Sjzl20060022 ZXC10+BSSB+ (V8 (1) .16) +Technical+Manual Fundamentals

ZXC10 BSSB
CDMA2000 Base Station System

Technical Manual - Fundamentals
Version 8.16
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2006/03/20 R1.1 ZXC10 BSSB Technical Manual – Fundamentals, contents
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Contents
About this Technical Manual.....................................................................ix

Purpose of this Technical Manual............................................................................. ix
Typographical Conventions..................................................................................... ix
Mouse Operation Conventions.................................................................................. x
Safety Signs.......................................................................................................... xi
How to Get in Touch ..............................................................................................xii
Customer Support..................................................................................................................xii
Documentation Support..........................................................................................................xii
Chapter 1................................................................................... 13
CDMA Overview....................................................................................... 13
1G Mobile Communication System ......................................................................... 13
RTT Technology.....................................................................................................................15
Evolution of CDMA2000 Standards.........................................................................................16
Chapter 2................................................................................... 17
CDMA Fundamentals ............................................................................... 17
Spread Spectrum Communication Technology ........................................................ 17
Spread Spectrum Communication Theory...............................................................................17
Spreading and De-spreading..................................................................................................18
Processing Gain and Anti-Interference Tolerance.....................................................................19
Spread Spectrum Communication Features ............................................................................19
CDMA System Implementation .............................................................................. 21

CDMA Spread Spectrum Communication Principles .................................................................21
CDMA Spreading Code Selection ............................................................................................22
Channel Coding Technology................................................................................... 24

Cyclic Redundancy Check ......................................................................................................24
Convolutional Coding.............................................................................................................24
Block Interleaving Technology................................................................................................25
Turbo Code ...........................................................................................................................25
Chapter 3................................................................................... 27
Key CDMA Technologies.......................................................................... 27
Uniform Frequency Reuse...................................................................................... 27
Power Control....................................................................................................... 28
Reverse Link Power Control ...................................................................................................29
Forward Link Power Control ...................................................................................................30
Cell Breath Power Control ......................................................................................................32
Diversity Reception ............................................................................................... 32

Time Diversity.......................................................................................................................32
Frequency Diversity...............................................................................................................33
Space Diversity .....................................................................................................................33
RAKE Receiver ......................................................................................................................34
Soft Handoff......................................................................................................... 36
Pilot Set ................................................................................................................................36
Search Window .....................................................................................................................37
Handoff Parameters...............................................................................................................38
Chapter 4................................................................................... 41
CDMA2000 1x.......................................................................................... 41
System Overview ................................................................................................. 41
Air Interface Parameters ....................................................................................... 42
Forward Channels................................................................................................. 42
Reverse Channels ................................................................................................. 43
Technical Features ................................................................................................ 44
Radio Part .............................................................................................................................44
Network Part.........................................................................................................................45
Service Flows ....................................................................................................... 45

Voice Service ........................................................................................................................45
Data Service .........................................................................................................................51
Chapter 5................................................................................... 59
CDMA2000 1x EV-DO .............................................................................. 59
System Overview ................................................................................................. 59
Network Model ......................................................................................................................59
System Features ...................................................................................................................60
Forward Channels................................................................................................. 61
Reverse Channels ................................................................................................. 63
Key 1x EV-DO Technologies................................................................................... 64
Reverse Link Power Control ...................................................................................................64
Reverse Link Rate Control......................................................................................................64
Forward Link TDM .................................................................................................................65
Forward Link Scheduling Strategy ..........................................................................................65
Forward Link Virtual Soft Handoff...........................................................................................65
Adaptive Modulation Coding Technology.................................................................................66
R-P Session Establishment.....................................................................................................66
Service Flow......................................................................................................... 66
Session Management ............................................................................................................66
Connection Management .......................................................................................................69
1x and 1x EV-DO Comparisons .............................................................................. 73
Chapter 6................................................................................... 75
PTT Technology ....................................................................................... 75
Key PTT Technologies ........................................................................................... 75
Channel Sharing....................................................................................................................75
Fast Connection ....................................................................................................................76
PTT Service...........................................................................................................................77
Abbreviations ............................................................................... 89
Figures.......................................................................................... 93
Tables ........................................................................................... 95
Index ............................................................................................ 97
About this Technical Manual
Purpose of this Technical Manual

This manual provides the basic information you need for the ZXC10 BSSB
system.
Typographical Conventions
ZTE documents employ the following typographical conventions.
TABLE 1 - TYPOGRAPHICAL CONVENTIONS
Typeface Meaning
Italics References to other guides and documents.
“Quotes” Links on screens.
Bold Menus, menu options, function names, input fields, radio button
names, check boxes, drop-down lists, dialog box names,
window names.
CAPS Keys on the keyboard and buttons on screens and company
name.
Constant width Text that you type, program code, files and directory names,
and function names.
[] Optional parameters
{} Mandatory parameters
| Select one of the parameters that are delimited by it
Note: Provides additional information about a certain topic.
Checkpoint: Indicates that a particular step needs check before

proceeding further.
Tip: Indicates a suggestion or hint to make things easier or

more productive for the reader.
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION ix

ZXC10 BSSB (V8.16) CDMA2000 Base Station System Technical Manual - Fundamentals
Mouse Operation Conventions

TABLE 2 - MOUSE OPERATION CONVENTIONS
Typeface Meaning
Click Refers to clicking the primary mouse button (usually the left
mouse button) once.
Double-click Refers to quickly clicking the primary mouse button (usually the
left mouse button) twice.
Right-click Refers to clicking the secondary mouse button (usually the right
mouse button) once.
Drag Refers to pressing and holding a mouse button and moving the
mouse.
x Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

About this Technical Manual
Safety Signs
TABLE 3 - SAFETY SIGNS
Safety Signs Meaning

Danger: Indicates an imminently hazardous situation, which if
not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. Limit the use
of this signal only to extreme situations.
Warning: Indicates a potentially hazardous situation, which if

not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
Caution: Indicates a potentially hazardous situation, which if not
avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury. The signal
also alerts against unsafe practices.
Erosion: Beware of erosion.
Electric shock: Risk of electric shock.
Electrostatic: The device may be sensitive to static electricity.
Microwave: Beware of strong electromagnetic field.
Laser: Beware of strong laser beam.
No flammables: No flammables can be stored.
No touching: Do not touch.
No smoking: Smoking forbidden.
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION xi

How to Get in Touch

The following sections provide information on ways to obtain support for
documentation and software.
Customer Support
In case of problems, questions, comments, or suggestions regarding the
product, contact us by e-mail at support@zte.com.cn. You can also call our
customer support center at (86) 755 26771900 and (86) 800-9830-9830.
Documentation Support
ZTE welcomes your comments and suggestions on the quality and
usefulness of this document. For further questions, comments, or
suggestions on the documentation, you can contact us by e-mail at
doc@zte.com.cn; or you can fax your comments and suggestions to (86)
755 26772236. You can also explore our website at
http://support.zte.com.cn, which contains various interesting subjects like
documentation, knowledge base, service request and forum.
xii Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 1
CDMA Overview
This chapter explains:

History of mobile communications.
Evolution of CDMA2000 standards.
1G Mobile Communication
System
Bell Labs invented the first generation (1G) cellular mobile communication
system that renaming it as Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) in the
1970's. North Europe including Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and
U.K later developed Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMTS) and Total
Access Communication System (TACS) similar to AMPS. China deployed
the first analog cellular telephone communication system in 1987.
Guangzhou, China deployed the first mobile office in November 1987.
Few years later, 1G analog mobile communication system limitations such

as capacity deficiency, single service availability, and low voice quality led
to the research and development of second-generation (2G) cellular
mobile communications system.
System
Based on digital signal processing, 2G cellular mobile communication
system provides higher spectrum utilization, diversified data services,
better communication quality, and advanced roaming function.
A typical 2G cellular mobile communication system includes Global System

for Mobile communications (GSM), IS-54/IS-136 and IS-95 and the
Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) system. IS-95 is the American cellular
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION13 13

mobile communications standard set by Telecommunications Industries

Association (TIA) in 1993. It adopts the CDMA technical specifications
invented by Qualcomm.
Hong Kong deployed its first CDMA mobile communications system in 1995
marking the beginning of commercial CDMA applications. However,
recommendations on IS-95 development by the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) of America meant IS-95 compatibility with AMPS,
ensuring IS-95 bandwidth within the AMPS frequency band range. IS-95 is
a narrowband CDMA system that offers limited services with several
disadvantages.
In recent years, 2G voice based mobile communication services have

attracted increasing number of users. Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)
users in China now exceed 100 million and are increasing at the rate of 20
million each year. The great success of 2G has led to the advanced
research and development of third-generation (3G) mobile
communications system.
System
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) put forth the Future Public
Land Mobile Telecommunication System (FPLMTS) in 1985, a 3G mobile
communications system and later renamed it to IMT-2000. The European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) released the Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).
IMT-2000 and UMTS provide diversified services with functions and quality
similar to fixed network communications systems using globally uniform
frequency band and standards.
3G cellular mobile and personal communication systems provide larger

system capacity and higher data transmission capability.
Current 3G system data transmission rates provide different data

transmission rates in different circumstances:
144 Kb/s, while moving fast (in a vehicle)
384 Kb/s, while moving slow
3.1 Mb/s, while in static position.
3G cellular mobile communications system can provide services including

video streaming, audio streaming, mobile interconnection, mobile
commerce, and e-mail.
14 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 1 - CDMA Overview
RTT Technology
Radio Transfer Technology (RTT) is a key IMT-2000 technology. ITU
collected ten terrestrial RTT interface standards from Europe, Japan,
America, China, and Korea by June 1998 end.
Although ITU attempts to develop a uniform standard, two major regional

standardization organizations 3rd Generation Partnership Project 1 (3GPP1)
and 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) have established ITU
WCDMA and CDMA2000 standards respectively. 3GPP is the 3rd
generation partnership project initiated by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and 3GPP2 is another 3rd
generation partnership project initiated by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI). China established the Committee of Wireless
Telecommunications Standard (CWTS) in April 1999, and became an
official member of 3GPP and 3GPP2 in May 1999.
To define uniform IMT-2000 RTT, ITU made great efforts to integrate

multiple radio access solutions excluding satellite access. ITU passed
IMT-2000 Wireless Interface Technical Specifications in November 1999
and determined five RTTs for IMT-2000. These RTTs cover WCDMA of
Europe and Japan, CDMA2000 of America, and the TD-SCDMA of China.
WCDMA supports following basic features:

Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) supports multiple rates and
services.
Fast power control of forward links and coherent demodulation of
reverse links.
Handoff between different carriers without base station
synchronization.
The base stations do not require synchronization for handoff
between different carriers.
CDMA2000 evolved from IS-95 system in North America, and provides
the following features:
Coherent reception of reverse links and forward link transmit
diversity.
Base station synchronization using Global Positioning System
(GPS).
Good compatibility with IS-95, mature technology, low risk,
economical and stable.
TD-SCDMA: China first achieved Intellectual Property Right (IPR) for
TD-SCDMA solution. It is based on TDMA and CDMA technologies. It
adopts Time Division Duplexing (TDD), smart antenna, and software
radio technologies, and is applicable to low-speed access environments.
For the ten IMT-2000 RTT technologies submitted, eight were CDMA
technologies. It indicates that the CDMA technology plays a leading role in
3G mobile communications system.
Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 15

Although 4th generation (4G) mobile communication network is still in its

nascent stages of development, 4G mobile communication network is sure
to provide higher data transmission rates than 3G system. The 4G data
transmission rates can reach 10 Mb/s to 100 Mb/s.
Evolution of CDMA2000 Standards

Figure 1 shows the evolution of CDMA2000 standards.
F I G U R E 1 - C D M A2 0 0 0 T E C H N O L O G Y S T A N D A R D S
ZXC10 BSSB supports CDMA2000 1x RTT Release A, CDMA2000 1x EV-DO

Rev. 0, CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Rev. A technology.

Chapter 2
CDMA Fundamentals

CDMA system fundamentals.
Key CDMA coding technologies.
Spread Spectrum Communication

Technology
Three primary communication transmission modes in the information era
comprised spread spectrum communication, fiber communication, and
satellite communication.
Spread Spectrum Communication Theory

Spread spectrum communication follows the Shannon formula.
The formula for calculating channel capacity follows information theory

research:
C = B × log 2 (1 + S N )
C is channel capacity in bits/s, B is signal bandwidth in Hz, S is signal

mean power in W, and N is mean noise power in W.
According to Shannon formula, the signal bandwidth (B) and Signal to

Noise Ratio (S/N) are inversely proportional if channel capacity (C)
remains unchanged. Increasing signal bandwidth enables reliable
information transfer at the same rate with low S/N. Even if noise drowns
the signal, reliable communication occurs as long as there is significant
signal bandwidth increase. Spread spectrum enables information transfer
on a higher bandwidth to reduce high SNR requirement.

Spreading and De-spreading

Spread spectrum communication technology is an information
transmission mode that follows spread spectrum code for modulation at
the transmitting end, increasing signal bandwidth required for information
transfer. At the receiving end, the same spread spectrum code enables
coherent demodulation to restore transmitted information.
Figure 2 illustrates the entire spreading and de-spreading processes.
FIGURE 2 - SPREADING AND DE-SPREADING PROCESS
Figure 2 illustrates modulated data conversion into narrowband signals

with bandwidth B1.
Pseudo noise code (PN) generated by spread code generator spreads
and modulates narrowband signals, and becomes broadband spread
signals with extremely low power spectral density. As figure 2
illustrates, B2 is far greater than B1. Narrowband signals spread in
broadband according to a regular pattern defined by PN and then sent
out.
Signal transmission causes interference noise like narrowband noise
and broadband noise.
Spread and demodulation of broadband signals at the receiving end
use the same transmitting end PN and become normal narrowband
signals. Bandwidth extraction of components mapped with those on the
transmission side is according to regular PN pattern, and integrated
with normal narrowband signals. Regular communication processing

Chapter 2 - CDMA Fundamentals
method demodulates narrowband signals into information data

followed by de-spreading of interference noise into bandwidth signals.
Processing Gain and Anti-Interference

Tolerance
Two important spread spectrum communication system concepts types are
processing gain and anti-interference tolerance.
Processing gain shows spread spectrum system SNR improvement. It

reflects the system’s anti-interference performance.
Normally, the ratio of spread spectrum signal bandwidth W and

Gp
information bandwidth ΔF is the processing Gain .
W
Gp = .
ΔF
According to theoretical analysis, anti-interference spread spectrum

system performance is directly proportional to signal bandwidth before
spreading than that after spreading.
However, spread spectrum system processing gain does not fully reflect
system performance under interference environment. A certain SNR at the
output end ensures normal system operation, despite system losses. Anti-
M J , and the following defines M J :
interference tolerance is
S
M J = G p − [( )o + Ls ]
N
S
)o [(
SNR at the output end is N .
Ls .
System loss is
Spread Spectrum Communication

Features
Following section describes the spread spectrum communication
technology features:
Strong Anti-interference Capability

Spread spectrum technology enables spread and broad frequency band
transfer of transmitting end signals, and the compression and restoration
of receiving end spread signal bandwidth to narrowband signals.
Interference signals do not relate to spread PN. After spreading the
interference signals to wide band, the interference power within the same

band containing useful signals reduces. As a result, output

signal/interference ratio increases, making anti-interference capability
strong. Anti-interference capability is directly proportional to spread times
of the band. Wider the spectrum spread, stronger is the anti-interference
capability.
Multi-Access Communication
Although the CDMA spread spectrum system occupies a wide band, users
share the same frequency band at one time. Spectrum utilization is high.
Hence, the spread spectrum system supports multi-access communication.
High Security
As spread spectrum communication system spreads the transmitted
information to a wide band, its power density reduces with spectrum
spread. Noise may drown the signals. It is difficult to intercept or scout
such signals.
Multi-path Interference Resistance

In mobile communication and indoor environments, multi-path
interference poses very serious constraints. The system cannot ensure
smooth communication in the absence of strong anti-interference
capability. Spread spectrum communication technology prevents multi-
path interference through spread spectrum code correlation features. It
uses multi-path energy to improve system performance.
Spread spectrum communication has several other advantages, such as
accurate time and range, noise prevention, low power spectral density,
and random access.
Multiple Access Technology

Multi-access mode enables several user addresses use the same resource
to communicate with one another. In CDMA systems, multiple access
technology enables several users to share the same frequency at one time.
Generally, these users are in different places and in moving state. Several
satellite communication earth stations communicate through the same
satellite repeater, likewise several MSs communicate at the same
frequency through the base station.
Use of same transmission band causes generation of mutual interference

among users. That is the so-called multi-access interference or self-
interference. Signal division on the receiver incorporates certain features
to avoid multi-access interference on signals from different users to
differentiate them.
Mathematically, multiple access technology is the orthogonal division of

signals, expressing the transmission signals as a function of time,
frequency, and code.

Multiple access technology uses different features of signals to

differentiate channels:
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): Different users use

different frequency at one time.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): Different users use different
timeslots within the same frequency.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): All terminals use the same band
to transfer signals at one time. It implements signal splitting by using
orthogonality or quasi-orthogonality between different terminal signal
address code waveforms.
CDMA System Implementation

CDMA is a multi-access mode with a broad development perspective.
Currently, it is the development hotspot in many countries around the
world.
CDMA uses a group of orthogonal or quasi-orthogonal PN sequences to

enable multiple users share the frequency resources for air transmission
and implement network access at the same time.
CDMA Spread Spectrum Communication

Principles
The spread spectrum communication system provides three
implementation modes, namely, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS), Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), and Time Hopping
Spread Spectrum (THSS).
As Figure 3 illustrates, CDMA adopts DSSS technology.
FIGURE 3 - CDMA SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
3G standards use different spreading code rates. In CDMA2000 1x system,

spreading code rate is 1.2288 Mb/s.

With respect to Figure 3, signal processing waveform change is as

illustrated in Figure 4.
FIGURE 4 - SIGNAL WAVEFORM DURING SPREADING AND DE-SPREADING
Signal
Spreading
code
Result of spreading
(a) Spreading
Signal
received
Spreading
code
Result of despreading
(b) Despreading
Spreading process adopts mod 2 calculation, which is equivalent to binary

exclusive-OR calculation. A chip is the code element obtained after
spreading. The term chips/s defines chip rate. Spread gain is equal to the
ratio of code rate and input signal.
According to Nyquist theorem, spectrum bandwidth of pulse signals is

inversely proportional to pulse bandwidth. As figure 4 illustrates, signal
pulse band is wide. The pulse becomes narrower after spreading. The
signal spectrum before spreading must be narrow, and signal spectrum
after spreading must be wide.
Generally, CDMA can adopt several successive spread spectrum sequences

to spread signals, and then perform de-spreading in reverse order to
restore original data.
CDMA Spreading Code Selection

Spreading code needs discrimination, and is orthogonal. Proper spreading
code has the following features:
Cross-correlation: Only autologous spreading code can de-spread

signals. Other spreading codes cannot de-spread signals.
Self-correlation: Autologous delay does not affect de-spreading of
signals.

Easy to generate
Randomness
Providing the period as long as possible to prevent interference.
Spreading codes used in CDMA system currently include Walsh code and
Pseudo-random Number (PN).
Walsh Code
As an orthogonal spreading code, the Walsh code generation is according
to the Walsh function set. The Walsh function is a binary orthogonal
function system, with a value range of 1 and –1. It has multiple definitions.
The most common one is the Handmard numbering method. The Walsh
function in IS-95 adopts this definition method.
The Walsh function set is a complete non-sine orthogonal function set,
used as address codes of users.
PN
As there are limited Walsh codes, and the Walsh codes cannot provide
random signals, PN provides a large number of spreading codes when
needed. PN has similar features to noise sequence. It is a periodic binary
sequence, which seems random but in fact very regular. The most
common PN is the m sequence.
Orthogonality of the m sequence is not as good as that of the Walsh code.
It is the cross-correlation of the m sequences of the same series. Cross-
correlation of the m sequence is greater than 0 resulting in use of Walsh
codes instead of the m sequence.
The m sequence features strong self-correlation. When series is high, the
m sequences of different phases are orthogonal.
The period of m sequence is 2r-1. Here, r stands for the shift register
series. The m sequence quantity relates to the series.
When r is 15, the m sequence is short PN.
When r is 42, the m sequence is long PN.
CDMA systems use two kinds of m sequences:
Short PN, with length of 215-1.
Long PN, with length of 242-1.
The following section compares the three CDMA system codes.
Short PN: Is used in forward and reverse channel orthogonal
modulation. In forward channels, the short PNs identify different base
stations. The short PN is 215-1 in length.
Long PN: Is obtained by mode 2 addition of a pseudo number
generated by a 42-bit shift register and a 42-bit long PN mask.
Different channels have different long PN mask. Generated by a 42-bit
shift register, the long PN mask is 242-1 in length. In CDMA systems,
long PN is used in forward channel scrambling and reverse link spread
spectrum.

Walsh code: Due to its orthogonality, Walsh code is used for forward
spread spectrum in CDMA systems.
Voice Coding Technology

CDMA system uses the most effective voice coding technology called
Qualcomm Code Excited Linear Predictive coding (QCELP).
QCELP voice coding standard development started in North America for 2G

digital mobile phones. Qualcomm owns the QCELP voice coding algorithm
patent in the US. This algorithm is applicable to both fixed rates 4 Kb/s,
4.8 Kb/s, 8 Kb/s, and 9.6 Kb/s, and variable rates ranging from 800 Kb/s
to 9600 Kb/s. Voice coding technology lowers mean data rate, and
increases the CDMA system capacity by two times approximately.
Channel Coding Technology

Mobile communication systems have high channel coding requirements to
achieve low bit error ratio (BER). Key technology used is error control
coding, also called error-correction coding. Error-correction coding
methods include cyclic redundancy check (CRC), convolutional coding,
block interleaving, Turbo code, and scrambling. Different systems adopt
different error control coding methods. CDMA2000 adopts CRC,
convolutional coding, block interleaving, Turbo code, and scrambling.
Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRC uses cyclic code to check and correct both single random error and
burst errors. In hardware, the cyclic code implementation uses shift
register with feedback. Due to its clear algebraic structure, excellent
performance, and simple coding and decoding, cyclic code has become the
most common anti-interference method used in data communication
systems. In actual applications, CRC detects errors.
Convolutional Coding
Convolutional coding technology effectively overcomes single data error
generated. In 1995, Elias first put forth the convolutional code concept.
Coding expressed in convolutional calculation form is convolutional code.
Convolutional coding is a form of memory coding. It is a system with

memory. For an arbitrary time n outputs coded relate to both k inputs in
that duration and m inputs stored in the coder.
Encoding constraint length l = m + 1. Here m refers to the number of

register bytes in the encoder also called memory length.
Selecting a long encoding constraint length and coding rate for

convolutional code helps achieve good performance. However, increasing

encoding constraint length increases decoding complexity accordingly. A

modern super-large integrated circuit can implement convolutional coding
with encoding constraint length of 9. Coding rate depends on coherent
time and channel interleaving length.
Block Interleaving Technology

Block interleaving technology aims to correct burst data errors in series
with the number of errors in each byte de-interleaved at the receiving end
fewer than the number of errors that error-correcting code can correct.
In a parameter-variable channel of land mobile telecommunication, bit

errors usually occur in series because a lasting deep attenuation valley
point may affect a cluster of bits. However, channel coding is valid only on
detecting and correcting finite errors and short error strings.
A method to separate successive bytes in a message enables sending

successive bytes in a message separately. Even though a string of errors
occurs during transmission, only one or several errors appear after
restoring the message with a successive byte string through de-
interleaving.
After de-interleaving, error correction decoding corrects received bytes

that contain random errors and restores the original message.
Radio channels may experience burst errors. As interleaving technology

randomizes these burst errors, convolutional coding effectively prevents
random errors. The interleave plan can be block interleaving or
convolutional interleaving. Cellular system always adopts block
interleaving.
Performance improvement due to interleaving depends on the diversity

level and mean fading interval of channels. Delay requirements of services
determine interleaving length. Voice service delay is shorter than that of
data service. It is necessary to match the interleaving length with different
services.
Turbo Code
Implementation of Turbo code coding uses comparatively simple recursive
system convolutional (RSC) code and interleaver. Its decoding is
implemented through iteration and de-interleaving. Turbo code achieves
error correction performance close to the theoretical limit. It features high
anti-fading and anti-interference capability. Turbo code is one of the core
systems of 3G mobile communication system.
As Turbo code decoding is very complicated, and decoding delay is very

long, Turbo code is applicable to data services that do not require short
delay. For voice services and data services that require short time delay,
convolutional code works best.


Chapter 3
Key CDMA Technologies

Key CDMA technologies.
Uniform frequency reuse.
Power control.
Diversity reception.
Soft handoff.
Uniform Frequency Reuse

Figure 5 illustrates traditional frequency reuse in FDMA and TDMA modes.
FIGURE 5 - FREQUENCY REUSE IN FDMA AND TDMA
f2
f7 f3
f1
f6 f4
f2 f5
f7 f3
f1
f6 f4
f5
As figure 5 illustrates, traditional way is to divide the band allocated by

radio management department into seven sub-bands (f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6,

and f7). A hexagon represents a cell. Adjacent cells use different

frequencies.
Frequency reuse theory states that transmitted power attenuation of

microwave on ground is about 4th power of distance. The transmission loss
of radio signals is high and happens very fast. After signal transmitted at a
certain power travels some distance, it ceases to interfere with the same
frequencies beyond that distance.
As Figure 6 illustrates, CDMA adopts traditional cellular coverage. However,

each cell uses the same frequency (or carrier).
FIGURE 6 - CDMA FREQUENCY REUSE
f1
f1 f1
f1
f1 f1
f1 f1
f1 f1
f1
f1 f1
f1
In CDMA2000 1x systems, each bandwidth carrier is 1.25 MHz. All users in

different cells use the same carrier to communicate. Since users use the
same frequency, each user signal tends to interfere with the others. The
system uses short PN code, 215-1 long to distinguish cells, Walsh code to
distinguish channels, and long PN code, 242-1 long to distinguish channels
from different terminals.
Due to the unified frequency reuse, signals of different users interfere with
each other. Energy (power) determines location of user channel resources.
Power decrease suppresses interference and increases capacity that makes
power control very important to a CDMA system.
Power Control
A unified frequency reuse requires effective user power control. Power
control enables each user to receive and send information using minimum
power. It suppresses user interference and reduces MS recharge time.

Chapter 3 - Key CDMA Technologies
If all MSs in a cell transmit signals at the same power, signals from MS
near the BTS are strong, and those MSs far from the BTS are weak. As a
result, the strong signals override the weak ones. In a CDMA system,
stronger the power of signals transmitted by MS, easier it is for the MS to
receive signals. However, the MS also interferes strongly with other MSs in
the same band. Sometimes useful signals may deteriorate. As a result, the
communication quality of other users deteriorates, lowering system
capacity. To overcome this problem, adjustment of transmitter power on a
real-time basis according to the communication distance becomes
necessary. This is the concept behind power control.
In CDMA2000 1x systems, power control comprises reverse link power

control, forward link control power or cell breath power control.
Reverse Link Power Control

By adjusting the MS transmitter power, reverse link power control enables
signals arriving at the base station receiver to possess the same power,
SNR to reach threshold, and meet the requisite communication quality.
Through power adjustment, signals of each MS have the same power on
reaching the base station receiver regardless of MS location and
transmitting environment.
Reverse link power control comprises reverse link open-loop power control,
reverse link closed-loop power control, and reverse link outer-loop power
control.
Reverse Link Open-loop Power Control

Reverse link open-loop power control refers to the process wherein MS
estimates path loss of the forward link as basis for judgment of reverse
link loss by measuring signal power from the BTS, thereby determining its
own transmitting power. Reverse open-loop power control eliminates
average link loss and slow attenuation (caused due to shadow effect).
Reverse open-loop power control algorithm is as follows:
In the beginning, to prevent MS from transmitting high power in the

access state, causing unnecessary interference, MS first uses the
access trial program.
In reverse link traffic channel state, open-loop adjustment of the
average output power of an MS varies only with the average input
power. Open-loop power control provides a big dynamic range of ± 32
dB to compensate for average path loss and slow fading. In addition,
the open-loop power control response time should be neither too fast
nor too slow to avoid power wastage along with forward link fast fading.
Generally, the response time constant is 20 ~ 30 ms, with an accuracy
of ± 0.5 dB.
Reverse Link Closed-loop Power Control

As forward and reverse link carrier frequencies are 45 MHz apart, reverse
link contains losses present in the open loop and is independent of the
forward link. Closed-loop power control technology implements accurate

power control for compensation. BTS auxiliary MS detects SNR (Signal to

Noise Ratio) of the reverse traffic channel every 1.25 ms; compares it with
a set threshold to generate the corresponding power control command,
and sends it to the MS after inserting it into the forward traffic channel.
Reverse Link Outer Loop Power Control

Reverse outer-loop power control enables dynamic adjustment of SNR
Eb
threshold N 0 in reverse link closed-loop power control. Outer-loop power
control is the most characteristic part in reverse link power control. It
effectively combines error frame ratio that affects voice quality with
signal/noise ratio in the reverse closed-loop power control. Thus, power
control enables capacity expansion, and improved voice quality.
There is no specific standard definition and description of reverse outer-

loop power control, which means that reverse outer-loop power control
design has great flexibility to provide different implementation methods.
During actual implementation, the three power control processes work in

tandem, constituting the reverse link power control mechanism. MS Open-
loop power control first conducts estimation on MS transmit power
followed by closed-loop power control and then outer loop power control to
further correct the open-loop estimation to achieve a more accurate power
control.
Forward Link Power Control

An effective forward link power control algorithm requires that it perform
as quick a control as possible. The system selects the threshold control
mode.
When MS moves to the cell edge, interference from the neighboring

base stations become stronger.
When MS moves to the base station, multi-path interference becomes
stronger.
The above interference affects signal reception, degrades communication
quality, and even causes link setup failure. CDMA systems have power
control introduced in the forward links. However, there is no forward
power control in 1x EV-DO.
Forward link power control ensures communication quality of each user by

reasonably allocating power to each forward traffic channel. It minimizes
transmit power in the forward traffic channel as long as transmit power
meets the minimum SNR required for MS demodulation. There is reduction
in interference among traffic channels of adjacent cells, maximizing
forward link user capacity.
In an ideal single cell model, forward link power control is not mandatory.
Considering inter-cell interference and noise, forward power control is
indispensable because it can overcome the following forward link
communication abnormalities:

If distance between MS and its serving base station is almost the same
as that between MS and one or more adjacent base stations, the
interference from adjacent base stations is more pronounced. In
addition, the interference change pattern from adjacent base stations
is independent of the MS home base station signal strength. The home
base station increases signal power by several decibels to maintain
communication quality.
If MS is located at the converging point of strong multi-path
interference signals, interference on the signal exceeds the permissible
limit. In this case, the home base station is also required to increase
the signal power sent to the MS.
If MS is located at a place with good signal transmission performance,
there is a reduction in signal transmission loss. In this case base
station reduces power of the signals sent to the MS, ensuring
communication quality. Due to the limitation of base station
transmission power, there is an increase in the capacity of forward
links, and the interference to the users inside and outside the cell is
suppressed.
Forward link power control comprises forward link closed-loop power
control and forward link outer loop power control similar to reverse link
power control. 1x system also features an additional forward link fast
power control.
Forward Link Closed-loop Power Control

The closed-loop power control compares Eb/Nt of forward traffic channel
signals received with the related outer loop power control values and
determines the power control bit value sent to the base station on the
reverse power control sub-channel. Eb is the average bit energy, and Nt is
the total noise, which includes white noise and interference from other
cells.
Forward Link Outer Loop Power Control

Forward link outer loop power control implementation takes place on the
MS. The base station transmits outer loop power control threshold on the
MS in the paging message. The threshold includes outer loop upper and
lower thresholds and initial FCH and SCH threshold.
In the outer loop power control, threshold estimation is according to the
target FER Eb/Nt of the assigned forward traffic channel. The base station
closed loop sends this threshold or sent by messaging the base station if
no closed loop exists. The base station controls the transmit power
according to the received threshold.
Forward Link Fast Power Control

On enabling the forward link outer loop power control, forward link outer
loop power control and forward link closed loop power control function
together to realize forward link fast power control.
Although forward link fast power control functions at the base station, MS
obtains the outer-loop parameters and power control bit used for power

control for measuring forward link signal quality and transmitted to the
base station through reverse pilot channel power control sub-channel.
Cell Breath Power Control

As an important CDMA system function, the cell breath adjusts the load of
cells in the system.
Forward link border refers to the physical base station positions. If MS

moves to that position, the receiver provides the same performance
regardless of the base station transmitting the signal. If MS is in the
reverse link handoff border, receivers of two base stations have similar
performance.
Base station cell breath control achieves forward link handoff border
superposition and reverse link handoff border to maximize system capacity
and prevent handoff failure.
Cell breath algorithm follows the principle that sum of base station reverse
received power and the forward pilot transmit power remains constant.
The algorithm controls cell coverage by adjusting the ratio of pilot signal
power to the total base station transmission power.
Cell breath algorithm involves technologies such as initial state adjustment,

reverse link monitoring and forward pilot frequency gain adjustment.
Diversity Reception
In the narrowband modulation system, if the 1G cellular telephone system
follows analog FM modulation, multiple paths cause serious fading.
In CDMA modulation system, different paths can receive signals separately,

suppressing multi-path fading significantly. However, inability of the
demodulator to handle multiple paths eliminates multi-path fading.
Diversity reception effectively prevents fading. It makes full use of multi-

path signal energy in transmission and collects the energy dispersed in
time domain, space domain, and frequency domain to improve
transmission reliability.
Diversity falls into time diversity, space diversity, and frequency diversity.
Deployment of these three types takes place in CDMA. The following
introduces three kinds of diversity respectively.
Time Diversity
MS movement causes Doppler frequency shift in the received signals. In
multi-path environment, frequency shift leads to Doppler spread.
Reciprocal value of Doppler spread defines coherence time. Signal fading
occurs on transmission waveform specific to time and called time selective
fading. It seriously affects bit error of digital signals.

Amplitude sampling in sequential order leaves the two sample points with
long time interval (longer than the coherence time) irrelevant.
Transmitting given signals N times within a certain time interval
suppresses time diversity influence. Obtaining N independent diversity
tributaries is possible as long as the time interval is longer than coherence
time.
According to communication principle analysis, the time interval in the

time domain Δt must exceed the coherence time in the time domain ΔT:
Δt ≥ ΔT = 1 B
B is the Doppler spread shift diffusion interval, which is directly

proportional to the MS moving speed. Time diversity is irrelevant for MS in
static state.
Compared with space diversity, time diversity uses fewer antennas.

However, it uses more timeslot resources, decreasing transmission
efficiency.
Frequency Diversity
Frequency diversity modulates transmitted information into different
carriers and sends them to corresponding channels. Since fading features
frequency selectivity, interval between two frequencies is larger than the
correlated bandwidth and mathematically represented as follows:
Δf ≥ ΔF = 1 L
Here, L refers to the power spectrum bandwidth of the received signal’s

delay. The correlated bandwidth for the urban area and outskirts is 50 KHz
and 250 KHz respectively, whereas the CDMA system signal bandwidth is
1.23MHz; leading to frequency diversity implementation.
If the frequency band is 800 MHz to 900 MHz in a city, and the typical
delay diffusion is 5 μs:
Δf ≥ ΔF = 1 L = 1 5μs = 200KHz
The frequency diversity carrier interval is greater than 200 KHz.
Compared with space diversity, frequency diversity requires fewer

receiving antennas and devices. However, frequency diversity occupies
larger frequency spectrum. In addition, transmit end uses more
transmitters.
Space Diversity
In a base station, installation of several antennas with a certain interval
enables reception and transmission of signals independently. Fading of
each signal is irrelevant. Use of selective combination technology enables
selection of output signal. It suppresses the influence of fading. This

method makes use of independence of signals received at different places

(space) to prevent signal fading.
Basic space diversity structure involves installation of a single antenna at

the transmitter end to transmit signals, and several antennas at the
receiver end to receive signals.
Distance between receiving antennas is d. According to communication

principles, d is the relevance interval ΔR, which satisfies the following
expression:
d = ΔR ≥ λ ϕ
Here, λ refers to wavelength; and ϕ is the antenna diffusion angle. In

urban areas, the diffusion angle ϕ is 20°.
d ≥ 360o 20o × 1 (2π ) × λ = 9λ π ≈ 2.86λ
Greater the number of diversity antennas N, better the diversity.
Space diversity has the following types:
Polarity Diversity
Signals sent by two antennas with polarity directions mutually
perpendicular have few fading features. The polarity diversity makes use
of this feature to achieve diversity effect. Installing a horizontally polarized
antenna and a vertically polarized antenna at the transmit end perform
polarity diversity of two signals with few fading features. Featuring
compact structure, polarity diversity saves space. Transmit power is
allocated to two antennas resulting in 3 dB loss.
Angle Diversity
For different receiving environments involving parameters topography,
geography, and buildings, the signals from different paths are vary. The
angle diversity makes use of this feature to achieve diversity effect.
Directional antenna can be installed at the receiving end directed at
different directions.
In space diversity, there are N antennas at the receiving side. If the size
and gain of these N antennas are the same, each antenna has a gain of 3
dB besides anti-fading diversity achieved by space diversity.
RAKE Receiver
RAKE receiver follows space diversity technology. Buildings, hills, and
other obstructions in the signal transmission path reflect spectrum signals
sent by the transmitter. On reaching the receiver, each beam has a
different delay forming multi-path signals. If these multi-path signal delays
exceed the pseudo-code chip delay, the receiver can differentiate these
beams. They pass these beams through different delay lines, align and
combine them. The previous interference signals combine to become
useful signals.

The RAKE receiver comprises searcher, finger, and combiner.
Searcher searches the path, making use of self-correlation and cross-

correlation features of codes.
Finger de-spreads and demodulates the signals. Numbers of Fingers
determine the paths demodulated. Normally RAKE receiver holds four
fingers. An MS has three fingers.
Combiner combines the signals output from the fingers. The commonly
used combination algorithms include selective-add combination, equal-
gain combination, and maximum-ratio combination. The combined
signals output to the decoder unit for channel decoding.
RAKE receiver adopts technologies such as pulse response measurement,
code search, code tracking, complex amplitude estimation, and searcher.
The following section details the RAKE receiver operation:
1. Pulse response measurement correlates different pilot code phases and

received signals to find out the multi-path component.
The MS speed and radio environment determines the pulse response
measurement speed. Faster the mobile station movement, so is the
measurement speed for RAKE paths to obtain the best multi-path
components. However, a broader scanning window is necessary in
environments of longer delay extension.
Besides measurement, this module assigns multi-path components to
RAKE paths. Multi-path assignment takes place after pulse response
measurement completion or on finding strong multi-path component.
2. Code search refers to mobile station pilot signal scanning.
The nearest or adjacent pilot signals sequence determines the pilot
signal priority. Search begins from the highest priority pilot signal
when connection is lost due to some reasons.
Under strong interference influence, code search becomes a bottleneck.
A filter performs fast code search.
Code search completion happens before system synchronization search.
3. Estimation of complex amplitude includes amplitude and phase.
In the maximum-ratio combination, signal weight is the complex
conjugate of complex amplitude. Only phase error correction occurs in
case of equal-gain combination. Each RAKE path requires equal weight
consideration. Complex amplitude estimation averaging occurs in a
reasonable time. Coherent time setting is as per upper limit of average
time.
4. Searcher scans pilot signals of other cells.
During conversation, MS searches pilot signals, measures the downlink
interference, and attempts to receive uplink interference results. It
may take long time to notice the pilot signals of adjacent diversity as
there are a large number of pilot signals.
Searching time may limit system performance especially in the micro
cell environment where new base station activation occurs quickly
because of corner effect. One possibility to limit the required hardware

is by flexibly assigning RAKE and searcher paths. A low multi-path

environment increases the scanning effectiveness.
Soft Handoff
Soft handoff is characteristic unique to CDMA mobile communication
systems. When the MS moves to the area between adjacent BTSs, it can
establish radio connection with the target BTSs without interrupting radio
connection link with the source BTS. After establishing the target BTS
connection, the MS releases the BTS source connection link. Soft handoff
occurs between different sectors of the same BTS. Softer handoff occurs
between sectors within the same BSC.
Following section introduces several important concepts related to soft

handoff namely, pilot set, search window, and handoff parameters.
Pilot Set
Just like standby handoff, CDMA system handoff has the pilot set concept.
According to pilot PN sequence offset, MS classifies the pilot signals into
four categories:
Active set: Pilot set corresponding to the current forward traffic
channel.
Candidate set: The candidate set does not belong to the active set.
However, the signals are strong enough for normal service processing.
Neighbor set: Pilot set designated by the neighboring base station cell
list message.
Remaining set: Set of pilots excluded from the above three sets.
During pilot search, MS measures the pilot strength in the sequence of
active set, candidate set, neighbor set, and remaining set. Assuming
the active set and candidate set has PN1, PN2 and PN3, the neighboring
set has PN11, PN12, PN13, and PN14, and the remaining set has PN', ...,
MS measures the pilot signals in the following order:
PN1, PN2, PN3, PN11,
PN1, PN2, PN3, PN14, PN',
PN1, PN2, PN3, PN12, ...
The probability to search pilots in the remaining set is less probability
compared to those in the active set and candidate set.

Search Window
Besides the number of pilot searching times, another factor considered is
the search range. When MS communicates with the base station, there is
delay. As Figure 7 illustrates, the signal delay between AT and BS1 is t1,
and that between the AT and BS2 is T2.
FIGURE 7 - DELAY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BSS
Assuming AT is synchronous with BS1, if the distance between AT and BS1

is shorter than that between the AT and BS2, t1 must be shorter than t2 (t1
< t2). BS2 pilot signal reaches t2-t1 time later to the AT than reference time.
If the distance between the AT and BS1 is longer than that between the AT
and BS2, t1 must be longer than t2 (t1 > t2). Pilot signal of BS2 appears t1-
t2 to the AT, ahead of reference time.
When detecting pilot strength, the AM searches in a range to avoid loss of
any pilot signal in each set. AT uses the search window to capture the pilot.
AT sets an offset for a PN sequence and search for pilots ahead or behind
a chip time segment.
As Figure 8 illustrates, AT uses short code phase as the center and
searches for pilot signals in the short code range ahead and behind half
the search window.
FIGURE 8 - SEARCH WINDOW AND PILOT SIGNAL
Larger the search window, slower is the search. However, if the search
window is too small, the pilot with large delay may escape the search. For
each pilot set type, base stations define the search window size for ATs.
SRCH_WIN_A: Pilot search window size for active set and candidate
set.

SRCH_WIN_N: Pilot search window size for the neighboring set.

SRCH_WIN_R: Pilot search window size for the remaining set.
SRCH_WIN_A is set according to transmission environment forecast. It
must be large enough to capture all multi-path pilot signals of the target
base station. It must also be small enough to optimize the search window
performance.
Generally, SRCH_WIN_N is larger than SRCH_WIN_A. Its size is set
according to the physical distance between current base station and
neighboring base station. It is normally larger than two times of the
maximum signal delay.
Generally, SRCH_WIN_R setting is similar to SRCH_WIN_N. If not using
the remaining set, set the SRCH_WIN_R to a very small value.
Handoff Parameters
T_ADD: Pilot signal monitoring threshold. When MS detects base
station pilot strength of a neighboring set or remaining set is higher
than T_ADD, it adds pilot to the candidate set.
T_DROP: Deteriorated pilot signal threshold monitoring. When MS
detects that pilot strength of the active set or candidate set base
station is lower than T_DROP, it activates the related base station
handoff drop timer.
T_TDROP: Deterioration of timer preset value of the timer that
monitors the pilot signal. If the strength of the pilot in the active set
falls below T_DROP, MS activates T_TDROP timer. If timer expires, the
pilot returns to the neighboring set from the active set. If the pilot
strength rises above T_DROP before T_TDROP timer expires, the timer
gets deleted automatically.
T_COMP: Threshold comparison between pilot signal strength in the
active set and candidate set. When MS detects that the base station
pilot strength in the candidate set is T_COMP x 0.5 dB higher than the
pilot strength in the active set, it sends a pilot strength measurement
message (PSMM) and starts handoff.
Receiver calculates pilot signal Eb/Io value searched as pilot strength.
Figure 9 illustrates the soft handoff flow.

FIGURE 9 - SOFT HANDOFF FLOW
Pilot
Strength P1 P2
T_ADD
P2
T_DROP
P1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 time
Neighbor Candidate Candidate Neighbor

Active Set
Set Set Set Set
As Figure 9 illustrates, P1 is the source cell pilot, and P2 is the target cell
pilot.
1. On detecting P2 strength higher than T_ADD, MS moves it to the

candidate set.
2. On detecting P2 strength higher than [(SOFT_SLOPE/8) x 10 x log10
(PS1) +ADD_INTERCEPT/2], MS sends a Pilot Strength Measurement
Message to the base station.
3. MS receives Extended Handoff Direction Message returned by the base
station, adds P2 into the active set, and sends a Handoff Complete
Message.
4. On detecting P1 weaker than [(SOFT_SLOPE/8) x 10 x log10 (PS2)
+DROP_INTERCEPT/2], MS activates the T_TDROP timer.
5. On detecting T_TDROP timer expiry, MS sends Pilot Strength
Measurement Message to the base station.
6. MS receives Extended Handoff Direction Message returned by the base
station, moves P1 to the candidate set, and sends a Handoff Complete
Message.
7. On detecting P1 weaker than T_DROP, MS activates T_TDROP timer.
8. On detecting T_TDROP timer expiry, MS moves P1 from candidate set
to neighbor set.
Base station implements softer handoff without notifying the MSC. For a
mobile station, the received signals from antennas of different sectors are
like multi-path components from the base station point of view. These
signals combine into one voice frame and sent to the selector as base
station voice frame. MSC implements soft handoff. Selector receives all
base station signals and chooses the best signal for voice
encoding/decoding.


Chapter 4
CDMA2000 1x

CDMA2000 1x channels.
CDMA2000 1x service flows.
System Overview
CDMA2000 is one of the 3G mobile communication radio transmission
technology standards recommended by ITU. According to the bandwidth
used, CDMA2000 comprises 1x system and 3x system. 1x system uses
1.25 MHz bandwidth and provides data services up to 307.2 Kb/s. From
this aspect, CDMA2000 1x is part of 2.5G system.
Difference between CDMA2000 1x system and CDMA2000 3x system is

that the latter follows multi-channel carrier technology. CDMA2000 3x
system uses three carriers to expand bandwidth.
A complete 1x system comprises network subsystem (NSS), base station

subsystem (BSS), and mobile station (MS).
CDMA2000 1x system supports data transmission up to 307.2 Kb/s.

Network section introduces packet switching. It also supports mobile IP
service. As a new bearer service developed from the current IS-95 system,
IP service aims to provide data services in the packet IP form to all CDMA
users.

Air Interface Parameters

Table 4 describes CDMA2000 1x system air interface parameters.
T A B L E 4 - A I R I N T E R F A C E P A R A M E T E R S O F C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X S Y S T E M
Parameter Value
Interval between uplink and downlink 45 MHz
Wavelength About 36 cm
Frequency width 1230 KHz
Working mode FDD
Modulation modes QPSK and HPSK
Voice coding CELP
Voice coding rate 8 Kb/s
Transmission rate 1.2288 Mb/s
Bit time 0.8 μs
Forward Channels
Figure 10 illustrates CDMA2000 1x system forward channels.
F I G U R E 1 0 - C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X F O R W A R D C H A N N E L S
Table 5 describes functions and features of forward channels in the

CDMA2000 1x system.

Chapter 4 - CDMA2000 1x
T A B L E 5 - F U N C T I O N S A N D F E A T U R E S O F C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X F O R W A R D C H A N N E L S
Channel Functions
Broadcasts frequency and phase information of the base
Forward Pilot Channel (F-PICH) station, helping terminals to perform coherent
demodulation.
Forward Synchronization Broadcasts synchronization information and system
Channel (F-SYNC) parameters of the base station.
Broadcasts paging terminal information and system
Forward Paging Channel (F-
parameters of the base station, and transfers commands
PCH)
issued by the base station.
Forward Traffic Channel (F-TCH) Transmits voice and data services.
Transmits assignment information for rapid response of
Forward Common Assignment
reverse channel and supports random access packet
Channel (F-CACH)
transmission on reverse links.
Controls R-CCCH power when working in the power
Forward Common Power Control
controlled access mode. Controls R-CCCH transmission
Channel (F-CPCCH)
power when working in reservation access mode.
Sends messages (paging message, response, channel
Forward Common Control
assignment message, and short data burst) to
Channel
designated MS.
Forward Broadcast Control Sends common overhead message and short messages
Channel (F-BCCH) to the system.
Base station uses this channel to indicate the timeslot
where the MS receives the control message of the F-PCH
Forward Quick Paging Channel
or F-CCCH quickly. The MS need not take time to
(F-QPCH)
monitor the F-PCH or F-CCCH timeslot. It helps save MS
power.
Reverse Channels
Figure 11 illustrates CDMA2000 1x system reverse channels.
F I G U R E 1 1 - C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X R E V E R S E C H A N N E L S

Table 6 describes functions and features of reverse channels in CDMA2000

1x system.
T A B L E 6 - F U N C T I O N S A N D F E A T U R E S O F C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X R E V E R S E C H A N N E L S
Channel Functions
Through R-ACH, MS originates communication with base
Reverse Access Channel (R-
station and responds to paging channel messages from
ACH)
the base station.
Reverse traffic channel During call processing, MS sends user information and
(R-TCH RC1 – RC2) signaling messages through R-TCHs to the base station.
Prior to establishing traffic channel, MS sends control

Reverse Enhanced Access
messages to the base station through R-EACH. It
Channel (R-EACH)
improves the MS access capability.
Prior to establishing traffic channel, MS sends control
Reverse Common Control
messages and short data bursts to the base station
Channel (R-CCCH)
through R-CCCH.
Reverse Traffic Channel During call proceeding, MS sends user information and
(R-TCH RC3 – RC6) signaling messages through R-TCHs to the base station.
Technical Features
CDMA2000 1x system is backward compatible with IS-95 system. However,
compared with the IS-95 system, CDMA2000 1x system provides the
following new features:
Radio Part
Various channel bandwidths: CDMA2000 1x system supports Multi-
carrier (MC) and Direct Spreading (DS) in forward links, and supports
DS in reverse links. In MC mode, it supports multiple RF bandwidths.
The RF bandwidth can be N x 1.25 MHz where N takes values such as 1,
3, 5, 9, or 12.
Forward transmit diversity: CDMA2000 1x transmit diversity divides
data into two parts, spread spectrum using different Walsh codes, and
transmitting data using their own antenna.
Forward link fast power control: CDMA2000 1x implements forward link
fast power control. According to the measured forward traffic channel
strength, the terminal sends commands to the base station to adjust
the base station transmission power.
Turbo code: CDMA2000 1x system follows Turbo code to perform
channel coding, and improved error correction capability.
Reverse pilot channel and reverse link coherent demodulation:
CDMA2000 1x system provides reverse pilot channel, enabling
coherent demodulation on reverse channels and increasing reverse link
capability.

Flexible frame length: CDMA2000 1x channels support various frame

lengths including 5 ms, 10 ms, 20 ms, 40 ms, 80 ms, and 160 ms.
With new features added, the CDMA2000 1x system is backward
compatible with IS-95 system. Its baseband system uses Radio
Configuration (RC) to realize compatibility. Different radio configurations
determine different baseband processing modes like coding, interleaving,
and error correction.
RC1 and RC2 are same as IS-95 system. Radio configurations higher
than RC2 are new additions to the 1x system.
When establishing a call, the related service negotiation program
determines the use of RC.
For the voice services, IS-95 MSs work in the 1x system carrier
frequency range, 1x MSs work in the IS-95 carrier frequency range.
Network Part
Enhanced A1 interface: Supports concurrent services and emergency
call.
Introducing user area: Providing different services for users in different
geographical areas.
A10/A11 interface: Supports packet data.
Security association between Packet Control Function (PCF) and Packet
Data Serving Node (PDSN): Supports secure and reliable transmission.
Mobile IP: Supports packet data mobility between PDSN and FA.
Provides triangle positioning.
Service Flows
CDMA2000 1x service flows include voice, data, and PTT service flow.
MS and BSS implements service flows by exchanging messages in a CDMA

network.
Voice Service
Typical service flows in voice service include:
MS-originated call (MOC)

MS-terminated call (MTC)
Release originated by MS
Release originated by BSS
Release originated by the Mobile Switching Center (MSC).

MOC
Figure 12 illustrates MOC flow.
FIGURE 12 - MOC FLOW
A. MS sends Origination message from the access channel of air interface

to BSS and requests BSS to respond.
B. Upon receiving Origination message, BSS sends a BS Ack Order
message to MS.
C. BSS constructs and encapsulates CM Service Request message, and
sends it to MSC. For calls requiring circuit switching, BSS also requires
terrestrial circuit in that message, and requests MSC to allocate that circuit.
D. MSC sends an Assignment Request message to BSS, requesting the
BSS to allocate radio resources. If MSC supports terrestrial circuit
recommended by BSS in the CM Service Request message, it assigns that
circuit in the Assignment Request message. Else, it assigns another
terrestrial circuit.
E. Following MS traffic channel assignment, BSS sends a Channel
Assignment Message or Extended Channel Assignment Message through
the paging channel, and starts establishing the radio traffic channel.

F. MS sends the Traffic Channel preamble (TCH Preamble) on the reverse

traffic channel designated.
G. After capturing the reverse traffic channel, BSS then sends a BS Ack
Order on the forward traffic channel and requests MS to reply.
H. MS sends MS Ack Order message on the reverse traffic channel as
response to BS Ack Order sent by BSS.
I. BSS sends a Service Connect message or Service Option Response
Order to MS, designating service configuration for the call.
J. Upon receiving Service Connect message, the MS processes services
according to service configuration designated, and sends a Service
Connect Completion message as response.
K. After establishing radio traffic channel and terrestrial circuit connection,
BSS sends an Assignment Complete message to MSC, and assumes that
the call is in conversation state.
L. When in-band is in call processing tone, MS receives ring back tone
through voice circuit.

MTC
Figure 13 illustrates MTC flow.
FIGURE 13 - MTC FLOW
A. When the paged MS is in the MSC service area, MSC sends a Paging
Request message to the BSS to trigger call setup flow.
B. BSS sends a General Page Message carrying MS identification code
through the paging channel.

C. After recognizing paging request containing its identification code on

the paging channel, MS sends a Page Response message to the BSS
through the access channel.
D. BSS constructs a Paging Response message using the information
received from MS, encapsulates it and sends it to the MSC. BSS requires
the terrestrial circuit in that message and requests the MSC to assign the
circuit.
E. Upon receiving Paging message, the BSS sends a BS Ack Order to MS.
F ~ M. Similar to steps D to K in MOC flow.
N. BSS sends an Alert with Info message to MS indicating the MS to ring.
O. After receiving the Alert with Info message, MS sends MS Ack Order
message to the BSS.
P. MS responds to this call (off hook) and sends a Connect order message
carrying layer 2 verification request to the BSS.
Q. Upon receiving Connect Order message, BSS sends a BS Ack Order to
MS on the forward traffic channel.
R. BSS sends a Connect message to the MSC notifying the MSC that MS
has responded to this call. Calling and called party can start conversing.
Call Release Originated by MS

After initiating network access, MS originates the release due to service
request. For instance, in a case when the user hooks up. Figure 14
illustrates the flow.
FIGURE 14 - MS ORIGINATED RELEASE FLOW
A. MS sends a Release Order message on the reverse channel to originate

a release.
B. BSS sends a Clear Request message to MSC.
C. MSC sends a Clear Command message instructing BSS to release
associated resources such as terrestrial circuit.
D. BSS sends Release Order message to MS, and then releases radio
resources.

E. After receiving the Clear Command message from MSC, BSS releases
the terrestrial circuit resources assigned and returns a Clear Complete
message. Upon receiving the Clear Complete message, MSC releases the
SCCP connection transmission connection in the lower layer.
Call Release Originated by BSS

When the radio connection between MS and BSS fails due to MS
inactivation or the call fails due to BSS equipment damage, BSS sends
release request to the MSC to trigger call release flow. Figure 15 illustrates
the release flow originated by BSS.
FIGURE 15 - BSS ORIGINATED RELEASE FLOW
A. In case of link failure or non-active MS, BSS sends Clear request

message to MSC.
B. MSC sends a Clear Command message, instructing BSS to release
associated resources such as terrestrial circuit.
C. Upon receiving Clear Command, BSS replies with a Clear Complete
message. After receiving the message, MSC releases SCCP transmission in
the lower layer.

Call Release Originated by MSC

Figure 16 illustrates release flow originated by MSC.
FIGURE 16 - MSC ORIGINATED CALL RELEASE FLOW
MS BSS MSC
Clear Command
A
Release Order
B
Release Order
C
Clear Complete
D
A. MSC sends a Clear Command to BSS instructing BSS to release

associated resources and initiate call release flow at Um interface.
B. BSS sends Release Order message on the reverse channel to initiate
call release operation.
C. After receiving Release Order, MS sends a reply on the reverse channel.
D. BSS sends a Clear Complete message to MSC. After receiving the
message, MSC releases the SCCP transmission connection in the lower
layer.
Data Service
Following user states define CDMA2000 1x data service flows:
Active state: With air traffic channel between MS and base station,
data can be sent on both sides, maintaining A1, A8, and A10
connections.
Dormant state: There is no air traffic channel but a PPP link between
MS and base station leads to A1 and A8 link release, while maintaining
A10 link.
Null state: There is neither air traffic channel nor PPP link between MS
and base station resulting in release of A1, A8, and A10 links.

MOC
Figure 17 illustrates MOC flow.
FIGURE 17 - MS ORIGINATED DATA SERVICE CALL FLOW
A. MS sends an Origination message to BSS through the access channel of

air interface.
B. After receiving the Origination message, BSS sends a BS Ack Order
message to MS.
C. BSS constructs a CM Service Request message and sends it to MSC.
D. MSC sends an Assignment Request message to BSS requesting BSS to
assign radio resources.
E. BSS sends a channel assignment message through the paging channel
of air interface.

F. MS sends TCH preamble over the assigned reverse traffic channel.

G. After obtaining the reverse traffic channel, BSS sends a BS Ack Order
message to the MS through forward traffic channel.
H. After receiving BS Ack Order, MS sends an MS Ack Order and transmits
null traffic frame on the reverse traffic channel.
I. BSS sends a Service Connect message or service select response
message to the MS designating traffic configuration for the call. MS
processes services according to the designated traffic configuration.
J. After receiving Service Connect Message, MS sends a Service Connect
Complete message.
K. BSC sends A9-Setup-A8 message to the PCF requesting for A8
connection.
L. PCF sends A11-Registration-Request message to PDSN requesting for
A10 connection.
M. After receiving A10 connection request, PDSN returns with A11-
Registration-Reply to PCF.
N. PCF returns A9-Connect-A8 message to BSS, successfully establishing
A8 and A10 connections.
O. After establishing radio traffic channel and terrestrial circuit, BSS sends
an Assignment Complete message to MSC.
P. MS negotiates with PDSN to set up PPP connection. Establishing mobile
IP connection is necessary for mobile IP access mode. PPP message and
Mobile IP message transfer takes place on traffic channel, and is
transparent to BSS/PCF.
Q. Following PPP connection set up, data service is in connected state.

Call Release Originated by MS

Figure 18 illustrates MS-originated call release flow.
FIGURE 18 - MS ORIGINATED CALL RELEASE FLOW
A. MS sends Release Order message to BSS through the dedicated control

channel of air interface.
B. Upon receiving the message, BSS sends a Clear Request to MSC.
C. When releasing resources at the network side, MSC sends a Clear
Command to BSS.
D. Upon receiving Clear Command message, BSS sends a Release Order to
MS.
E. BSS sends A9-Setup-A8 message to PCF requesting PCF to release A8
connection.
F. PCF sends an activation termination settlement record in the A11-
Registration-Request message to PDSN.
G. PDSN returns the A11-Registration-Reply message.
H. PCF sends A9-Release-A8 Complete message to confirm release of A8
connection, enabling connection release.
I. BSS sends a Clear Complete message to MSC indicating release
completion.

Inter-PCF Dormant Handoff in PDSN

Figure 19 illustrates the inter-PCF dormant handoff flow in PDSN.
FIGURE 19 - PDSN INTER-PCF DORMANT HANDOFF
MS Source BSS Target BSS MSC Source PCF TargetPCF PDSN
Dormant, PPP connection is maintained A
Origination message B
BS Ack Order C
CM Service Request
D
Assignment Request
E
A9-Setup-A8
F
A11-Registration-Request
G
A11- Registration - Reply

H
A9-Release
-A8Complete
I
Assignment Failure
J
Clear Command
K
Clear Complete
L
A11- Registration-Update
M
A11- Registration - Ack

N
A11- Registration - Request

O
A11- Registration - Reply
P
Dormant Packet Data Session

Q
A. Packet data service connection is in dormant state.

B. MS sends an Origination message to BSS through access channel of air
interface.

C. Target BSS sends BS Ack Order to MS after receiving Origination

message.
D. Target BSS constructs CM Service Request and sends it to MSC.
E. MSC sends an Assignment Request to the target BSS requesting BSS to
assign radio resources.
F. Target BSS sends A9-Setup-A8 (DRS = 0) message to the target PCF.
G. Target PCF sends A11-Registration-Request to the PDSN to set up A10
connection.
H. PDSN replies with A11-Registration-Reply message.
I. Target PCF sends A9-Release-A8 Complete message to the target BSS.
J. Target BSS sends Assignment Failure to MSC with cause value of Packet
Call Going Dormant.
K. MSC sends a Clear Command message with cause value Do Not Notify
Mobile to target BSS.
L. Target BSS returns Clear Complete message to MSC.
M. PDSN sends A11-Registration-Update message to the source PCF
requesting PCF to release original A10 connection.
N. Source PCF acknowledges A10 connection release request with A11-
Registration-Ack message.
O. Source PCF sends A11-Registration-Reply (Lifetime = 0) to release A10
connection.
P. For valid A11-Registration-Request message, PDSN returns A11-
Registration-reply message with receive indication and lifetime value.
Before returning A11-Registration-Reply message, PDSN saves billing
related information.
Q. Packet data service session is in dormant state.

Inter-PCF Active Handoff in PDSN

Figure 20 illustrates inter-PCF active handoff flow in PDSN.
FI G U R E 2 0 - P D S N I N T E R - P C F AC T I V E H AN D O F F
MS Source BSS Source PCF Target BSS Target PCF MSC PDSN
Handoff Required A
Handoff Request
B
A 9-Setup-A 8
C
A 9-Connect-A 8
D
Handoff Request Ack

E
Handoff Command F
A 9- AL Disconnected
G
A 9- AL Disconnected Ack
H
G HDM / UHDM
I
MS Ack Order
J
Handoff Commenced
K
Handoff completion
L
BS Ack Order
M
A9- AL Connected
N
A 11-Registration-Request
O
A11-Registration-Reply
P
A9- AL Connected Ack
Q
Handoff complete
R
Clear Command
S
A9-Release-A 8
T
A 11-Registration-Request(lifetime=0)
U
A 11-Registration-Reply
V
A 9-Release-A 8 complete
W
Clear Complete
X
A. MS reports signal strength in the target cell exceeds network-

designated threshold. The source BSS requests target cell to hard handoff

according to MS report. It sends a handoff request message containing cell

list to MSC.
B. Since handoff request already indicates hard handoff, MSC sends a
handoff request message to the target BSS.
C. Target BSS sends A9-Setup-A8 message to the target PCF to establish
A8 connection.
D. Target PCF sends A9-Release-A8 Complete message to the target BSS.
E. Target BSS sends Handoff Request Ack message to MSC.
F. MSC prepares handoff from source BSS to the target BSS, and sends
Handoff Command to the source BSS.
G. Source BSS sends A9-AL-Disconnected message to the source PCF.
Source PCF stops sending data to source BSS.
H. Source PCF returns A9-AL-Disconnected Ack message to source BSS.
I. Source BSS sends an extended or general handoff command through
the air interface to MS. If MS allows the return to source BSS, source BSS
starts the timer.
J. MS sends MS Ack Order to source BSS as response to the extended or
general handoff command.
K. The source BSS sends a Handoff Commenced message to MSC,
notifying MSC the MS hand off to the target BSS channel.
L. MS sends a Handoff Completion message to the target BSS.
M. Target BSS sends BS Ack Order to MS.
N. Target BSS sends A9-AL-Connected message to the target PCF.
O. Target PCF sends A11-Registration-Request to PDSN requesting set up
of A10 connection.
P. After receiving A10 connection request, PDSN returns A11-Registration-
Reply message to the target PCF.
Q. Target PCF sends A9-AL-Connected Ack message to the target BSS.
R. Target BSS sends Handoff Complete message to MSC, notifying the
MSC of the successful MS handoff.
S. MSC sends a Clear Command message to the source BSS to clear all
resources.
T. Source BSS sends A9-Release-A8 message to the source PCF to release
A8 connection between source BSS and source PCF.
U. Source PCF sends A11-Registration-Request (Lifetime = 0) message to
PDSN seeking release of the old A10 connection.
V. After receiving A10 connection release request, PDSN returns an A11-
Registration-Reply message to the source PCF.
W. Source PCF returns A9-Release-A8 Complete message to the source
BSS.
X. Source BSS sends MSC a Clear Complete message notifying the MSC of
clear completion.

Chapter 5
CDMA2000 1x EV-DO

CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Reverse link channels.
CDMA2000 1x EV-DO service flows.
System Overview
EV-DO in CDMA2000 1x EV-DO is an acronym for Evolution Data
Optimized or Evolution Data Only. High-speed data transmission
necessitated the evolution from CDMA2000 1x to CDMA2000 1x EV-DO.
Qualcomm and Lucent jointly developed the 1x EV-DO specification IS-856.
1x EV-DO system structure involves a new radio network part overlaying

the 1x system. 1x system provides voice services and low/medium-speed
data services. 1x EV-DO system provides high-speed packet data services.
1x EV-DO and 1x systems use different carriers to transfer data.
Optimizing voice and high-speed packet data services helps achieve
optimum performance.
At the same narrowband CDMA frequency bandwidth, 1x EV-DO provides

the highest data transmission up to 3.1 Mb/s.
Since 1x EV-DO evolved from 1x systems, it inherits the 1x system radio

features. It is equivalent to the new frequencies of 1x system. 1x EV-DO
system RF equipment is compatible with 1x system.
Network Model
1x EV-DO network model has two developing routines; interoperability
specification for High Rate Packet Data Access (HRPDA) Network Interface
Revision 0 and Revision A. Difference between the two models is the
presence or absence of SC/MM (Spread Carrier/Mobility Management)
function in PCF.
Figure 21 and Figure 22 illustrate the 1x EV-DO network model.

F I G U R E 2 1 - C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X E V - D O N E T W O R K M O D E L ( R E V I S I O N 0 )
F I G U R E 2 2 - C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X E V - D O N E T W O R K M O D E L ( R E V I S I O N A)
System Features
1. Voice service requirements are different from those of data services.
Table 7 describes the data service requirements.
TABLE 7 - DATA SERVICE REQUIREMENTS
Item Data Service

Delay (total processing It is not possible to sense the delay changes of several seconds.
time)
Bit Error Ratio (BER) BER Error correction coding technology reduces BER.
Forward & reverse The forward link rate requirement is several times of reverse link
data rate rate. Forward data rate is 38.4 Kb/s ~ 3.1 Mb/s, and reverse data
rate is 4.8 Kb/s ~ 1.8 Mb/s.
Throughput Base station packet data throughput is high. It depends on
number of users served and the environment interference level.
2. 1x EV-DO system is compatible with IS-95/1x network.

Chapter 5 - CDMA2000 1x EV-DO
As Figure 23 illustrates, 1x EV-DO system bandwidth is 1.25 MHz, which

has the same spectrum features of IS-95/1x.
FIGURE 23 – 2000 1X AND 1X EV-DO SPECTRUM FEATURES
1x EV-DO system deployment uses existing sites, towers, antennas, with

specific working frequencies alongside IS-95/1x systems without changing
network plan.
Forward Channels
Forward links from AN to AT provide communication between ATs in the
AN. Forward links have the following features:
Data rates range from 38.4 Kb/s ~ 3.1 Mb/s.

Forward channels transmit full power without any power control.
According to the forward channel C/I measurement, AT selects the
best service sector and applies for the highest data rate that the
current forward channel can support.
All users belonging to the same service sector share unique data
service channel in the TDMA mode.
As an independent system, 1x EV-DO system follows a completely new
channel structure.
Figure 24 illustrates the CDMA2000 1x EV-DO system forward channels.

F I G U R E 2 4 - C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X E V - D O F O R W A R D C H A N N E L S
Table 8 describes the functions and features of CDMA2000 1x EV-DO

system forward channels.
T A B L E 8 - F U N C T I O N S A N D F E A T U R E S O F C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X E V - D O F O R W A R D C H A N N E L S
Channel Functions
Transmits pilot signals from AN to AT. The pilot signals
Pilot Channel (Pilot) carry out system capture, clock synchronization,
demodulation, decoding, and C/I estimation.
Reverse Activity (RA) channel dynamically controls the
reverse channel load.
Forward Medium Access Control Inability of AN to receive DRC information from ATs
Channel (Medium Access results in DRC Lock channel notifying specific ATs to stop
Control) sending DRC information to the AN.
Reverse Power Control (RPC) channel performs AT power
control that sends data on the reverse channel.
Forward Traffic Channel
AN sends user data on traffic channels.
(Traffic)
Control channel sends broadcast system common
Forward Control Channel configuration parameter messages from AN to AT. Non-
(Control) activation of traffic channels results in Control channel
sending signaling messages to the specific AT.

Reverse Channels
Forward links (from AT to AN) provide the communication between ATs
and the AN. Following are the Reverse channel features:
Data rate can reach at most 307.2 Kb/s.

Reverse channels follow soft handoff.
Reverse channels follow Dynamic power control.
Use of Rate control enables reverse link load adjustment.
Figure 25 illustrates CDMA2000 1x EV-DO system reverse channels.
F I G U R E 2 5 - C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X E V - D O R E V E R S E C H A N N E L S

Table 9 describes the functions and features of CDMA2000 1x EV-DO

system reverse channels.
T A B L E 9 - F U N C T I O N S A N D F E A T U R E S O F C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X E V - D O R E V E R S E C H A N N E L S
Channel Functions
Reverse access Includes reverse pilot channel and data channel, through which ATs
channels originate calls or respond to AN paging message.
The pilot channel enables coherent demodulation.
RRI sub-channel indicates the rate of data transmitted on

Medium the data channel of reverse traffic channel.
Access
Reverse traffic Channel AT uses DRC sub-channel to indicate forward traffic
channels (MAC) channel data rate requested and the service sector
selected by the forward channel. DRC channel carries two
kinds of information: DRC Value and DRC Cover.
AT uses ACK channel to notify AN correct reception of forward traffic
channel data packets. If incorrectly demodulated, AT sends the NAK bit.
Data channel transfers reverse service data packets.
Key 1x EV-DO Technologies

This section introduces key 1x EV-DO system technologies.
Reverse Link Power Control

Power control maximizes system capacity. In 1x EV-DO system, there is
no forward link power control because forward link power is constant.
Reverse link follows power control.
Reverse link power control aims to control output power of ATs while
minimizing interference, maintaining high reverse data link quality. When
reverse link signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per user is lowest for acceptable
performance, capacity is highest.
Reverse Link Rate Control

In 1x EV-DO standard, AT can adjust reverse rate ranging from 9.6 Kb/s
to 307.2 Kb/s. The system must control the load on reverse links to avoid
too many users in the same sector transmitting data to AN at a high rate.
This leads to all ATs becoming unavailable.
AN follows the two mechanisms described to control the AT transmit rate:
Reverse rate limit (RRL): AN restricts the maximum reverse rate of AT

to a level below 307.2 Kb/s using BroadcastReverseRateLimit or
UnicastReverseRateLimit.

Reverse activated bit (RAB) and transition probability. On detecting low

reverse link load, the sector sets RAB to 0. ATs in that sector increase
the reverse rate according to a group of probable values like
Transition009k6_019k2, Transition019k2_038k4,
Transition038k4_076k8, and Transition076k8_153k6. On detecting
that high reverse link load, the sector sets RAB to 1. All ATs must
decrease the transmit rate according to a group of probable values
Transition019k2 _ 009k6, Transition038k4 _ 019k2, Transition 076k8
_038k4, and Transition153k6_076k8. If AT is in soft handoff mode,
any sector with RAB of 1 can decrease AT rate.
The key to reverse link rate control is to determine reverse link busy or
idle state. A more accurate method is to measure Rise over Thermal (ROT)
at the receiving antenna of each sector.
Forward Link TDM

Different from 1x TDM, 1x EV-DO forward links follow Time Division
Multiplexing (TDM) to serve all ATs. Within the same sector, one timeslot
can serve one user only.
Same as IS-95/1x, 1x EV-DO forward pilot channel helps AT complete

channel estimation in system capture and demodulation.
In 1x EV-DO systems, AT determines the serving sector and maximum

sector rate. Measuring forward pilot and radio channel quality of ATs
determine its implementation standards. Since all BTSs send pilot at the
same time, and the pilot transmits at full power, AT can calculate accurate
pilot strength and reflect BTS signals and interference rapidly.
Forward Link Scheduling Strategy

To ensure maximum service rate provision to users, AT requests for the
best data rate according to C/I measured in the AN. According to the AT
request, AN determines the service provided to different users through
scheduling algorithm.
Purpose of scheduling algorithm is to maximize system throughput and

ensure service provisioning to all users. Due to radio environment
complexity, AT informs the system of the highest acceptable data rate
through the DRC channel. In the process of reaching maximum throughput,
the system sends data to the AT that reports maximum DRC Value.
However, other users are unable to use system services. The scheduling
algorithm aims to equalize throughput.
Forward Link Virtual Soft Handoff

Besides supporting various soft/softer handoffs like 1x system, 1x EV-DO
introduces a new handoff — forward virtual handoff.
Forward virtual handoff enables only one sector to send data through
forward channel to the terminal at any time in the active set through
forward channel. According to received pilot signals quality, the terminal
uses DRC cover of DRC channel to designate the sector expected to send

data. All sectors in the active set monitor reverse channel of the terminal.
Upon receiving DRC channel, the network determines serving sector of the
terminal. During forward virtual handoff, the terminal does not exchange
any signaling with the network. Entire handoff flow is very fast. In addition,
handoff requires use of only forward air resources of one sector. It
increases utilization of forward channels.
Adaptive Modulation Coding Technology

According to forward RF link transmission quality, the AT can request nine
data rates. The lowest rate is 38.4 Kb/s, and highest rate is 3.1 Mb/s.
High-speed data transmission on 1.25 MHz is because of high modulation
and demodulation order as well as the error correction coding technology.
R-P Session Establishment

In 1x EV-DO network, since routing does not use IMSI and MIN, 1x EV-DO
AT need not allocate IMSI/MIN in advance. R-P session handoff between
BSC and PDSN necessitates a new solution. Successful transfer session
between BSCs in the same PDSN requires IMSIs of ATs to be the same.
Since AT has no IMSI, a session initiated between AT and PDSN leads BSC
to assign an IMSI to AT. 1x EV-DO standard introduces the new A12
interface, which interfaces BSC and AN-AAA server.
The AN-AAA implements the following functions:
1. AT authentication implementation.
2. Sending IMSI in the authentication accept message to BSC. This IMSI
establishes R-P session between BSC and PDSN.
If not deploying AN-AAA server in the 1x EV-DO network, the BSC uses
other methods to allocate IMSI to ATs. However, IMSI must be unique in
the entire network. Without AN-AAA server, the R-P session handoff
implementation between 1x EV-DO BSC and 1x BSC is not possible. AT
can use mobile IP only to keep its IP address unchanged when passing
through the network edge. AN-AAA deployment enables fast handoff and
improves AT performance when passing through the network edge.
Service Flow
According to the functions, 1x EV-DO services comprise session
management service and connection management service. This section
describes service flows.
Session Management
AT cannot obtain any service in the 1x EV-DO network unless it sets up a
session with AN. Session management involves UATI assignment and
maintenance, session negotiation, and session release.

UATI Assignment and Maintenance

Access Network (AN) allocates 128 bits long unique identifier Unicast
Access Terminal Identifier (UATI) to AT. The UATI assignment is the first
step for establishing session. It indicates an open session between AT and
AN. The session uses default system configuration. Figure 26 illustrates
UATI assignment flow.
F I G U R E 2 6 - U AT I A S S I G N M E N T F L O W
AT AN
UATIRequest A
ACAck
B
UATIAssignment
C
UATIComplete
D
ACAck
E
Following describes the UATI assignment flow:
A. AT sends UATIRequest message through the access channel to AN

requesting for UATI.
B. AN returns ACAck message.
C. AN assigns UATI and sends it to AT in UATIAssignment message.
D. AT sends a UATIComplete message to AN indicating completed UATI
assignment.
E. AN returns ACAck message.
AT and AN can originate UATI update during the session.
Session Negotiation
In the course of establishing a session, AT and AN need to negotiate
communication configuration, including protocol and protocol parameters
used. Successful session set up takes place when AT and AN reaches
agreement on negotiation. The configuration after negotiation will be valid
for the following connection. Figure 27 illustrates the negotiation flow.

FIGURE 27 - SESSION NEGOTIATION FLOW
UATI session negotiation flow is as follows:
A. AT and AN use default configuration to start a connection and perform

session negotiation preparation.
B-G. AT originates protocol negotiation.
H-K. AT originates protocol negotiation. Here Type X and Type Y stand for
the protocols to which the parameters negotiated belong.
L. Completed negotiation originated by AT.
M. AN and AT exchange key, which is used for AT authentication during
the session.
N-Q. AN originates negotiation.
R. Completed session negotiation.
Session Release
In 1x EV-DO system, ATs do not establish or release sessions frequently.
After establishing a session, AT may disconnect and resume connection
several times during the session. However, certain reasons may initiate a
session release. For example, when timer keepalive expires or user
originates a release.
The session release flow is very simple. AT and AN exchange a

SessionClose message and release the associated resources. PPP session

between AT and PDSN is released simultaneously with the 1x EV-DO

session.
Connection Management
In 1x EV-DO systems, an open connection between AT and AN refers to AT
reverse power control channel, reverse traffic channel allocation, and
forward traffic channel (FTC) use. All users having open connections in
that sector share FTC in TDM mode. Only after connection set up can AT
use high-speed packet data services provided by 1x EV-DO network.
AT Originated Connection Establishment

AT and AN can open and close connections several times during a session.
Either AT or AN can initiate a connection.
Connection originated by AN supports two modes: Common mode and fast

mode. In common mode, AT establishes a connection when it returns a
ConnectRequest message after receiving Paging message from AN. In the
fast mode, connection is set up after AN sends Channel Assignment
message to AT directly. It saves Page/ConnectRequest exchange, speeding
up connection setup.
Prior to establishing link with PDSN for the first time, AT passes AN AAA
access authentication. After passing authentication successfully, the AT
originates link connection with PDSN. After successful authentication, AN
AAA returns IMSI to AT. AT uses that IMSI as A10/A11 link identifier and
communicates with PDSN.
Figure 28 illustrates AT originated connection establishment flow, where

the session between AT and AN already exists before establishing link.

F I G U R E 2 8 - AT O R I G I N A T E D C O N N E C T I O N E S T A B L I S H M E N T F L O W
Following section describes AT-originated connection establishment flow:
A. AT sends a ConnectRequest message and RouteUpdate message

through access channel requesting for connection.
B. After receiving message, AN returns ACAck message through control
channel.
C.AN sends TrafficChannelAssignment message containing MAC_ID
allocated to AT among other information.
D. After receiving TrafficChannelAssignment message, AT sends Pilot
message and DRC message through reverse channel.
E. After receiving pilot and DRC signals from AT, AN sends RTCAck
message through FTC to AT.
F. AT returns TarafficChannelComplete message through RTC indicating air
link set up.
G. AT notifies AN of data exchange on access stream.
H. AT and AN originate PPP connection and LCP negotiation for access
authentication.

I. AN sends CHAP message to AT originating random query, while AT

replies with CHAP response.
J. AN collects AT authentication information including Username, CHAP-ID,
CHAP-challenge, and CHAP-Response, and sends it to AN AAA through A12
interface.
K. Authentication succeeds, AN AAA returns AccessAccept message.
L. AN sends a CHAP authentication success message to AT.
M. AT originates connection setup with PDSN.
N-Q. AN establishes connection with PDSN through PCF.
R. AT establishes PPP connection with PDSN.
S. AT and PDSN exchange packet data after setting up PPP connection.
AT Originated Connection Release

Several reasons can cause Connection release such as timeout of idle
timer or AN overload control. Figure 29 illustrates AT-originated
connection release flow.
F I G U R E 2 9 - AT O R I G I N A T E D C O N N E C T I O N R E L E A S E F L O W
Following describes the AT-originated connection release flow:
A. AT sends ConnectClose message through access channel requesting

connection release.
B. AN sends A9-Release-A8 message indicating cause value; packet
service is dormant to PCF asking PCF to release A8 connection.
C. PCF sends A11-Registration-Request message carrying an activation
termination settlement record to PDSN.
D. PDSN returns A11-Registration-Reply message.
E. PCF sends an A9-Release-A8 Complete message to confirm A8
connection release.

Figure 29 illustrates the air link and A8 connection release flow, while it
maintains PPP connection between AT and PDSN, and 1x EV-DO session
between AT and AN.
Handoff Control
In an actual commercial environment, 1x EV-DO and CDMA2000 1x
deployment normally takes place simultaneously providing voice services
and high-speed packet data services to users. Dual-mode (1x/1x EV-DO)
AT can implement handoff between 1x and 1x EV-DO ANs without
interrupting PPP connection between AT and PDSN. Voice services take
precedence over data services. When transferring data in 1x EV-DO
network, AT performs 1x network handoff periodically to listen to the
paging channel. On receiving paging for voice call from AN, AT stops data
transfer in 1x EV-DO network immediately and begins setting up voice
links in 1x network.
Dual-mode AT inter-system handoff scenarios comprise:
Handoff from 1x network to 1x EV-DO network in dormant state

Handoff from 1x EV-DO network to 1x network in dormant state
Handoff from 1x network to 1x EV-DO network in active state
Handoff from 1x EV-DO network to 1x network in active state
Handoff occurs when 1x network receives voice call during data
transmission in 1x EV-DO network.
In the event when AT establishes 1x EV-DO session in 1x EV-DO network,
the 1x network and 1x EV-DO network share the same PDSN, enabling the
network to support concurrent services.
F I G U R E 3 0 - AT H A N D O F F F R O M 1 X N E T W O R K T O 1 X E V - D O N E T W O R K I N T H E D O R M A N T
STATE
A~B. AT send DRS=0 message to target AN, target returns Ack order.
C~D. Target AN sets up data channels with PDSN

E. PDSN disconnects with source AN.
This process indicates uninterrupted PPP session between dual-mode AT

and PDSN.
Handoff occurs when 1x network receives voice call during data

transmission in 1x EV-DO network and is as follows:
FIGURE 31 - AT H ANDOFF FROM 1X EV-DO NETWORK TO 1X NETWORK IN THE DORM ANT

STATE
A. AT transits from active state to dormant state.

B. AT in Dormant state performs 1x network to 1xEV-DO1x EV-DO
network handoff.
C. In 1xEV-DO1x EV-DO network, AT transits from dormant state to active
state.
To avoid missing voice calls originating from 1x network, when the dual-
mode AT transfers data in 1xEV-DO1x EV-DO network, it performs handoff
to 1x network periodically to listen to the assigned paging timeslots. On
receiving voice call paging message, dual-mode AT accesses 1x network to
process voice calls due to voice first principle. If 1x network supports
concurrent services, it can hand off data session from 1xEV-DO network to
1x network. Packet data transmission continues while performing voice
communication.
1x and 1x EV-DO Comparisons

Table 10 offers comparisons between 1x EV-DO and 1x.
TABLE 10 - COMPARISONS BETWEEN 1X EV-DO AND 1X
Features 1x 1x EV-DO
Service Voice and data Data
Maximum rate Forward: 307.2 Kb/s (RC3) Forward: 3.1 Mb/s
Reverse: 9.6 Kb/s (RC3) Reverse: 1.8 Mb/s
Channel CDM in forward and reverse links. Forward: CDM+TDM
li l

Features 1x 1x EV-DO
multiplex Reverse: CDM
Handoff Hard handoff and soft handoff in Forward: virtual soft handoff
forward and reverse links (VHO)
Reverse: Soft handoff
Power and rate Fast power control in forward and Reverse: rate control + power
control reverse links. control
No rate control Forward: rate control
Access Access channel procedure Same as access channel procedure
procedure Enhanced access channel
procedure
RF and code Convolutional code and Turbo code Turbo code
features 48-order FIR filter FIR filter is same as that in 1x.
In terms of high-speed data service, 1x EV-DO has the following features

compared with CDMA2000 1x technology:
Air interface: 1x EV-DO technology effectively solves data service

transmission bottleneck in the air interface.
RF parameters: 1x EV-DO is backward compatible with 1x system.
Technical implementation: 1x EV-DO and CDMA2000 1x adopts the
same power control mechanism, soft handoff, access process, and
Turbo coding technologies. It enables operators to develop successful
1x EV-DO products easily on the basis of mature CDMA2000 1x
development experience.
Networking: 1x EV-DO networking is very flexible. The users who need
packet data service only, operators can implement independent
networking. It can provide high-speed packet data service with simple
network configuration. The core network configuration is an IP based
structure rather than the complicated ANSI-41 structure. The users
who need voice and data services, operators can implement mixed
CDMA2000 1x and CDMA2000 1x EV-DO networking to provide voice
service, and high-speed packet data services. In addition, dual-mode
AT supports both CDMA2000 1x and 1x EV-DO, technology provides
handoff mechanism between CDMA2000 1x and 1x EVDO.

Chapter 6
PTT Technology

Key PTT technologies.
PTT service flows.
Key PTT Technologies

Push-to-Talk (PTT) is one of the most remarkable trunking communication
features in communication networks. Trunking communication system is a
key mobile communication system branch. However, its application is still
restricted to mobile communication.
Channel Sharing
An important PTT feature is the forward traffic channel sharing. Channel
sharing is the premise of trunking communication. When one person in a
group speaks, the other members within the same group are unable to
hear at the same time.
CDMA2000 standard optimizes two forward system traffic channels and

one reverse traffic channel, enabling forward traffic channel sharing.
Forward Dedicated Control Channel (F-DCCH): Establishment of

independent F-DCCH for each user enables transfer of signaling
messages and power control information.
Forward Supplemental Channel (F-SCH): Transmits user voice data
where F-SCH assignment to each user in the same group has the same
long code mask and Walsh code. AT assigned to F-SCH in a group
within a particular carrier decodes F-SCH and implements F-SCH
sharing. Energy received by each AT is the energy of F-SCHs overlaid
in the group within that carrier. Channel sharing is the sharing of
channel power and is a standard CDMA feature. Each F-SCH in a group
sends the same voice and data packet in the air. All F-SCHs send voice
and data in-sync.

Reverse Dedicated Control Channel (R-DCCH): Transmits user

signaling messages and reverse voice data. Each activated user in a
group has an assigned R-DCCH. Only the terminal that receives
authorization information from PDS transfers voice on this channel.
Tip: Chapter 4 describes 1x channels in detail.
Fast Connection
Another important PTT service feature is the fast group call and private
call connection.
Instead of traditional circuit connection mode, CDMA2000 standard uses

data channel to set up fast call connection. Fast call connections reduce
channel time as it does not require PPP link establishment on data channel.
In terms of base station processing, CDMA2000 standard implements

concurrent processing, which saves access time of users. For called group
member, PDS obtains local information of group members from the
dispatched database and sends it to PDC, facilitating BSC to page other
members in the group quickly.
Although CDMA2000 standard provides no PPP link, Common Trunking

Message Link (CTML)/Shared Trunking Data Link (STDL) and F-SCH
sharing are standard features of PTT. These features enable group users to
remain online permanently.
CTML
CTML establishes link during PTT initialization, and transmits PTT call
signaling and call control information. Only one CTML connection exists
between PDC and PDS. CTML connection remains un-released.
CTML uses A10 connection as bearer channel between PDC and PDS, and
uses SDB air link encapsulation. Figure 32 illustrates the process.
FIGURE 32 - STML TRANSMISSION LINK PROTOCOL
PTT CTML connection signaling categories are: One for message

exchange between PDS/PDC and MSs, the other for message exchange
between PDS and PDC, and between PDC and BSC.

Chapter 6 - PTT Technology
STDL
STDL establishment takes place during PTT call setup. It is responsible for
transmitting forward and reverse service data (voice stream) in PTT calls.
STDL release takes place in dormant state or at the time of call release.
An active group between PDC and PDS corresponds to STDL. All users in a
PDC active group coverage area share the same STDL. If distribution of
users in an active group takes place in several PDC areas, each PDC
establishes STDL with PDS for the activated group.
STDL uses standard A10 connection (GRE) encapsulation. It is the PTT
service stream bearer channel. Figure 33 illustrates STDL transmission link
protocol.
FIGURE 33 - STDL TRANSMISSION LINK PROTOCOL
PDC transfers PTT voice stream from MS to PDS. According to group

information, PDS distributes PTT voice stream packets received from
reverse links to the corresponding forward links.
PTT Service
Push-to-Talk (PTT) service is a half-duplex communication mode. It
comprises one-to-one and one-to-many dispatch services. One-to-one
service refers to private call, and one-to-many service refers to group call.
The following section introduces basic PTT service terms.
Group Call
A logical set of call members enabling group members to make half-duplex
group calls. All members in the same group can hear the voice of any
group member.
Group Administrator
The group administrator is a member with special group authority. The
group administrator can add, delete, and release activated group members
by force.
Group Number
Each applicant group assigned with a group number (GMDN) enables
identification of group members when establishing calls.

PTT Dispatched Server (PDS)

The dispatch call center is a PTT standard where PDS can establish calls,
and perform location management, user authentication, and service
distribution.
PTT Dispatched Client (PDC)

PDC is the equipment that connects with BSS and PDS. It participates in
call setup, service duplication, and distribution.
User Priority
Setting different priority levels for users defines users with different call
authority. The user with higher priority can preempt lower priority user call
resources.
Group Call
Each group has a unique group number ranging from 4 ~ 6 digits. Any
member can originate a group call by pressing group number and pushing
PTT key.
A PTT user can belong to several groups at the same time and select the
group to establish call session. An idle state user can receive call from any
other member of the same group. When the user is active, system
prompts a message.
When establishing group call, if MS power is off or not in the PTT service
area, call connection does not take place. When the user powers on MS or
is in the same service area, the system can add the user to a group call
automatically.
When user quits a group call due to an abnormal operation, the system
can add the user to the group call again after MS operation restoration.
Users in a group call have the option to quit a group call mid-way and
originate another group call or a PSTN call after releasing the PTT key.
Only the dispatch server can release group calls. The group member can
choose to quit the group call rather than release the entire group call.
Figure 34 illustrates group call origination flow.

FIGURE 34 - GROUP CALL ORIGINATION FLOW
A. MS sends an origination message for setting up a group call on the

access channel.
B. BSS acknowledges the message on paging channel. If BSS rejects this
call because of overload level, it returns an origination reject message to
MS and forwards origination message to PDC.
C. PDC sends a message to PDS requesting for establishing a group call.
D. If PDC observes that user has the authority to originate a group call,
PDS notifies PDC to set up the call.
E. PDC constructs a service request message and sends it to MSC.
F. MSC assigns terrestrial circuit and sends an assignment request to PDC.
G. BSS sends extended channel assignment message to MS to establish a
fundamental channel with MS. This channel enables signal transfer.
H. BSS sends an extended supplemental channel assignment message to
establish a supplemental channel with MS. This channel enables service
data transfer.
I. PDC sends a message to MSC indicating channel assignment completion.
J. PDC sends a message to PDS indicating active group call connection.
K. PDS sends a message to PDC indicating calling party has authorization
to speak.

L. PDC sends a message to the calling MS indicating that the calling party
has authorization to speak.
M. MS sends an authorization ACK to PDC.
N. PDC forwards authorization ACK to PDS. The authorized user can speak.
Figure 35 illustrates group call termination flow.
FIGURE 35 - GROUP CALL TERMINATION FLOW
A. PDS sends group call paging request to initiate a group call to group
members.
B. BSS sends paging request to MS through paging channel.
C. MS responds to the paging request from BSS.
D. PDC constructs a service request message and sends it to MSC.
E. MSC assigns the terrestrial circuit and sends assignment request to PDC.
F. BSS sends an extended channel assignment message to MS to establish
a fundamental channel with MS. This channel enables signal transfer.
G. BSS sends an extended supplemental channel assignment message to
establish a supplemental channel with MS. This channel enables service
data transfer.
H. PDC sends a message to MSC indicating channel assignment completion.
I. PDC sends a message to PDS indicating active group call connection.
Figure 36 illustrates PDS group call origination release flow.

FIGURE 36 - PDS GROUP CALL RELEASE ORIGINATION RELEASE FLOW
A. If members of a group do not apply for right to speak within a specified

time; the PDS originates group call release to all group members.
B. BSS/PDC sends group call release message to the MS to release air link.
C. BSS/PDC constructs call release request message for each call in the
group and sends it to MSC.
D. MSC originates group call release for each call in the group.
E. After releasing air resources and its own resources, BSS/PDC sends a
message to MSC indicating group call release completion.
F. After releasing air resource and its own resources, BSS/PDC sends a
message to PDS indicating group call release completion.
Figure 37 illustrates group call rejection flow.
FIGURE 37 - GROUP CALL REJECTION FLOW

A. MS sends group call origination message through access channel.

B. BSS acknowledges the paging channel message. If BSS rejects this call
because of overload level, it sends Origination Reject command to MS and
forwards the origination message to PDC.
C. PDC sends a message to PDS requesting group call establishment.
D. PDC constructs a service request message and sends it to MSC.
E. If PDS finds that originating user has no right to make a group call, it
rejects user request and notifies PDC to reject the call.
F. PDC sends a group call release request.
G. MSC releases group call.
H. BSS/PDC sends group call release message to MS and releases the air
link.
I. After releasing air resources and its own resources, BSS/PDC sends a
message to MSC indicating successful group release.

Private Call
PTT users can dial a short number to make private calls with a group, and
dial the complete number to establish a private call with a non-group user.
In a private call, PTT user can push the PTT key and speak after hearing
prompt tone instead of waiting for the called party to answer. Following
the prompt tone, the called party can hear the voice of the calling party.
User can choose to quit from PTT mode. Under this mode, MS will not
receive any paging request for PTT call establishment.
During a private call, both the calling and called parties can terminate the
call and use other services such as group call by PTT key release.
If a private call user has other group calls or private calls, system can
inform the user using call prompt and display the number of calling party
on the MS.
Figure 38 illustrates private call origination flow.
FIGURE 38 - PRIVATE CALL ORIGINATION FLOW
A. MS sends an origination message for a private call through the access

channel.

B. BSS acknowledges the paging channel message. If BSS rejects this call
because of overload level, it sends the origination reject command to MS
and forwards Origination message to PDC.
C. PDC sends a message to PDS requesting private call establishment.
D. When establishing user call authenticity, PDS informs PDC to set up a
private call.
E. PDC constructs a service request message and sends it to MSC.
F. MSC assigns terrestrial circuit requested and sends an assignment
request to PDC.
G. BSS sends an extended channel assignment message to MS to establish
a fundamental channel with MS. This channel enables signal and service
data transmission.
H. PDC sends a message to MSC indicating channel assignment completion.
I. PDC sends a message to PDS indicating active private call connection.
J. PDS sends a message to PDC indicating authorization of calling party to
speak.
K. PDC sends a message to the calling MS indicating authorization of
calling party to speak.
L. MS sends authorization ACK to PDC.
M. PDC forwards authorization ACK to PDS indicating that authorized user
can speak.
Figure 39 illustrates private call termination flow.
FIGURE 39 - PRIVATE CALL TERMINATION FLOW
A. PDS originates paging request for private call.

B. BSS sends paging request to MS through paging channel.

C. MS responds to the paging request from BSS.

D. BSC constructs service request message and sends it to MSC.
E. MSC assigns the terrestrial circuit requested and sends an assignment
request to PDC.
F. BSS sends an extended channel assignment message to MS to establish
a fundamental channel with MS. This channel enables signaling and service
data transmission.
G. PDC sends a message to MSC indicating channel assignment completion.
H. PDC sends a message to PDS indicating call setup completion.
Note: Private call release is similar to group call release. See Figure 39 section for
details.
Management of Talk Rights

Talk right is the premise of PTT conversation. After PTT terminal call
origination and connection, the conversation does not begin unless PDS
authorizes the terminal with talk right.
Figure 40 illustrates application flow for talk rights management.
FI G U R E 4 0 - TAL K R I G H T AP P L I C AT I O N FL O W
A. User A pushes MS1 PTT key initiating the talk right application request.
B. BSS/PDC forwards MS1 talk right application request to PDS.
C. User B pushes MS2 PTT key initiating talk right application request.

D. BSS/PDC forwards MS2 talk right application request to PDS.

E. Based on the talk right algorithm, PDS determines MS1 authorize talk
right.
F. BSS/PDC forwards talk right authorization message to MS1.
G. PDS rejects talk right application request from MS2 based on talk right
decision algorithm.
H. BSS/PDC forwards talk right request rejection message to MS2.
I. MS1 returns talk right authorization ACK message to BSS/PDC.
J. BSS/PDC forwards talk right authorization ACK message to PDS.
Figure 41 illustrates MS originated talk right release.
FIGURE 41 – MS ORIGINATED TALK RIGHT RELEASE FLOW
A. User with talk right or waiting for talk right releases PTT key initiating
request for talk right release.
B. BSS/PDC forwards talk right release request from MS to PDS and starts
Tpttrelease timer and at the same time waits for request
acknowledgement.
C. PDS releases talk right and returns talk right release ACK message to
BSS/PDC.
D. BSS/PDC forwards talk right release ACK message to MS and disables
Tpttrelease timer at the same time.
Figure 42 illustrates PDS talk right release flow.

FIGURE 42 - PDS TALK RIGHT RELEASE FLOW
MS BSS / PDC PDS
Talk right release

request
A
Talk right release
request
B
Talk right release
ACK
C
Talk right release
ACK
D
A. If user with talk right exceeds talk time limit, PDS sends talk right
release request.
B. BSS/PDC forwards talk right release request from PDS to MS.
C. MS releases talk right and sends talk right release ACK message to
BSS/PDC.
D. BSS/PDC forwards talk right release ACK message to PDS.


Abbreviations
Abbreviation Meaning
3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
AN Access Network
ANSI American National Standards Institute
AT Access Terminal
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BER Bit Error Rate
BSMAP Base Station Module Administrator Part
BSS Base Station System
CCCH Common Control Channel
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CELP Code Excited Linear Prediction
CPCCH Common Power Control Channel
CPCH Common Packet Channel
CPICH Common Pilot Channel
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
China Wireless Telecommunications Standard

CWTS
Group
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
DRC Data Rate Control
DSCH Dedicated Signaling Channel
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
DTAP Direct Transfer Part
DTMF Dual Tone Multi-Frequency
EV-DO Evolution-Data Optimized/Only
EV-DV Evolution-Data & Voice
F-BCCH Forward Broadcast Control Channel
F-CACH Forward Common Assignment Channel
F-CCCH Forward Common Control Channel

F-CPCCH Forward Common Power Control Channel
F-DCCH Forward Dedicated Control Channel
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
F-FCH Forward Fundamental Channel
F-PCH Forward Paging Channel
F-PCSCH Forward Power Control Sub-channel
F-PDCCH Forward Packet Data Control Channel
F-PDCH Forward Packet Data Channel
F-PICH Forward Pilot Channel
Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication

FPLMTS System
F-QPCH Forward Quick Paging Channel
F-SCCH Forward Supplemental Code Channel
F-SCH Forward Supplemental Channel
F-SYNCH Forward Sync Channel
F-TCH Forward Traffic Channel
F-TDPICH Forward Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
HLR Home Location Register
ITU International Telecommunications Union
MAC Medium Access Control
MS Mobile Station
MSC Mobile Switching Center
MSRG Modular Sequence Random Generator
MWI Message Wait Indication
NMTS Nordic Mobile Telephone System
PCF Packet Control Function
PCM Pulse Code Modem
PCT Power Control Threshold
PDSN Packet Data Service Node
PDC PTT Dispatched Client
PDS PTT Dispatched Server
PER Packet Error Rate
PHS Personal Handset System

PN Pseudo Number
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PTT Push-To-Talk
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RA Reverse Active
RAB Reverse Active Bit
R-ACH Reverse Access Channel
RC Radio Configuration
R-CCCH Reverse Common Control Channel
R-DCCH Reverse Dedicated Control Channel
R-EAAH Reverse Enhanced Access Channel
RPC Reverse Power Control
R-PICH Reverse Pilot Channel
R-SCCH Reverse Supplemental Code Channel
R-SCH Reverse Supplemental Channel
R-TCH Reverse Traffic Channel
RTT Radio Transmit Technology
SCCP Signaling Connection and Control Part
STDL Shared Trunking Data Link
SSRG Simple Sequence Random Generator
TACS Total Access Communication System
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
THSS Time Hopping Spread Spectrum
TIA Telecommunications Industries Association
UATI Unicast Access Terminal Identifier
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
VHO Virtual Handoff


Figures
Figure 1 - CDMA2000 Technology Standards ..................................................16

Figure 2 - Spreading and De-spreading Process ..............................................18
Figure 3 - CDMA Spread Spectrum Communication Principles ...........................21
Figure 4 - Signal Waveform During Spreading and De-spreading .......................22
Figure 5 - Frequency Reuse in FDMA and TDMA ..............................................27
Figure 6 - CDMA Frequency Reuse ................................................................28
Figure 7 - Delay Difference Between BSs .......................................................37
Figure 8 - Search Window and Pilot Signal .....................................................37
Figure 9 - Soft Handoff Flow ........................................................................39
Figure 10 - CDMA2000 1x Forward Channels..................................................42
Figure 11 - CDMA2000 1x Reverse Channels ..................................................43
Figure 12 - MOC Flow .................................................................................46
Figure 13 - MTC Flow..................................................................................48
Figure 14 - MS Originated Release Flow.........................................................49
Figure 15 - BSS Originated Release Flow .......................................................50
Figure 16 - MSC Originated Call Release Flow.................................................51
Figure 17 - MS Originated Data Service Call Flow............................................52
Figure 18 - MS Originated Call Release Flow...................................................54
Figure 19 - PDSN Inter-PCF Dormant Handoff ................................................55
Figure 20 - PDSN Inter-PCF Active Handoff ....................................................57
Figure 21 - CDMA2000 1x EV-DO NETWORK MODEL (Revision 0) ......................60
Figure 22 - CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Network Model (Revision A) ..........................60
Figure 23 – 2000 1x and 1x EV-DO Spectrum Features....................................61
Figure 24 - CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Forward Channels........................................62
Figure 25 - CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Reverse Channels ........................................63
Figure 26 - UATI Assignment Flow ................................................................67
Figure 27 - Session Negotiation Flow ............................................................68
Figure 28 - AT Originated Connection Establishment Flow ................................70
Figure 29 - AT Originated Connection Release Flow .........................................71
Figure 30 - AT Handoff from 1x network to 1x EV-DO Network In the dormant
State ................................................................................................72
Figure 31 - AT Handoff from 1x EV-DO network to 1x network in the dormant state
........................................................................................................73
Figure 40 - STML Transmission Link Protocol ..................................................76
Figure 41 - STDL Transmission Link Protocol ..................................................77
Figure 42 - Group Call Origination flow ..........................................................79
Figure 43 - Group Call Termination flow ........................................................80
Figure 44 - PDS Group Call Release Origination Release Flow............................81
Figure 45 - Group Call Rejection Flow............................................................81
Figure 46 - Private Call Origination flow.........................................................83
Figure 47 - Private Call Termination Flow.......................................................84
Figure 48 - Talk Right Application Flow ..........................................................85
Figure 49 – MS Originated Talk Right Release Flow .........................................86
Figure 50 - PDS Talk Right Release Flow........................................................87


Tables
Table 1 - Typographical Conventions..............................................................ix

Table 2 - Mouse Operation Conventions.......................................................... x
Table 3 - Safety Signs .................................................................................xi
Table 4 - Air Interface Parameters of CDMA2000 1x System.............................42
Table 5 - Functions and Features of CDMA2000 1x Forward Channels ................43
Table 6 - Functions and Features of CDMA2000 1x Reverse Channels ................44
Table 7 - Data Service Requirements ............................................................60
Table 8 - Functions and Features of CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Forward Channels ......62
Table 9 - Functions and Features of CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Reverse Channels ......64
Table 10 - Comparisons Between 1x EV-DO and 1x .........................................73


Index
AAA .................. 54, 57, 59 EVDO ........................ 62

ACK .......... 52, 68, 72, 74, 75 EV-DOvi, vii, 4, 18, 47, 48, 49,
AN .. 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57,
56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 77 60, 61, 62
ANSI .................. 3, 62, 77 EV-DO ....................... 77
AT 25, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, EV-DO ....................... 81
55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, EV-DO ....................... 81
62, 63, 77, 81 EV-DO ....................... 81
ATM .......................... 77 EV-DO ....................... 81
B 5, 21, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, EV-DO ....................... 81
40, 42, 43, 46, 55, 56, 58, EV-DO ....................... 81
59, 60, 61, 67, 68, 69, 70, EV-DO ....................... 81
72, 73, 74, 75 EV-DO ....................... 83
Backward open-loop power EV-DO ....................... 83
control.................... 17 EV-DO ....................... 83
Backward outer-loop power FA .......................... 33
control.................... 18 FCH ..................... 19, 78
bandwidth .................... 17 FER ......................... 19
BS ... 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 44, 46 F-PCH ................... 31, 78
BSC .......... 24, 41, 54, 64, 73 F-QPCH .................. 31, 78
BSS ............................ frame ratio ................. 18
.. 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, F-SCH ............... 63, 64, 78
39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, F-SYNCH ..................... 78
46, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, GoTa ................ 63, 64, 66
73, 74, 75, 77, 81 GPS ...................... 3, 78
BSSB .......... 1, ii, iii, ix, 4 HLR ......................... 78
BTS .............. 17, 18, 24, 53 INFORMATION ................. ii
CAPS ......................... ix IP .......... 29, 33, 41, 54, 62
CDMAv, vi, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, IS C ................. 52, 58, 78
11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, MODEL ................... 48, 81
21, 24, 29, 33, 47, 63, 77, MS . 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23,
81 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32,
CDMA2000 ....................... 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
1, iii, v, vi, 1, 3, 4, 9, 12, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
16, 17, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
39, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 81
60, 62, 63, 64, 81, 83 MSC ...........................
channel .................. 17, 18 . 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
CRC ...................... 12, 77 40, 41, 42, 44, 46, 67, 68,
DC 1, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 69, 70, 72, 73, 78, 81
73, 74, 75 N/A ........................ iii
DRC .......... 50, 52, 53, 58, 77 NETWORK ................. 48, 81
DROP ..................... 26, 27 P 1, iii, vii, 1, 33, 37, 41,
DV 77 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 54, 57,
E 1, iii, 23, 32, 35, 37, 38, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67,
40, 42, 44, 46, 55, 58, 59, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75,
61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 78, 81, 88
69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 88 PCF ...........................
EACH ......................... 32 . 33, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
ETSI ....................... 2, 3 47, 59, 78, 81
EV .. vi, vii, 4, 18, 47, 48, 49, PCT ......................... 78
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57,
60, 61, 62, 77, 81, 83

PDS ............................ RF .............. 32, 47, 54, 62

.. 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, RPC ..................... 50, 79
72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 81 R-SCH ....................... 79
PDSN ........................... RTT ................ v, 3, 4, 79
.. 33, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, SCCP ................ 38, 39, 79
54, 57, 59, 60, 61, 78, 81 SCH ......... 19, 63, 64, 78, 79
PER .......................... 78 shadow effect ............... 17
PPP . 39, 41, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, SNR ........... 5, 7, 17, 18, 52
64 SOFT ........................ 27
PTT vii, 33, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71, SYNC ........................ 31
73, 74, 78, 79 TD-SCDMA ..................... 3
R&D ......................... iii transmitting power .......... 17
R1 ...................... ii, iii URL ...................... 1, 88
R-ACH .................... 32, 79 V 46
RAKE ................. vi, 23, 24 WCDMA ........................ 3
response time ................ 17 ZXC10 ........ 1, ii, iii, ix, 4

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ZXC10 BSSB

CDMA2000 Base Station System

Copyright © 2005 ZTE CORPORATION.

Date Revision No. Serial No. Description

Thank you for your cooperation!

About this Technical Manual.....................................................................ix

CDMA System Implementation .............................................................................. 21

Channel Coding Technology................................................................................... 24

Diversity Reception ............................................................................................... 32

Service Flows ....................................................................................................... 45

1x and 1x EV-DO Comparisons .............................................................................. 73

Purpose of this Technical Manual

TABLE 1 - TYPOGRAPHICAL CONVENTIONS

Note: Provides additional information about a certain topic.

Checkpoint: Indicates that a particular step needs check before

Tip: Indicates a suggestion or hint to make things easier or

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION ix

Mouse Operation Conventions

x Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Safety Signs Meaning

Warning: Indicates a potentially hazardous situation, which if

Erosion: Beware of erosion.

Electric shock: Risk of electric shock.

Electrostatic: The device may be sensitive to static electricity.

Microwave: Beware of strong electromagnetic field.

Laser: Beware of strong laser beam.

No flammables: No flammables can be stored.

No touching: Do not touch.

No smoking: Smoking forbidden.

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION xi

How to Get in Touch

xii Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

This chapter explains:

Few years later, 1G analog mobile communication system limitations such

A typical 2G cellular mobile communication system includes Global System

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION13 13

mobile communications standard set by Telecommunications Industries

In recent years, 2G voice based mobile communication services have

3G cellular mobile and personal communication systems provide larger

Current 3G system data transmission rates provide different data

144 Kb/s, while moving fast (in a vehicle)

384 Kb/s, while moving slow

3.1 Mb/s, while in static position.

3G cellular mobile communications system can provide services including

14 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Although ITU attempts to develop a uniform standard, two major regional

To define uniform IMT-2000 RTT, ITU made great efforts to integrate

WCDMA supports following basic features:

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION 15

Although 4th generation (4G) mobile communication network is still in its

Evolution of CDMA2000 Standards

ZXC10 BSSB supports CDMA2000 1x RTT Release A, CDMA2000 1x EV-DO

16 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

This chapter explains:

Spread Spectrum Communication

Spread Spectrum Communication Theory

The formula for calculating channel capacity follows information theory

C is channel capacity in bits/s, B is signal bandwidth in Hz, S is signal

According to Shannon formula, the signal bandwidth (B) and Signal to

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION17 17

Spreading and De-spreading

Figure 2 illustrates the entire spreading and de-spreading processes.