You are on page 1of 9

A. NHAN BIET CAC CHAT I. Nhan biet cac chat trong dung dch.

Hoa Thuoc Hien tng Phng trnh minh hoa chat th - Axit - Quy tm hoa o Baz Quy tm - Quy tm hoa xanh kiem Goc nitrat Tao kh khong mau, e 8HNO3 + 3Cu 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O ngoai khong kh hoa nau Cu (khong mau) 2NO + O2 2NO2 (mau nau) Goc BaCl2 Tao ket tua trang khong H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl sunfat tan trong axit Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl Goc sunfit - Tao ket tua trang khong Na2SO3 + BaCl2 BaSO3 + 2NaCl - BaCl2 tan trong axit. - Axit - Tao kh khong mau, mi Na2SO3 + HCl BaCl2 + SO2 + H2O hc Goc Tao kh khong mau, tao CaCO3 +2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O cacbonat Axit, BaCl2, ket tua trang. Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl AgNO3 Na2CO3 + 2AgNO3 Ag2CO3 + 2NaNO3 Goc Tao ket tua mau vang Na3PO4 + 3AgNO3 Ag3PO4 + 3NaNO3 AgNO3 photphat (mau vang) Goc Tao ket tua trang AgNO3, HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + HNO3 clorua Pb(NO3)2 2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 PbCl2 + 2NaNO3 Muoi Tao kh mui trng ung. Na2S + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2S Axit, sunfua Tao ket tua en. Pb(NO3)2 Na2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS + 2NaNO3 Muoi sat Tao ket tua trang xanh, FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl (II) sau o b hoa nau ngoai 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 khong kh. Muoisat Tao ket tua mau nau o FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl (III) Muoi Tao ket tua trang MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl magie Muoi Tao ket tua xanh lam Cu(NO3)2 +2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 ong Muoi Tao ket tua trang, tan AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl nhom trong NaOH d Al(OH)3 + NaOH (d) NaAlO2 + 2H2O II. Nhan biet cac kh vo c. Kh SO2 Ca(OH)2, Lam uc nc voi trong. SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3 + H2O Dd nc Mat mau vang nau cua dd SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 H2SO4 + 2HBr brom nc brom Kh CO2 Lam uc nc voi trong Ca(OH)2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O Kh N2 Que diem Que diem tat o Kh NH3 Quy tm am Quy tm am hoa xanh to Kh CO Chuyen CuO (en) thanh o. CO + CuO Cu + CO2 CuO (en)
(en) (o)

Kh HCl Kh H2S Kh Cl2

- Quy tm am t - AgNO3 Pb(NO3)2 Giay tam

- Quy tm am t hoa o - Tao ket tua trang Tao ket tua en Lam xanh giay tam ho tinh

HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + HNO3 H2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS + 2HNO3

Axit HNO3

ho tinh bot Bot Cu

bot Co kh mau nau xuat hien

4HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

BI TP NHN BIT A. L THUYT. I. Vi cht kh. CO2: Nc vi trong d -> c nc vi trong. SO2(Mi hc): Dung dch brom(Br2) -> mt mu vng ca dung dch brom. (SO2 + Br2 +2H2O-> HBr + H2SO4) NH3(mi khai): Qu tm m ha xanh. Cl2(mu vng): Dung dch KI v h tinh bt -> Dung dch mu xanh; Qu tm m -> , sau mt mu. H2S(mi trng thi): Dung dch Pb(NO3)2 -> Kt ta en. HCl: Qu tm m -> Ha . Dung dch AgNO3 -> Kt ta trng. N2:Que dim c tn -> Tt. NO: ngoi khng kh ha mu nu . NO2: Mu nu , qu tm m ha . II. Dung dch baz. Ca(OH)2: Dng CO2, SO2: C kt ta trng ( Nu sc n d kt ta tan ra). Ba(OH)2: Dng dch H2SO4 -> Kt ta mu trng. III. Dung dch axit. HCl: Dng dung dch AgNO3 -> Kt ta trng. H2SO4: Dng dung dch BaCl2 -> Kt ta trng. HNO3: Dng bt Cu v un nhit cao -> Dung dch mu xanh, kh mu nu thot ra. IV. Dung dch mui. Mui clorua(-Cl): Dng dung dch AgNO3 -> Kt ta trng Mui sunfat: Dng dung dch BaCl2 -> kt ta trng. Mui cacbonat(=CO3):Dng dung dch axit (HCl, H2SO4 -> Kh Mui sunfua (=S): Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 -> Kt ta mu en. Mui photphat (PO4): Dng dung dch AgNO3 -> Kt ta mu vng V. Cc oxit ca kim loi. Thng ha tan vo nc-> Chia lm 2 nhm: Tan trong nc v khng tan trong nc. - Nhm tan trong nc cho tc dng vi CO2(Nu th bng qu tm ->) + Nu khng c kt ta: Kim loi tring oxit l kim loi kim (Ha tr I). + Nu c kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim th (Ha tr II). - Nhm khng tan trong nc cho tc dng vi dung dch baz (NaOH). + Nu tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit l Al, Zn, Cr. + Nu khng tan trong dung dch kim th l kim loi khc. Cc oxit ca phi kim: Cho vo nc th bng qu tm -> Xanh. B. BI TP Vn 1: Nhn bit cc cht da vo tnh cht vt l. - Loi bi tp ny c th da vo tnh cht vt l khc nhau nh: mu, mi v, tnh tan. - Cc c trng ca cc cht nh: CO2 khng chy, st b nam chm ht, Kh NH3 c mi khai, kh H2S c mi trng thi,.. Bi 1: Da vo tnh cht vt l hy phn bit 2 cht bt: AgCl v AgNO3. BL: + Ly mt t mi cht trn lm mu th. + Cho 2 mu th trn vo nc, cht bt no tan trong nc l AgNO3, cht no khng tan trong nc l AgCl. Bi 2: Phn bit cc cht bt: AgNO3, Fe v Cu da vo tnh cht vt l. Bi 3: Phn bit 3 cht kh: Cl2, O2, CO2 da vo tnh cht vt l ca chng. Bi 4: Da vo tnh cht vt l hy phn bit cc cht cha trong l mt nhn: a) Bt st, bt lu hunh, bt ng oxit. b) Kh CO2, kh H2S, kh NH3. c) Kh H2, Cl2, H2S d) Cc cht bt trng l: ng, mui n, tinh bt. e) Kh O2, Kh Cl2, kh N2. f) Kh NH3, O2, Cl2, CO2 Vn 2: Nhn bit cc cht da vo tnh cht ha hc. Dng 1: Nhn bit bng thuc th ty chn. a) Nhn bit cc cht rn: Thng cho cc cht rn ha tan vo nc sau nhn bit sn phm thu c. Bi 1: Bng phng php ha hc hy phn bit cc cht rn sau: a) CaO v Na2O b) CaO v CaCO3 c) CaO v MgO d) CaO v P2O5 e) Al v Fe. f) Al, Fe v Ag g) NaCl, NaNO3, BaCO3,BaSO4. h) Na2CO3, MgCO3, BaCO3 Bi 2: Bng phng php ha hc hy phn bit cc cht bt trng sau: a) Tinh bt, xenluloz, saccaroz. b) Tinh bt, glucoz, saccaroz. b) Nhn bit cc cht kh: Thng dn cc kh vo thuc th nhn bit. Bi 1: Bng phng php ha hc hy nhn bit cc kh sau: a) CO2 v O2 b) SO2 v O2 c) CO2 v SO2. d) Cl2, HCl, O2.

e) CO2, Cl2, CO, H2 f) CO2, SO2, O2, NH3, C2H2, C2H4 Bi 2: Nhn bit cc kh sau bng phng php ha hc: a) CO2, CH4 v C2H2 b) CH4 v C2H4. c) CH4, C2H4, C2H2 d) CH4, CO2, C2H2, O2 c) Nhn bit cc cht trong dung dch: Thng ly cc cht cho vo thuc th. VD1: Phn bit 2 ng nghim b mt nhn cha cc dung dch sau: HCl v NaOH. * Ly 4 cht trn, mi cht mt t lm mu th: Cho 4 mu th mi cht mt t vo mu giy qu tm: + Nu mu th no lm qu tm chuyn thnh mu l: HCl. + Nu mu th no lm qu tm chuyn thnh mu xanh l: NaOH. Bi 1: Trnh by phng php ha hc phn bit cc dung dch sau: a) HCl v H2SO4 b) HCl, H2SO4, HNO3. c) HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H2O. d) HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4. e) HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, H2O Bi 2: Phn bit cc dung dch sau bng phng php ha hc: a) NaCl v Na2SO4. b) NaCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3. c) Na2SO4 v CuSO4. d) Na2SO4, CuSO4, NaCl. c) CuSO4, AgNO3, NaCl f) K2SO4 v Fe2(SO4)3. g) K2SO4. FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3 h) MgSO4, Na2SO4, FeSO4, CuSO4 i) FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, MgSO4 Bi 3: Trnh by phng php ha hc phn bit cc dung dch sau: a) Na2SO4 v H2SO4 b) Na2SO4, H2SO4, NaCl. c) NaCl, Na2SO4, H2SO4 d) NaCl, HCl, H2SO4 e) Na2SO4, H2SO4, HCl f) Na2SO4, NaCl, H2SO4, HCl Bi 4: Hy nhn bit cc ng nghim mt nhn cha mt cc dung dch sau: a) Na2CO3, NaOH, NaCl, HCl. b) HCl, NaOH, Na2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3. c) NaNO3, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2 d) Na2CO3, NH4NO3, HCl, FeCl2 e) NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, Na2S, Na2CO3, Na2SO3 f) FeSO4; Fe2(SO4)3 v MgSO4 Bi 5: Nu phng php ha hc phn bit 2 dung dch: Glucoz v ru etylic. Bi 6: C 2 l mt nhn ng 2 dung dch khng mu: CH3COOH , C2H5OH. Hy trnh by Bi 7: C 3 cht lng l: Ru etylic, axit axetic, v du n tan trong ru. Bng phng php ha hc hy phn bit 2 cht lng trn. phng php ha hc nhn bit chng. Bi 8: C 3 cht lng l: Ru tylic, axit axetic v glucoz. Bng phng php ha hc hy phn bit 2 cht lng trn. Bi 9: C 3 cht lng CH3COOH , C6H6 , C2H5OH ng 3 l ring bit khng c nhn. Bng pp ha hc hy nhn bit mi l ng cht no ? Vit cc PTP , ghi r iu kin ca phn ng nhn bit ( nu c ) . Bi 10: C cc cht lng (dung dch) ng ring bit trong mi l: CH 3COOH , C6H6 , C2H5OH , C6H12O6. Bng phng php ha hc, hy trnh by cch nhn bit cht lng, vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra. Dng 2: Nhn bit bng thuc th quy nh - Trng hp ny khng dng nhiu thuc th m ch dng thuc th theo quy nh ca bi. - Mun vy, ta dng thuc th tm ra mt trong s cc l cho, l tm c ny chnh l thuc th cho cc l cn li. Bi 1: Ch dng qu tm, hy nhn bit cc ng nghim mt nhn cha cc dung dch sau: a) H2SO4, Na2SO4, BaCl2. b) H2SO4, Na2SO4, BaCl2, NaCl. c) NaOH, HCl, H2O d) HCl, H2SO4, BaCl2 e) Na2SO4, H2SO4, NaOH f) Na2SO4, Na2CO3, H2SO4, BaCl2 g) NaCl, H2SO4, NaOH h) HCl, NaCl, Na2CO3, BaCl2. Bi 2: Ch dng thm qu tm hy phn bit cc dung dch cha trn cc l ring bit sau: a) NaOH, AgNO3, HCl, HNO3, H2O. b) Na2CO3, NaOH, HCl, Ba(OH)2. c) H2SO4,NaOH, BaCl2, (NH4)2SO4 d) CuCl2, NaOH, NaCl, AlCl3. e) Na2SO4, Na2CO3, NaCl, H2SO4, BaCl2, NaOH.f) HCl, Na2CO3, AgNO3, BaCl2. g) NaHSO4, Na2CO3, Na2SO3, BaCl2, Na2S h)BaCl2,NH4Cl;(NH4)SO4;NaOH;Na2CO3 Bi 3: Ch c dng thm 1 thuc th khc, hy nhn bit cc cht sau: a) Na2CO3, HCl, Ba(NO3)2 b) Na2SO4, Na2CO3, H2SO4, BaCl2. c) Na2CO3, HCl, Ba(NO3)2, Na2SO4 d) Ba(OH)2, NH4Cl, HCl, (NH4)2SO4 a) FeCl2, FeCl3, NaOH, HCl. b) Na2CO3, BaCl2, H2SO4. c) H2SO4, Ba(NO3)2, KCl, Na2S. d) HCl, NaOH, AgNO3, CuSO4. e) MgCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3 f) H2SO4, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, MgSO4 g) HCl , H2SO4 , BaCl2 h) NH4HSO4, Ba(OH)2, BaCl2, HCl, NaCl v H2SO4 Bi 4: Ch dng dung dch HCl hy phn bit cc cht sau: a) NaCl, Na2CO3, BaSO4, BaCO3 b) Fe, FeO, Cu c) Cu, CuO, Zn. d) NaCl, Na2CO3, MgSO4, NaOH Bi 5: Ch dng dung dch brom hy nhn bit cc kh sau: a) CH4 vC2H4. b) CH4 v C2H2 c) C2H4 v C2H2. d) CO2, C2H4, C2H2

Bi 6: Ch dng dung dch NaOH hy phn bit cc dung dch: a) NaCl, NH4Cl, MgCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3. b) FeSO4; Fe2(SO4)3 v MgSO4 c) K2CO3, MgSO4, Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3 d) Bi 7: Ch dng dung dch H2SO4 hy phn bit cc cht sau: a) NaCl, Na2S, Na2SO3, Na2CO3. b) Ba, BaO, Al, Al2O3 c) Mg, Zn, Fe, Ba. Bi 8: Ch dng mt kim loi hy phn bit cc dung dch sau: Na2SO4, Na2CO3, HCl, Ba(NO3)2 Bi 9: Ch dng thm nc hy nhn bit cc cht sau: Na, MgCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3. Bi 10: Nhn bit cc dung dch sau NaHSO 4, KHCO3, Mg(HCO3)2, Na2SO3, Ba(HCO3)2, bng cch un nng v cho tc dng ln nhau. Bi 11: Trnh by cch nhn bit cc cht sau y bng 2 thuc th: C2H4, C2H2, C2H6, CO2, SO2. Dng 3: Nhn bit khng c thuc th khc. - Trng hp ny bt buc phi ly cho phn ng vi cc l cn li. - tin so snh ta nn k bng phn ng. Khi y ng vi mi l s c nhng hin tng phn ng khc nhau. y chnh l c s phn bit tng l. Bi 1: Khng dng thm thuc th no khc, hy nhn bit cc ng nghim mt nhn ng cc dung dch: a) Na2CO3, HCl, BaCl2. b) MgCl2, BaCl2, H2SO4, K2CO3. c) Na2SO4, MgSO4, CuSO4,Ba(OH)2 d) NaCl, H2SO4, CuSO4, BaCl2, NaOH e) NaOH, FeCl2, HCl, NaCl f) CaCl2, HCl, Na2CO3, (NH4)2CO3 g) HCl, NaCl, Ba(OH)2, Ba(HCO3)2, Na2CO3 h) Cu(NO3)2, Ba(OH)2, HCl, AlCl3, H2SO4 n) HCl , NaOH , Na2CO3 , MgCl2 . m) HCl , H2SO4 , Na2SO4 , BaCl2 . DNG 10: TCH TINH CH. I. Phng php vt l. - Phng php lc: Dng tch cht khng tan ra khi hn hp lng. - Phng php c cn: Dng tch cht rn (khng bay hi nhit cao) ra khi dung dch hn hp cht lng. - Phng php trng ct phn on: Dng tch cht lng ra khi hn hp lng nu nhit ng c ca chng cch bit nhau qu ln. - Phng php chit: Dng tch cht lng ra khi hn hp lng khng ng nht. II. Phng php ho hc. Nguyn tc: Bc 1: Chn cht X ch tc dng vi A (m khng tc dng vi B) chuyn A thnh cht A1, dng kt ta, bay hi hoc ho tan; Tch B ra khi (bng lc hoc t tch). Bc 2: iu ch li cht A t cht A1.

S tch: : A, B
+X P tah c

B XY AX ( , , tan)

+Y P tata i o

A
Nu hn hp A, B u tc dng vi X chuyn c A, B thnh A, B ri tch A, B thnh 2 cht nguyn cht. Sau tin hnh bc 2. 1 i vi cht rn: Chn cht X dng ho tan. 2 Hn hp cc cht lng ( hoc cht rn ho tan thnh dung dch) th cht X dng tao cht kt ta hoc bay hi. 3 Hn hp cc cht kh: Cht X dng hp th. Ch : Phn ng chn tch phi tho mn 3 yu cu: + Ch tc dng ln mt cht trong hn hp cn tch. + Sn phm to thnh c th tch r rng ra khi hn hp. + T sn phm ca p to thnh c th ti to li cht ban u. Cht cn tch Phn ng tch v phn ng ti to li cht ban Phng php tch CO2 dd NaOH to pnc Al(Al2O3 hay hp Lc, nhit phn Al NaAlO2 Al(OH)3 Al2O3 Al cht nhm) to Lc, nhit luyn CO2 dd NaOH to Zn (ZnO) Na2ZnO2 Zn(OH)2 ZnO H2 Zn Zn HCl NaOH to CO Lc, nhit luyn Mg Mg MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 MgO Mg H2 HCl NaOH to Fe (FeO hoc Lc, nhit luyn Fe FeCl2 Fe(OH)2 FeO Fe Fe2O3)

Lc, nhit luyn H2 NaOH to Cu CuSO4 Cu(OH)2 CuO Cu BI TON TCH RING V TINH CH. * Tch ring: Chuyn tng cht trong hn hp v trng thi ring l dng nguyn cht v tinh khit bng phng php vt l hay ha hc. + Nguyn tc: Chuyn cht cn tch thnh sn phm mi dng kt ta hay bay hi. Tip theo l thc hin cc phng php vt l : C cn, lc, chng ct, chit cc cht ra khi nhau. Cui cng thc hin cc phn ng ti to iu ch li cc cht ban u. Lu : Sau khi tch ring cc cht phi gi nguyn khi lng nh trong hn hp ban u. * Tinh ch: Tinh ch cht A trong hn hp gm 3 cht A, B, C l tm cch loi b B. C ch cn li A nguyn cht. Khng cn phi thu hi B, C nhng phi a A v dng ban u bng phn ng thch hp. Phng php: - i vi hn hp cha: Kim loi, oxit kim loi, baz, mui ta em ha tan trong axit. - i vi hn hp cha: Oxit axit, oxit lng tnh ta thc hin ha tan trong kim. - Thc hin cc p trao i: To kt ta hoc bay hi, c th dng p y kim loi ra khi dung dch mui. - Cn nm ring tnh cht ca tng kim loi, hp cht quan trng-> Chn thuc th thch hp. - tch v iu ch kim loi mc tinh khit, ngi ta thng dngphng php in phn nng chy hoc in phn dung dch trong iu kin thch hp. B. Bi tp: Bi 1: C nhng kh m(hi nc): CO2, H2, O2, SO2. Kh no c th lm kh bng CaO, bng H2SO4. Bi 2: C hn hp gm CaO v CaO, nu phng php ha hc c th tch ring c CuO ra khi hn hp. Bi 3: Kh CO dng lm cht t trong cng nghip, c ln tp cht kh CO 2 v SO2. Lm th no c th loi b c cc tp cht ra khi CO bng phng php r tin nht? Vit phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng xy ra. Bi 4: Kh O2 c ln kh CO2. bng phng php ha hc c th tch ring c kh O2 ra khi hn hp. Bi 5: Lm nh th no lm kh kh CO2 (c ln hi nc). Bi 6: ZnSO4 c ln tp cht CuSO4, bng phng php ha hc hy loi b tp cht ra khi dung dch ZnSO4. Bi 7: Bc cm (dng bt) c ln Cu, Al. Lm th no c th thu c bc tinh khit. Bi 8: Trnh by phng php : a) Tch Cu ra khi hn hp hn hp Cu, Fe, Zn. b) Tch Ag v Fe ra khi hn hp: Al, Ag, Fe. Bi 9: Kh CH4 c ln tp cht C2H4, C2H2 lm th no c th thu c CH4 tinh khit. Bi 10: Hy chon phng php tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp gm Cu v Fe. Bi 11: Dng cht thch hp c th loi b tp cht ra khi hn hp C2H2 c ln tp cht CO2 v hi nc. Bi 12: Kh C2H2 c ln CO2 v SO2 v hi nc. Lm th no thu c C2H2 tinh khit. Bi 13: Nu phng php tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp: CO2 v CH4 Bi 14: Tch 4 kim loi Ag, Al, Cu, Mg dng bt bng phng php ho hc. Bi 15: Tch cc kim loi Fe, Al, Cu ra khi hn hp ca chng. Bi 16: Lm th no tch ring 3 mun NaCl, MgCl2 v NH4Cl. Bi 17: Tch ring cc kim loi Ag, Cu ra khi hn hp. Bi 18: Dng phng php ho hc tch Fe, Al, Cu ra khi hn hp 3 kim loi trn. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Bi 19: Tch cc cht sau ra khi hn hp ca chng: AlCl3; FeCl3 v BaCl2. Bi 20: C mt mu ng b ln Fe, Ag, S. Hy tm ra phng php (tr phng php in phn) tch Cu tinh khit t mu . Bi 21: Mt hn hp gm Al2O3, CuO, Fe2O3. Dng phng php ho hc tch ring tng cht. Bi 22: Hn hp A gm CuO, AlCl3, CuCl2 v Al2O3. Bng phng php ho hc hy tch ring tng cht tinh khit nguyn lng. Bi 23: Lm th no tch ring 3 mun NaCl, MgCl2 v NH4Cl. Bi 24: Tch cc mui sau ra khi hn hp ca chng: Fe(NO3)3, Al(NO3)3, Cu(NO3)2 v Zn(NO3)2 tinh khit nguyn lng. Cu (CuO)
2 4 a, nog c n

H SO

You might also like