Chuyen e 2 :

HE PHNG TRNH AI SO
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. He phng trnh bac nhat nhieu an

1. He phng trnh bac nhat hai an

a1 x + b1 y = c1

a2 x + b2 y = c2

a. Dang :

(1)

Cach giai a biet: Phep the, phep cong ...

b. Giai va bien luan phng trnh : Quy trnh giai va bien luan
Bc 1: Tnh cac nh thc :
a1 b1
= a1b2 a 2 b1
D=
(goi la nh thc cua he)
a 2 b2

Dx =

c1
c2

b1
= c1b2 c 2 b1
b2

(goi la nh thc cua x)

Dy =

a1
a2

c1
= a1c 2 a 2 c1
c2

(goi la nh thc cua y)

Bc 2: Bien luan

Dx

x = D
Neu D 0 th he co nghiem duy nhat
y = Dy

D
Neu D = 0 va D x 0 hoac D y 0 th he vo nghiem

Neu D = Dx = Dy = 0 th he co vo so nghiem hoac vo nghiem

Y ngha hnh hoc:

Gia s (d1) la ng thang a1x + b1y = c1

(d2) la ng thang a2x + b2y = c2
Khi o:
1. He (I) co nghiem duy nhat (d1) va (d2) cat nhau
(d1) va (d2) song song vi nhau
2. He (I) vo nghiem
3. He (I) co vo so nghiem
(d1) va (d2) trung nhau

Ap dung:

5 x 2 y = 9
V du1: Giai he phng trnh:
4 x + 3 y = 2
mx + y = m + 1
V du 2: Giai va bien luan he phng trnh :
x + my = 2
mx + 2 y = 3
V du 3: Cho he phng trnh :

x + my = 1
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Xac nh tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e he co nghiem duy nhat (x;y) thoa x >1 va y > 0
( 2 < m < 0)
mx + 4 y = m + 2
V du 4: Vi gia tr nguyen nao cua tham so m he phng trnh
co nghiem duy nhat
x + my = m
(x;y) vi x, y la cac so nguyen.
II. He phng trnh bac hai hai an:
1. He gom mot phng trnh bac nhat va mot phng trnh bac hai hai an:
x + 2 y = 5
V du : Giai he: 2
2
x + 2 y 2 xy = 5

( m = 1 m = 3 )

Cach giai: Giai bang phep the

2. He phng trnh oi xng :
1. He phng trnh oi xng loai I:
a.nh ngha: o la he cha hai an x,y ma khi ta thay oi vai tro x,y cho nhau
th he phng trnh khong thay oi.
b.Cach giai:
Bc 1: at x+y=S va xy=P vi S 2 4 P ta a he ve he mi cha hai an S,P.
Bc 2: Giai he mi tm S,P . Chon S,P thoa man S 2 4 P .
Bc 3: Vi S,P tm c th x,y la nghiem cua phng trnh :
X 2 SX + P = 0 ( nh ly Viet ao ).
Chu y: Do tnh oi xng, cho nen neu (x0;y0) la nghiem cua he th (y0;x0) cung la nghiem cua he
Ap dung:
V du 1: Giai cac he phng trnh sau :
x 2 + y 2 = 13
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 4
xy + x + y = 11
x + y + xy = 7
1)
2) 2
3)
4)

2
2
2
x + y 3 x 3y = 16
xy + x + y = 2
x y + xy = 30
3( x + y ) + 2 xy + 9 = 0

x + y = 4
x 4 + y 4 = 34
7)
8)
x + y xy = 4
x + y = 2
3) (1;5),(5;1),(2;3),(3;2)
2) (2; 3),(3;2),(1 + 10;1 10),(1 10;1 + 10)

x 2 y + xy 2 = 30
5) 3
x + y 3 = 35

1) (0;2); (2;0)

x y + y x = 6
6)
x 2 y + xy 2 = 20

10
10
10
10
; 2
),(2
; 2 +
)
2
2
2
2
8) (1 2;1 + 2 ),(1 + 2;1 2 )

4) (3; 2),(2;3),(2 +
7) (4;4)

5) (2;3);(3;2)

6) (1;4),(4;1)

x + y = 1
V du2 : Vi gia tr nao cua m th he phng trnh sau co nghiem:
x x + y y = 1 3m

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2. He phng trnh oi xng loai II:

a.nh ngha: o la he cha hai an x,y ma khi ta thay oi vai tro x,y cho nhau
th phng trnh nay tr thanh phng trnh kia cua he.
b. Cach giai:

Tr ve vi ve hai phng trnh va bien oi ve dang phng trnh tch so.

Ket hp mot phng trnh tch so vi mot phng trnh cua he e suy ra nghiem cua he .

Ap dung:
V du: Giai cac he phng trnh sau:
2 x 2 + y = 3y 2 2
1) 2
2
2 y + x = 3 x 2

3 x + y =
4)
3y + x =

1
x2
1
y2

2 x 2 + xy = 3 x
2) 2
2 y + xy = 3 y

y2 + 2
=
3
y

x2

5)
2
3x = x + 2

y2

y 2 = x 3 3 x 2 + 2 x
3) 2
3
2
x = y 3y + 2 y

III. He phng trnh ang cap bac hai:

a. Dang :

a1 x 2 + b1 xy + c1 y 2 = d1
2
2
a2 x + b2 xy + c2 y = d2

b. Cach giai:

x
x
y
= t hoac = t . Gia s ta chon cach at = t .
y
y
x
Khi o ta co the tien hanh cach giai nh sau:
Bc 1: Kiem tra xem (x,0) co phai la nghiem cua he hay khong ?
Bc 2: Vi y 0 ta at x = ty. Thay vao he ta c he mi cha 2 an t,y .T 2 phng trnh ta
kh y e c 1 phng trnh cha t .
Bc 3: Giai phng trnh tm t roi suy ra x,y.
at an phu

Ap dung:
V du: Giai cac he phng trnh sau:
2
2
3 x + 2 xy + y = 11
1) 2
2
x + 2 xy + 5y = 25

6 x 2 xy 2 y 2 = 56
2) 2
5 x xy y 2 = 49

IV. Cac he phng trnh khac:

Ta co the s dung cac phng phap sau:
a. at an phu:
V du : Giai cac he phng trnh :
x 2 + y 2 x y = 12
xy x + y = 3
1) 2
2)

2
x + y x + y + xy = 6
x( x 1) y ( y 1) = 36
11

3
2
2 x + 3 x y = 5
3) 3
2
y + 6 xy = 7

2
2
x y + x y = 5
3) 3
2
2
3
x x y xy + y = 6

b. S dung phep cong va phep the:

2
2
x + y 10x = 0
V du: Giai he phng trnh : 2
2
x + y + 4x 2y 20 = 0
c. Bien oi ve tch so:
V du : Giai cac he phng trnh sau:
x 2 + x = y 2 + y
1) 2
x + y 2 = 3( x + y )

x 3 + 7 x = y 3 + 7 y
2) 2
x + y 2 = x + y + 2

1
1

x x = y y
3)
2 y = x 3 + 1

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