances do not

We

wiU return

to the consideration of the text.

Have we any

parallel to the fragment of the discourse

put into our Lord's mouth.?

No

doubt
;

it

is

ultimately
xiii.
;

modelled on the discourse

xxi.

in Matt. xxiv.

Mark

Luke

an Apocryphal document which helps us here very considerably. It is a book which exists in
But there
is

Syriac, Carshunic,

in Syriac

and Ethiopic. It has been published by Lagarde, who has also made a retranslation into

2 Pet. 8.

ii.

dtSeii Kipios...adLiiovs.. .els

^jxipav Kplffeois KoKaloiiivovs rr/peiv.

|3op(3opo!.
ii.

15.

iKvXlonTO.

2 Pet.

22
17.

eis KuXicrfibv

^op^opov.

9, II,
2 Pet.
15. 2 Pet.
iii.

Punishment of impurity.
Denunciations of impurity.

ii.

10 sqq.

d/ieX^o-ocres t^s ivrdX^s toC SeoO.

ii.

21 iiroarpi^ai ix T7}s..Ayias ivTo\7Js.

2 ^KToX^j Tov Kvplov,

To
ibe

these, tlie following resemblances in the smaller fragments

must

added.

Fragments
2 Pet.
1

i, 2.

The heaven and

iii.

earth are to be judged.

^oij^TjSbv TrapeXeiiffovrat.

10 oiipavol

2 oipavoi TTvpoi/ievoi \\i6i](rovTai,. 6.

'pTi<riv,

Fragment
^K
tijcv

afiapTLUv yevvaffBai (ras KoKoffus)

ii.

2 Pet.

i^

If

yap

rts rfTTTfraL, Toirtp 5e3oi5XaiTat.

54

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

Its

Greek, the original language'.

first

proper

name

is

'The

book of Clement, which is called the Testament of our Lord Jesus Christ the words which He spake to His holy Apostles after He had risen from the dead.' Now, I am of the opinion that this book, or at least the
:

first

fourteen chapters of

it,

gives us a very fair idea of the

It is

lost first part of the

Apocalypse of Peter.

expanded

by various rhetorical additions, from prophecy and gospel,

but the resemblances are constant, and,
I

think, striking.

Let us examine them.

In the
is

first

the same.
last

with the
complete.

place, the general complexion of both books Both contain a speech of our Lord dealing things only, that in the Testament is more
:

Secondly, the situation seems to be the same in both

namely, that our Lord

Resurrection.

is

addressing the disciples after the

In the Testament,

He

is

questioned by Peter

and John,
are present.

in

presence of the other Apostles.

is
it

In the

Apocalypse, Peter

the questioner;
is

the other Apostles

But

not

made

absolutely clear at what

is

point in our Lord's career the vision

being revealed.
:

The
yet

is gone one touch makes it likely that the time meant is, in the time after the the Apocalypse as in the Testament, For the Apostles ask to see the glory of Resurrection.

portion of the book which would have told us

Paradise, in order that they

may

thereby be enabled to

encourage their hearers*.

they had

This implies that at that

their

moment

already received
it

(Such a commission, be

commission to preach. noted, is given in the opening

section of the Testament.)

^

The words

of Christ

'

Let us

Syriac in Reliquiae Juris Eccl.

Antiqiiiss.

Syriace: Greek in

Rel.
=>

Jur, Eccl. Ant. 2.

Graece.

1856.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

go
to

55

the

direction.

mount and pray' ( 2), point in the same The date imagined by our author can hardly
xxiv., for there the discourse

be that of Matt,
on the

was delivered

Mount of

Olives

here the transition to the

is

Mount

takes place after the discourse

over.
:

Thirdly, there are coincidences of language

Apocalypse.
I.

Testament.

Many

of

them

will

be

false

8.

There

shall

rise

up shep-

prophets, and will teach ways and various doctrines of perdition

:

herds
etc.,

and

who shall be lawless, etc. men of much talk ^, opposing

the

they will be sons of perdition.

the ways of the Gospel, dishonour-

ing
shall

all

appoint

way of piety they commandments to

:

men not according to the scripture and the commandment which the
Father would have.
3, etc.

The
'

expression 'son of

perdition
10.

is

used of Antichrist.

'Sons of destruction' used

of the Phoenicians, in the sense of

'doomed.'

And

then shall

God come

unto

8.

They

shall

be upright, pure, be oppressed

my

faithful

ones that hunger and

contrite... many shall

thirst,

and are oppressed,

this
life.

and

and
they

shall call

on their
saved.

God

that

prove their souls in

may be They shall

fit

teach them that

if

they prove their spirit' they will

kingdom. have told you this, that wherever ye go ye may prove the holy souls'. be
for the
I

14.

therefore

In both documents the actual coming of

scribed in the most unemphatic way.
' ^
2

God

is

de-

TToXiJXaXoi,
ih,v

Lagarde.

SoKi/idffuxn t6 irvcS/ia

airw, Lag.

SoKiimaryre ras J^vxas ras 6<rtas, hag.

56
God

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

Apocalypse.

Testament.
12.

1.

shall

come.

the

The harvest is come, that guilty may be reaped and the

Judge appear suddenly and confront them with their works.

Both discourses end

at the

same

point.
'

After the dis-

course in the Apocalypse, the Lord says

Come

to the

and then the vision is seen. In the Testament, after the mention of the judgment, He says, 'Turn therefore unto the churches, and administer them'; and the rest of the book is occupied with legislation.
'

mount

I think that considering that the

merest shred of the

these coincidences

discourse

survives in the Apocalypse,

more evidence to come. I shall ask you to examine with me the Second Book of the Sibylline Oracles, a book which is assigned either to the
are remarkable.

But there

is

3rd or early 4th century'.

Of this book, 11. 6 30, 154 213, contain a description of the signs of the end, of which one source is evidently, I
think, a

document resembling the Testament.

Sib. Orac.

21

Testament.
slaughter,
3i 4> 5-

38.

General

Plagues, famine, unjust

plagues,

famine,

destruction

of

rulers,

slaughter: a wicked king

-unjust rulers.

in the plenty.

West

slaughter

Sudden peace and

'Silver

shall
'

be despised and
Alsocf. 8j*^k.
a

great star in heaven like a

gold honoured.
6.

crown'.
[39

Signs in heaven:

154.

bow,

Poem

of

Pseudo-

a horn, and a torch.

7.

Phocylides with introduction and

epilogue.]
'

Signs on earth: monstrous

children

births:

whose 'appear-

the

I shall make use of the excellent edition of Rzach, 1891. The star is modified into a crown, as it seems, in order to introduce poem attributed to Phocylides (56^148): this poem is a collection

of moral precepts, and the star represents the crown given to the keeper of the law of God.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

Sii. Orac.

$7

Testament.

155.
(cf.

Children born grey-headed

ance shall be as of those advanced

in years:
for they that are

Hesiod, Op. 181).

affliction.

born

General

shall
8.

be white-haired.'
Evil shepherds.

False prophets.
Beliar (Antichrist).

General confusion and wickedness

g,
:

Return of the
Elias comes.

lost tribes.

the remnant remain faithful.

10.

The faithful servants keep watch.

The son of

perdition

described.

The
and

Sibylline

book goes on
fire,

to describe the destruction

of the world by

the resurrection, and the judgment

in this second half has

many points

of connexion with

our Apocalypse: as the Testament does not treat of these

matters

we can
let
:

follow

it

no

further just now.

I

Only,

the point which the Testament

:

am

trying to enforce be

borne in mind

may

represent the lost

first

part of the Apocalypse

as I hope to shew
:

the Sibyl does use the second part,

also, the Sibyl in

it

her

first

part resembles

the Testament.

Is

not a priori likely that she uses the

?

Apocalypse
1

all

through

and comes to us in a Petrine form, for it (And is attributed to Clement the companion of Peter. there exists in Arabic and Ethiopic an Apocalypse of Peter of which Clement is the ostensible redactor \) So that it is linked by this fact with the spurious Petrine literature and additionally by the fact that the two Apostles who are specially named as speakers are Peter and John. Secondly, though there is as yet no trace of the spread of the Testament in the West, I have recently come upon
points in connexion with the Testament,

Two more
:

have done

first it

'

This book

is

being examined and analysed for me:

it

produce parts of

at

a later time.
in

It
it.

is

my

I hope to hope that the old

Apocalypse will be found imbedded

S8

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

and 7 (in and the
it

a fragment in Latin, containing the exact equivalent of

1 1

that order), namely, the description of Antisigns

christ,

upon
I

earth.

This

exists in

an Uncial
in a forth-

MS.

of the 8th century, and, though I possibly ought to

in
this essay,

include

propose to print

it

coming number of Texts and Studies. My own belief is that it is a fragment of the Apocalypse of Peter and that belief I base mainly on analogies in late Apocalypses which seem plainly dependent upon that book, and upon the great unlikeliness that the Testament was ever known in the
:

West.

Returning to the text of the Apocalypse, we find that

2

5 are

occupied with a short vision of Paradise and

:

of

its

inhabitants

and
if

here, if anywhere, our author attains

to a certain standard

of literary excellence,

although

it

does not seem as

contemplation.

Paradise were his favourite subject of

Our
most
was

illustrative parallels are less

numerous here

the

striking

one

is

a vision in which

Mr

Robinson' con-

jectured that

some

discoverable,

namely,
exist.

trace of the influence of the

Apocalypse
Josaphat in
translate

the

vision

of
I

the History of

Barlaam and Josaphat ^.

will

the passages, and call attention (in the notes) to such coin-

cidences of language as

Josaphat "saw himself caught away by certain terrible

and passing through places which he had never and arriving at a plain of vast extent^, flourishing with fair and very sweet-smelling flowers*, where he saw
beings,
seen,
1

^ "
*

Passion of S. Perpetua, p. 37. Boissonade, Anecd. Graeca iv. pp. 280, 360.
liyl(TTi]v ireSiaSa
iI>/aaIois fi^'Seiri /cal
:

cf. jti-^utTOV

x'^P"" Apoc. 5.
:

XiaK

euciSctri KOf4i6irjj

cf. 7^i'...di'9oO(Tai'

d/xapairois

&v0e(Ti. Kal

ApuiMTUV

7rXi}p7) ibiii.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

59

plants of all manner of kinds, loaded with strange and wondrous fruits, most pleasant to the eye and desirable
to touch
'.

And

the leaves of the trees

made

clear

music

to a soft breeze

and sent

forth a delicate fragrance,

whereof

none could tire, as they stirred ^... And through this wondrous and vast plain these fearful beings led him, and brought him to a city which gleamed with an unspeakable brightness and had its walls of translucent gold, and its battlements of stones the like of which none has ever seen.... And a light from above ever darted its rays and and certain winged hosts, each filled all the streets thereof
:

abode there singing in melodies never heard by mortal ears and he heard a voice saying This this is the joy of them that have is the rest of the righteous
to itself a light ^
;
: :

pleased the Lord''."

Again
"

in a later part of the book*, the vision is con-

tinued, thus

He saw those fearful men, whom he had seen before, coming to him, and taking him away to that vast and wondrous plain, and bringing him into the glorified and exceeding bright city'- And as he was entering into the gate, others met him, all radiant with light, having crowns
^

<j>VT&,

TravToSaTTa xal iroiKlKa, KapTois ^hois...K<d daviiaaTots ^pldovra

cf.

t^VTUv eiavBwv koI dipBaprav Kal Kaprbv eiXoyri/iJi'ov (pipovra ibid.

^
"^

cf.

TOffovTOV S^
ol

7Jv

t6 &vSoi

(bs

Kal

itp* Tjfia^

iKcWev (p^peadai

ibid,

Cf.

Se olK'fiTopS...^vd5vfji^voi TJaav ivSufia

iKei(Te...Kal
fiiq,

d77Awi' ipomvuv...
the Vision

&yye\ot Si TrepUTpexov airods

tp^/iow,
eit/jpaiPo/Mevoi

(JMv^ rbv Kipiov debv avevfor 'joy' in

(eitppoaivq is the

word

of Josaphat)
* cf.

ibid.
iffTi.v

oSroj

6 TOTTOS Ti3v &.bektpQv (?) vfiiav

Tuv

SiKaiojv AvOpdiTOJi/

ibid.
" ^

p. 360. vir^pXafiTrpov
:

cf. xiTip\afJiiTpov r^J

0wt

ibid.

6o
in their

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

hands which shone with unspeakable beauty
:

',

and

such as mortal eyes never beheld ' asked

: '

and when Josaphat

'"

Whose
?
' '

are the exceeding bright

crowns of glory

which
I
it

see

One

'

they said
is

'

is

thine

'."

think the obligation

really

unmistakable here.

But

may

perhaps be remembered,

that, in the

place where he

Mr Robinson establishes a connexion and the Vision of Saturus. Does that vision help us here ? I will quote some lines from it which seem clearly to do so. And when we had passed the first How does this compare world, we saw an infinite light.' with the words the Lord shewed me a vast space outside Again: 'and whilst we were being this world' 2 ( 5). borne along by those four angels, there was made for us {we came upon) a great space, which was like a garden,
quotes this vision,

between

it

'

'

having
trees

and flowers of all sorts. The height of the manner of a cypress, and the leaves of them sang without ceasing.' The flowers and plants of 5 will be remembered in this connexion. After they had passed over the violet-grown stadium and come to the city built of light, four angels clothed us as we entered in with white garments' ( 5 the dwellers
rose-trees

was

after the

'

'

had the garb of angels of We heard an united

'

light, 3 all their

raiment shone).
Holy,

voice

saying

Holy,

Holy

without ceasing'

( 5
'

all

7vith one voice

were praising the

recognise

Lord God)

again

we began

there

to

many

brethre?i' (cf. 2).

Lastly, at the

end of the

vision,

it

is

said,

'

we were
us,'

nourished by an unspeakable perfume, which satisfied

^
''

cf. 01) Si^i/a^aat ^7jyinr(iff$at.

rb

KaWos

airroii'

3.
cf.

oiovs d<p6a.'K/u>l

oiSiiroTe /SpoVcioi

iBeiaavTo:

ottoiov

oiSivore

iipOdX/iis dvdpiiir[uv eiipaKtv or ^fferfffaro] 3.

^

inr^pXafiirpoL

see above.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

( 5
'

6
to us

SO great was the perfume that

it

was borne even

from thence').
Surely, with these proofs before us,

we may
is

safely affirm

that

the

Martyrs of Africa had read the Apocalypse of

Peter,

and that

Mr

Robinson's hypothesis

confirmed by

the

new

discovery.

We

must pass to the consideration of the Inferno.

examine the contribution of the Vision of this part. After he has seen
he
is
'

First, I will

Josaphat to the elucidation of

the beautiful
city,

removed',

much

against his will, to

the infernal regions.

And when

they had passed through

him to certain places, dark, whose horror counterbalanced the brightness which he had seen. Here was a furnace kindled and aflame with fire' ; and a sort of worm, fashioned for
that great plain, they brought

and

full

of

all

foulness ^

punishment, crept about there*.

miserably

And

chastising powers*

stood over the furnace, and there were certain

men

being

burned
is

in

the

fire.

And
:

a voice was heard

saying 'This

the place of sinners"

this is the

punishment"

of them that have defiled themselves with shameful deeds'.'

And

thereupon, they led him

forth.'

The resemblances
notwithstanding.

here are not so striking, perhaps, as

in the vision of Paradise, but they are real resemblances,

We
1 ^

will take

next the evidence of the Second Book of

the Sibylline Oracles.

I.C. p.

The poet

has described the destruc-

281.
.

cf. aixfJ'Vpi'' Travv. cf. TTup

.<rK0Tiv6v,

'

<p\ey6/ievov Kai KoXafoc airois 7,

Kori rbv &4pa toD to'ttou Apoc. and passim.

irovripav
...

6.

* cf.

TrevKTjpiaiiivov

kpireruv

aKiiiKriKes

uinrep

ve<p4Xat

ffKorovs 10:
' cf. oi * '
cf.

and vt6

(TkoA'^kuv AKotfj/qTwv 12.

:

KoXofoi'Tes dyyeXoi 7
TJV

iwiKCWTO

aitrots

HyyeXoi ^aixavuTTal

9.

Kal

TOTTOS KoXcuTeiiJS 7'

cf.

10, 17.

62
tion of
;

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

heaven and earth, the resurrection, and the judgment all, it is then said, will pass through a fiery stream the good will be saved, but the bad will perish for whole aeons' and then the classes of sinners are enumerated'. Those who did murder, or who were privy to it", liars,
:

'

'

deceitful
faithful

thieves,

violent

house-plunderers,

gluttons,

un-

in wedlock,

those

who pour

forth wicked words',

the terrible ones, the violent, the lawless, the idolaters*

and

those

who have

forsaken the great immortal God'', and

of

become blasphemers and harmers of the pious , and breakers faith and destroyers of just men'" ; deceitful priests and deacons who judge unjustly... worse than leopards and wolves, the proud, 'and usurers who colled interest on interest^ in their houses and injure orphans and widows" in
fraudulent or grudging almsgivers, those

every way':

who
turn

forsake their aged parents, or disobey or curse their parents,

deniers

of a trust committed to them, servants

who

against their masters, those

who

defile their flesh^ ,

unchaste

maidens, causers of abortion^^, and those

children^^,

who

expose their

and

sorcerers,

male and female.

pillar

These

all shall

be brought to the
all shall

round which runs

the fiery stream: 'and them

the immortal

the undying angels of

and eternal God, having bound them fast with chastise^' most terribly with scourges of flame and chains of fire and then shall cast them into the
unbreakable chains,
:

1.

cf.

255 sqq. 10 murderers, and those

who were their accomplices

*

cruvioTopes

Sib.

= (TwetSoras Apoc.
7, 13.
20.
cf.

" cf. '

'

18.

cf.

8
8

cf. 13. cf. 16.

cf. 12.

'cf. 15.

"
1^

cf.

II.

"cf. 9, 17. '^ cf. Fragments

3, 5.

Cf. the tormenting angels in 6, 8, 17.

THE REVELATION OF

PETER.

63

gloom of nigh f- in Gehenna among the beasts of Hell^, many and terrible, where the darkness^ is infinite': then follows
the fiery wheel
sin,

and

river

they suffer triple torment for each

but eventually a hope of salvation, by means of the

is

prayers of the good,

held out
or, as I

(11.

330

335).
exist, in

The
fully

resemblances,

hold them to be, the traces

of obligation to our Apocalypse in the Sibylline book, are

made

out, I venture to think, in the case of the classes

of sinners: they are not so striking, though they

the description of torment.

But

it is

clear that in a

poem

which

is

dealing in prediction and not describing things

seen, details of this kind

would be out of

place.

Let us pass next to a vision contained in the early 3rd

century novel
(if it

be not of the and century) the Acts of

a

Thomas^ In

this,

woman whom S. Thomas has raised from

are so con-

the dead, narrates what she has seen in the infernal regions.

Here again the borrowings from our Apocalypse

siderable, that I

must

translate nearly the

whole passage.

The woman

says:

'A certain man took me, who was hateful

to look upon, entirely black, and his raiment very foul*:

and he brought me to a place wherein were many chasms, and much stench' and a horrible exhalation proceeded from thence. And he made me look into every chasm and in the (first) chasm I saw flaming fire, and wheels of fire were turning there^, and souls hung upon those wheels, and were dashed against each other: and there was a great crying and howling there, but there was none to help. And that man said to me: 'These souls are of thy race, and for a set
:

cf.

6.

2 cf.

10, 12.

'

Acta Thomae, ed. Bonnet,

p. 39.
6.

* 5

The dark raiment

dvffuSla: so 11.

of the tormentors

The

^axj; ^virapa 18.

Irpexov iKeiac;

cf.

StyeXoi vepiirpexov airoiis ixeure

5.

64
number

THE REVELATION OF

PETER.

of days they have been delivered over into torment and breaking, and then others are brought in in their stead, and they likewise are transferred to another place: these are they that ha.ve perverted the union of man and woman 'And I looked and saw infants heaped upon one another and struggling with one another, and lying on each other''. And he answered and said to me: These are their children, and therefore they are set here as a testimony against

them.

'He brought me to another chasm, and I looked in and saw mire^ and the worm* bubbling up^ and souls wallowing there, and a great gnashing of teeth was heard from them,
and that man
said to
that have forsaken their

me: These are the souls of women husbands and committed adultery

with other men, and have been brought into this torment*.

saw

'He shewed me another chasm whereinto I looked, and souls, some hanging by their tongue'', some by their
some by
their hands,

hair^,

some by
fire

their feet,

head down-

wards^, and being smoked with cerning

whom

that

man

that

and brimstone; conwas with me answered me:

These souls that are hung by their tongue are slanderers, and uttered false and shameful words ; and those that hang by their hair, it is further explained, were bold-faced people who went about bare-headed in the world: those hung by their hands were cheats and never gave to the poor those hung by their feet ran after pleasure, but did not visit the
:

sick nor bury the dead.'

The woman then

'cf.9,
^
' " '

sees the cave

where souls are imprisoned

-"cf.
i

17.

11.

8, 9, 16.

,0, i^.

dva^piovra
cf.

cf. diiaira^\aj;crTos 9, dvaj^iovTos r6.

7 cf. 7.
9

9. 9.

cf.

cf.

9.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

6$

before torment, and, after a short colloquy between her guide

and the other chastising spirits, is taken back to the world. I hope my readers will take the trouble to compare for
themselves

my

translation of this vision with the references

to the Apocalypse which I have printed.

To my

mind, they

are conclusive in favour of an obligation to the Apocalypse

of Peter.

The
Paul;

next witness to be examined

I

is

the Apocalypse of

which

may be

forced to call

simply 'Faul' for

shortness' sake.

This book we have in a rather shortened text of the original Greek, in a fuller Syriac version, and

which is the fullest of all. This last is in and I hope it will be published shortly in a forthcoming number of Texfs and Studies. It is of course advisable to quote the Greek where we have it; but it will probably be necessary to refer to the Latin too. The abbreviations G and Z will serve to show which is meant. Paul as I have elsewhere remarked ^ a book of the fourth or early fifth century, and a mosaic made out of more than one earlier book: and it has already been noticed (by Hilgenfeld and Salmon) that the use of the name 'Temeluchus' as the name of an angel is a mark that the writer had seen the Apocalypse of Peter. For this word occurs in Fragments 3 and 5; it is really an adjective, and means 'caretaking': but it is quite peculiar to this book, and might well have been misunderstood by a But this mistake of Paul does not seem to later writer. have been followed up by those who have called attention to it. Had this been done, it would have been clear that Paul had borrowed much more than one word from our Apocalypse; and this we shall see when we come to examine
in a Latin version
print,
'-is,

'

Texts

and Studies

\\.

2. 21.

R.

J-

66

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

At present we are
to look for resemblances

the Fragments.

to the text of the Apocalypse.

Paul

19 'the place of the 22 'trees planted,

just'.'
(?)

Aj>oc. Pet. 5 'the

place

of your brethren
full

the just men.'

fruits.'

of different

Pet. 5.
light of the
light^.'

,,23

'the light (of the city)

world.'
Pet. 5

was beyond the

'exceeding bright with

27 'when he passes out of the world.'

side this world'.'
17, 18 'great is thy

Pet. 5 'out-

judgment'

Pet. 10.
cf.

18 the souls of the murdered are introduced,

Pet
,,
,,

10.
6.

,,

31 'there was no light there, but darkness.' Pet.

16 'a multitude of
Pet.
'

men and women

cast therein.'

10 murderers... cj'^ in a certain place*.'

to their knees.'
Pet. 16 'up to their

,,31 'some up
knees.'

,,32
))

'but trusted in the vanity of their wealth.'

Pet.

15 'that trusted in their wealth.'

>>

35 'the widow and orphan he did not pity.' Pet. 15 'that pitied not orphans and widows.'

37 'eating their tongues.'

tongues.'

Pet. 14

'gnawing their
Pet.

,,

39 'being led away into a dark place. 'cast into a dark place *.'

12

40 'standing upon fiery spits.' than any spit heated".'

Pet.

15 'sharper

^ ^

^us...inrip rb 0u)s toO Koa-ftov:

i^^PXt'^'">^ ^^

cf. vir4p\a/ji,irpov ti^ cjiwrl.

'o" Ko<TfWV
cf.

cf.

4kt6s toS K6<riiov ro&rov.

Tivi rSirifi,

*
^ '

^epXijuhovs iv avTif:

^e^Xruihovs (v
:

and

12.

^Trayofi^vas iv totti^ ffKonvi^

cf.

pe^XtifUvoi ^y roTry (Tkotlvi^.

imvoi 6pM(rKav irvpivuv:

cf.

6|iiTepoi...7roj'T6s djSeXIiTKOu

Tewvpia-

ixivoi.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

Paul

67

40 'these are they that corrupted themselves and Pet. 11 'these were killed their children'.'
they that destroyed and
children.'

made

abortive their

37 and 39 'and worms devouring them.'

Pet.

10

and
,,

12.

'these are they that

terest

demanded

interest

on
Pet.

in-

and

trusted in their riches.'

10

and

15".

38 'into

this pit flow all the

punishments.' Pet. \\'.

Pet.

40 'and beasts tearing them.'

smitten by these beasts.'

10 'being

,,

41 'there was straitness, and the mouth of the well was strait.' Pet. 10, 11 'a strait place*.'

j>

42 'the

worm

that

is restless'.

Pet. 12'.

39

'girls in

black raiment,' 40 'men and

full

women
Pet.

clothed in rags
15

of pitch and sulphur.'

in

'men and women clothed

like the

foul rags,'

and 6 'raiment
place.'

atmosphere of the
a conjecture of

Some

little

time back

I called attention to

Bunsen's that in the fragment Concerning the Universe Hippolytus might have

made

use of our Apocalypse.

In

his

Missing Fragment of the Fourth Book of Ezra, Professor

aSra/ eWiv oX (p0eipaffai ^avrks

text oi Peter here
is

Ka.1

rk

^pitpfj

avrav

6.iroKTilva<jai.

The
^

partly conjectural.

Hii sunt qui usuras usurarum exigentes et confidentes in diuiciis

Cf.

suis.

oBrot

ol.. diratroOvres tokovs tokuv {16)

and r^ ^Xoiir^
6

avTuv
'

ireiroLdoTes (15).
cf. A*
(jj

In istam foueam influunt omnes pene:

KaT^ppee.

Ix^p

tiSv KoXa-

^Ofihitirv
* "

angustia, et

angustum erat
:

cf. iv roirif TiBXi/i.fjiJi'iji.

Akoii/.'/itui/,

uermem inquietum

cf.

(tkwMikuv

68
Bensly has

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

shown
that
it is

4 Esdras. But I think of Peter was another.

'Hades'
is

one of Hippolytus' sources is fairly clear that the Apocalypse

is

a place in the creation which

unfurnished^,

locality

underground wherein the

is

light of the

world does
since

not shine,' so far there

nothing Petrine.

'Now

no

light shines^ in this place,

darkness must constantly prevail

souls,

there.

This place
it

is

appointed as a prison for

angel-warders,

and

over

are

appointed

who

administer the

temporary chastisements of the places in accordance with

the deeds of each soul^'

as

There is one way down to we have learned to believe,

'

the place, and at the gate,

there stands an archangel

with his host... the just are escorted in light to the right...

and led

to a shining place

wherein dwell the righteous that

were from the beginning.'

pectation of complete joy.
'

And

there they enjoy the ex-

But the wicked are dragged to the left by chastising angels, not going any longer willingly, but being haled by force as captives, and the angels deride and reproach them and thrust them downwards' to a place
where they dwell
Inferno,
will

in sight of Paradise

and of Gehenna, but

Peter's

with a great gulf between them and the righteous.

it

be remembered, was

'

over against Paradise

At the last ( 6), and was full of chastising angels ( 6, 8). judgment all men and angels and demons will join in saying Emphasis is laid on the 'worm of 'Just is thy judgment^'
fire,

not dying nor destroying the body, but continually pro-

'

S. Hipfolyti Opera, ed.

Lagarde, p. 68.
xxi.
i,

2 TOTTos A/caTaerKeiiao-Tos ^ *

from Enoch
:

2 (Gizeh fragment).

tpwris

/ii/

KaTaXd/nrovTos
Trpis

cf.

Pet. 5.

iil-j'7e\oi (j>povpol,

rds iKaaraj' wpa^eis Smv^/juiPTes tAs twj' tottuv

/coXdo-eis: cf. Pei. 6, 8.

^

/itav tj>av^v &iroip94yiovTai.,..AiKala (Tou

ij

xptais: cf. Pei, 5, 10.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

ceeding from the body with ceaseless pain.'
it

69
in general

And

may be

said that though

is

Peter

is

not the only source

employed, he

most

likely

one source.

There are yet two other Apocalypses of a considerably later date than Paul, which bear almost as clear traces of the influence of the Apocalypse of Peter these are the
:

Apocalypse of Esdras' and that of the Virgin.

so confused a

The former
is

contains an Inferno scattered in various parts of the book,

if

patchwork

as this

document

can be digsins

nified with the

name
one

of a book.

The torments and

coincidence
with

described

show

remarkable

the

Apocalypse ^
It

The

latter^ is

one long dreary Inferno of the

weakest kind, but shows a large number of coincidences.

may be worth

while to cite
:

some passages when we come

I will

to discuss the

Fragments

but

ask

my

readers to trust

for the present

two documents to our Apocalypse the evidence which I could adduce is not different in kind from that of which I have already given a good deal.
assertion of the obligations of these
:

my

One

additional proof of the influence of the description

of Paradise
hermit

may

here be given.

It

comes from a book

variously called the Narrative or Apocalypse of Zosimas*, a

who went

to visit the Blessed Ones, the descendants

of the Rechabites, in their earthly Paradise.

He was

carried

over the river which separates the heavenly land from ours

trees

by two trees which bent down and wafted him over these were 'fair and most comely, full of sweet-smelling fruit'.'
:

'

Tischendorf, Apocall. Apocr. 24

33.
it is

See below, on the Fragments.

Not

yet printed, so far as I

know:

very

common in MSS., and

like

have transcribed it for publication. * To be published in Texts and Studies with other
^

documents.

yiHOVTtt, Ka/nrbv evaSias.

70

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

he
arrived' in the land
;
'

he found it to be a place full and there was no mountain on one side or the other, but that place was a plain full of flowers, all begarlanded, and all the land was fair'.' The first man whom he met wore no garments, and when Zosimas asked the reason of this, he bade him look and I looked and up into the sky and behold his raiment
of

When

much

fragrance

'

saw

his face as the face of

an angel and
this

his

garment as the
I feared that

lightning which shineth from east to west,

and
5.

he was the Son of

of Paradise and

God I' Compare

with the description

It

its

inhabitants in Pet. 3,

should be

recorded here that the author of Zosimas elsewhere borrows

a sentence from the Protevangelium ; which shows his proclivities.

In the Ethiopic

'

Conflict of Matthew',' the dwelling-

place of the lost gj tribes is described (in a passage which practically recurs in Commodian's poems ^) and it is said
:

that

'

when

the wind blows,

we
is

smell through
neither

it

the smell of
winter,

gardens.

In our land there

summer nor

neither cold nor hoar-frost, but on the contrary a breath of

life^'

We
'

must now turn to the discussion of the Fragments.

i

Fragments

and

2 are

those furnished by Macarius Magnes,

^p 6 TOTTOS ^Keivos 7r\^fnis ev<a$ias iroWrjs, xal ovk ^v opos ^vda Kal

^vda^
ttSito
"'

dW'
ij

7Jv

6 TOTOS iKeivos iredtvbs d,vdo(p6poSy 6'\os iffTstftavu^Uvoi^ Kai

7^

eiiirpeTnJs.

^fdcrai ri

hSvfid /wv
cJjirei

iroiov iariM.

koX Bea(raiJ.fVos iv rif oipavcf etdoji

t6

irpoffiairov
(lis

avToS

irp6<ruiTov

AtyAou

(Act. vi. 15) Kai rb

hSvua

avTOV
'
*

&irTpinr'/)v,

ii

i^

dvaToXQv

els Suo-yiiAs iropevofi^fHj,

Malan, Conflicts of the Holy Apostles,

Instr.
ii.

p. 44.

Carm. Apol. 940 sqq.

^ I believe it to be the case that the author of the Carmen de ludicia Domini used our book; and Commodian may have done so as well; but in his case the number of sources used is considerable.

THE REVELATION OF
or rather,
confute.
I will translate

PETER.

by the heathen writer whom he undertakes to and comment on them in order. "Let us by way of superfluity cite also that saying in the
It

Apocalypse of Peter.
terms.

introduces the heaven as being

earth, in these

about to undergo judgment along with the

'The earth,' it says, 'shall present all men before God at the day of judgment, being itself also to be judged along with the heaven also which encompasses it'." And he goes on to inquire why the heaven is to be destroyed seeing that it is the Creator's noblest work. Then, in the following chapter, we find: "This, moreover, it says, which is a saying full of impiety: 'And every power of heaven
shall

be melted, and the heaven

shall

be rolled up
this

like

scroll,

and

all

the stars shall

fall like

leaves from a vine,

and as leaves compare Isa.

of this
fact,

fall

from a

fig tree'."

With

we should

xxxiv. 4,

where the words are

identical, save

that the 'powers of heaven' are in the plural;

and in view upon by some (e.g. Hilgenfeld) as merely a quotation from Isaiah, and not from the Apocalypse. Yet the way in which the heathen objector brings it forward, the way in which Macarius
the passage has been looked
it,

answers

the fact that

we

find

it

partially
xxi.

quoted in our

Lord's eschatological discourse (Luke

26)

and

in

the

Apocalypse of John (vi. 13, 14), are considerations which, when combined, lead me to think that Zahn does right

when he
In
earth,

includes

it

among

the fragments.

this

prophecy of the destruction of heaven and

have, as

we
is

Dr Salmon

has

pointed out, a

trait

which

prominent in another Petrine work, the Second

Epistle, which, alone

among New Testament

by
fire.

books, predicts
further,

the destruction

of the world

And,

we

have a gap

at the

beginning of our Apocalypse to which

a prophecy of

this sort

would be the best possible supple-

72
ment.
It

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

must have found a place in the prophetic speech we have the scanty remains in i. Moreover, a book which, we have seen reason to beheve,

of our Lord, of which

has used our Apocalypse, devotes some space to a description of the destruction of the world

by

fire,

namely, the

Second Book of the

Sibylline Oracles'.

Again,

S.

Methodius,

who quotes the Apocalypse, lays stress on this point too^ The third century poet Commodian has a line which seems
an echo of the prophecy that the heaven
'the stars of
is

to

be judged:

heaven

fall,

the stars are judged with us ^J'

several apocryphal sources.

and

certainly

Commodian used

Fragments 3 6 all bear on one and the same and may be translated together.
3.

subject,

"The
(i.e.

scripture says that the infants that have

been

exposed

cast out in the street at their birth) are de-

by whom they are educated, and so grow up; and they will be, it says, as the faithful of an hundred years old are here.'' Then, in what I take to be a separate extract, though hitherto it has been printed continuously with the last*, there
livered to a caretaking angel,

follows

a flash of

"Wherefore also Peter in the Apocalypse says: 'And fire darting from those children, and smiting the eyes of the women'."
4.

Here we have,

in slightly different language,

an extract

'

II.

190

213.
division are these: (i) the unique
(2) 39,

^
^
*'

De

Jiesurr. ap. Epiph. Haer. Ixiv. 31.

My

Carm. Apol, 1004. reasons for making the

itself

MS.

does not

divide the extracts.

editors.
{3)

wrongly by the
the fragment

40 are plainly divided The particle Ai4 has no sense, if connected

with the preceding sentence.

is

As an

extract detached from the context,

intelligible

48 begins with wtIko,,

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

from our text (11). It is the only one which as such among the fragments.
5 a.
is

73
identifiable

"For

instance, Peter in the

Apocalypse says that

the children
part
:

who

are born untimely shall be of the better

and

that these are delivered over to a caretaking angel

that they

may

attain a share of

better abode, after suffering

if

they had been in

salvation

knowledge and gain the what they would have suffered the body but the others shall merely
:

beings to whom mercy is shewn: and remain without punishment, receiving this as a reward."
obtain
as

injured

5 b.

"Whence also we have

if

received in divinely inspired

Scriptures that untimely births are delivered to caretaking

angels, even

they be the offspring of adultery.

they

come

into existence contrary to the will

For, had and ordinance

of that blessed nature of God,

how could
up
in

they have been

great quietness

delivered to angels to be brought

and refreshment ? and how could they with boldness have

summoned

their

own

parents to the

Judgment-seat of

Christ, to accuse

them? saying: 'Thou,

which
is

Lord, didst not

:

grudge us that

light

exposed us to death, despising

6.

common to all but Thy commandment'."

'

these

"'But the milk of the women, flowing from their and congealing,' says Peter in the Apocalypse, shall engender small beasts {perhaps serpents) that consume flesh and these run up upon them and devour them teaching us that the punishment comes on account of the
breasts
:

'

sin

(i.e.

is

suited to the nature of the sin).

He

says that

they (the punishments) are born of the sins, just as for

its

sins the

people was sold, and because of their unbelief

towards Christ, as the Apostle says, they were bitten by

serpents (i Cor.
x. 9)."

In Fragments 3 and

we have some puzzling problems.

74.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

us, if possible, set

Let

out quite clearly the assertions which

are made.
I.

Exposed

infants are given to

and

attain a condition like that of

an angel, and educated, an aged Christian.

(Fr.
3.)

2.
I

Untimely
class

births

are
life.

given to an

angel,

and go

through the experience of

Another
3.

is

merely not punished.

(Fr. 5 a.)

A certain

class of children (probably

if

untimely births)

is

given to angels, even

born of adultery

and

is

educated

in a place of

peace

they accuse their parents of exposing

them
ture
',

to death.
for these facts the
'

And
rities.

Apocalypse of Peter, the

'

'

Scrip-

and

divinely-inspired writings

are given as autho-

Our text of the Apocalypse ment of the causes of untimely

First,

tells

us about the punish-

births,

but

it

says nothing

of infants exposed to death after birth.

can we find reason

I

for

supposing that

all

the frag-

ments which

have quoted here came from the Apocalypse?

:

Zahn denies that they do he attributes Fr. 3 and Fr. 5 b principally on the ground that, to some unknown book reading xli. of Clement as one paragraph, we have the same book quoted twice, once without a name, once
'
:

under

its

proper name

which

is

impossible

therefore two

books are quoted. But I have already shewn

sufficient
;

reason for dividing

this division,

the paragraph into two, as I think

and with

the difficulty to a large extent disappears.

Clement, in
(in

two adjacent passages of a continuous text

^

which he

He

also reads TapaSlBartu for wapaSlboaBai in 5 a, so as to confine

first

the Petrine quotation to the

is really

sentence of the paragraph: but this

quite arbitrary.

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

75

was very probably commenting on the Book of Wisdom)

has twice quoted our Apocalypse, introducing his quotations in slightly different terms.
I

think there

is

no other

reason for denying the Petrine origin of the passage.

Let

me

give

Fragments.

my own theory of the reconstruction of the They belong to the lost part of the Inferno,

and to the explanations of things seen which must there have been given to Peter either by our Lord or by an angel. Peter has seen the women and the children born untimely (as in ii) later on he sees women who have exposed the milk of these their children, instead of suckling them unnatural mothers, which ought to have been given to their children, has engendered small serpents, which devour
;

their flesh (Fr. 6).

After the vision

certain parts of
it.

is

over, Peter asks for explanation of

is told,

He

in particular, of the destinies

of the two classes of children, untimely births, and exposed

children.

The untimely
a
b).

births are given over to a care-

taking angel, and attain experience, and mature condition

(Fr. 3,
5

Christ (Fr. 5 b).

in the shape of

They accuse their parents The exposed children only

at the bar of

gain salvation

immunity from punishment (Fr. 5 a), presumably because they have been actually born, and have
consequently entered the ranks of

human

life.

Now

to

comment on

the fragments, and see what can

be drawn from them

in justification of this reconstruction.

Fr. 3 speaks of the exposed infants being given over to

the angel, and, in fact, treated in the

way elsewhere

pre-

dicated of the uptimely

births.

am

forced to regard the

word exposed^ as an inaccuracy of Clement's, or else as a wrong reading for abortive, which latter word can be But the theory that it is an obtained by a slight change.
'

iKTcBhra

what

is

wanted

is

ixTpaBivra.

"jS

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

is

inaccuracy

preferable;

because the whole quotation

:

is

made

in

the most general terms possible

we have

the

same passage accurately (or more accurately) reproduced by Clement himself in Fr. 5 a and by Methodius in 5 b. Very likely Clement is here commenting on a passage of Ecclesiastes (vi. 3, 4) where a long life and an untimely birth are compared together ^ The words of Isaiah 'the child shall die an hundred years old^' may be also in his mind. Notice that the word faithful occurs in i of our text. The clause in which this word occurs corresponds to the clause in 5a, which is a paraphrase by Clement, 'in
order that they
4.

may

attain a share of knowledge, etc'

The
text

difference of language

between

this

fragment

and our
If the

might lead one to suspect that the latter is a shortened one, or that Clement is quoting from memory.

word

'flash''

Paul

35'

Wisdom (iii. 7, among the stubble. The unique word for caretaking" is made into Sfl, b. a proper name in Paul and in the later 'Apocalypse of
"

be original it can be paralleled from Clement goes on to quote a text from 8) comparing the righteous to a spark

John','
effect,

and is applied to a chastising angel . But, in Paul has done much more than borrow a single
at

in G^ 40 we have the following passage, which once takes us back to the source of Fr. 5 b.

word
"

And

the angel said to

me These
'

are they that defile

themselves,

and

that killed their children.

The

children

&v

yevvriiTri &viip

iKarou, Kal

h-i]

iroXXi ^l)ceTai.,,.i,ya8hv iirkp avrhv

rd iKTpa/M,
^

Isa. Ixv. 7.

"

Tischendorf Afocall. Apocr. 70

,

94

see p. 94.

16- 34.

THE REVELATION OF
therefore

PETER.
parents.'

^^

came crying

'
:

Avenge us of our

And

they were given to an angel, that they should be taken to a place of ease, but their parents to eternal
the text
is

fire."

In

40,

fuller (the Syriac

omits the whole section).

'

''And he answered

me

These are women that

that caused the sin.

defiled

the image of God, (untimely) bringing forth infants from the

womb, and

these are the

men

But

their children appeal

unto the Lord

God and

the angels

which are over the punishments, saying: 'Avenge us of our

parents
:

for they

have defiled the image of God, having the

name

of God, but not keeping his

commandments

they

gave us to be devoured of dogs and trampled upon by swine,

and others they

cast into the river.'

But those children

were given to the angels of Tartarus which were over the

punishments, that they should take them to a place of ease

and mercy.
eternal

But

their fathers

and mothers were taken

is
:

to

punishment^"
it

Paul does not make

would apply
for we are

quite clear whether he

speaking
his

of infants born untimely or exposed after birth

to both classes.

words

But

this

is

of

little

moment,

not dealing with a quotation, but with a plagiarism,

Et respondit mihi

Haec

sunt mulieres commaculantes {<pSdpa(rai)

ii

plasmam

dei proferentes (iKTpua-curai.) ex utero infantes, et

sunt uiri

autem earum interpellant dominum deum et angelos qui super penas erant, dicentes: Nefanda ora {sic. I read Vindica nos a) genitoribus nostris ipsi enim commaculauerunt
concubentes
eis.

cum

Infantes

plasma

dei,

nomen

dei abentes, sed praecepta eius

non obseruantes
alios

dederunt nos in escam canibus et in conculcationem porcis:

proiecerunt in flumine.
Infantes

autem

illi

traditi sunt angelis tartari

qui erant super penas (the Latin invariably changes Temeluchus to

Tartaruchus), ut ducerent in locum spaciosum misericordiae.
Patres
'

autem

et

matres eorum strangulabantur in perpetuam poenam.

d7ni7x*'!'''<"')

Stran-

gulabantur' seems to be a rendering of

which

is

a mis-

reading for

&irrix0'>l<ra'',

the

word indicated

in the Greek.

78

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

certain

and a
pected.

amount of

intentional variation

is

to

be exuse of

An

authority, cited earlier as having

;

made

our book, mentions both classes

this is the Sibyl'.

The two
and
to

offences are specially forbidden in the Didache,

in Barnabas' Epistle.

And no doubt

it

would be posin the ancient

sible to collect

a good deal of somewhat unsavoury evidence

of the Letter

show the common occurrence of them

world.

The writer

to

Diognetus makes especial

mention of the freedom of Christians from this form of guilt. 'They marry and beget children, like all the world: but
they do not cast out the children
Apostolical Constitutions
(vii. 3),

when

born.'

And

the

in amplifying the prohibition

of these sins in the Didache, add words which recall those

of

Paul and of Clement

if it

(Fr. 5 a)

'

For everything that

is

fashioned in the likeness of man, and has received a soul

from God,
I

be murdered

shall

be avenged, having been

unjustly slain".'

which Hilgenfeld calls the and others the Ecclesiastical Canons,' the prohibition of these sins is put into the mouth of Peter,
that, in the tract
' '

may note

Judgment of Peter

'

Sill.

Or.

ii.

280.

iaaai

S'

ivl

yaaripi ^oprovs
dO^ffflUS.

iKTptJJffKOVClV,

OtTOL TOKeToilS jilTTOVffLV

And

in the Pseudo-Phocylides, part

sins

of which

is

interpolated in the

same book, we have the same two

the Latin Paul, viz.
/xTjdi p.7]8^
1.

mentioned, in a way which recalls

184.

yvvil (p6elpoi pi<j>os l/i^pvov lt>So0t ya<rrp65,

TSKoOtra Kualv pl^ji Kal yvij/lv ^\topa.

Cf. 'in
^

escam canibus, etc' of Paul.

It

(povevBiv iKSiKr]6'/iireTai, dSkojs ivaipeSiv.

should be remarked,

lastly, that

the use of so strange a word as Ti)/ie\oCxos suits well with the

habit of our author.

d6a-Taxvs, viripXafiTrpos,
TTjyavi^o}.

Other uncommon words used by him are vapoUfrup, &vev<j)irifi,elv, dc(i7ra0X(ifew, Ixtip, X<i^'f,

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

which,

79

whether the author intended a reference to the

is

Apocalypse or not,
Fr. 6.

a very appropriate attribution.

This belongs to a description of torment seen

in

by Peter
text, or

a part of the Inferno which either followed our

it.

has dropped out of

It

almost certainly refers to

exposed their children.

the punishment of those mothers

who

Compare the
Esdras
(p.

following fragment from the Apocalypse of

29)

"And

saw a woman hanging, and four

beasts' {or serpents) sucking her breasts.

said to

And

the angels

me

'
:

This

woman grudged

to give her milk,

and
frag-

also cast her children into rivers.'

This quotation throws a good deal of light on our

ment.

We

see at once that the meaning of

it

is

that the

milk of those

women who
it

exposed their children became

means of children, and

the

their punishment.

They

refused

it

to their

engendered the serpents which devoured

is

them.

And

the principle here inculcated, that the nature of

the sin determines the nature of the punishment,

one which

runs through a large part of our Apocalypse, and through

almost

all

the later visions.

It is

an important one, specially

I

prominent in Dante's Inferno, and

nated with the Apocalypse of Peter.
Fr.
7.

beheve that

it

origi-

I
it

have added
appears to

this to the

list,

without any mis-

givings, for

me

to contain a distinct reminis-

cence of
twice

and 9 of our Apocalypse ^

Hilgenfeld includes

among the fragments a quotation made by Hippolytus from 'the prophet,' and found
Commodian's Carmen Apologeticum (88690).
If

also in
it

is
'

really
Brffloi

from our Apocalypse, which, judging from the

The Apocalypse
of the Virgin contains two or three very

similar descriptions.
^

Cf. especially p\aff^riiuoii>,

and

riis

Sih

Kocr/itov

rpixuv

iirl

iropvelav

op/Mbtras.

8o

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

it

terms in which
doubt,
in
it

is

introduced,

am

rather inclined to

must have formed part of the introductory section which the end of the world was predicted. It runs thus
another prophet also says: 'He (Antichrist) shall
all

"And
gather

his forces

those

whom

he hath summoned and those

of his ships

from the East even unto the West: whom he hath

not summoned' shall go with him: he shall whiten^ the sea

with the
sails

shields of his

weapons

him and

in battle shall fall

54).

and blacken^ the plain with the and every one that shall encounter by the sword' (Of Antichrist, c. 15
it

During
Peter
that

all this

discussion, I have taken

is

for granted

that the fragment before us

;

part of the Apocalypse of

Is it certain

yet the seer's

is

name

is

nowhere given.
it

it

not meant for the work of someone else?

The

reasons which lead

me

to suppose that

does belong to the

Apocalypse of Peter are as follows

(i)

It is attributed to

one of

'us the twelve disciples'

(an expression which, by the way, occurs in the Gospel also,

and
4-

is

inaccurate in both places)

2.

(2)

The author

is

the spokesman of the twelve disciples

(3)

passage occurs in

it

which

is

substantially iden-

tical

with a quotation from the Apocalypse of Peter.

(4)

We know
it

Apostle which
fragment, save,
is

of no other Apocalypse attributed to an would be possible to identify with this perhaps, the Revelation of Thomas: and it

really very doubtful

It
' 2

whether that book ever existed.

is

probable that the lost end of the book contained

kskX'/ikoi,.

08s kckMikoi Kal oOs oi

^ 'KevKaveT.

/iekavd.

for the Petrine

The vocabulary is curious, and, so far, is an argument The use of kckX-Zikoi. is so odd that one is tempted origin.
a rendering of a Latin 'uocauerit.'

to guess that

it is

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

the substance of Fr.
6,

8
vision given

some explanations of the

by our Lord to Peter, and less certainly, some account of what happens to souls immediately after death:
I

have thus brought to an end a long and perhaps

very interesting
fragment.
left

desultory investigation of this

Many

questions of high importance I have designedly

side
' :

on one

many more
But
I

I have,

no doubt,

failed

through

ignorance to ask.

have tried to put into the hands of

students the main results of a somewhat laborious examination of Christian Apocalyptic literature.

And

hope

that,

however unattractive may be the subjects treated by PseudoPeter and by myself, and whatever the defects of their
treatment, I have

made

it

clear to students both of theology

and of

literature that they

have in

this

book a document of

the highest importance.

How many

of our popular notions

of heaven and hell are ultimately derived from the Apocalypse of Peter, I should be sorry to have to determine.
I think

But

are ;

more than and that when we

it is

possible that a
sing in

good many of them church of a land where

everlasting spring abides,

And

never-withering flowers,

we

are very likely using language which could be

if

traced

back with few gaps,

century.
^

any, to

an Apocalypse of the second

The

relation of the classes of sinners

named

in the

Apocalypse Dead,

to those found in the Didache; the connexion of the Ritual of the

the Pistis Sophia, and the Apocalypse of Zephaniah with our book, are

among

these, as also the questions

is

whether

we have
'

reason to

a shortened one, and whether the author of the Apocalypse did not write the ' Gospel as well.
suppose that our text of the Apocalypse

R.

J.

82
I

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

append a short note on resemblances between the Didache and our
Didache.
Apoc.

Apocalypse.

i,

oi <povei<reis

lo

oi iraLdo<p0Ofyfi(T6is
oil

17
iv
tjidopq-^

tpoveiceii
KTevels.
..

t4kvov

oitd^

y&tvqdev

airo-

II

oi

^j/evdo/JMirrvp'/iaeis...
Iffri

I4
16
?

oiK
3.

TrXeoi'^KTTjs

ipy^
tpQvos
jxovxfitai

19 10

9
18 16
7>

elSiiiKo'KaTptla

^iKapyvpos
^XaiT^ijfda
5.

13

^woi
/ioix^tat, hridvixiaiy Tropveiai...

10

9
18

eiSuXoXaTpeiai...
]pevBoti.apTvptai....

14
11
i

SiiaKTOi &yadtov...

oiK

Aeowres

irTiaxiv

^oxeis TiKvav,

(pBopeU

irSao'iiaTos

8eo0

(cf.

/"/,

Za/. 40)
ds-OffT/je^o/iexoi

II

tAk ivSeoiKVOV,

Kwrairovovvrei

rbv
1

ffKi^opLevov
TrXouff/wi' Tra/saffXijTOi

15
certain

The
words
for

/"w^jV Sophia has a

number of coincidences

in

cabulary (especially in pp.

aliiv,

117

243

vo-

of the Latin translation): the

apxavres (possibly in Apoc. 5

Toiros,
p-opifyfi,

we

should read apxovTWv

ipxipoif),

/co<r/ios,

koXoo-is,

are all prominent.

is

In

pp. 237

243 a

series of sins

and

their

punishments

described: the

sins are, abusive language, slander,

murder,

theft, pride,

blasphemy,

impurity.

The punishments do

not correspond with those in our

is

book.

However, the general

situation

the same; revelations are

imparted by the Lord to the disciples after the Resirrrection. I have little doubt that the Apocalypse is, like the Fistis Sophia, of Egyptian origin, and that both have connexions with the Kitual of
the Dead.

EYArrEAION KATA nETPON.

1

...t[w] Se 'lovBaloiv
Tioi'

oi38eis

ivLif/aro

ras xtpas, Mtxxviii24

ovSi 'HpaiSijs ov8' cts

KpiTiav avTOv,

koL l3ov\rj6ivTuiv
xxiii

vuj/acrdai dviaTt] IleiXaTOS.

koL tot KcXeuei HpuSijs o Lc

jSaeriXevs 7rap[aXi7p,]<^6^vai tov K.vpiov, ein-tav avroii oti

5

'Ocra KXeucra
2

ujutv iroifjo'aL avTio, irovqo'aTi.

'lti)(rfj<j>

'Hkei St eKi

o ^tXos IltiXaToi; Kai to5

Kuptou, Kai
Trpog

etSoJS oti o'Taupio-Keii' aijTOi' p.eA.A.outrtv rjXOev

TOV IletXaTov xat

^tj/cte

to

o-aJjua

tov Kupcov Trpos

HpojSijv
^JTiyo-ev

rai^v.
lo aiJToS

KOL o IlEiXaTos
<7(i)p,a'

Tre/jbifras

irpos

Lc

xxiii 7

TO

Kai d 'Hp(oS;s

<^;

'AScXc^e IletXaTe,
eTret

el

KOL

ii,ri

Tts aijTOV

grqKH,

tjfi.ei^

avTov c^aTTTO/xcv,

Kai Lc
xxiii 54

<Ta.pPaTov
p.17

e7rt<^a)o-Ki.

yeypaTTTat yap ev
irpd
/itas

tm

vd|U.(i)

i;A.tov

SSvoi ext

'ir(j)OveuiJievio

T<3v

dt,vfJLijiv

T^s

f^'P}' '^.^^^

koprrj'S

avTwv.

15

01 8e Xa^dvTES TOV Kvpiov wOovv awoV Tpetitdv

XOVTS Kai eXeyov Svpto/tcv tov

tov 6eoC, efovo'tav J"

Ji^ 'of17

avTOV

0-;^i;KdTes

Kai Tropcfivpav avTOV TipUjBaXKov, koX

Mc xv

iKaOicrav avTOv
KpZve,

eirt

KaBihpav
'lo'paryX.
Ittl

Kpicrao'S

XeyovTes AiKaicDs Jn
avT<3v
veyK<i)V
\\

xix 13

^acrtXcv

tov

Kat tis

20 <7Ti<j>avov aKavOivov W-qKV

t^s Kei^aX^s tov Kvplov.

otj/ecri,

Kai erepoL eo-TiSres ev7rTvov avTov raig

2
0^5'
ets]

koI aXXot Tas Mt xxvi

3
vl\j/cuT8ai,.

67

f.

oidels

Kai\
5

Kai

[t&]

'kvicTT) UciXdTijs forsitan

Koi
eiipofiev

^W\eu(77)ffa

16

eiipoifieV

legendum

uel apw/MV

84
Jnxix34

EVANGELIVM SECVNDVM PETRVM.

Havrg

(Ttaywos avTOv ipaTTurav irepoi KaXafUf ivvircrov avrov

Kot Tives avTov iixacTTi^ov Xiyovrti
(ruifiev

rfj Ti/i^

T1//157-

Tov vlov rov 6fov.

4
lx,i<Tov

Kai

'^veyKov Svo KaKovpyovi Koi icTavpuxrav

ava

avTmv tov Kvpiov,

l)((i>v.

avros Si icnuma

<os

/ur/Seva J

it6vov

Kal ore oipOoKTav rov (rravpov iirtypa^av koX

on
TO
Lcxxiii39ff.

OuTo's icTTW 6 ^curiXtv'i rov 'IcrpaijX.

Iv^xifuiTa
Itt

TtBewdTK
iKtivtuv

kfiirpoo'Oiv
els

avrov
St
Tts

hi,tp,tpl,(ravro

koX Xa^^jwv

HjiaXov

auTois.

T<3v

KaKovpyuiv

mviiSuTtv avTovs Xiyiav 'H/teis

ouTci) irtTT6v6ap.tv

Sua,

to Koxa a

tTTOirjaafjitv 10

ovros S\ ainrrfp
v/ia.'s
;

yivofx.tvo's riSv
iir

dvOpui-

jTov ri -qSiiajcrtv
Jn xix 32

KoX

d,yavaKrT]<Tavrti

avT<3

ineKtvcrav
6avoi,

'Iva pnij o'KtXoKOTrrjOfj, oirojs

^(wavi^6iiivo<; dwo-

Hv
IttciSi;

8 J fitcrrjfi^pia, kol (tkotos KaT<r\e 'kBxto.v rrjv 1$

'lovSaiav
iSv,

Koi

iOopv^mvro koX
l^t]'

ijyoiviwv futjirort 6 rjXioi

in

yiypaTrrai [yap]
/cat

awois
||

17X101'

/ui;

SSvat
Jn xix
28, 29

^iri 7re<^ovev/<.V(j).

tis

awajv

elwev IIoTtVaTt

avTOj/ j^oXiJv /u,Ta o^oviiTrXijpuKTav

koI

Mpoxravrfs iTr6Turav, koi

iravra,

koI

irtXtiwirav

Kara t^s
S\

Kf<f>aXrji 20

avriSv
Jn
xviii 3, 6

TO.

dp.apr-qii.ara.

irtpvqp-^ovro

ttoXXoX
re.
t]

p.trd

Xv\V(av
K.vpLOS

vop.il^ovre'S

on

vvi

itrnv,

h-ea-dv
p.ov,
/cai

nal

dvefiorjo'e
p.e.

Xeyaiv

'H 8vvap,Li
dveXyj<j}Ori.
rrj'S

SvvapK,
<3pa?

KariXeixf/di

koI tlmjiv

avrrjs

SiApdyq TO Karairiratrpa rov vaov

Svo,

ItpovtraX-^p,

eU

25

Jn XX

25

Kai Tore

airetj'Trao'av

tovs rjXovi otto

irrl

rail'
1;

^(tipmv

ToC Kvplov, Kal idrjKav avrov

2 5

nys y^s* xal

yrj Troo-a

niiijcapjev, fors. leg. irifv/iffaiiev uel Ti/ti)<ro/tv

iffiiira

in

ti/t)iiva\ iiriutriaai

jjnfSh

6 &ri iilypBiaaav
iiyibviaav

10
17

iliveiSijffev

15 /ieffeii^pla

16 iBopov^oOvTO

Mue

fors. leg.

Wwe

17 om. ^ip

18 vetpuveviUnf

21

TtpUpxovTO

22 iiretjav re] iiriaavTO

24

ou'r^i] ot/rii

EVANGELIVM SECVNDVM PETRVM.

eiTticrOrj,
/cat

85
eXafixj/e

koI i^oj8o9 /ieyas iyevero.

tots ^Xios

Mt xxvii

51

tvpe6r]

wpa
rjv

ivaTrj-

i)(a.p7ia-av

Se 01 'louSatoi, kou SeSw$a.\j/rj,

Ka(7i T(p

I<o(n]<j>

TO cujua auToB iva auTO

ocra

eiretSij

deacrafievos
5 Kuptoi/

dya6d
etXiycre

eirotijo-ev.

Xa^wv

8e

ritv

IX.ouo"e

xat

crtvSovi
'IwcrijKJi.

Kat

eicnfyayei/

eis

Mc xv 46
j^
^^^

iStov Tai^ov,

KoXovfUvov Krjvov

Tore

01 lovSaiot, kcu 01 Trpfcr^vrepoi kol ol lepels,

II

ISovTei otov

KaKov cauTOts

iiroirjcrav,

rjp^avTo KOTrTecrdoLi
77

Koi kiyeiv OvaX rais a/tapnats ^jjmv ^yio-cv

10

/jptats

Lc

xxiii 48

KOI TO TeXos
(lov

lepov(TaXr]fji,.

iyia

Si

/teroi

t(jv

eraiptav

eXvTTOv/Aijv,
lt,rp'ovfiiBaL

Kai TETpco/icvot

KaTa Stavotav iKpu^o<Js

fieOa-

yap

vtt

outiSv
?ri

KaKcnipyoi,

Kai

uSs
kvy]-

Tov vaov 6eXoi'Ts

(TTtvo/jLtv
15

i/jLirpfjcraL.

8e toutois Trdcriv

KOL iKaOe^o/xeOa TrevBovvTC^ kcu xXatovTes vuktos

Kai

T^/J.ipa^ ecus

To5 o-ajS/Sarou.
Sc ot -ypa/Ajnareis Kai $apio'aioi Kat

cf.

Jn xx z6

Si'i'aj(6i/Ts

Mt xxvii

irpecr^vTepoi,

irpos

aXXi^Xous,

aKoijo"ovTes

OTt

\aoi

airas yoyyu^et Kat KOTrrerat Ta (TTijOr) Xtyovres ort

Et Lc xxiii 48

t davdrm awoS raSra Ta

^KOov
80S

/jbiyicTTa crrj/ieca

yiyovev, iSere

20 OTi wotrov SiKatos icrriv icjio/SijOrja'av oi irpctrySvTepot, Kat

irpos IletXaTov Sed/icvot aiJroS Kat Xeyoi/rts Ilapo(TTpaTtoJTas, tva ^u\a^<i)tri to
/^t^iroTe
fjivrjfw,

ij/tti/

avTOv

iiri

rpeis

//A[pas],

iXOovrei

\\

ol

ixaOrjToX

avrov

KXix^uMTiv
25

avTov,

KoX

viroXa^rj
t^/uv

Xoos OTt K veKpmv

6
Se

dviarq

Kat

iroiijcTtacnv

Kaxd.

IleiXaTos
fji,era

irapaSeStOKtv

a-urots

lleTptovtoi/

Toy
Kat

Kevrvpiiava

(TTparuoTiSv tj>vXd(r(Tiv tov

Trpecrjivrepoi koI ypajti/xarets
Xtflov

Ta^ov

(rw avTots "qXBov

koI KvXicravTei
o'TparioiTcov
/^.v)?-

em

to

//.vrjijux.,

/xiyav /itrd tov KevTupMovos Kai t<3v

30 d/AoB TravTes 01 ovTes eKei tOrjKav ctti

I

t^ 6upa tov
5
(ru'56>'i[i']

iyel<T6ri

eify/iffri

13

ivrjirThioiiev

16 eivaxOivres

22 ^vXo^tii

27 aTpwniOTOV

29

/tera] /caTct

30

i/itoi

86
/iOTOs-

EVANGELIVM SECVNDVM PETRVM.

KOL eirexpurav
e(f)v\a$av.
eTTTo,

o-^payiSasr,

Kai

a-KTjvriv

iKCL

mj^avTf;
9

Ilptotas

Se

eiTK^ojCTKOvTos

rov

craPPdrov rjXOiv

oxA.os airo 'lepovcraX-q/Ji. Koi T^s Trepi^wpov, Lva ISmtri to

Mtxxviiiz
p.vqp.iiov
icr<j>payL(rp,evov
rfj

Si

wktl

r)

iir<j)<oa'Kv

17

KvpiaKT), (fivXacTfrovTCOV tiSv (TTpariuiTUiv

dva ovo ovo Kara

eioov

^povpdv, fieydXrj

tjxovr]

iyivero iv

rm ovpavw, Koi
||

dvoL^Oevrai Tovi ovpavovi Koi Svo dvSpai

eKiWe, woXv (j>iyyo? e^ovras,
/cat

KareXdoVTas

eiricTTavTas tu> ranfiia-

6 8e Xi^os eKcivos o ^epXrifievos cVi t^ 6i;pa a^' eauToC 10

KvXurOeh

itrexiipyiTe Trapd fjiipoi'

koL 6 rdeftoi ffvoLyrj, Kai

dp.<j>6Tipoi ol vavt(rKoi elcTTjXOov.

10

'iSo'vTes GUI' oi (TTpaTiioTai eKetvot e^TTVicrai'

tov

Kivrvpiiava

koX tovs irpetr/SvTepous Kai

iraprjaav

yap Kat
ei&ov, 15
||

avTOt

(^uXao-o'oi'Tes.

i^rjyovfxivwv

avrmv a

TraXiv opi3(7iv e^cXSoi/Tas aTTO roiJ rdi^av rpeis avSpa^,

Kai Tovs Si;o TOi/ eva VTropOovvra^, Kol (rravpov aKoXov-

dovvTa auTots'
<Tav
/*XP'
"'"'^

Kai

T(3v

jHV

Suo
8e

rrjv

K<^aXijT'

)(<i)pov^

oiJpavou,

toO

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T^s KoXatrctos* ovTOi 8e

ot

Rom

^g ^^

f/.m.vavTe's

ra

0"(0/x.aTa

eaUToJv ws yuvatKe? avaarTpecf>6iJi,evor

crvyKOifirjdiicrai

ai 8e

^er aijTw yuvatKCS, a^rat ^trav at

10 aAAiyXats cos

av

avijp

wpos yuvaiKO.
tc3

18

Kat

irapa

Kprqp.v

tKeivif

Toiro^ rjv Trvpos

TrXetcTTOu -ye/Acov, KciKet ttrn^Ketcrav avSpei otrives rats tStats

Xepct ^oava eavrois eroiijcrav dvTt 6eov.

19
ij pd^Bcrus

Kat

Trap'

EKCtvots

avSpcs

erepoL

kol

yui/atKes
/iiySeTTore

IxovTEs Kat eiXXr;Xo-us TUTTTOvre^ Kat

Travofievoi

njs TOtaTJnjs
erepot

KoXocreeos.

20
avSpes

Kat

TraXtv

eyyus

(.KiivuiV

yvvaiKK Kat
i-i/yavt^o/ttei/of
.

<f)\iy6p.evoi

Kat

crTptil>6fi.evoi

kol

ouTOt Se ^erav ot ct^ei'Tcs njv (>8ov tov ^eov.

Mc vii 8
11,

[icai]

SWw]

ciXXa

6 KaTa<rTp4(poyTo
19

12

ttu/jos

irXeiffTOV yifKjiv] irpbs irXeiffTOV yevtav

d^^cres] dfpdavTes

FRAGMENTS OF THE REVELATION.

1.

[This and the following fragment probably

text.]

preceded our
a.

TlepLOVo'ia'S 8' eveKcv X.e\)(6m

KoLKavo to \eA.eyelaayei tov ovpa{fyrjo-i,

fiivov iv rrj 'AiroKaXvij/ei tov

Uirpov.

vov

afjia TJJ

yg

KpiOijcria-Oai ovtiu's'

'H y^,

Trapa-

OTijcrti iravTas

tu dem
<tvv

iv

rj/jLepa

Kpicreois koX avrr/ fieX-

\ov(Ta KpLveaOai

koL

rm iripU^ovTi
iv. 6,

ovpaviS.

MaKoi

carius
b.

Magnes

Apocritica

avT^

'H y^ ovpava.

^(5 Kpivofievovs

p. 164.
Kpitrcios, fi-eXXovcra,

Ut supra, Op.
8'

cit. iv.

16, p. 185.

2.

Kai

eKcivo

au^ts Xeyei,

koX ao-j8('as /aoTov

virapxii TO pfffia (fxia'KOV'

Kai

TaKi^crcrai wa(7a SvvajUts

<Js |8t)8Xtov,

ovpavoVj Kol kXiyO'^a'e.Tai 6 ovpavoi

xal Travra

TO auTpa

TTiCTiiTai eos

t^vWa

e^ ajxiriXov, kox (os wtTiTei

(^uXXa airo ctdk^s.

(T^.

aV. iv. 7, p. 165.

Compare
3.

Isa. xxxiv. 4.

[Probably this and the following fragments are

ypaijyq

to be placed either in or after our text.]

iji-qai

to,

Ppi'^'t

"^"^

iKTtOivTa

n7//.eA.0'ij;)(<ii

jrapa8i'8o(r6a6 ayycXo),

vcj)

ov iraiSeuea'Oai t koi ov^civ

KOI eaovTai,

(^ijcriv,

o)s

01

eKwrov iriav ivTavda iriOToL

Clem. Alex. Eclogue ex

4.

Scriptt.
Tjj

Proph.

xli.

Aio KOI neVpos iv

irupds inj8(3a'o

AttokoA-^V" ^f\(ri
T(3v
j3pe(ji<av

Kol
koi

darTpaTTTj

otto

ixeCvtov

FRAGMENTS OF THE REVELATION.

xXijcrcouo-a toi)s 6<j>9a\iiovi
I.e.

95

rmv

yvvauciov.

Clem. Alex.

Cf.

II

of our text.

This 41st section of

Clement's Eclogae has been hitherto looked upon as

one and continuous: consists of two parts.

5 a.
ff>rj(T\v
{c.i.

it

appears to

me
TJj

clear that

it

3)

AvTiKa 6 IleTpos iv

'ATroKaXv\j/a

TO

Ppi<l>T')

[ra] i^a/i/SX-uOivra. rrji dfjieivovoi io'Ofi.eva

/jiOLpai

\cod. Tretpas]"

TaBra dyyiXio

Trjfji,e\ov)(to

irapaSC-

Soa-dai,
/jLovrj^,

iva yvoKrecos p-eraXa^ovTa rrji afieivovo^

iraOovra

a av

eiradev kol ev (Tto/xaTi yevop-eva'

oSs ^BiKTjp.eva

"^XV rd
iX,e-

S'

ETtpa

fx.6vq% TTJ's crmTrjpiai rev^eTat,

TjOevTa, Kat fLo/u (or p-evet) dveo KoXdcreta^, tovto yepas

X-a^ovTo.
5 3.

Clem. Alex.
O^ev
ra
Srj

I.e. xlviii.

KOL

TTjp.fXov^oi'S

dyyeXoii,

Kav

ck

juoi^j^Eias (ocri,

dirOTLK.Top,iva TrapaSCSocrOai irapi\);^ael

p.ev ev OeoTTvevo'TOL'; ypafi/xacriv.

yap irapa

tijv yvtap,rjv

iyivovTO Koi tov

di(rjj,ov Tiys

p.aKapias eKStvjjs i^vtrc<os tov

Tpa<f>rj(T6p,a'a p,ETa

Oiov, iruJs ctyyeXots

ToSra vapeSiSoTO
;

TToXXrji dvaTrav(rea)s kol pa.fTTU>vqs

Trwi 8c KoL KaTr/yoprjeis

(Tovra (Tifmv avTuiv Toi)s yovets

cvTrapprjcndcTTuii
2ii

to

BiKaan/jpiov ekikXijo-kov tov 'KpuTTOV"qp^v,

i7p.as
<o

ovk i<^66vqiTa%
(ftwi-

KvpiE, to kowov, XiyovTO, tovto

ovtoi Se
Til's

Eis

OdvaTov
S.

i^eOeVTO,

KaTa<l>povij(ravTe's
ii.

aiji

ivToXij's.

Methodius, Conviv. Virg.

6.

6.

To

Se

yoKa

tSsv

yvvaiK&v pkov dizo

6

t(Sv pacTTiav
'A'7roKaXv\j/ei,
eis

KoX Trriyvvpevov,
yevin^crei

<j>T](Tiv

UtTpo'S

iv

Trj

Orjpia Xetttoi

crapK0<f>aya,

kol

avaTpe^ovTa

auTOS KaTcr&LU' 8id ras dp.apTias

8t8atrK<i)v.

yivecrOai,

ras KoXatrEis
(jyrjcriv,

K Tcov

dpxipTmv yevvaadai auras

cos

Sap Sal xvi

^

Sia Tas aynapTi'as iirpdOrj 6 Xa6<s, Koi 8ta n/v eis Xptorov
dTTUTTiav,
<os
(jirjo'h'

p^t

ii

19 6

o 'AirotTToXos,

wo
op.

tuJv o(j>euiv iSacit.

KvovTo (i Cor. X. 9).

Clem. Alex.

xlix.

g6
7.

FRAGMENTS OF THE REVELATION.

The
following passage

may

probably contain

an allusion to the Apocalypse:

EiTTO/Aci'

OS KoXaceis

etcri /Skacrcftrjfiiiiiv,

(jiXvapia^, axo-

Xd<rT(ov priiiajuiv, A.oya) KoXa^o/ievwv koI waiScvofji.evaiv.

(j}a(rKev Se
[sc.

6 irpeo-jSviT;?
Toi/
Koa^/jLov

cf.

1.]

(cat

Sta ras rpt^as

15770

Kokd^(T6ai Kol
TTji
eTTt

Tas yvvaiKai
rj

Swajuetos

TOiJTOts TeTayfiivr)<i,

koI Tto

Sa/x.i/'cuv

Swafitv
Tpiyfiv

Trapu\c rais Opi^iv,

ETTl

17x15 coA.a^i

ras 8ia

k6(tix,ov

TTopvciav opfiwua's.

Clem. Alex.

<?/.

V. xxxix., xl.

The

latter half

of

xxxix. should evidently

be joined to

xl.

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