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Li Noi u

Cung vi s phat trin va hi nhp cua nn kinh t

t nc vi cac nc trong khu vc va trn th gii . K t
nhng nm u cua s nghip i mi n nay , nn kinh t
nc ta a co nhng bc chuyn bin ro rt trong o nganh
cng nghip noi chung cung a tng bc phat trin . Bt au
t vic chuyn giao cng ngh tin tin cua nc ngoai . Di
nhiu hnh thc , dn n vic nghin cu, thay th mt s
linh kin va dy chuyn cng ngh ma trong nc co th thit
k ch tao . o la mt chu trng ung n cua ang va Nha
nc . Chnh iu o, no khng nhng lam tng tnh hiu qua
v mt kinh t , giai quyt ganh nng vic lam cho xa hi ma
con tng tnh t lp , t cng , phat huy sc manh ni lc
va kha nng sang tao .
Nc ta ang trong thi ky cng nghip hoa , hin ai hoa ,
vn xy dng c ban cang c quan tm , nhu cu s
dung tm lp ngay cang gia tng . c bit la cac loai tm
lp bng kim loai (Tn ) . Yu cu t ra i vi cac loai san
phm tn ngay cang cao v hnh dang , mau sc va kch
thc . Trong khi o nc ta cha san xut c tn ma phai
nhp t nc ngoai . co nhng san phm tn song n vi
ngi tiu dung co gia thanh thp , kch thc nh mong mun ,
mu ma ep th vic thit k ch tao mt DY CHUYN
CAN TN TAO SONG la cn thit . S dung c lao ng
trong nc va ch cn nhp tn cun t nc ngoai .
Sau mt thi dai nguyn cu suy ngh va phn tch , c
s giup , gi y cua cac Thy c trong khoa va s tn tnh
hng dn cua thy Trn Xun Tuy . Ti a thc hin tai
" THIT K DY CHUYN CAN TN TAO SONG " . y la
mt vn mi me , co tnh kha thi cao va cn thit . Dy
chuyn can tn c thit k trong an khng oi hoi ch
tao vi iu kin ky thut cng ngh cao . Nn i vi nganh
c kh cua nc ta hin nay th vic ch tao no la vic hoan
toan thc hin c .
Mc du c hng dn tn tnh cua Thy giao , nhng
do vn kin thc con han ch , tai liu khan him , thi gian
co han va cha co nhiu kinh nghim thc t lai phai giai
quyt mt nhim vu ln . Nn qua trnh thit k nay se khng
tranh khoi nhng sai sot va thiu sot . Rt mong c s gop
y cua cac Thy c va cac ban tai c hoan thin hn .
Em xin chn thanh cam n thy Trn Xun Tuy , khoa C
Kh , cac can b cng nhn vin Cng ty in chiu sang thanh

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ph a Nng cung cac xng can tn trn a ban thanh ph

a Nng a giup ti hoan thanh tai nay .
a Nng, thang 5 nm 2001
Sinh vin thit k : H Hu Bnh

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CHNG I
GII THIU V TN SONG VA

NHU CU S

DUNG

1.1. GII THIU V TN SONG

1.1.1 . Khai nim
Trong cuc sng hin nay, nhu cu v tm lp ngay
cang cao. Ngi ta san xut va s dung rng rai , ph bin
nht la tn kim loai . o la nhng tm kim loai c dat mong
, thng s dung vi chiu day t 0,25mm n 0,5mm , vi
chiu rng t 0,92m n 1,22m. Tn s dung nhiu lam tm
lp , che chn .
Hin nay tn phng c san xut thanh tng cun la
chu yu,vi khi lng mi cun khoan 5 tn , chiu day va
chiu rng nht nh. Cac loai tn cun thng c nhp
khu t nc ngoai nh : BHP - UC, NKK- NHT , ANMAO- AI
LOAN, HAN QUC...Va a co sn lp bao v oxi hoa thng goi
la tn ma mau , tn ma kem , tn lanh . tng thm cng
vng va thun tin khi s dung ngi ta tao song cho no va
vn tao song la vn cn thit cho s dung . Vic tao
song tn cung la bc cng ngh quan trong va lin quan n
nhiu yu t.
Tuy thuc yu cu s dung ma ngi ta chon bin dang
song ma tao song thng hay song ngoai. Tn song thng co tn
song vung va song tron , loai song tron do trc y san xut
theo c nn gy kho khn trong vic s dung .
So vi cac loai tm lp nc ta thng s dung nh
ngoi , nha ,mir xi mng, giy lp ... Th tn kim loai co nhiu
u im hn , c bit la loai tn song ( song vung , song
ngoi ) , san xut theo cng ngh mi , can ct theo yu cu s
dung va c th hin
- Kch thc gon nhe
- t h hong , khng thm nc
- Kt cu san lp gon , nhe, tit kim c vt liu
( thanh xa bng g hay thep )
- Tui tho cao
- Bc xa nhit
- Chiu dai tn theo yu cu .
Nh nhng u im trn , cung vi s phat trin cua nn
kinh t ma cng ngh ch tao tn c u t phat trin ap
ng nhu cu va vic s dung tn ngay cang rng rai .

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1.1.2. Phn loai

Vic phn loai tn co nhiu cach . Co th da vao thanh
phn vt liu , cng dung san phm , bin dang tn , kch
thc mau sc ... Co th phn loai s b nh sau :
- Thanh phn vt liu co tn kem , tn nhm , tn thep , tn
ma kem , ma nhm...
- Theo mau sc
- Theo s song : 5 song , 7 song , 9 song
- Theo cng dung : Loai mai vong , mac thng , tn lanh ...
- Theo bin dang : Tn song vung , ong tron , song ngoi...
- Theo chiu day : 0,3mm , 0,4mm, 0,45mm...
1.1.3. Cac loai bin dang tn thng gp
a. Loai song thng
+ Song tron :

+ Song vng :

b. Loai song ngoi

1.1.4. Vt liu ch tao

Vt liu lam tn la nhng tm thep cac bon cht lng
trung bnh ( ). c s dung rng rai, san lng cao ,d khai
thac , d ch tao , gia thanh ha .
Loai tn thep cac bon kem bn trong mi trng khng kh
nc ma ... khc phuc hin tng trn ngi ta thng
ma kem , thic hoc sn mau sau khi a can thanh tm.
Tn hp kim th bn nhng gia thanh cao.
Tn nhm nhe , deo , d can , un , bn trong khng kh
nhng gia thanh cao va hiu lc kem .
1.2. Nhu cu s dung
Trc y do nhu cu cht lng cuc sng thp , cng
ngh cha phat trin , vn tm lp cha c quan tm .

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Cung vi thi gian loai tm lp bng tn c ra i , c

cai thin ln , va a san xut ra nhng loai tm a tao ln
song sn va co cac kch thc nht nh . Nhng loai nay gia
thanh cao , khng thun li cho s dung,nn nhu cu s dung
con han ch .
Ngay nay cung vi s phat trin chung cua khoa hoc ky
thut , s hi nhp va hp tac ,u t san xut . Nn kinh
t nc ta a tng bc phat trin , a tin khoa hoc
vao thc t san xut , i sng dn dn c nng cao . T
o nay sinh nhiu nhu cu thit yu vn xy dng c ban ,
kt cu ha tng ngay cang nhiu . Do vy vn s dung
tm lp ma nht la tn ngay cang nng ln . No t ra mt s
yu cu mi v gia tn chu nhit , tn song vung , tn song
tron , tn song ngoi , tn mai vom . Tn song co nhiu c song
,kch thc chiu ngang t 0,92m n 1,22m . Nn vic la
chon loai tn s dung rt d dang .
Nhn chung vic la , s dung loai song tn ( song vung,
song tron hay song ngoi ) no con tuy thuc vao c im li
kin truc cua cng trnh xy dng. a s hin nay ngi ta s
dung tn song thng (Song vung , song tron ) va no phu hp
thm my vi nha thng dung va cng nghip . Cung chung loai
tn nhng tn song ngoi co gia thanh cao hn mt t. Tn song
ngoi dung phu hp vi nhng nha co kin truc hin ai ( 4
mai, 6 mai ), bit th , hoac cac kiu kin truc c ma v yu
cu thm my khng th thay bng tn song thng c , nn
nhu cu s dung tn song ngoi t hn . Trong tng lai theo a
phat trin, nhu cu v thm my th tn song ngoi cung co trin
vong cao . Mt c im na cua tn song ngoi la no ch lp
mt chiu nn khi s dung lp cac phn cheo th phai bo mt
phn din tch tn .
CHNG II
CNG NGH CAN TAO SONG
2.1. LY THUYT QUA TRNH CAN KIM LOAI
2.1.1. Bin dang deo cua kim loai khi can
a. Tng quat:
Khi chu tac dung cua ngoai lc , kim loai se bin dang
theo ba giai oanP ni tip nhau :
Pc an hi , bin dang deo va bin dang pha
Bin dang
huy . T th nghim
keo kim loai ngi ta co biu keo sau:
P
b
C
b
Pa

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D
B
A

O
- Bin dang an hi la bin dang mt i sau khi kh bo
tai trong . Mt phng trnh th xit cht nht
Luc u khi tng tai trong bin dang L tng ty l bc
nht vi tai trong . ng vi oan thng OA trn biu
-Bin dang deo la s bin i kch thc sau khi kh bo
tai trong
Khi tai trong vt qua ga tr nht nh ( P) bin
dang Ltng ln theo tai trong vi tc nhanh hn . giai
oan nay bin dang deo i cung vi bin dang an hi .
Bin dang pha huy la s t ri cac phn tinh th kim
loai khi bin dang (khi tai trong vt qua tai trong cho phep ).
Khi tai trong at n gia tr ln nht (c ) trong khi kim loai
xut hin vt nt , tai o ng xut tng nhanh gy bin dang
tp trung , kch thc vt nt tng ln va cui cung pha huy
kim loai ( im D ) . o chnh la giai oan pha huy .
* Bin dang deo la hnh thc ph bin ., gia cng ap lc
la qua trnh li dung giai oan bin dang deo gia cng .
Bin dang cua kim loai c thc hin bng s trt va
song tinh . Bin dang deo bt u c thc hin khi ma
trong kim loai trang thai ng xut c xac nh . Trong o
ng xut tip tac dung ln mt trt at n gia tr gii
han th ( phu thuc vao vt liu ) va co kha nng vt qua
ni lc trn cac mt trt va trn tinh gii han cua kim loai .
b. Trang thai ng sut va cac phng trnh deo
Gia s trong vt th hoan toan khng co ng sut tip
th vt th co 3 dang ng sut chnh sau :
1

2
ng sut ng : max = 1/ 2
ng sut mt
: max = (1- 2 ) / 2
ng sut khi
: max = (max - max ) / 2

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(1)
(2)
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Nu 1 = 2 = 3 th =0 va khng co bin dang , ng

sut chnh kim loai bin dang deo la bin dang chay ch
* iu kin bin dang deo :
Khi kim loai chu ng sut ng :
| 1 | = ch tc max = ch/ 2
(4)
- Khi kim loai chu ng sut mt :
| 1-2 | = ch
(5)
- Khi kim loai chu ng sut khi :
| max - min | = ch
(6)
Cac phng trnh trn goi la phng trnh deo
Bin dang deo ch bt u sau bin dang an hi , th
nng cua bin dang an hi :
A = A0 + Ah
Trong o : A0 - th nng thay i th tch vt th
( trong bin dang an hi th tch vt th tng ln , t trong
giam xung )
Ah - Th nng thay i hnh dang vt th .
Trang thai ng sut khi , th nng bin dang an hi
theo nh lut Huc . c xac nh:
A = ( 11 + 22 + 33 ) / 2
(8)
Nh vy bin dang tng i theo nh lut Huc :
1 = 1/ E [ 1 - (1 + 3 )]
2 = 1 / E [ 2 - (1 + 3 )]
(9)
3 = 1 / E [ 3 - (2 + 1 )]
Theo (8) th nng toan b cua bin dang c biu th :

A=

1 2
1 + 22 + 32 2 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 )
2E

(10)

Lng tng tng i th tch cua vt trong bin dang

an hi bng tng bin dang trong 3 hng cung goc :

F
1 2
( 1 + 2 + 3 )
= 1 + 2 + 3 =
F
E

(11)

Trong o : - h s Papacon tnh n vt liu bin dang

E - m dun an hi cua vt liu
Th nng lam thay i th tch bng :

Ao =

1 F 1 + 2 + 3 1 2
=
( 1 + 2 + 3 ) 2
2 F
3
6E

(12)

Th nng dung thay i hnh dang vt th :

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1+
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2
6E

(13)

Vy th nng n v bin hnh khi bin dang ng

se la :
1+
Ah =
.2 0
(14)
6E
T (13) va (14) Ta co :
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 = 2 0 = const (15)
y goi la phng trnh nng lng bin dang deo
Khi cac kim loai , bin dang ngang khng ang k , nn theo
(9)
Ta co th vit :
2 = ( 1 + 3 )
(16)
Khi bin dang deo ( khng tnh n an hi ) th tch cua
vt khng i , vy v = 0 .
T (12) Ta co
1 2
( 1 + 2 + 3 ) = 0
E
1 2 = 0
T o :
,Vy = 0.5
(17)
+ 3
2 = 1
T (16) va (17) ta co :
(18)
2
Vy phng trnh deo co th vit
2
1 3 =
0 = 1.15 0
(19)
3
Trong trt tinh khi 1 = - 3 trn mt nghin ng sut
phap bng 0 ng sut tip khi = 45o
+3
max = 1
(20)
2
So sanh no vi (19) (Khi 1 = 3 )
0
= K 0.58 0
max=
(21)
3
Vy ng sut tip ln nht la :
k=0.58 0
Goi la hng s deo
trang thai ng sut khi phng trnh deo co th vit :
1 3 = 2k = const
2k =

0 1.156

(22)

3
Phng trnh deo (22) rt quan trong giai cac bai toan
trong gia cng kim loai bng ap lc .

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Tnh theo hng cua cac ap sut , phng trnh deo (22)
chnh xac nht la c vit :
( 1 ) ( 3 ) = 2k
(23)
Bin dang deo kim loai trong trang thai ngui
Thc nghim cho thy vi s gia tng mc bin
dang ngui th tnh deo cua kim loai se giam va tr nn gion
kho bin dang .
Hnh ve di y , trnh bay ng cong v mi quan h
gia cac tnh cht c hoc cua thep va mc bin dang rt
ro rang nu bin dang vt qua 80% th kim loai hu nh
mt ht tnh deo
100
bn
gian dai %

c.

80
bn
40
20
Gian dai
O

20

40

60

80%

2.1.2. Ly thuyt
6 can
Trong thc
0 t co nhiu phng phap gia cng bng ap
lc trong o can la phng phap chu yu trong ky ngh gia
cng ap lc o . Phn ln cac san phm thep ( Nhm , Inoc...)
c san xut ra t cac nha may la san phm cua qua trnh
can di dang : Tm , hnh ng , dang c bit ...
Khac vi cac phng phap gia cng ap lc khac ( Keo , ep ,
lp , ren ) qua trnh bin dang kim loai khi can . v vy can la
mt phng phap gia cng co nng sut cao . Cac may can hin
ai co kha nng c kh hoa va t ng hoa rt cao . Vn tc
can co th 20 - 40 m/ ph
cac nc cng nghip phat trin ky ngh gia cng ap
lc phat trin cao . Trong o co ky ngh can. Dy chuyn can
a c t ng hoa toan b vi s tr giup cua ky thut
in t va tin hoc
Cng ngh can lin tuc a c s dung trit , cht
lng b mt cung nh hnh dang san phm cung a c
dn dn hoan thin
Cng ngh can ngay cang c phat trin Vit Nam .
Hin nay cung a hnh thanh cac trung tm luyn can tai Thai
Nguyn , Bin Hoa , a Nng , Hai Phong TPHCM. Cac trung tm

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nay dn a vao san xut va hng n cai tin ky thut ,

ap ng nhu cu san phm can hin nay .
a. phn loai san phm can
San phm can la nhng san phm kim loai nhn c
bng phng phap can nong va ngui . Vic phn loai san
phm can phai da vao thanh phn vt liu . Cng dung san
phm , hnh dang san phm , t chc cng ngh . Nhng c
trng nht cua vic phn loai san phm can la da vao hnh
dang , tit din san phm . Hu ht cac nc u phn loai
theo kiu nay .
Ta co th chia san phm can thanh 4 nhom sau :
* Loai tm : c chia lam 3 loai
- Thep tm day : Co chiu day h >= 25mm
chiu rng
b = ( 600 - 4100 ) mm
- Thep tm day va : h = ( 4 - 25 ) mm
b = ( 600 - 4100 ) mm
- Thep tm mong va cc mong :
Mong : h = ( 0,2 - 4 )mm
Cc mong : h = ( 0,001 - 0,20) mm
* Loai hnh :
Thep hnh co tit din n gian bao gm : Thep tron , thep
vung , thep tam giac ,thep ban , luc lng , ban nguyt , ovan...
Thep tron co = (8 -200)mm . c bit co loai ln hn
=300mm va co loai nho = (5 - 9 )mm goi la thep day san
xut thanh cun
- Thep vung canh ( a x a ) = [ (5 x 250 ) x ( 5 x 250 ) ] mm2
- Thep ban co chiu day : h = ( 4 - 6 ) mm
chiu rng : ( 12 - 200 ) mm
- Thep tam giac u canh va khng u canh
* Loai c bit
- Banh xe la
- Vanh banh xe la .
b.

Ap lc khi can va lc tac dung ln truc can

* Qua trnh can kim loai
** Qua trnh can ly thuyt

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a: Vn tc kim loai theo mt ct ngang vung bin dang

b: s thay i vn tc cua kim loai Vmx va vn tc dai
cua truc can Vtx trong vung bin dang
Qua trnh can la qua trnh bin dang deo gia hai truc
can quay ngc chiu nhau nh lc ma sat gia truc can vi
phi kim loai
Vung bin dang la th tch cua kim loai c tao bi
cung m AB = va cac mt phng ng cua phi kim loai vao
truc can va san phm can khi ra khoi truc can ng vi 2 im
A,B
Khi phn tch ng sut trong vung bin dang , co th s
dung phng trnh deo (22),(23) trn c s ly thuyt cong bin
dang deo cua Guber
- Mytex - Genke :
o Trong trng hp chung : (y - x ) + 4 xy2 = 4K2
o Trong trng hp co ng sut chnh : 1 - 3 = 2K
Mo men cn thit quay truc can :

Ap lc n v dN va dT tac dung trong vung bin dang

tr va sm trong qua trnh can thanh .
Momen can mt truc :

M1 =

kx

Rdr kx Rdr
0

Giai phng trnh trn ta c :

M1=P.a.l=P. .l2
=a/l Khi = 0 th = 0.5, = 0.2 -> = 0.47
= 0.5 -> = 0.43
Mmen can hai truc Mc = 2P l
** Qua trnh can thc t
Trong thc t cng thc ap lc trung bnh
h 1
Ptb 1 2 htb

1
1
=
.
+
+
1 + tb
t
2
2K
l
2 4htb
l 2
2

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y : t =

1
1
ln
2 2

GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

h s xac nh s tn tai vung trt

va ban knh
Khi can nong = 0.4 0.5 va t=0 nn cng thc trn se la
Ptb
l
1 l
=1+
1+ .
2K
2htb
4 htb
Ap lc toan phn P=Ptbl
h h1
a lM 1
1 0
H s tay on : -
l
l
2
l
1
Khi h = .l th : = (1 l )
2
Trong can nong khi = 0.4 0.5 , t = 0 0.28 va = 0.4 0.5 ta
nhn c = 0.5 0.42

* Ap lc ln truc can khi can hnh

Trong can nong xut hin cac lc ma sat phu trn l hnh
lam tng ap lc ln truc can trong thi gian can . Song xac
nh chung chnh xac chung rt kho khn . Cho nn tnh toan
chung ngi ta s dung cac h thng thc nghim phu
thuc vao hnh dang l hnh goi la h s hnh dang :
htb
l
Ptb
= nk ;
nk= a ( + l ) > 1
htb
l
2K
a,b : - h s phu thuc hnh dang l hnh

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htb : - chiu day quy i trung bnh cua kim loai tai vung
bin dang
l : - chiu day tip xuc cua kim loai vi truc can i vi
trng hp l/htb>2
nK = 0,75 + 0,25 l/htb
Cac thng s v kch thc
F
F
h + h1
b + b1
F
F
h0 = 0 , h1 = 1 , N K = 0 1 ; htb = 0
; btb = 0
b0
b1
b0 b1
2
2
Chiu dai tip xuc : l = R.h
Ap xut toan phn cua kim loai vi truc can . theo hnh chiu
ngang

Momen can c xac nh Mc = 2 P.a = 2p. t.l

. t = a/ l - h s tay on
. t = 0,45 - 0,5 - khi can hnh n gian
. t = 0,6- 0,65
//
vung thi
. t = 0,650- 0,750
//
cac loai khac
* Momen va cng sut ng c nh trong khi can kim loai
Cng sut ng c in truyn dn cho truc dn va
momen quay .
Ndc = Nc + Nms Nd = Nt Nd
Mdc = Mc + Mms Mdc = Mt Md
y Nc , Mc, : cng sut can va momen can bin dang kim
loai
Nms , Mms:cng sut va m men lc ma sat xut hin trong
truc (Mms1) va trong cac c cu truyn ng khac (Mms2)
Nd,Md : cng sut va momen ng vt qua cua
cac c cu.

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Hai ai lng u Nc + Nms hoc

Mc + Mmc khng i
trong qua trnh can goi la tai trong tnh cua ng c .
Tai trong cua ng c Nd hoc Md sinh ra trong thi im
phi b m bi cac truc can.
** Momen can cua ng c :

M' =

i : Ty s tuyn hp giam tc i =

Mc
i

dc
n
= dc
tr
ntr

dc , tr - vn tc goc cua ng c va truc can (1/5 )

ndc, ntr : - Tc quay ng c va truc can ( vong , phut )
Cng sut can (bin dang deo ) trn tm truc can ( cng
sut trn tm truc can )
Mntr
N c = M c . tr =
( KW )
975
** Momen ma sat
Khi can trong may can 2 truc th momen ma sat xut hin
trong 4 cua 2 truc th:
M ms1 M ms 2
P
'
'
'
0 r0 = P 0 d 0 M ms
= M ms
+
1 + M ms 2 =
2
i
i
P : -Ap sut toan phn trn truc can
0 : -H s ma sat trong cac truc can
r0 : -Ban knh truc
d0 : - ng knh truc tai ch lp
Khi can trn may can 4 truc th ap lc hu nh t 2 truc
can truyn nn s mt mat do ma sat c tnh trn cac
truc truyn :
M ms1 = 4

M ms1 = P. 0 .d 0 .

Dct
Dtr

Dct : - ng knh truc cng tac

Dtr : - ng knh truc truyn
Gia tr h s ma sat trong cac truc can o :
. ln con
: 0,004
. ma sat t
: 0,003
. tecx tlit
: 0,01
S mt cng do ma sat trong cac c cu truyn ng
c tnh theo h s hu ch cua b truyn bao gm : b
phn lc (1 = 0,920- 0.95) hp giam tc ( = 0,95 - 0,97 ) va

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truc Spin den vi khp ni truc (3 = 0,99 ) nh vy o = 0,850,93

** Momen tnh
M c + M ms1
0 .i
Cng sut ng c theo tai trong tnh :
Ndc = Mt. dc
(KW)
H s hu c ch cua may can goi la ty s momen can
va momen tnh:
M c'
1
t = ' =

M ms1 0
Mt
1+
Mc
'
M t' = M c' + M ms
1 =

Thc t ly t = 0,75 - 0,85

Momen ng
d
M d' = J
= J
(Nm)
dt
J = m.Ri2 :Tng momen quan tnh cua cac kt cu c
truyn t ng c
m,RI : Khi lng,ban knh quan tnh cua mi lin kt
: Gia tc goc cua cac chi tit quay (1/s2)
M d' =
n=

GDi2 dn
.
375 dt

30
.

(KG.m)

(v/ph)

d dn
= .
dt 30 dt
Tng momen tnh va ng trong qua trnh can phai nho
thua momen cc ai cua ng c:
M t' + M d' M dc max = kM dm
Mdm : - Momen nh mc cua ng c
k
: - H s qua tai cho phep cua ng c ( k = 2 - 2,5 )
c.

Cac phng phap can

Qua trnh can la qua trnh bin dang deo lin tuc kim loai
gia cac truc can quay tron nhn c san phm co hnh
dang , kch thc va cht lng nht nh .
Cn c vao hnh dang , chuyn ng , cach b tr truc
can va chuyn ng cua phi kim loai ma qua trnh can co th
phn ra 3 loai khac nhau .

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* can doc
Phi i gia hai truc quay ngc chiu , nh vy hnh
dang va kch thc san phm nhn c a c nh sn
cac truc can
1

1. Truc
can
trn
2. Phi can
3. Truc
can
di

3
S can doc

* Can ngang
Hai truc quay cung hng , phi can vao gia may can nh
mt dung cu ga c bit . Qua trnh bin dang kim loai xay
ra theo chiu truc cua phi nm song song vi truc can . Phi can
ngang la vt tron xoay , san phm cung tron xoay .
1
2
3

2.1.3. Ly thuyt qua trnh un

a. Khai nim
Un la phng phap gia cng kim loai bng ap lc nhm
tao cho phi hc mt phn cua phi co dang cong hay gp

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khuc , phi co th la tm , dai , thanh nh hnh va c un

trang thai nong hoc ngui . Trong qua trnh un phi b bin
dang deo tng vung tao thanh hnh dang cn thit .
Un kim loai tm c thc hin do bin dang deo
an hi xay ra khac nhau . hai mt cua phi un
b. Qua trnh un
Un la mt trong nhng nguyn cng thng gp nht
trong lp ngui . Qua trnh un bao gm bin dang an hi va
bin dang deo . Un lam thay i hng th kim loai , lam
cong phi va thu nho dn kch thc .
Trong qua trnh un , kim loai pha trong goc un b nn
va co ngn hng doc , b keo hng ngang . Cac lp kim
loai pha ngoai chu keo va gan dai hng doc ,b nen
hng ngang . Gia cac lp co ngn va gian dai la lp trung
hoa .
Khi un nhng dai hep xay ra hin tng giam chiu day
, ch un sai lch hnh dang tit din ngang , lp trung hoa b
lch v pha ban knh nho .
Khi un tm dai rng cung xay ra hin tng bin mong
vt liu nhng khng co sai lch tit din ngang . V tr khang
cua vt liu co chiu rng ln se chng lai s bin dang
theo hng ngang.
Trong trng hp un phi rng th bin dang cua no co
th c xem nh bin dang trt.
Khi un phi vi ban kch goc lng nho th mc bin
dang deo ln va ngc lai.

Lp trung hoa
l

A)

l1

Trc khi un
l2
R

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* Xac nh chiu dai phi un

- Xac nh v tr lp trung hoa , chiu dai lp trung hoa
vung bin dang .
- Chia kt cu cua chi tit , san phm thanh nhng oan
thng va oan cong n gian .
-cng chiu dai cac oan lai : Chiu ca oan thng theo
ban ve chi tit , con phn cong c tnh theo chiu dai lp
trung hoa .
Chiu dai phi c xac nhk theo cng thc :
L = l +

. 0
( r + x.s )
180

Trong o :
- 0= 180 -
- l : Tng chiu dai ca oan thng
. 0
-
chiu dai cac lp trung hoa
(r + x.s )
180 0
- r : Ban knh un cong pha trong .
- x : H s phu thuc vao ty s r/s.
- s : Chiu day vt un .
0
Khi un mt goc < 900 th L = l = 0 .0,5s
90

* Ban knh un nho nht va ln nht

rtrong nu qua nho se lam t vt liu tit din un ,
nu qua ln vt un se khng co kha nng gi c hnh dang
sau khi a ra khoi khun ( r trong >= rmin ) .

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- ban knh un ln nht : rmax =

.s
2. T

rngoai >= r trong + s

E = 2,15.105 N/mm2 : modun an hi cua vt liu
S: Chiu day vt un
T : gii han chay cua vt liu.
Ban knh un nho nht :
1 s
rmin = 1

2
- : gian dai tng i cua vt liu ( %).
Theo thc nghim co : r min = k.s
k : H s phu thuc vao goc un .
c. Cng thc tnh lc un
Lc un bao gm lc un t do va lc un phng
vt liu . Tr s lc va lc phng thng ln hn nhiu so
vi lc t do .
-Lc un t do c xac nh theo cng thc
B .s 2 . b .n
(N)
P= 1
= B1 .s. b .k1
l
s.n
k1 =
: h s un t do co th tnh theo cng thc trn
l
hoc chon theo bang phu thuc vao t s l/s
B1 : Chiu rng cua dai tm
S : Chiu day vt un .
N : H s c trng cua anh hng cua bin cng : n =
1,6 - 1,8
b : gii han bn cua vt liu .
l : Khoang cach gia cac im ta.
- Lc un goc tinh chnh tnh theo cng thc .
P = q.F
(N)
- q : Ap lc tinh chnh ( la phng ) chon theo bang .
- F : Din tch phi c tinh chnh.
Tom lai : trong qua trnh un khng phai toan b phn kim
loai phn un u chu bin dang deo ma co mt phn
con dang an hi. V vy khng con lc tac dung th vt
un khng hoan toan nh hnh dang cn un.
2.2. QUA TRNH TAO SONG TN
Qua trnh can tn la qua trnh can hnh c bit .No khng
lam thay i day cua tn tai moi v tr . Tn phng sau khi
qua dy chuyn can no co bin dang nhuu yu cu . c bit
trong qua trnh can tn lp sn ma bao v phai c gi
nguyn hoan toan khng b pha huy tai mt v tr nao. Vi c

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im cua can tn nh vy ta co th xem qua trnh can tn nh

la qua trnh un lin tuc tao ra hin dang yu cu . Vic tao
thanh mt song tn no cung phai qua nhiu ln can . T 4 n
5 ln sao cho am bao dc bin dang va bin dang trong can
tn , song tn c nh hnh gia hai con ln can , trong o . Mt
con ln ong vai tro la ci va mt con ln ong vai tro la chay .
Gia chay va ci co chuyn ng quay va phi co chuyn ng
tin . su cua song tn sau mt ln can phu thuc vao
su cua chay .

2.3. S B V DY CHUYN CAN TN TAO SONG

2.3.1. Dy chuyn can
a. Tng quan v dy chuyn can
Dy chuyn can la h thng cac thit b thc hin
nguyn cng chnh la lam bin dang deo kim loai bng ap lc
nhn c san phm can co hnh dang , kch thc yu
cu .
Dy chuyn can gm cac b phn chnh sau :
* Ngun ng lc (ng c , M t )
Ngun ng lc hay con goi la ngun nng lng
lam bin dang deo kim loai c truyn n truc can t cac
ng c in . Thng dung ng c chuyn dung co thi gio
lam mat . dy chuyn can co tc can khng i ( Dy
chuyn can lin tuc ) thng dung ng c ng b ( i khi
dung nh c khng ng b vi banh a ) . day chuyn can
co iu chnh tc dung ng c mt chiu . Ngun mt
chiu c cp t b chnh lu ring .

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*B phn truyn ng
Bao gm : Hp giam tc , khp ni , truc va hp banh
rng tr lc
- Hp giam tc la b phn giam tc truc quay khi truyn
ng t hp c n n truc can .
- Truc Spindet : Dung truyn chuyn ng quay t b banh
rn ch V n truc can , s dung ph bin la truc Spindet
van nng .
- Hp banh rng truyn lc : la b phn chuyn ng t hop
giam tc qua cac banh rng ch V phn phi cho cac truc
can .
* Gia can
Gia can la b phn chu yu cua dy chuyn can . Bao
gm thn gia can , truc can , a truc , b phn iu chnh
lng ep , hthng dn phi , lt phi can va cac thit b
phu khac t trn thn gia can .
4
1

3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

5
6
ng c in
Hp giam tc
Hp chia momen
Truc ni
Khp ni
Gia can

b. Phn loai dy chuyn can

Co nhiu cach phn loai dy chuyn can .
* Phn loai theo tn goi
- Dy chuyn can pha : Gm may can pha phi thoi va phi
tm
- Dy chuyn can phi trung gian : Thng t sau dy
chuyn can pha , dy chuyn nay co nhim vu cung cp phi
cho may can hnh .
- Dy chuyn can ra thanh phm : Gm cac loai may sau .
.May can hnh c ln
. May can tm la
. May can hnh c trung bnh
. May can ng
. May can hnh c nho
. May can hnh c
bit

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. May can day

* Phn loai theo cach b tr gia can : Co cac loai
. May can mt gia can : Loai nay chu yu la may can pha
. May can b tr theo hang : Cac gia can ng thanh mt
hay nhiu hang ngang .
. May can b tr theo hnh ch z
. May can lin tuc : Phi hp hai loai may can lin tuc va
theo hang trong mt dy chuyn cng ngh .
* Phn loai theo s lng gia can
May can co mt gia can ( May can pha )
. May can co nhiu gia can ( May can la tm )
* Phn loai theo s lng truc can
Bao gm : May can hai truc , ba truc , may can nhiu
truc , may can hanh tinh , may can truc nghing .,..
* Phn loai theo ch lam vic
. May can quay thun nghch co iu chnh
. May can khng quay thun nghch co iu chnh
. May can khng quay thun nghch khng iu chnh .
2.3.2. Dy chuyn can tn va nhu cu s dung
a. Dy chuyn can tn
Dy chuyn can tn la thit b gia cong ap lc dung bin
dang deo bin dai kim loai phng thanh san phm tm co
hnh song , tit din ngang cua cac san phm can co hnh dang
khac nhau , nhng co c im chung phai la day san phm
moi im khng khac nhau my .
Trn mt dy chuyn can tn co nhiu cp truc can nm
lin tip nhau . San phm c hnh thanh t tm hoc dai
ln lt i qua nhiu cp truc , ma mi nhiu cp truc
vt can c tao hnh dn dn tin n hnh dang , tit
din cua san phm cui cung .
Qua trnh can tn c thc hin lin tuc trn nhiu gia
can ng lin tip nhau trong cung mt hang doc . Nh lc ma
sat gia cac con ln quay va tm kim loai ma phi can chuyn
ng tnh tin n lin vao gia can ng sau . Ma gia cac gia
can o khng say ra hin tng chun hot t kim loai can .
am bao qua trnh can din ra lin tuc th th tch kim loai
i qua cac gia can cung mt luc trong mt n v thi gian phai
bng nhau .
So vi dp , un th vic can tn trn may can lin tuc co
nhng u im sau hn nh :

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. Nng sut can cao

. Cht lng san phm tt , t b khuyt tai
. D c kh hoa va t ng hoa trong qua trnh san xut
Nhc im :
. Vn u t ban u ln
. Nhiu thit b phu
. Chim nhiu din tch nha xng
b. Nhu cu s dung dy chuyn can tn song
Do nhu cu s dung tn ngay cang tng va giam gia
thanh san phm . Chu ng trong vic ap ng nhu cu cua
ngi s dung v mau sc , vt liu , day va chiu dai
cua tn . oi hoi cac nha san xut , kinh doanh hun ban tn phai
tm ra giai phap ti u ap ng c yu cu o va hin nay
cac phn xng can tn cung c xy dng mt cach c ban .
Cung vi s phat trin cua nn kinh t noi chung va nhu
cu tm lp tn noi ring . Hin nay trn a ban thanh ph a
Nng a co mt s phn xng can tn cua cac cng ty va t
nhn hoat ng san xut nh : Danatn , Vinatn , Cac phn
xng can tn t nhn ng in Bin Phu , Thng Li , 357.
Cac phn xng nay chu yu s dung cac dy chuyn can tn
co mt hoc hai tng can . Chuyn can tn song vung , song
tron , song ngoi do ai Loan hay TPHCM san xut .
Tai thanh ph a Nng , cng ty in chiu sang thanh
ph cung nh nha may c kh t a Nng a nguyn cu , ch
tao dy chuyn can tn cung cp cho th trng va san xut tn
.
Nc ta cha san xut c cac loai vt liu lam tn ,
nn cac phn xng can tn trn chu yu s dung dung phi
liu nhp t cac nc Nht , Uc , ai Loan , Han Quc ... phi
liu la nhng tm kim loai phng co chiu rng t 0,92m
n 1,22m . c sn hay ma sn va c qun thanh cun
khoan 5 tn .
Vi nhu cu thc t hin nay . Cung vi s hng dn
cua thy Trn Xun Tuy, vic hng n tai thit k dy
chuyn can tn song la vn e cn thit v thc t .

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CHNG III

SO SANH , CHON PHNG AN THIT K MAY & NGUYN

LY
Can tn la qua trnh lam bin dang kim loai (un hnh )
mt cach lin tuc gia cac cp truc can ng yn lin tip
nhau . T o san phm c hnh thanh t nhng tm phng
c trai ra t cun tn . c can lin tip qua nhiu truc
can . Ma mt truc can c tao sn bin dang nn tao
song dn dn , tin n hnh dang va tit din yu cu .
thit lp s ng cua may , ta da vao canh b
tr nhng con ln hnh song tn , s lng cac cp truc can ,
h thng truyn ng .
3.1.

THIT LP BIN DANG SONG TRON

3.1.1. Xac nh s song va kch thc song

Cac dang song tn ngoi thng gp nh sau :

Vic la chon s song tn phu thuc vao nhiu yu t

chiu rng phi tm , hnh dang kch thc song tn , chiu
rng tn sau khi can va nhu cu s dung cua moi ngi . Hin
nay cac loai tm ang c s dung can tn co chiu
rng : 1200mm , 1070mm , 1000mm 940mm . Chiu day thng
t 0,25 n 0,5mm . Vi song ngoi nhu cu s dung khng nh
song vung . Va ph bin nht s dung loai 5 song vi chiu
rng tn khi can xong 830mm va chiu rng khi cha tao song
cua no la .
Cac dang song tn trn c s dung ph bin nh nhau
. Mun tao thanh hnh song ngoi , th trc tin qua lin tuc cac

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l can tao nn song doc sau o dung u dp tao bc ngoi ,

cac bc co o cao thng ln hn 10mm . Cac bc ngoi co th
iu chnh c,theo yu cu thm my .Sau tao bin dang
song doc th u dp thc hin hanh trnh dp theo yu cu
kch thc bc ngoi

3.1.2. C s tnh toan thit k bin dang song tn

Cn tm ra qui lut va tun t tnh toan thch hp cho toan
b cac bin dang.Bt u t vic xac nh cac thng s cua
bin dang song tn.Tin hanh phn tch hai bin dang sau
+Bin dang song nh cao

Sau cac ln can ta c chiu cao a1 theo yu cu, ban knh

cong R khng i , va tng ng vi chiu dai l1 (dy cung l1)
T hnh ve, xet quan h gia cac thng s ta thy nh sau:
( L1/2)2= R2 - ( R - a1 )2
l12 = 4( R2 - ( R2 - (R -a1 )2

l1 = 2 a1 2 R a 1

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i vi bin dang song nay . Khi can no thc hin keo ,

un ca hai pha . tranh hin tng tn v tr un b ep
mong ta chon 4 ln can , tao s ng u trong cac ln
can ta cho v tr s a1 tng ng 4mm , 9mm , 14mm , va 18mm
la u chiu cao theo yu cu . Ta co bang sau :
A
L1

4
30

9
42.8

14
50.75

18
55.5

y la song tn gia , sau o b tr cac l can cho cac song

nh cao nay hai bn , vic xac nh cac kch thc bin dang
cho cac song loai nay ch keo tn v 1 pha va cung 4 ln can
nh trn .
+ Bin dang song thp xung :

Tng t t hnh ve ta co quan h gia l1 va a1 nh sau :

L2 = 2 2 R a 2
Ta cung chon 4 ln can tao thanh bin dang theo yu
cu va chon cac tr s a2 la 5mm, 10mm ,15mm ,20mm ta co
bang sau :
a2
l2

5
67.9

10
95

15
115

20
132

y la song hai bn cua song gia a xet trn khi can

song nay . Tn keo v mt pha . Tng t xac nh cac song
loai nay con lai cung giong nhau va cung 4 ln can nh trn .

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3.2 . XAC NH KCH THC CON LN CAN

Mun xac nh kch thc cua con ln can ta phai la
chon ng knh danh ngha cua cac con ln thng qua vn tc
cua san phm khi i qua dy chuyn . Chon vn tc san phm
la V = 0,3m/s
Cac con ln trn truc can co ng knh khng ging nhau
va no theo bin dang can nn co th ng knh nho va ln . Do
vy khi san phm can i qua hai truc can se co phn vn tc
cua tn khac i vn tc dai cua con ln can . Do o se xut hin
hin tng trt tng i gia tn va con ln can .

T hnh ve ta thy bin dang ta thy bin dang tn c

un theo hnh co sn trn can ln . Nh ma sat gia tn va cac
con ln , nn khi con ln truc dn ng quay , tn c chuyn
ng tnh tin ng thi cung dn ng lam quay truc trn .
Khi thit k h thng con ln cua cp truc can . Chu y
am bao cho no co vn tc dai bng nhau tai mt s v tr va
khng cho chung lam gian (co ) tn theo chiu doc , tranh b vom .
Vn tc tai o se la vn tc tn thit k may . Ta chon
v tr nay lam vn tc trung bnh cua con ln .
May can tn la may hnh loai nhe , can tm dai chiu day
< 1mm nn t chon ng knh dnh ngha cua cac con ln D =
150mm , d= 150mm . Tnh toan cho chiu day tn can la 0,5mm .
tn ra khoi hai truc can phng th s vong quay cua hai truc
phai khac nhau.
Chon ng knh truc con ln la =70mm

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ng knh c truc lp la

= 50mm

3.2.1.
Xac nh kch thc con ln can song tn u
tin nh cao
Chon chiu rng cua con ln trn B1 =120mm
Chon chiu rng cua con ln di B2=140mm
ng knh danh ngha : D=150mm , d=150mm.
Cac kch thc :
D1=D - 2a1 (mm)
d1 = d + 2a1 (mm)
- Ln can u tin :
a1= 5.
D1 = 150 - 2.5 = 140 (mm)
d1= 150 + 2.5 = 160 (mm )
- Ln can th hai :
a1= 9.
D1 = 150 - 2.14 = 122 (mm)
d1= 150 + 2.9 = 168 (mm )
a1 = 9 - 5 = 4 (mm)
- Ln can th ba :
a1= 18.
D1 = 150 - 2.18 = 114 (mm)
d1= 150 + 2.18= 186 (mm )
a1 =18 - 14 = 4 (mm)
co cac bc song tip theo , ta tao ra con ln can co
hnh dang tng t nhng v hai pha . thun li cho vic
ch tao cung nh lp rap . Ta lam cac con ln thanh tng phn
ring le nhau mi phn ung bng khoan song tip theo . Sau
o lp ghep lai vi nhau thanh thanh mt l can hoan chnh
thng qua truc chung = 70mm va lp gi bng then tng cum
ring .
3.2.2. Xac nh kch thc cua con ln th 2 bin dang
thp xung
Chon chiu rng cua con ln trn B3 = 150mm
Chon chiu rng cua con ln di B4 = 170mm

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Cac kch thc : D1 =D - 2a2

d1 = D + 2a2
- Ln can u tin :
a2= 5.
D1 = 150 + 2x5 = 160 (mm)
d1 = 150 - 2x5 = 140 (mm )
- Ln can th hai :
a2= 10.
D1 = 150 + 2x10 = 170 (mm)
d1 = 150 - 2x10 = 130 (mm )
a2 = 10 - 5 = 5 (mm)
- Ln can th ba :
a2= 15.
D1 = 150 +2x15 = 180 (mm)
d1 = 150 + 2x15 = 120 (mm )
a2 =15 - 10 = 5 (mm)
- Ln can th t
a2=20.
D1=150 + 2x20 = 190 (mm)
d1=150 - 2x20 = 110 (mm)
a2= 20-15 = 5 mm
Tng t nh loai song bin dang trn . Ta cung ch tao
thanh tng phn sau o lp vao bng then .
c.
Xac nh kch thc con ln can cua cac song
tip theo
Tng t nh hai loai song trn . Cac loai song sau nay
cung kch thc tng t theo mi loai va c b tr v hai
pha i xng nhau .

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3.3. CAC PHNG AN THIT K MAY, PHN TCH CHON

PHNG AN
Co nhiu phng an thit k may khac nhau . Nhng tuy
thuc vao cach truyn ng , s phn b bin dang trn truc
can . Khi can song tn gn song nay , h con ln can cua cac
song gn nhau phai lin tuc . n gian ta ch biu din cac
con ln cua cac song c ban con cac song trung gian va con ln
trung gian th ngm hiu .
3.3.1. Cac phng an b tr con ln tao song trn
truc
*Phng an 1
S cp truc can cho 1 song
cp song
3

2
3

4
1
3

4
4
4
1

th t cho cac

2
3

2 2

4
1
1
1

4
4

4
5
1
1
2 2
3
3
4
4 tt5 ca 24 cp truc , b tr cac con ln
Phng an nay co
khng i xng .
* Phng an 2
Phng an nay co 21 cp truc can
2
3

4
2
3

2
3

1
2

4
4

1
1

1
1

1
5

3
4
4
4
4

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* Phng an 3 :
Phn b xng qua song tn gia . Phng an nay co
n20 cp truc can
4

3
2
3

2
2
3
4

4
4

1
3

2
4

3
2

1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
Trong 3 phng an trn . Trong qua trnh thit k dy
chuyn can tn song nay ta ch c chon 1 phng an . Qua
qua trnh tm hiu va nguyn cu nhiu ni , thm vao o la s
tin li , thch hp cua phng an . Nn chon phng an 3 . Vi
s lng cp truc can t nn han ch c chiu dai cua
may . Lc tac ng ln hai u , san phm khng b co rut
t hai pha .
Vy chon phng an 3 la phng an b tr cac con ln can
song doc .
3.3.2. Chon phng an truyn ng chnh cho dy
chuyn can
Co hai phng an truyn ng ch dy chuyn .
- Phng an truyn ng bng du ep
- phng an truyn ng bng c kh .

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* Truyn ng bng du ep
6

1. ng c

2. Bm du

3. ng c du
4. Van iu chnh
5. Hp phn lc
6. H truc con ln

Nhng u nhc im cua phng an truyn ng bng

thuy lc
+ u im :
- Co kha nng thc hin chuyn ng v cp cho chuyn
ng chnh , cung nh cac chuyn ng phu am bao cho
s vong quay cho c cu chp hanh .
- Kch thc gon nhe , trong lng va momen quan tnh
nho .
- D ao chiu . Chng qua tai .
- Mc an toan cao .
- D dang trong vic iu khin t ng .
- Tin li cho vic b tr cac c cu phu .
5
- Tranh n ao .
+ Nhc im :
- Cu tao cua b phn thuy lc phc tap , oi hoi
chnh xac nn kho ch4tao .
- gia thanh cao .
- phu thuc vao cht lng cua du .
* Truyn ng 3bng c kh
1
2

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1. ng c in
4. Hp phn lc
2. Khp ni
5.H truc con ln
3.Hp giam tc
Nhng u nhc cua phng an nay :
+ Nhc im :
- Kho khn trong vic iu khin t ng , ao chiu
chuyn ng , chng qua tai .
- Mc an toan thp .
- iu kin bi trn .
- B truyn gy n ao khi lam vic .
- Kch thc trong lng ln va cng knh .
* Hp phn lc :
Co nhiu cach truyn lc cho truc can . Nhng c ban ta
co hai phng phap chnh sau :
+ Truyn ng truc vt , banh vt
c im
-Co th thay th hng chuyn ng
-Co kha nng t ham
-khun kh , kch thc nho
-Truyn ng m , khng ting n
-Ty s truyn ln
-Hiu sut thp , s dung vt liu t tin

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+ Truyn ng bng xch :

c im :
- Kch thc nho gon .
- Ch tao va lp rap phc tap , thng xuyn phai bi
trn , khng co kha nng t ham .
- Dung truyn ng cho cac truc vi ty s truyn khng
i trong may can tn .
Vy : Vi ca phng an trn y , t cac u nhc im
cua no . Da vao nhim vu thit k va mc ngay cang
t ng hoa nh hin nay , at c hiu qua kinh t
cao va iu khin d dang . Ta chon phng an truyn ng
bng thuy lc . Yu cu t ra khi thit k la tao nn song
ngoi , nn cn phai co chnh xac cao tn khi lp khng b
cong , vnh, vom. Do o cn chnh xac trong truyn ng va
tnh t ham cua b truyn . Nn chon phng an cho hp
phn lc va banh vt , truc vt .
3.3.3. Chon phng an truyn ng cho h thng
u dp tao song ngang
u dp tao song ngang cn lc dp tng i va sao
cho tn qua can tao song doc bin dang t t khng tao ng
sut lam mong tn tai ni dp . Co cac phng an truyn ng
tao lc dp sau :

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+ Phng an tao lc dp bng vt me - banh rng con :

- S nguyn ly :

Nguyn ly hoat ng :

-ng c (1) thng qua truyn ai (2) .Cp banh rng non (5),
(6) lam truc vt quay dn ng u dp (8) thc hin hnh
thanh dp hanh trnh lui (i len ) cua u dp thc hin khi
ng c ao chiu .
+ Nhng u nhc im :
u im :
- Tc cao .
- n gian , d ch tao , bao quan va sa cha .
- tnh t ham cao .
Nhc m :
- Lc ep nho .
- Kho iu khin t ng .
- Thi gian thao tac lu .
+ Phng an tao lc dp bng Piston-xilanh (thuy lc)
* S nguyn ly :

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+ Nguyn ly hoat ng : Hanh trnh dp c thc hin

kui du ep qua h van (6) vao bung trn cua xi lanh (2) . y Pits
ton (1) mang u dp (4) thc hin qua trnh dp .
Khi thc hin xong hanh trnh dp , van (6) th hin i
chiu ng du vao , a du vao bung di xi lanh (2) va
y pits ton (1) i ln .
Nhng u nhc im cua phng an nay .
+ u im :
- Tac ng nhanh , co tnh dan hi .
- iu chnh lc ep d dang bng cach thay i
du .
- D t ng hoa .
- Tao lc dp ln va n dnh .
+ Nhc im :
- Ga thanh cao .
- Cn b phntao ap lc .
- Cac b phn chi tit oi hoi ch tao chnh xac .
+ Phng an tao lc dp bng thanh rng banh rng :

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Nguyn ly lam vic : Banh rng (2) quay . Dn ng thanh

rng (1) chuyn ng tnh tin mang u dp i ln hoc
xung va tao lc dp.
Nhng u nhc im :
+ u im :
- Tnh t ham cao .
- d ch tao , vn hanh .
+ Nhc im :
- Nng xut thp .
- Tao lc ep nho .
- Kho t ng hoa .
- Thi gian thao tac ln .
* Kt lun :Vi kha nng ngay cang t ng hoa trong
nghnh c kh qua phn tch cac phng an trn y . Ta thy
phng tao lc dp bng h thng Pits ton xi lanh la thch
hp hn vi kha nng iu khin t ng cao . Vy chon
phng an tao lc bng pits ton xi lanh thuy lc.
d. Chon phng an truyn ng cho dao ct
day cua tn song lun nho hn 1mm .Chiu ngang tn
cn ct ln hn 830mm . Do vy hanh trnh cua dao khng ln
lm , chon dao ct co li nm ngang , li trn nghing vi
li dao di mt goc 2 n 6 luc o lc ct giam i ang
k so vi hai li song song nhau . Tn mong nn khng s b cong
vnh .
Cung ging nh u dp , qua trnh lam vic cua dao
cung co hanh trnh nh vy nhng vi chu ky ct thp hn so
vi u dp . Do vy thun li cho vic iu khin t
ng , b tr kt cu va tn dung nhng u im cua cac
phng an trn , ta cung chon h thng pits ton xi lanh cho dao
ct .
e. Nguyn ly chung v dy chuyn thit k
Truc can tao
song doc

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Dp
tao
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Tn
Phng

Ct

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CHNG IV

THIT K NG HOC TRONG H THNG

4.1. TNH NNG KY THUT CUA DY CHUYN
co c bin dang song tn th truc can mang cac con
ln can cua cac dy chuyn can phai co bin dang nh song t .
Khi truc can quay tao song th vn tc dai cua cac v tr trn
con ln can se khac nhau . V ng knh tai cac v tr o khac
nhau . tn ra khoi dy chuyn can co vn tc nh a chon
( V= 0,3 m/s ) . Th v c ban vn tc im tai mt v tr quan
trong chu ap lc ln phai bng vn tc o . Con cac v tr
con lai se xut hin , hin tng trc tng i gia tn
va con ln can.
Ch truyn cng xut cho mt truc trong mt cp truc
can cua dy chuyn . Con truc can kia se t do nh ap lc cua
tn tac dung ln sinh ra ma sat no tao m men quay .
Dy chuyn can la loai can hnh loai nhe , e n gian ta
truyen cng xut cho 10 cp ( Dy chuyn co 20 cp truc ) . Do
vy cng sut chung cua toan b dy chuyn dc tnh quy v
cng sut cua 10 b truyn banh vt , truc vt .
Bin dang song tn c tao nh vao 2 con ln can . Vic
thit k ch tao cac con ln can chia lam 8 loai cho 2 bin dang
va co su theo s ln can tao song .
thun li ta chon cac truc di la truc dn do vy
cac truc di co cung s vong quay . Do o thun li cho vic
chon ty s truyn va thit k cac b truyn truc vt - banh
vt . Cac con ln can c lp then trn cac truc ( Ch tao truc
va con ln ring ).
thun li cho vic tnh toan thit k , ta chon ng
knh danh ngha cho cac con ln la D=d=150 (mm).
S vong quay cua cac truc can c tnh :
1000.60
1000 .60.0,3
.V =
n=
=38,2 ( vong/phut )
.d
3,14.150
.n 3,14.38,2
=
=
= 4 ( 1/s )
30
30
Chon ty s truyn cua cac b truyn banh vt - truc vt
la i=20.
S vong quay truc vt : ntv = i.n = 20. 38,2 = 764 (Vong /
phut )

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4.2. THIT K NG HOC

4.2.1. Tnh ap lc can
Xem qua trnh can nh mt qua trnh un kim loai gia hai
truc can . Luc nay lc tac dung ln truc can chnh la lc un
va c xac nh theo cng thc tng quat sau :
B.S 2 b .n
P =
l
Trong o : B - Chiu rng vt un
S - Chiu day cua phi tm , trong dy chuyn can tn
nay . Chiu day nht cua tn la 0,5mm , chon S= 0,5mm
b - Gii han bn cua vt liu lam phi tm .
b<= 400(N /mm2)
n - H s c trng anh hng cua bin dang
cng n=1,8.
l - khoang cach gia cac im ta .
O
Chiu rng vt un B c tnh nh sau :
R. .
B =
180 0
R

= 2ac sin

l
= 2 arcsin
2
2R

+ i trng hp bin dang song nh cao ta co R=30

Ln
l
B(mm)
P(N)
a

can
1.
4
60
30
31,4
188,4
2.
5
91
42,8
47,6
200
3.
5
115,5
50,75
60,47
214
4.
4
135,3
55,5
70,84
229
+ i vi trng hp tao bin dang song song thp xung
Ln
l
B(mm)
P(N)
a

can
1.
5
33,4
67,9
68,75
182
2.
5
47,4
95
97,5
184
3.
5
58,32
115
120,04 187
4.
5
68,01
132
140
191
Lc can un khng ln lm , nn xac nh momen va cng
sut quay truc . Cn phai tnh n trong lng va con ln can .
Theo cng thc Q = mg ( N )
m : Trong lng truc can va cac con ln lp trn
truc .

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Ap lc kim loai tac dung ln truc nho nn chon s b cac

kch thc cua truc :

l1

l2

l3

D = 70mm
l1 = 30mm , l2 = 1300mm , l3 = 160mm
Ap lc can un cua kim loai tac dung ln truc
P1 = p ( N )
Vi p :lc un tng phn song tn .
Ap lc tac dung ln c truc can : R ( N )
Truc can trn R = Q ( N ) (khng tnh n ap lc kim
loai ).
Truc can di R = Q + p1 ( N )
Ta t ky hiu t I , II , ... XX cho truc dn ( Truc di )
va
cho truc trn . Trong qua trnh can gia hai truc th
ch co mt truc tao lc can un song tn . Momen cn
quay truc c tnh .
M = Mms + Ml + Mc (Nmm)
Trong o :
+Mms : momen ma sat sinh ra tai c truc
d
Mms = R. f1.
2
R : lc tac dung len c truc .
f : h s ma sat cua truc
chon f1 = 0,1.
d : ng knh truc can d = 50mm .
+ Ml : momen ma sat ln gia tn va con ln
D
Ml= P1.f.
2
P1 : Ap lc kim loai tac dung ln truc
f : h s ma sat . chon f = 0,5
D : ng knh con ln .
+Mc : momen can lam bin dang kim loai .
Mc = P1. t . L
P1: Ap lc kim loai tac dung ln truc .
t: h s tay on khi can hnh n gian .
t= ( 0,45 - 0,5 ) chon t = 0,5 .
L: chiu dai tip xuc cua kim loai vi con ln.
L=

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cos =

Tru
c

Q
(N)

P1
(N)

Ra
180 0

L
(mm)

Mms
(N/mm)

Ml
(N/mm)

415

188,4

28,4

1508,75

7065

400

188,4

26,6

1000

7065

II
II
III

400
400
415

200
200
214

26
23,08
29,95

1500
1000
1572,5

7500
7500
8025

III

400

214

24,85

1000

8025

IV

400

229

27,36

1572,5

8587

IV

400

229

21,47

1000

8587

V
V
VI

415
400
400

364
364
368

26,6
28,4
25,64

1947,5
1000
1950

13650
13650
13800

VI

400

368

29,28

1000

13800

VII

415

374

24,65

1972,5

14025

VII
VIII
VIII
IX

400
400
400
415

374
380
380
376,8

30,1
23,6
30,9
28,4

1000
1950
1000
1979,5

14025
14250
14250
14130

IX

400

376,8

26,6

1000

14130

X
X
XI
XI
XII

400
400
415
400
400

400
400
428
428
458

26
23,08
29,95
24,85
27,36

2000
1000
2107,5
1000
2145

15000
15000
16050
16050
17175

XII

400

458

21,47

1000

17175

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Mc
(N/mm
)
2675,2
8
2505,7
2
2600
2308
3204,6
5
2658,9
5
3132,7
2
2858,3
1
4841,2
5168,8
4717,7
5387,5
2
4609,5
5
5826,7
4484
5871
5350,5
6
5011,4
4
5200
4616
6409,3
5318
6265,4
4
4916,6
3

M
(N/mm)
11249,0
3
10570,7
2
11600
10808
12802,1
5
11683,9
13292,2
12085,3
1
20438,7
19818,8
20437,7
6
20187,5
2
20607,0
5
20653,7
20684
21121
21460,0
6
20141,4
4
22200
20616
24566,3
22368
25585,4
23091,6

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Tru
c

Q
(N)

P1
(N)

GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

L
(mm)

Mms
(N/mm)

Ml
(N/mm)

XIII
XIII
XIV

415
400
400

364
364
368

26,6
28,4
25,64

1947,5
1000
1920

13650
13650
13800

XIV

400

368

29,28

1000

13800

XV

415

374

24,65

1972,5

14025

XV
XVI
XVI
XVII

400
400
400
415

374
380
380
376,8

30,1
23,6
30,9
28,4

1000
1950
1000
1979,5

14025
14250
14250
14130

XVII

400

376,8

26,6

1000

14130

XVIII
XVIII
XIX
XIX
XX

400
400
415
400
400

400
400
428
428
458

26
23,08
29,95
24,85
27,36

2000
1000
2107,5
1000
2145

15000
15000
16050
16050
17175

400

458

21,47

1000

17175

XX

Mc
(N/mm
)
4841,2
5168,8
4717,7
6
5387,5
2
4609,5
5
5028,7
4484
5871
5350,5
6
5011,4
4
5200
4616
6409,3
5317,9
6265,4
4
4916,6
3

M
(N/mm)
20438,7
19818,8
20437,7
6
20187,5
2
20607,0
5
20653,7
20684
21121
21460
20141,4
4
22200
20616
24566,8
22367,9
25585,4
4
23091,6
3

4.2.2. Tnh cng sut ng c

Nhm tng hiu sut truyn ng , giam cng sut tiu
hao qua cac b truyn va tranh tp trung cng sut ln trn mt
truc . Ta tin hanh tnh toan cng sut trn cac truc . Tin hanh
b tr b truyn truc vt - banh vt trn cac truc .
Cng sut cua cac truc c tnh theo cng thc sau :
N = M.
M- momen cn thit quay truc ( Nm)
- Vn tc goc cua truc ( 1/s )
N tr
Cng sut cn thit : N =

: Hiu sut b truyn truc vt - banh vt .

Tnh toan cng sut cho tng truc ta c :

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Th
s
Truc
I
I
II
II
III
III
IV
IV
V
V
VI
VI
VII
VII
VIII
VIII
IX
IX
X
X
XI
XI
XII
XII
XIII
XIII
XIV
XIV
XV
XV
XVI
XVI
XVII
XVII
XVIII
XVIII
XIX
XIX
XX
XX

GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

M(N.mm)
11249,03
10570,72
11600
10808
12802,15
11683,9
13292,2
12045,31
20438,7
19818,8
20437,76
20187,52
20607,05
20653,7
20684
21121
21460,06
20141,44
22200
20616
24566,3
22368
25585,4
23091,6
20438,7
19818,8
20437,76
20187,52
20607,05
20653,7
20684
21121
21460
20141,44
22200
20616
24566,8
22367,9
25585,44
23091,63

Trang 44

(1/s )
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

N (kw )
0,045
0,0423
0,0464
0,0432
0,0512
0,0467
0,0532
0,0482
0,0818
0,0793
0,0818
0,0808
0,0824
0,0826
0,083
0,0844
0,0858
0,0805
0,0888
0,0824
0,0982
0,0894
0,1023
0,0923
0,08175
0,08
0,08175
0,08075
0,08243
0,0826
0,0827
0,0844
0,0858
0,0805
0,0888
0,0824
0,0982
0,0895
0,1023
0,0923

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GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

Tng cng sut trn cac truc .

N= Ntr = 3,068 (kw)
Cng sut cn thit ct .
N 3,068
=
ct =
= 3,835( kw)

0,8
: Hiu sut b truyn truc vt, banh vt .
Cn chon cng sut cua ng c du ln hn cng sut
cn thit (ct ) .
Cng sut thc t cua ng c du se c tnh chon
trong phn tnh toan h thng thuy lc .
y khi tnh toan ta ly cng sut ng c bng cng
sut cn thit dn ng may can lam vic .
4.2.3. Tnh lc dp cho h thng u dp
Sau khi tao song doc thng qua cac l can song tao
song ngoi . Th phai tin hanh dp theo mt kch thc yu cu
. Vy qua trnh tao bc ngoi la bc quan trong th hai sau khi
tao song doc .
Nh a chon phng an tao lc dp trn . Ta chon
phng an tao lc dp bng h thng Piton- xilanh.
Yu cu t ra i vi u dp khi thc hin dp la tn
tai v tr dp khng b dat mong , lp sn ma bao v khng b
pha huy .
Qua trnh dp tao song ngoi co th xem gm hai giai
oan lin tuc sau y :
a. Giai oan bin dang an hi
Khi u dp bt u tip xuc vi tn cho n trc im ti
han - im chuyn t bin dang an hi sang bin dang
deo , ng sut trong kim loai cha vt qua gii han an hi .
b. Giai oan bin dang deo
u dp i xung lam cho ng xut dp tng ln va nho hn
gii han bn cua vt liu , sao cho khng xut hin cac vt
nt trn tn .
Ta co cng thc tnh gn ung lc dp nh sau :
Pd= 0,4.B.S.b.
Trong o : B - Chiu rng tn dp , B=914mm
S- o day tn dp . S= 0,5mm
b- Gii han bn cua vt liu lam tn .
b=400 (N/mm2)
Vy : Pd = 0,4.914.0,5.400 = 73120 (N)

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4.2.4. Tnh lc ct t tn
Sau khi tao song doc va bc ngoi co tn theo kch
thc yu cu th tin hanh ct t tn . Vy ct la nguyn
cng chia phn tm ra thanh manh nho, dai hep... cho ung
theo hnh dang kch thc yu cu. Nh a chon phng an
ct trn ta chon h thng ct bng thuy lc vi hai li
dao nghing vi nhau mt goc 1 20 v day phi s < 2 mm.
a. Tnh lc ct t vt liu
Qua trnh ct t trai qua 3 giai oan lin tuc :

*Giai oan bin dang an hi (a) : T khi dao ct tip

xuc vi vt liu cho n trc im ti han - im chuyn t
bin dang an hi sangbin dang deo .
*Giai oan bin dang deo (b) : Dao tip tuc i xung lam
cho ng sut lc ct tng ln . Vt qua im ti han . Kim
loai bin dang deo cho ti khi bt u xut hin cac vt
nt . Qua trnh nay chnh t 0,2 - 0,5 chiu rng kim loai .
* Giai oan ct t (c) : Khi ng sut lai ct gn ti han
bn cac vt nt xut hin t mep sc cua dao , tin su vao
vt liu va lam nt ri vt liu .
Nu vt nt t hai pha gp nhau trn mt ng thng
th mt ct se phng , khng co bavia . Nu lch nhau th se
tao ra cht lng mt ct xu . Bi vy vic khng ch ,
khe h gia hai li ct va sc canh cua no co anh hng
rt ln n cht lng mt ct .
b. Tnh lc ct
Lc tac dung P cua li ct trn va li ct di lch
nhau do co khe h z gia hai li ct , tao nn mt momen quay .
M = P1.a
Thng thng a=(1,5 - 2 ) z
Momen nay co xu th lam vt liu quay i mt goc nho
trc khi b ct t . Hin tng quay lam cho cht lng b
mt xu i ( mt ct khng vung goc vi b mt vt liu ) .
Bi vy cn chng lai s quay o bng cach thm vao lc
ep Q trn tm vt liu .

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Dao ct nghing goc . Lc ct c xac nh

0,5.S 2 . c .K
P =
tg
Vi : S - Chiu day vt liu , S=0,5mm
K - H s anh hng cua dao mm , vt liu
kho ct , khe h ln , K=1,1-1,3
c - ng sut ct . (N/mm2)
c = ( 0,8 - 0,86 ) b
- goc nghing dao
= 10 - 2 0 ( S < 2mm )
i vi vt liu mong : Q = ( 0,3 - 0,4 )P
Phi tm cua may can tn co b 400 (N/mm2)
Chon dao ct nghing goc = 2 0
b = 400(N/mm2)
K = 1,3
Z = 1,5(mm)
a = 2Z = 3 (mm)
c = 0,85 b = 340 ( N/ mm2)
= 800 ( goc ct )
= 20 ( goc sau )
0,5.0,5 2 340.1,3
Vy P =
= 1582 ( N )
tg 2 0
Lc ep ln tn :
Q = 0,36P = 0,36. 1582 = 570(N)
C, Bin dang dao :
Sau khi tin hanh tao song doc bc ngoi , ri tin hanh
ct ri . Do vy dao c t v tr sau may . Do vy cho
may ct khng b cong , vnh , ta chon bin dang dao ct phai
trung vi bin dang cui cung cua tn .

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4.2.5. Tnh toan thuy lc cho toan b dy chuyn can

Thuy lc ngay cang c ng dung rng rai trong
nghanh cng nghip ch tao may . Phn ln cac may ang s
dung nc ta hin nay ang s dung u co c cu thuy
lc th tch . Nghanh cng nghip ch tao may nc ta
cung a bt u ch tao cac h thng truyn dn thuy lc
va cac phn t thng dung cua h thng truyn dn nay .
Truyn ng thuy lc la mt h thng truyn ng
dung mi trng cht long ( Cac loai du ) lam khu trung gian
truyn . Truyn ng c thc hin bng cach cung
cp cho du mt nng lng di dang th nng . Sau o
bin i th nng cua du thanh ng nng thc hin cac
chuyn ng quay hoc tnh tin .
Bt ky mt h thng truyn dn thuy lc nao cung co
hai phn chnh la :
- C cu bin i nng lng ( Bm , ng c , xi lanh )
- C cu iu khin , iu chnh ( cac loai van )
Ngoai ra con co cac thit b phu khac am bao h
thng lam vic . Phn ln cac thit b c cu trong truyn dn
thuy lc a c tiu chun hoa . Nn vic thit k , tnh
toan va la chon sao cho phu hp vui thit k trn .
So vi cac loai truyn dn khac , truyn dn thuy lc co
nhiu u im hn :
- Kt cu gon , cac phn t dn va khng dn khng
phu thucj nhau .
- T ng hoa d dang
- D phong qua tai
- Truyn c cng sut cao , lc ln , c cu tng i
n gian tin cy cao , t chm soc va bao dng .
-Co kha nng giam khi lng va kch thc nh ap
sut .
- D theo doi va quan sat .
- iu khin v cp , d thc hin t ng hoa theo
iu kin lam vic hoc chng trnh .
- Nh quan tnh nho nn hoat ng t gy ra ting n .
Vic tnh toan cac thng s da vao s ng cua may
v thuy lc . i vi may cua ta thit k co 3 phn t lam
vic chnh la :
- ng c thuy lc quay truc can
- Pston xilanh u dp
- Pston xilanh dao ct .
Cac phn t nay khng hoat ng cung mt luc ma lun
ch co 1 trong 3 phn t trn hoat ng . Do vy khi tnh chon
cng sut cua bm ch a vao hiu sut va cng sut cua mt
phn t ln nht .

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a. Tnh toan cho ng c thuy lc

Ta co phn trc , cng sut cn thiet cua ng c la
3,835 Kw ta chon ng c thuy lc co cng sut 4 Kw . S vong
quay la 764 vong /phut
Momen ng c :
9,55.10 6 N 9,55.10 6.4
M =
=
= 50000 ( N .mm)
n
764
Lu lng ring cua ng c la : q = 50cm3/vong
Lu lng cua ng c : Q = n.q = 764. 50= 38200
(cm3/phut)
Goi la hiu sut cua ng ng th lu lng thc
cn cung cp cho ng c la :
Q
Qct =
= 38200 / 0.7 = 50 cm3/ vong

Cng sut cn thit cua bm du la :

N
4
N ct =
=
= 5,7 (kw)
0,7
Ap sut lam vic cua ng c la :
N .612 4.10 3.612
P=
=
Q
38200
= 64 ( N / cm3 ) =6,4 . 105 ( N / m2 ) =6,4 Bar
b.Tnh toan xi lanh truyn lc cho h thng u
dp
La chon xi lanh truyn lc ,cung nh tnh toan ng
knh cn thit k cua no phu thuc vao c im lam vic
cua may , chu yu la phu thuc vao van tc cua piston va
lc lam vic cua piston.
ng knh trong D cua xi lanh cn la cho phu thuc
vao lc va ap sut lam vic theo cng thc .
.D 2
P=
.p
4
P
T o D = 2
p
Tr s dng knh u c quy chnh hoa va co th
dung cac tr s sau : 45 , 55 , 65 , 75 , 90 , 105 , 150...
+ Nh a tnh toan trn ta co lc dap Pd = 73120 (N) .
+ Chon vn tc u dp : V1 = 0,04 m/s = 2,4 (m/phut)
+ Ta s dung mt xi lanh cho h thng u dp
- Chon ap sut lam vic cua pitton la P1 = 400(N/cm2)
= 4( N/mm2 )
- Goi ng knh cua piston la D1

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p1
F1

Pd

.D12
. p1
4
Pd
73120
=2
= 149,05 (mm)
T o D1 =
. p1
3,14.4
Chon xi lanh co ng knh trong D1 = 150 (mm)
-Lu lng lam vic cua xi lanh - piston la :
.D12
3,14.150 2
Q1 = F1 . V1 =
.V1 =
.2,4.10 6
4
4
=42400.10-6 (m3/phut )
= 42,4 ( l/ phut )
- Goi dc1 la ng knh cn piston
Vi P1 = 40at ( 15 - 50 ) ta co ty l dc1/D1 = 0,5
Chon dc1 = 75mm
-Vn tc lui cua piston u dp
4Q1
4.42400 .10 6
V1l =
=
= 9,6
(m/phut)
2
2
( D1 d c1 )
3,14(150 75 ) .10 6
= 0,16 (m/s)
- Cng sut u dp
73120 .0,04
=3
N = Pd.V1=
(Kw)
1000
- Cng sut cn thit cua bm du cung cp .
N
3
=
= 4,3 (Kw)
Nct =
0,7
Ta co Pd =

c. Tnh toan xilanh truyn lc cho h thng dao ct

Cung nh h thng u dp , vic tnh toan xi lanh cho
dao ct ta s dung mt xi lanh
- Lc ct : Pc = 1582 (N)
- Vn tc ct V2 = 0,1( m/s) = 6 (m/phut)
- Chon ap sut lam vic cho xi lanh la P2 = 40 (N/cm2)
= 0,4(N/mm2)
- Goi ng knh trong cua xi lanh la D2
D22
Ta co : Pc =
.P2
4

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T o : D2 = 2

GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

Pc
1582
=2
= 71,9
p 2
3,14.0,4

P2

(mm)

F2

Pc
Chon xi lanh co ng knh trong la D2= 75mm
- Lu lng lam vic cua xi lanh :
D22
3,14.75 2
Q2 = F2.V2 =
.V1 =
.6.10 6
4
4
= 26493,7 . 10-6 (m3/phut)
= 26,5
(lt/phut)
Lc ct thc cua dao
D22
3,14.75 2.10 6
Pct = P2 .F2 = P2
= 4.10 5
= 1766 (N)
4
4
Goi dc2 la ng knh cua cn piston
dc2
= 0,3 0,35
-Vi P2 < 15 at th ty l
D2
- Chon dc2 = 30mm
Vn tc cua dao
4Q2
4.26493,7.10 6
V2 l =
=
= 27,5 (m/phut)
( D2 d c 2 ) 2 3,14.( 75 30 ) 2
= 0,45 (m/s)
Cng sut dao ct .
1766.0,1
= 0,176
Nc = Pc .V2 =
(Kw)
1000
Cng sut cn thit k cho dao ct :
0,176
= 0,25
Nct = Nc =
(Kw)
0,7
d. Tnh toan xac nh cac thng s lam vic cua bm cung
cp cho toan h
thng thuy lc cua may .
Do cac b phn thuy lc cua dy chuyn khng hoat ng
cung mt luc . Do vy ta cn chon cng sut cn thit cua
bm ln hn cng sut cn thit cua ng c du ( V cng sut

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cua ng c du ln nht ) . gian trong tnh toan ta co

th bo qua tn tht thuy lc .
Nb > Ndc
chon Nb = 6 Kw
- Lu lng bm cung phai ln hn lu lng cn thit
khi mt trong ba cum hoat ng : Qb > Qct = Qdc
Chon loai bm co : qb= 25 ( cm3 /phut)
nb = 2200 (vong /phut )
- Vy lu lng cua bm la :
Qb = qb. Nb = 25. 2200 = 55000 (cm3/phut)
= 55
(lt /phut)
Qb > Qdc = 54,5 (lt /phut )
- Ap sut lam vic cua bm
6.612
= 66,76
Pb = N 612 Q =
(N/cm2)
5,5
= 6,676 .105
(N/m2)
Nn Pb > pdc=6,4.105
(N/m2)
- Van tran cn phai la chon loai co lu lng ln hn
lu lng yu cu :
54,5(l/phut)
- ng dn ap lc ln thng dung trong h thng thuy
lc la ng ng hoc thep .
Ta chon ng knh ng theo cng thc
Q
(mm)
V
V : vn tc du trong ng
Q : Lu lng du .

d = 4,6

Vn tc du trong ng thng dung la :

ng hut : V = 1,5 2 m/s
ng y : V = 3 5 m/s
Lu lng qua ng Q = 54,4 (l/phut)
Vy ta tnh c dng knh ng ng hut
54,4
dh= 4,6
(mm)
= 23,9
2
Chon dh = 25
(mm)
ng ng y :
54,4
dd = 4,6
= = 15
5
Chon dd = 15
(mm)

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4.2.6. Tnh toan b truyn truc vt

a.
Gii thiu s lc
Dy chuyn thit k co nhiu b truyn truc vt , banh
vt , thun tin cho vic b tr cac b truyn . Ta cn
thit k b truyn truc vt u tin vi cng sut ln hn cng
sut cn thit k cua truc can ( cng sut cn thit k cua
banh vt ).
Dy chuyn can yu cu la can tn song ngoi . Nn ta cn
chnh xac cua cac song ngang khi tn lp ln khng b
vnh . Co nhiu cach truyn ng cho truc can ( nh xch ) .
Nhng ta chon b truyn truc vt banh vt v no co nhng u
im i vi day chuyn thit k :
- Co th thay th hng truyn ng .
- Ty s truyn ln
- Truyn ng m , khng ting n
- Co kha nng t ham
- Khun h kch thc tng i nho .
Nhng cung khng tranh khoi c nhng nhc im
sau :
- S dung vt liu t tin
- Hiu sut thp .
V th ch dung cho cac b truyn co cng sut nho .
* S ng :

b.

Tnh toan thit k

* S liu ban u
thun tin cho vic chon cac b truyn tip
theo ta thit k b truyn truc vt u vi cng sut ln hn
Chon : N2 = 3,2 (Kw )
= 0,8
N1 = N2 / = 3,2/0,8 = 4(Kw)
n2 = 38,2 (V/P)
i = 20
Z1 = 2
Z2 = i. Z1 = 2 . 20 = 40

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n1 = 38,2 .20 = 764 (V/P)

Trong o :
- N1, n1, Z1 : Cng sut , vong quay va s mi ren cua
truc vt .
- N2, n2 , Z2 : cng sut , s vong quay va s rng cua
banh vt .
- i : Ty s truyn cua b truyn
- : Hiu sut cua b truyn .
B truyn khi cn thit co the quay ngc lai . Tai trong
thay i khng ang k , lam vic 5 nm , mi ca 7 gi .
*. Chon vt liu
- Chon vt liu lam banh vt la ng thanh nhm st
PA*9-4 .
- Chon vt liu lam truc vt la thp 45 ti b mt
at HRC=45-50
Co bk =550 N/mm2
ch = 170 N/mm2
Cua truc vt :
bk = 600 N/mm2
ch = 300 N/mm2
S chu ky lam vic :
N = 60nT = 60.38,2.300.7 = 240.000.000
H s chu ky ng sut :
K N' = 8

10 7
10 7
=8
= 0,896
N td
2,4.10 7

K =

10 6
= 0,672
2,4.10 6

''
N

*. nh ng sut cho phep

ng sut tip xuc cho phep
[]tx = 0,8 bk .K.N
(Trang 6-3 TK CTM)
= 0,8 . 550 . 0,8960
= 394
N/mm2
ng sut cho phep :
[]u = ( 0,25ch + 0,08bk ) K.N
(T 6 - 6 TKCTM)
= ( 0,25 .300 +0,08 .550)0,672
= 80 N/mm2
*. Chon s mi ren Z1 , Tnh Z2 cua banh vt
Z1 = 2 (s ren truc vt )
i = 20 ( ty s truyn )
Z2 = i Z1 = 2.20 =40 (ty s banh vt )

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Z2

40 = 764
(V/P)
Z 1 = 38,2 .
2
*. Chon s b h s tai trong , hiu sut va cng
sut
Ta co Z1 = 2
Chon : = 0,80
3,2
= 4 (Kw)
Cng sut truc vt : N1 =
0,80
Chon h s tai trong K=1,1
*. nh moun m va h s ng knh q theo iu
kin bn tip xuc
Tnh m 3 q theo cng thc
Va n1 = n = 2 .

1,45 .10 6
m q 3
[ ] .Z
tx
2

>

K .N 2

. n
2

1,45.10 6 2 1,1.3,2
) .
3,4.40
28,2

> 9,2
Theo bang 6-6 (thit k chi tit may )
Ly m = 5
q = 10
Ta co : m3 q = 10,8
*. Kim nghim vn tc trt , hiu sut va h
s tai trong
- Vn tc trt Vt co phng theo ng tip tuyn cua
ren truc vt :
m.n1
Vt =
Z 12 + q 2
(Trang 6-11 TKCTM)
19100
5.764
=
2 2 + 10 2
19100
= 2,03 (m/s)
Vt a phu hp vi vn tc trt d oan la 2 5 m/s khi
chon vt liu
-Hiu sut cua b truyn truc vt trong trng hp
truc vt dn ng .
tg
= ( 0,96 0,98) .
tg ( + f ' )
: goc vt tra theo bang
6-7 TKCTM

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= 1101836 =11,310
= arctg(f)
f = 0,035 - > f = 20
tg11,31
Vy = (0,46 0,48)
tg13,31

= 0,81 0,8285
Hiu sut khng sai lch nhiu so vi ban u
Tai trong khng thay i cho my
K = Ktt. Kd = 1. 1,1 = 1,1
Vn tc vong V2 cua banh vt
.d .n 2
.m.Z 2 .n2
=
V2 =
(m/s)
60.1000
60.1000
3,14.5.40.38,2
= 0,4
=
(m/s)
60.1000
T V2 = 0,4 (m/s) < 2 (m/s)
Nn ta ta chon cp chnh xac ch tao b truyn la :9
*. Kim nghim sc bn n cua ren banh vt
Kim nghim sc bn un sinh ra tai chn banh vt theo
cng thc :
15.10 6.KN 2
u = 3
[ ] u
(6 - 16 TKCTM)
m .Z 2 . y.q.n 2
Z2
40
Z td =
=
= 42,4
3
3
cos cos 11,310
Tra bang 5-19 (TKCTM) ta c y= 0,476
y : h s dang rng
15.10 6.1,1.3,2
u = 3
= 58
(N/mm2)
5 .40.0,476.10.38,2
Vy u < []u = 80 N/mm2
Vy banh rng u bn .
- V banh rng lam vic bng vt liu co sc bn thp
hn ren truc vt , nn ren truc vt cung thoa man iu
kin bn un trn .
* Kim nghim sc bn rng banh vt khi chu qua tai
t ngt
- Khi b truyn truc vt lam vic qua tai vi h s qua
tai la Kqt cn kim nghim ng sut tip va ng sut un
qua tai .
Ta co cng thc : txqt = tx. K qt [ ] txqt
(6-8 TKCTM)

vqt = u .K qt [ ] uqt

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Trong o :
- u = 58 (N/mm2)
2

512000 Z 2 q + 1 K .
- tx =

.
Z2 q
A n2
Ma :
Z
512000
A 2 + 13
q
Z 2 q [ ] tx

KN 2

n2
2

40
+ 13
10
106,7

512000 1,1.3,2

40 .394 . 38,2
10

(mm)
3

40
512000 10 + 1 1,1.3,2
Vy tx =
(N/mm2)
.
= 376,5

40
110 38,2
10

+ ng sut tip xuc cho phep khi qua tai

i vi ng thanh thic
[]txqt = 4ch
= 4. 170 = 680 (N/mm2)
+ng sut un cho phep khi qua tai
[]uqt = 0,6 .bk = 0,6 . 550 = 330 ( N/mm2)
Do o : txqt = tx. K qt = 376,5. 1,3 = 429,2
(N/mm2) < 680
(N/mm2)
uqt = u .K qt = 58.1,3 = 75,4 (N/mm2) < 330 (N/mm2)
Vy txqt < [ ] txqt

uqt < [ ] uqt

iu kin bn c thoa man .

* nh cac thng s hnh hoc chu yu cua b truyn

Theo bang 6-3 (TKCTM) v quan h hnh hoc chu yu cua
b truyn truc vt ta tnh c cac thng s hnh hoc cua b
truyn nh sau :
+ Z1 : S ren cua truc vt . Z1 = 2 .
+ Z2 : S ren banh vt . Z2 = 40.
+ m : Moun cua b truyn m = 5 (mm)
+ q : h s ng knh truc vt , q = 10.
+ t : Bc ren truc vt , t = .m = 3,14 . 5 = 15,7 (mm)
+ : goc progin ren cua truc vt o trong mt ct doc = 20

+ : goc dn cua ren truc vt , = 1101836

+ i : Ty s truyn cua b truyn i = 20

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+ dc1: ng knh vong chia truc vt , dc1 = q.m = 10. 5 =

50(mm)
+ dc2 : ng knh vong chia cua banh vt , dc2 = Z2. M = 40. 5
=200(mm)
+ f0 : H s chiu cao rng f0 = 1.
+ C0 : H s khe h ng tm C0 = 0,2
+ S : Bc xon c cua ren truc vt , S = t.Z1 = 15. 7 .2 =
31,4 (mm).
+ De1: ng knh vong nh truc vt De1 = de1 + 2f0m
= 50 + 2. 1.5 = 60
(mm)
+ De2 : ng knh vong nh banh vt De2 = de2 + 2f0 m
= 200 + 10 = 210 (mm)
+ Di1 : ng knh vong chn ren truc vt
Di1 = dc1 - 2f0 m - 2C0 m = 50 - 2.1.5 -2.0,2 .5 =38 (mm)
+ Dn : ng knh ngoai cung banh vt
Dn <= Dl2 + 1,5m = 210 + 1,5. 5 =217,5 (mm)
d + d c 2 50 + 200
=
= 125 (mm)
+ A : Khoang cach truc A= c1
2
2
+ L : chiu dai phn co ren cua truc vt
L (11 + 0,06 Z2 )m
(11 + 0,06 . 40 ) 5 = 67 (mm)
+ B : Chiu rng cu banh vt
B 0,75 . De2 = 0,75 . 60 = 45 (mm)
* Tnh lc tac dung trong b truyn truc vt

Pr2
Pa1
P1

P2

Pa2

Pr1
- Khi truyn momen xon . ren truc vt va ren banh vt chu
tac dung cua lc phap tuyn Pn va lc ma sat . thun
tin cho vic tnh toan truc va co th phn tch lc trong
b truyn gm 3 phn .
Lc vong P2 trn banh vt co gia tr bng lc doc
truc Pa1 tren truc vt :

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GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

2M 2
d2
Lc hng tm Pr1 trn truc vt co gia tr bng lc
hng tm Pr2 trn banh vt
Pr1 = Pr2 = P2.tg.
Lc vong P1 trn truc vt co gia tr bng lc doc
truc Pa2 trn banh vt
2M1
P1 = Pa1 =
d1
Trong o :
P2 = Pa1 =

- M1 : momen xon trn truc vt M1 = 43750(Nmm)

- M2 : momen xon trnbanh vt M2 = 80.000 (Nmm)
- d1 : ng knh truc vt : d1 = 50 (mm)
- d2 : ng knh banh vt : d2 = 200(mm)
- : goc frofin ren cua truc vt o trong mt phng ct
o
doc = 20
Vy ta tnh c :
- p1= pa2 =

- p2 = pa1 =

2M1
2.43750
= 1750 (N)
=
d1
50
2 M 2 2.800.000
=
= 8000 (N)
d2
200

- pr1 = pr2 = p2tg20o = 2548 (N)

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GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

S NG
TOAN MAY

.
.
M

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GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

CHNG V
THIT K KT CU - TNH TOAN SC BN
5.1. THIT K TRUC CAN
5.1.1. Gii thiu v truc
a. Vai tro cua truc trong dy truyn can
Trong dy truyn can thit k, b phn dn ng
mang cac l can tao lin dang song tn chnh la truc can. Truc
can la mt b phn chu yu trong dy truyn can. Thng qua
no tac dung lc lam bin dang kim loai va hnh thanh cac lin
dang song tn nh yu cu.
* Co hai phng an thit k truc can
- Dang tru trn vi ng knh va chiu dai nht nh
trn o co cac danh then lp con ln can. Cac con ln can
c ch tao ring le theo tng dang tn, khi lp vao truc
thng qua khe tao thanh khi mang lin dang toan tn. Loai nay
rt thun li cho vic kim tra va ch tao.
- Dang tru can co lin dang song tn c truc tip
ch tao nn no thanh khi. Ngha la truc va con ln mang bin
dang tn co cung khi. Loai nay rt kho khn trong vic kim
tra ch tao va cung nh lp rap no vao dy truyn.
T hai phng an gii thiu trn y, nn chon phng an
th nht, vi phng an nay trong dy truyn co hai loai truc.
- Loai truc ngn co chiu dai cac c truc bng nhau
lp truc. Truc nay nm trn la truc b ng.
- Loai truc dai lp bang vt thng qua khp ni truc
nay nm di la truc dn ng.
b. Kt cu truc can
.
l

Truc b ng
dc
.
l1

dt

.
L

.
l

Truc chu ng.

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Trong o :

dt
dc
L

GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

: ng knh ch lp con ln can
: ng knh c lp ln
: Phn chiu dai truc dung lp con

ln can
l
: Chiu dai dung lp truc can
Chon s b cac kch thc truc nh sau :
dt = 70mm ;
dc = 45mm
L = 130mm ;
l = 30 mm
l1 = 130mm
S vong quay : n = 38,2 (vong/phut)
Cng sut cua truc can dai ta chon trong b truyn N =
3,2 (kw)

Mx =

Momen xon

9 ,5510
. 6 . N 9 ,55.10 6 .3,2
=
n
38,2
= 800.000 (Nmm)

Thit k chung cho ca h thng truc dn ta thit k

mt truc trong s cac truc o. Cac truc con lai chon theo
thng s truc thit k.
5.1.2. Trnh t thit k
a. Chon vt liu
- Thep cacbon co : b = 550 N/mm2
ch = 280 N/mm2
b. Tnh sc bn truc
* Tnh s b
Da vao cng thc tnh s b ng knh truc, khng
xet n tac dung tai trong bin dang un.

d c3

N
n

(mm)

Trong o :
d
: ng knh s b truc (mm)
N
: Cng sut truyn (kw)
N
: S vong quay trong 1 phut cua truc (V/p)
C
: H so tnh toan
Chon C = 160 (ng knh truc tai tit din nguy him)
Vy

d 160 3

3,2
38 ,2

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70 (mm)
Chon d = 70 (mm)
* Tnh gn ung
Tnh gn ung truc co xet n tac dung ng thi ca
momen un va momen xon n sc bn cua truc. Tr s
momen xon a bit. Ta ch cn tm tr s momen un. Vi
kch thc a nh chon thm chiu rng cua B = 20 mm.
Theo cach b tr cac con ln can lc tac dung ln truc
c quy v gia truc vi :
+ Lc tip tuyn P2 = 8.000 (N)
+ Lc hng tan Pr2 = 2548 (N)
+ Tai trong P = 398 (N)
+ Lc doc truc Pa2 = 1750 (N)
im t cac lc trn hnh ve.

RAy
Pr2

RBy
RAx

RBx

Pa2
P2

140

670 647488 Nmm 670

Muy

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Nmm
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SVTH: H Hu Bnh
800.000Nmm
475212 Nmm M
Mux
x

 an tt nghip

GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

ln cac lc :
+

mAx

= 0(= )140 P2 +

d
Pa2 1340 R Bx = 0
2

(=) 140 . 8000 + 100 . 1750 - 1340 . Rbx = 0

R Bx =

140.8000 + 100.1750
1340

= 966,4 (N)
+

mBx

= 0(= )1340 R Ax + 1480 . P2 +

d
Pa2 = 0
2

(=) 1340 . Rax+1480 . 8000 + 100 . 1750 = 0

R Ax =

(1480.8000 + 100.1750)
1340

= -8966,4 (N)
+

mAy

= 0(= ) 140 Pr2

1340
d
. P + Pa2 1340 R By
2
2

(=) -140 . 2548 - 670 . 398 + 100 . 1750 - 1340 . Rby

=0

R By =

140.2548 670.398 + 100.1750

1340

= - 334,6 (N)

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d
Pa2 = 0
2

mBy

= 0(= )670 P + 1340 R Ay 1480 . Pr2 +

(=) 670 . 398 + 1340 . RAy - 1480 . 2548 + 100 . 1750

=0

R Ay =

1480.2548 100.1750 670.398

1340

= 2484,6 (N)
ng knh truc tai tit din nguy him (ch lp l can)
c tnh :

d 3
Trong o :

M td
0 u.(1 4 [ ]

(mm)

M td = M 2u + 0 ,75 M 2x
. Mt : momen tng ng (Nmm)
. Mu,Mx : momen un va xon tit din tnh

(Nmm)

M u = M 2ux + M 2uy
. Mux, Muy : momen un theo phng x,y.
T biu momen, ta co cac momen un tai tit din
nguy him.
Mux = - 472512 (Nmm)
Muy = - 647488 (Nmm)
Vy -

M u = 472512 2 + 647488 2
= 800.000 (Nmm)

Vy

M u = 801.566 2 + 0 ,75.800.000 2
= 1241671 (Nmm)

+ = d0/d

do : ng knh trong cua truc rng

do : = 0 = 0 (truc t)

+ [] : ng sut cho phep

[] = 48 (N/mm2) (tr s ng sut cho phep cua thep
ch tao truc)

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Vy

M td
0 u.[ ]

d 3
3

GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

1241671
= 65 ,7 mm
0 u.48

Chon d = 70 mm
* Kim nghim truc theo h s an toan
Sau khi a xac nh c kt cu truc, y xet anh
hng cua mt s yu t quan trong n sc bn moi cua
truc.
H s an toan c tnh theo cng thc :

n=

n.n
n2 .n2

[ n]

Trong o :
- n : h s an toan xet ring ng sut phap

n =

k
. a + . m
.

- n : h s an toan xet ring ng sut tip.

n =

k
. a + . m
.

Trong cac cng thc trn :

xng.

- -1, -1 : Gii han moi un va xon i vi chu ky i

-1 = (0,4 0,5) b = 0,45. b = 247,5 (N/mm2)
-1 = (0,2 0,3) b = 0,25. b = 137,5 (N/mm2)
- a, a : bin ng sut phap va ng sut tip

tip.

- m, m : tr s trung bnh cua ng sut phap va ng sut

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a =

GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

Mu
W
. Mu : momen un tit din tnh (Nmm)
. W : momen can un

W = 30200 (mm3) chon theo bang (10 - 3b TKCTM)

truc co 1 ranh then

a =

1454672 ,6
= 48 ,16 N/mm2
30200

. m = 0 (ng sut un thay i theo chu ky i xng)

. ng sut xon thay i theo chu ky i xng truc nn

a = m

Mx
2 W0

.W0 : momen can xon chon theo bang (10 - 3b TKCTM)

W = 63800 (mm3) truc co 1 ranh then

a = m

800.000
2.63800

= 6,25 (N/mm2)
bnh.

- = 0,1 ; = 0,05 : truc lam bng thep cacbon trung

- : h s tng bn b mt
chon = 1 : khng dung phng phap tng bn

- , ; h s kch thc, xet anh hng cua kch thc

tit din truc n gii han moi, chon theo bang (10 - 4 TKCTM)
- , = 0,76; = 0,65
- K, K : h s tp trung ng sut truc
- K, = 2,4 ; K = 1,8
Vy :

247 , 5
= 2 ,16
2, 4
.48 ,16 + 0 ,1.0
0 , 76.1

137 , 5
= 1,8
= 8,15
.6 , 25 +0 , 05 .6 , 25
0 , 65

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n =

GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

815
,
= 2 ,08
2 ,16 .815
,
2

Tr s : [n] co th chon hp ly theo cng thc :

[n] = n1.n2.n3
Trong o :
- n1 : h s xet n mc quan trong cua chi tit
Chon n1 = 1,3
- n2 : h s xet n chnh xac khi xac nh tai trong
va ng sut.
Chon n2 = 1,1
- n3 : h s xet n anh hng cua vt liu
Chon n1 = 1,3 lam vic trong iu kin bnh
thng.
Vy [n] = 1,3 . 1,1 . 1,3 = 1,85
Suy ra n > [n]
Do o ta chon ng knh truc la d = 70 mm
* Kim nghim truc khi qua tai t ngt.
Khi qua tai t ngt truc co th b gay hoc bin dang
deo qua ln. iu kin am bao truc lam vic bnh thng.

[ ]

2 + 3 2 = 0 ,8 ch

M umax
0 ,113

M xmax
0 ,2 d3

. Mumax : momen un ln nht tai tit din nguy him luc

qua tai.
. Mxmax : momen xon ln nht tai tit din nguy him luc
qua tai.
ch : gii han chay cua vt liu
ch = 280 (N/mm2) truc

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GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

1454672 ,6
= 42 ,4
0 ,1.703

800 .000
= 11,66
0 ,2.703

td =

( N / mm )
2

(N / mm )

42 ,4 2 + 3.11 ,66 2

= 47 (N/mm2)
[] = 0,8 ch
= 0,8 . 280 = 224 (N/mm2)
Vy td < []
iu kin qua tai c thoa man.
*Kim tra vong cua truc can
p

y
L
Truc can cua dy truyn can thit k. Do b tr cac con
ln can i xng nhau. n gian ta co th xem tai trong tac
dung ln truc P c t truc gia. Truc ta thit k 2 gi
cach nhau 1 oan L = 1360 (mm)
Trong ch tao may, nhng truc cng dung chung th.
[y]

= (0,0002 0,0003)L
= (0,272 0,408 ) (mm)

L : khoang cach gia hai gi .

vong cua truc phai thoa man iu kin.
y [y]
Trong o : y =

P.a2 .b2
3 E.I .L

- L : khoang cach gia hai gi d L = 1360 mm

- P : lc tac dung ln truc
- a,b : khoang cach im t lc n hai gi truc

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- E : momne an hi
vi thep 45 ta co th ly E = 2,15.107 (N/mm2)
- I : modun quan tnh

d3
3,14 .70 3
I=
=
64
64
= 16828,44
va a = b = 680 (mm)
398 .680 2 .680 2
y=
3.2 ,15.10 7 .16828 ,4.1360
= 0,057 (MM)
Vy

: y < [y]

vong cua truc c thoa man.

c. Tnh chon mi thep then
c nh cac chi tit quay trn truc (con ln can.... )ta
dung then

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y la truc can hnh loai nhe, khi lp cac con ln can

ln truc c thun li va dung trong vic gia cng ranh
then trn truc. Do o khi lp nhiu con ln can th ta gia cng mt
ranh then dai.
Da vao ng knh truc va chiu dai may (lm)
Tra bang 2 - 22/33 TKCTM ta chon cac kch thc cua then
o kim nghim lai sc bn lp va ct cua then. Do s
lng truc can nhiu nn ch cn tm va kim nghim cho 1
truc a thit k cac truc con lai tng t.
- iu kin bn dp trn mt canh tip xuc gia theo
va may theo cng thc :

d =

2M x
[ ] d
dkl

(2 1TKCTM)

N / mm2

- iu kin trn mt tip xuc gia then va truc tnh theo

cng thc :

d =

2Mx
[ ] d
dtl

N / mm2

(2 2 TK CTM)

- iu kin bn ct cua then.

c =

2M x
[ ] c
dbl

N / mm2

(2 3TKCTM)

Trong cac cng thc trn :

. Mx - momen xon cn truyn, Mx = 800.000 (N/mm)
. d - ng knh truc can, d = 70mm
. l - chiu dai then , l = 100mm tra bang 2 - 22 TKCTM
. b - chiu rng then , b = 20mm tra bang 2 - 22 TKCTM
. h - chiu cao then , h = 12mm tra bang 2 - 22 TKCTM
. K, t - chiu cao phn then lp trong ranh cua may va cua
truc. Tra bang 2 - 22 TKCTM ta co :
K = 7,4 ; t = 6,0
. d va c : ng sut dp va ng sut ct thc t
. []d va []c : ng sut dp ct cho phep (N/mm2)
Tra bang 2 - 22 TKCTM ta c :
[]d = 100 (N/mm2)

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[]c = 87 (N/mm2)

d =

2 M x 2.800 .000
=
dkl
70.7,4.100

= 30 N/mm2 < []d = 100 (N/mm2)

d =

2 M x 2.800 .000
=
dtl
70.6 ,0.100

= 38,1 N/mm2 < []d = 100 (N/mm2)

c =

2 M x 2.800 .000
=
dbl
70.20.100

= 11,5 N/mm2 < []c = 87 (N/mm2)

Do vy cac then u thoa man iu kin dp va ct.
d. Tnh toan chon b phn gi
Khi chon cn tnh h s, kha nng lam vic c cua
va cn bit nhng yu t sau :
- Tr s, chiu va c tnh tai trong.
- Thi gian phuc vu cua
- Mi trng lam vic th hin cac tnh cht : d m,
khng kh.
- Vn tc goi cua vong quay va nh trc vong nao la
vong quay
H s C c tnh theo cng thc :
C = Q (n, h)0,3 (11 - 1 TKCTM)
Trong o :
- Q : tai trong tng ng
- n : s vong quay, n = 38,2 (v/phut)
- h : thi gian phuc vu, h = 16.000 gi
Ta choc kch thc trong bang bt u t c nhe
n c trung, c nang sao cho : Cbang Ctnh
* Vi cac truc dai, co lp hp giam tc truc vt, bang
vt. Cn kh lc doc truc nn ta chon loai c chn.
T trong tng ng c tnh :

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GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

Q = (KvP + mAt)kn.kt
Trong o :
- R : tai trong hng tm (tng phan lc gi )

R R 2Bx + R 2By
R 1085 ,82 + 372 ,6 2
= 1148 (N)
- AT : tai trong doc truc
At = 1750 (N)
- m : h s chuyn tai lc doc truc v hng tm, m =
1,5 (tra bang 11 -3 TKCTM)
- Kt : h s tai trong ng
kt = 1 (tra bang 11 - 4 TKCTM)
- Kn : h s nhit
kn = 1 (tra bang 11 - 5 TKCTM)
- Kv : h s xet n vong nao cua ln la vong quay,
kv = 1 tra bang 11 - 6 TKCTM)
Nn : Q = (1.1148 + 1,5 . 1750) 1.1
= 3773N = 377,3daN
Vy C = Q (nh)0,3
= 377,3(38,2. 16000)0,3
= 377,3 . 54,4 = 20,525
Tra bang (P2 - 2 TKCTM) ta chon ky hiu 11208
co C = 25.000; B = 19 (mm) ; d = 45 (mm); D = 85 (mm)
ng knh bi la : 9,53 (mm)

RAy

RAx

RBy

RBx
B

A
Pa

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* Vi truc ngn khng co lc doc truc ch co tai trong

hng tm, ln truc nho P = 398 (N), R = 199 (N)
Nn Q = (kv .R + mAt) kn . kt
= kv .R . kn . kt
= 1 . 199 . 1 . 1 = 199 daN
C = 199 . (38,2 . 16000)0,3
= 199(54,4) = 10825,6
Tra bang (P2 -2 TKCTM) ta chon ky hiu 11208
Co Cbang = 25.000
B = 19mm
d = 45mm
D = 85mm
ng knh bi : 9,53mm
5.2. THIT K TRUC VT
5.1.1. Chon vt liu
Vt liu la thep cacbon co :

b = 600 (N/mm2)

ch = 300 (N/mm2)
5.2.2. Tnh toan sc bn
a. Tnh s b truc
Da vao cng thc tnh ng knh s b truc.

dsb C3

N
n

Trong o : Cng sut truyn N = 3,2 kw

- n : s vong quay truc n = 764 (v/p)
- C : h s tnh toan C =160
Vy

dsb 160 3

3,2
= 25 ,8
764

(mm)

Chon ng knh truc tai tit din nguy him d = 35

(mm)
b = 600 (N/mm2)

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b. Tnh gn ung
Xac nh cac phan lc

RAy

RAx

Pa
1

Pr
1

P1

RBy

RBx
B

l
ln cua cac lc trn hnh ve (a tnh phn tnh
toan b truyn truc vt - banh vt)
P1 = 1750 N
Pa1 = 8000 N
Pr1 = 2548 N
Ta co :

l
d
= Pr1 . Pa1 . 4 R By .l = 0
2
2
mAy

150
50
= 2548 .
700 . R By .150 = 0
2
2
R By

150
50
2548 .
700
2
2
=
150

=-1390 (N)

l
mBy

= 800 .

= Pa1 .

d4
l
+ Pr1 . + R Ay .l = 0
2
2

50
150
+ 2548 .
+ R Ay .150 = 0
2
2

R Ay =

800

50
150
2548 .
2
2 = 60 (N)
150

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mAx

GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

l
d
= P1 . R Bx .l Pa1 . 4 = 0
2
2

150
50
= 1750 .
R Bx .150 800 . = 0
2
2
R Bx =

1750

150
50
8000 .
2
2
150

= -458 (N)

mBx

l
d
= R Ax .l + P1 . Pa1 . 4 = 0
2
2

150
50
= R Ax .150 + 1750 .
800 . = 0
2
2
R Bx =

8000 .

50
150
1750
2
2
150

= 458 (N)
Tm gia tr momen un tng cng tai tit din chu tai
ln va ng knh truc tai o c xac nh :

d 3
Vi :

M td
(1 + 4 )[ ]
0 ,1

M td = M 2u + 0 ,75M 2x

(Nmm)

Trong o : - Mt : Momen tng ng Nmm

- Mu , Mx : Momen un va xon tit in tnh toan Nmm

M u = M 2ux + M 2uy
Mux , Muy : Momen un theo hai phng x va y

l
150
M ux = R Bx . = 458.
2
2
= 34350(Nmm)

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l
150
M uy = R By. = 1390.
2
2
= 104250(Nmm)
M u = 104250 2 + 34350 2
= 109763,3 Nmm
Vi : M x =

9 ,5510
. 6 . N 9 ,5510
. 6 .4
=
N
704

= 50.000 (Nmm)
Vy : M td = 109763,32 + 0 ,75.50.0002
= 112574,3 (Nmm)
-=

d0
d

d0 : ng knh trong truc rng

= 0 ; truc khng rng
- [] : ng sut un cho phep N/mm2
tra bang 10 - 2 TKCTM [] = 48 N/mm2
Vy : d 3

112574,3
= 28,6(mm)
0 ,1.48

Chon d = 35 (mm)
c. Kim nghim truc theo h s an toan :
Sau khi a xac nh kt cu cua truc cn phai kim
nghim h s an toan cua truc tai nhng tit din nguy
him.
H s an toan c tnh theo cng thc sau :

n=

n. n
2

n . n

[ n]

Trong o :
n : h s an toan xet ring tng ng sut phap

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n=

1
a + m

n : h s an toan xet ring tng ng sut tip

n=

k
+ m .
. a

-1,-1 : Gii han moi un va xon ng vi chu ky oi

xng co th ly gn ung.
-1 = (0,4 0,5) b
-1 = (0,2 0,3) b
Chon : -1 = 0,45.b = 270 (N/mm2)
-1 = 0,25.b = 150 (N/mm2)
a,a : Bin ng sut tip va ng sut phap sinh ra
trong tit din cua truc.
a, =

Mu
(ng sut un thay i theo chu ky i xng)
w

109763,3
(w = 4660mm2 : momen can un) [Tra bang 104660
36TKCTM]
=

= 23,5 (N/mm2)
a = m =

Mx
(wo = 10040 mm : momen can xon)
2 wo
[Tra bang 10 - 3b TKCTM]

500.000
= 2,5 (N/mm2)
2.10040

. : H s tng bn, chon =1 bang 10 - 5 tkltm.

=0,1; =0,05: truc bng thep cac bon.

= 2,6

m = 0
=1,39: h s tp trung ng sut truc [Tra bang 105TKCTM]

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=0,73 ( chon theo bang 10-4TKCTM)

Vy : n =

n =

270
= 4 ,41
2,6.1.23,5 + 0,1.0
150

1,39
.2,6 + 0,05.2,5
0,37

n=

= 30 ,7

4,41
= 4 ,3
2
2
4,41 + 30,7

Ma [n] =n1, n2, n3 (n1, n2, n3 ta giai thch trn)

n1 = 1,3, n2 = 1,2, n3 = 1,3
Vy [n] = 1,3 . 1,2 . 1,3 = 2,028
Do o n > [n] truc am bao an toan.
d. Kim nghim truc khi qua tai t ngt
iu kin am bao truc lam vic bnh thng.

td = 2 + 3 2 [ ] = 0,8 ch
Trong o : =

Mu max
0,1d3

2 + 3t2 [ ] = 0,8 ch

= 25,4 (N/mm2)

Mx max
0,2 d3

50.000
0,135
. 3

= 11,6 (N/mm2)
Vy td =

25,4 2 + 3.11,6 2 = 32,9 (N / mm2 )

Va [] =0,8ch = 0,8 . 300 =240 (N/mm2)

Do o < [] iu kin qua tai truc in thoa man.
e. Kim tra vong cua truc
p
.

a
.
y

b
.

vong cua truc cho phep.

[y] = (0,0002 0,0003)L

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Trong o L : Chiu dai gia hai gi . L = 150mm

[y] = (0,03 0,045)
vong cua truc c tnh.

y=

p. a 2 . b2
3EI L

Trong o : - P : Tai trong tac dung ln truc

P P12 + Pr 2 = 1750 2 + 2548 2
- a, b : Khoang cach truc n gi ta.
a = b = 75 (mm )
- E : mdun an hi E = 2,15. 107 (N/mm2)
- T : mun quan tnh, I =

d3 3,4.35 3
=
= 2103,5(mm)
64
64

3091.75 2 .75
= 0,0048
Vy : y =
3.2,15.10 7 .2103,5.150

(mm)

5.2.3. Tnh chon b phn gi

Cn tnh n h s, kha nng lam vic C cua v truc
co lc doc truc nn ta chon bi chn d kin chon =
100.
- H s kha nng lam vic (c tnh theo cng thc)
C = Q(n.h)93 Cbang (11 - 1TKCTM)
y n = 734 (v/p) ; h = 12500 gi
- Q : Tai trong tng ng.
Q = (Kv . R + mAt)kn.kt

(11 - 6 TKCTM)

Trong o :
- R : Tai trong hng tm

RA =

R A2x + R A2y =

458 2 + 60 2 = 462

RB =

R B2x + R B2y =

458 2 + 1390 2 = 1463,5

- At : Tai trong doc truc

At = Pa + SA - SB
Pa = 8000N

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SA = 1,3 RA tg = 1,3. 462.tg 160

= 172 (N)
SB = 1,3 RB tg = 1,3. 1463,5.tg 160
= 545,5 (N)
At = 8000 + 172 - 545,5 = 7626 (N)
Pa1

RB

RA

SA
S
- m : h s chuyn tai lc doc truc vBlc hng tm
m = 0,5 (tra bang 11 3 tkctm)
Kt: h s tai trong ng. chon kt = 1
Kt: h s nhit . chon kn = , nhit di 1000-c
Kt: h s xet n vong nao cua ln la vong quay. chon
kv = 1 (vong quay cua quay)
Vy Q = (1.462 + 0,5. 545,5) 1.1
= 719N = 71,9 daN.
C = 769 (764.12500) =15275
Tra bang p2.2 (TKCTM) ng vi d= 35 mm ly loai b kep
hiu 11206 co : Cbang =18.000,
ng knh ngoai D= 72 mm.
Chiu rng B =17 mm
ng knh bi la 7,94 mm.

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RAy

RAx

GVHD: Trn Xun Tuy

Pa1 TRUC
BIU MOMEN CUA

75

P1

Pr1

RBy

75

104250 Nmm

Muy
Mux
34350Nmm

50.000Nmm

Mx

5.3. THIT K C CU IU CHNH KHE H GIA HAI

TRUC CAN
Tn c a vao dy chuyn can co day mong khac
nhau t 0,25 mm n 0,5 mm. V vy cn phai iu chnh khe
h gia hai truc can hp ly khi can, song tn at cac thng
s hnh hoc theo yu cu.
Trong c thit k khe h gia cua cac truc can trong mi
cp truc co th iu chnh c theo phng thng ng vi
dy chuyn nay ta dung c cu vt nen goi la c cu nen truc
dy chuyn can tn. V tr truc di c xem la c nh vi
cac gi truc trn thn may nh ranh U. Do vy s thay i khe
h gia hai truc nh s dch chuyn ln xung cua cac
truc trn thng qua c cu bulng ai c va lo xo. Vic iu
chnh nay c thc hin ring le, khng ng b.

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5.3.1. Xac nh ng knh bulng

ng knh bulng c xac nh theo ng sut cho phep
cua vt liu lam bulng:

d1 =

4P
K [ ]

Trong o: - d1: ng knh chn ren bulng

- p: ap lc ln nht tac dung ln bulng khi can
p = p1 = 398 (N)
- Chon vt liu lam bulng la thep CT3 co:
b = (340 - 490) (N/ mm2)
[] = 80 (N/mm2) : ng sut ng cho phep
Vy

d1 =

4.398
= 8,5
3,14.60

(mm)

Chon d1 = 10mm
-

ng knh lu lng la d = 14 (mm)

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5.3.2. Xac nh ng knh day lo xo

Mi cp truc ta s dung 4 lo xo nng truc ln vi
trong lng ln cua truc can la 1300 N (bro qua trong lng
truc)
Do o lc tac dung ln mi lo xo la :

F1x =

1300
= 325 (N )
4

Chon t s ng knh qua tm cac lo xo va ng knh

day lo xo.

C=

D
=6
d

S vong lam vic cua lo xo la : I = (s 5) vong

H s xet n ng cong cua day lo xo

K =

4C + 2 4.6 + 2 26
=
=
= 1,24
4C 3 4.6 3 21

ng sut ln nht cho phep i vi lo xo bng thep [] =

600 N/mm2
Vy ng knh day lo xo la :

dL x 1,6

K . P.C
1,24.325.6
= 1,6
= 3,2 mm

600
[ ]

Chon dLx = 4mm

va D = d.6 = 24 mm
5.4. THIT K THN DY CHUYN CAN
Thn dy truyn can la chi tit rt quan trong cua dy
chuyn can, trn o ta lp gi truc, cac c cu am bao cho
may hoat ng cung vi h thng u dp va dao ct. Lc
lam bin dang kim loai tac dung ln truc can, u dp, dao
ct u tac dung ln thn may. Do vy thn chu tai ln. Cn
thit k am bao ky thut, bn vng.
Thn may co hai phn chnh :
- may :
c lam bng thep ch I, co s foofin 40. Khoang khng
gian gia la ni b tr ng c, bm, va cac linh kin phu.

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- Thanh may : c lam bng thep t, han gn lin vi

may. Trn thanh c ct thanh cac ch U lp cac
gi truc can. nhm tng thm cng vng gia thanh
va may co th han thm cac g. Giua hai thanh bn co lin
kt bng bu lng hoc han.

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CHNG VI

LP T VN HANH BAO DNG DY CHUYN CAN

6.1. LP T
- Vic lp t h thng trong dy chuyn can la mt
cng vic lp rap c kh. oi hoi ngi lp phai co mt tay
ngh vi trnh ky thut cao hang ngu can b ky thut phai
co mt cai nhn khai quat t ban ve thc hin lp t
dy truyn mt cach hoan hao. Dy chuyn nay co mt s b
phn nho c lp t lin tuc trong mt b mt tng i
han ch. Cac thit b lp t phai co th t, chung c
s dungva tch tr mang lai anh hng trc tip n
hiu qua cua vip lp t dy truyn can.
- Co 4 iu kin khac nhau co th la cn thit lp
t h thng dy truyn can o la :
+ Lp t nhng b pn n gian.
+ Lp t nhng b pn phc tap tai ni lp rap.
+ Lp t nhng b pn n gian ni khac mang
v.
+ Lp t nhng b pn phc tap ni khac mang
v.
- Trc tin mun lp t hoan thin h thng dy
chuyn nay ta cn phai b tr h thng cu v y la dy
chuyn co rt nhiu chi tit nng va lp t trong iu kin
cht. V vy, cu rt cn va khng th thiu khi lp t.
- Mc du mi iu kin co nhiu khac nhau. Bt chp
cac iu kin g nu s dung thit b lp t co k hoach
va h thng th cng vic lp t chc chn se c thc
hin mt cach d dang.
- Trc khi lp h thng dy truyn can phai khao sat ni
lp nghin cu cac thit b se c s dung va tch tr
nh th nao. iu quan trong la nhng chi tit nng c
nng ln cao hoc ha xung thp va di chuyn i xa so vi ni
lp, do vy ta nn s dung h thng cu co banh xe chay di
chuyn trn mt t bao am an toan cho ngi khac.
6.2. VN HANH
y la h thng vn hanh co nhiu c cu lam vic.
Vn hanh dy chuyn can nh co nut iu khin in. Luc u
ta bm nut bm du hoat ng (dau qua ban tran kh v
b du). a phi tm vao kep trn c cu dn ng phi trn

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may can. iu chnh c cu cp phi. Sau o n nut cho ng

c du hoat ng. Khi kch thc cua tn can at c nhng
yu cu th ta n nut dng may va n nut iu chnh h
thng u dp, h thng giao ct, sau khi ct xong ta tip tuc
n nut ng c du hoat ng.
am bao vn hanh tt oi hoi phai co nhng ngi
th co s am hiu v dy truyn can cao.
+ Hiu bit nguyn ly hoat ng : Cai nao trc, cai nao
sau. Khi hoat ng th cai nao cn cho hoat ng trc, cai
nao cn cho hoat ng sau.
+ C cu dn ng phi cn chnh xac, ngi th vn
hanh phai linh hoat, iu chnh c cu cho am bao kch thc
san phm khng cong, vnh.
+ Mun at c nng xut cao nh mong mun ngi
vn hanh co kha nng iu khin ca dy chuyn mt cach tron
ven, tranh c thi gian cht may khng cn thit.
+ Trong qua trnh vn hanh dy chuyn nay bao gi cung
gp nhiu can tr cua h thng iu khin khng tp trung,
ma phn tach cho mi b phn, ma mi b phn c am
nhim mi cng nhn khac nhau. Do vy, mun ng b hoat
ng tt th oi hoi th vn hanh phai co kha nng hiu bit
may cao.
+ Khi co s c oi hoi ngi th vn hanh phai nm ro
vn vn hanh x ly cho dy truyn ngng hoat ng.
Tom lai : Vn hanh may moc cua dy chuyn can phai
co i ngu cng nhn am hiu su sc cac h thng iu
khin cua dy chuyn, ap ng c cac yu cu nh :
+ Phat hin ra s c kp thi am bao sa
cha thay th.
+ Bit c tnh cng ngh cua cac b phn co
bin phap vn hanh tt giam c thi gian chay khng cung
nh thi gian cht may hay may qua tai.
6.3. BAO DNG DY CHUYN CAN
May moc, thit b sau khi ch tao xong phai dung nhng
phng phap bao v chng n mon trong mi trng.
chng n mon ta s dung phng phap tam thi hoc lu dai
sau :
- Bao quan truc can, con ln can, c cu cp phi
bng cach nho du hoc m bi trn.

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- Bao quan cac cp banh rng bng phun du, nho du

nh ky.
- Bao quan thanh may, b phn lp u dp, lp bao
bng cach tao cac lp phu (nh sn, xi, ma.....)
- Khi thit k tnh toan phai bao am phuc vu cac thao
tac may moc, thit b sa cha, lp t c thun li.
- Hang ngay phai kim tra may, v sinh may, kim tra cac
thit b nhng ch lp ni, kim tra bng tay. Xem b
phn truyn ng co truc trc g khng. Nu co h hong g
th iu chnh ngay.
- Kim tra va bao quan cac h thng thuy lc, cac xi
lanh, phiston, bm du, ng c du.
- Bao quan may khi vn hanh. Trc khi phat tn hiu khi
ng may phai kim tra.
+ ng in phai an toan. Cach in tt, in ap u.
+ Cac che chn va b phn truyn ng phai trong
tnh trang lam vic tt.
- Cng nhn vn hanh may phai c ao tao va hun
luyn ky nm vng cac nguyn ly hoat ng iu chnh
may.
IV. Thay th
Dy truyn c thit k va ch tao co chnh xac
cao. Nhng sau mt thi gian lu dai san xut se xy ra cac
hin tng mt s chi tit b hong. Do vy, tuy theo tng yu
cu thc t ma co th thay th hoc phuc hi lai chi tit
o.
Cac chi tit co th b mon hoc gay hong
+ Cac b phn cua l can sau mt thi gian lam vic th
no se b mon, lam cho ng knh l nho lai, khe h gia hai l
can rng thm, lam cho kch thc san phm khng at yu cu
v kch thc song. Do vy phai nghin cu thay th hay phuc
hi lai l can, hoc iu chnh khe h.
+ H thng giao ct, sau khi lam vic mt thi gian dao
co th b mon lam cho cun dao nn vic ct gp kho khn, do
vy cn phai phuc hi lai dao.
+ Cac bi b mon phai nh thay th.
KT LUN CHUNG
Sau khi xac nh c nhim vu tt nghip Thit k
dy truyn can tn song. Trai qua mt thi gian u con b ng,

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nht la vic tm kim tai liu. Nhng vi s giup nhit

tnh cua thy Trn Xun Tuy. Sau ba thang lam vic mt cach
khn trng, n nay v c ban an a hoan thanh.
Ni dung gm :
- Phn thuyt minh
- Cac ban ve cn thit
Tt ca ni dung an a trnh bay c c tnh,
nguyn ly kt cu va toan b dy truyn can. Noi chung nguyn
ly hoat ng n gian, kt cu thun tin, dang s dung,
bao quan va tnh an toan khi lam vic cao. S lng cng nhn
phuc vu may t, nng xut cung phu hp vi nhu cu thc t
hin nay. cp phi cho may hoat ng cn co h thng xe
nng, cu truc di chuyn, nng ha cac cun phi ln (5 tn).
V Dy chuyn can tn tao song y la thit b tng
i mi me. Vic ch tao va s dung no a gop phn giai
quyt vic lam, ap ng nhu cu ngi tiu dung cung nh nhu
cu v tm lp hin nay, va a cai thin c gia thanh san
phm.
t nc ang trn con ng phat trin, tng bc cng
nghip hoa hin ai hoa. Vic nghin cu ch tao va s
dung dy truyn nay cung la mt mc anh gia trnh phat
trin cua nganh cng nghip noi ring va nganh kinh t noi
chung.
Vi trnh va kha nng con han ch, thi gian co han,
cng vic hoan toan mi me va cha am hiu nhiu v kin
thc thc t. V vy, trong an nay se khng tranh khoi
nhng thiu sot. Rt mong s ch bao, gop y va on nhn
an nay vi s thng cam cua cac thy c va cac ban. ban
thn ti co thm kinh nghim va iu kin phat huy sau nay.
Cui cung em xin cam n thy Trn Xun Tuy, cung cac
thy c trong khoa, can b cng nhn vin Cng ty in chiu
sang thanh ph a Nng, cac xng can tn t nhn trn ng
in Bin Phu - a Nng a giup em hoan thanh an nay.
Tac gia
H Hu Bnh

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