FM

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu
Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH
Ni dung: 5.1 C bn v iu ch tn hiu
5.1.1 V tr ca iu ch trong h thng thng tin 5.1.2 Mc ch ca iu ch 5.1.3 Phn loi cc phng php iu ch
5.2 iu ch tng t
5.2.1 Sng mang trong iu ch tng t 5.2.2 iu ch bin 5.2.3 iu ch gc
5.3 iu ch xung
5.3.1 Sng mang trong iu ch xung 5.3.2 iu ch PAM 5.3.3 Cc h thng iu ch xung khc
Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky
9/7/2009

Chng 5 TN HIU IU CH
5.1 C bn v iu ch tn hiu: iu ch (Modulation) l qu trnh nh x tin tc vo sng mang bng cch thay i thng s ca sng mang (bin , tn s hay pha) theo tin tc . iu ch ng vai tr rt quan trng, khng th thiu trong h thng thng tin. 5.1.1 V tr ca iu ch trong h thng thng tin: Transmitter My pht: Ngun Bin i tin iu ch tin tc- tn hiu Khuch i
My thu: Nhn tin Bin i tn hiu - tin tc Receiver

Khuch i Gii iu ch
9/7/2009 2

Chng 5 TN HIU IU CH
5.1 C bn v iu ch tn hiu (tt): 5.1.2 Mc ch ca iu ch: c th bc x tn hiu vo khng gian di dng sng in t Cho php s dng hiu qu knh truyn Tng kh nng chng nhiu cho h thng 5.1.3 Phn loi cc phng php iu ch: Cc phng php iu ch iu ch tng t Bin Gc pha iu ch xung Tng t S iu ch s ASK PSK FSK
AM-SC AM
SSB-SC
VSB FM
PAM PM
PPM
PDM
PCM
Delta
3
SSB
9/7/2009

Chng 5
5.2 iu ch tng t: Tn hiu tin tc lm thay i cc thng s: bin , tn s hoc pha ca sng mang iu ha cao tn. Bin 5.2.1 Sng mang trong iu ch tng t: Dng sng mang ban u: Dng sng mang sau iu ch: y(t)=Ycos(t + ) y(t) = Y(t)cos(t) Pha ban u Tn s gc
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
Y(t): bin tc thi (phng trnh ng bao) (t): pha tc thi.
d (t ) (t ) = dt
: tn s gc tc thi
f (t ) =
1 d (t ) 2 dt
: tn s tc thi y(t)=Y(t)cos(t +): iu ch bin y(t) = Ycos(t): iu ch pha

9/7/2009 4
Nu (t): khng i; Y(t): thay i Nu (t): thay i; Y(t): khng i


Chng 5 TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.2.2 iu ch bin (Amplitude Modulation) a. H thng AM-SC (Amplitude Modulation with Suppressed Carrier) (cn gi l iu ch DSB-SC: Double Side Band with suppressed Carrier) Dng tn hiu AM-SC: Qu trnh iu ch: Tn hiu tin tc cn truyn i, tn s thp [min , max] Quan h trong min tn s:
y AM SC (t ) = x (t ) cos t
x(t)
yAM-SC (t)
Sng mang cao tn >>max
cos t
1 YAM SC ( ) = [ X ( ) + X ( + ) ] 2 1 AM SC ( ) = [ X ( ) + X ( + ) ] 4
9/7/2009

Chng 5
a. H thng AM-SC (tt): M t min thi gian x(t)
X0
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
M t min tn s
X()
0 cost
0
t
1
max min min max
Y()
-
t
YAM-SC()
yAM-SC(t)
X0/2
9/7/2009 6

Chng 5 TN HIU IU CH (tt) m(t) x(t)
a. H thng AM-SC (tt) Qu trnh gii iu ch: yAM-SC (t) Trong min thi gian: m(t) = x(t).cost.cost = [x(t) + x(t).cos2t]/2 Qua b lc LPF, ch cn li thnh phn tn s thp x(t) = x(t)/2. Trong min tn s:
LPF
cos t
M ( ) =
Qua b lc LPF, ch cn li thnh phn ph tn s thp: X() = X()/2. p ng tn s ca b lc

X0/2
1 [Y A M S C ( ) + Y A M S C ( + ) ] 2 1 1 = X ( ) + [ X ( 2 ) + X ( + 2 ) ] 2 4
M()
-2
2
9/7/2009 7

Chng 5
a.H thng AM-SC (tt) Nhn xt: Mch gii iu ch phc tp. Bng thng (bandwidth): Cng sut ca tn hiu AM-SC:
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
BWAM SC = 2max
Py AM SC 1 = Px 2
V d 1: Cho mch iu ch AM-SC: Tin tc: x(t) = cos(2103t) Sng mang: y(t) = cos(2104t) Hy: a. V x(t) v yAM-SC(t) ? b. Xc nh v v X(), X(), YAM-SC() v AM-SC() ? c. Tnh Px v PAM-SC?
9/7/2009

Phng trnh ng bao(envelope) 5.2.2 iu ch bin (Amplitude Modulation) b. H thng AM (cn gi l iu ch DSB) Dng tn hiu AM:
y AM (t ) = [ A + x (t )]cos t
x(t) A
Qu trnh iu ch: Tn hiu tin tc cn truyn i, tn s thp [min , max]
x
cos t
yAM (t)
Sng mang cao tn >>max
Quan h trong min tn s:
1 YAM () = A [ ( ) + ( + )] + [ X ( ) + X ( + )] 2 A2 1 AM () = [ ( ) + ( +)] + [X ( ) +X ( +)] 2 4

9/7/2009

Chng 5
b. H thng AM(tt): M t min thi gian x(t) M t min tn s
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
X()
X0
0 cost
0
max min min max
t
1
Y()
YAM()
yAM(t) t
A
X0/2
9/7/2009 10

Chng 5
a. H thng AM (tt) Qu trnh gii iu ch: Tch sng ng b: (ging gii iu ch AM-SC) Tch sng ng bao: s mch n gin
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
iu kin tch sng ng bao khng b mo:
A max{ x(t ) ; x(t ) < 0}

9/7/2009
11

Chng 5
a.H thng AM (tt) Nhn xt: Mch gii iu ch n gin. Bng thng (bandwidth): Hiu sut nng lng khng cao:
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
BWAM SC = 2max
P = b 100% PAM
Pb: cng sut di bn PAM: cng sut ton b tn hiu
1 Px P 2 = = 2 x 1 2 1 A + Px A + Px 2 2 Trng hp, x(t) = acost, hiu sut cc i:
max = 33.33%
GV: Ths. L Ngc Xuan Giang vien: Th.S LePhc Ky 9/7/2009 12

Chng 5
b. H thng AM (tt) V d 2: Cho mch iu ch AM: yAM(t) = [A+x(t)]cos(2105t)
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
x(t)
2 2 -4 -1 4 8
Hy: a. V yAM(t) khi A=2? b. Xc nh ph X(), YAM() ? c. Tnh Px v PAM? d. Xc nh gi tr ca A tch sng khng b mo trong mch tch sng hnh bao?
GV: Ths. L Ngc Xuan Giang vien: Th.S LePhc Ky 9/7/2009 13

Chng 5
5.2.2 iu ch bin (tt): c. Cc h thng iu ch bin khc: H thng SSB-SC (Single Side Band with Suppressed Carrier) p ng tn s ca b lc
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
H thng SSB (Single Side Band)
p ng tn s ca b lc
9/7/2009
14

Chng 5
5.2.2 iu ch bin : c. Cc h thng iu ch bin khc: H thng VSB (Vestigial Side Band)
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
9/7/2009
15

Chng 5
5.2.2 iu ch bin : So snh cc phng php iu ch bin :
c im Phng php
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
phc tp gii iu ch cao thp cao thp cao
Bng thng tn hiu iu ch rng rng hp hp va phi
Hiu sut nng lng cao thp cao thp va phi

16
AM-SC(DSB-SC) AM (DSB) SSB-SC SSB VSB
9/7/2009

Chng 5
5.2.3 iu ch gc: a. H iu pha PM (Phase Modulation) Dng tn hiu PM: trong :
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
y PM ( t ) = Y cos[ t + k p x ( t )]
(*)
x(t): tn hiu tin tc 0: pha ban u kp: hng s t l Tin tc trc tip thay i pha tc thi
Cc thng s quan trng:
Pha tc thi: Tn s gc tc thi: lch pha: lch tn s:
PM (t ) = t + k p x(t )
PM (t ) = + k p dx (t ) dt
PM =| (t) t |= kp x(t) max

PM =| (t ) |= k p dx(t ) dt max
9/7/2009 17

Chng 5
a.H iu pha PM (tt) PM di hp (NBPM-Narrow Band PM) S dng cng thc gn ng: Biu thc (*) thnh ra:
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
PM = k p | x(t ) |max
cos k p x(t ) 1;sin k p x(t ) k p x(t )

= Y cos t Yk p x(t ) sin t
y NBPM (t ) = Y cos t cos(k p x(t )) Y sin t sin(k p x(t ))

Biu thc NBPM
Ph ca tn hiu NBPM:
YNBPM ( ) = Y [ ( ) + ( + )]
PSD ca tn hiu NBPM:
Y k p [ X ( ) + X ( + ) ] 2j
2
(Yk p ) ( ) + ( + ) Y NBPM () = [ ( ) + ( + )] + [ X ] X 2 4
2
9/7/2009
18

Chng 5
a.H iu pha PM (tt) PM di hp (tt) Bng thng tn hiu NBPM: Mch to tn hiu NBPM:
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
BW NBPM = 2 max
Ysint
Ykp x(t) sint
2
Y cos t
kp
x(t)
yNBPM (t)
PM di rng (WBPM: Wide band PM) Cng thc Carson xc nh rng ph:
BWWBPM = 2( PM + 2)max
9/7/2009
19

Chng 5
5.2.3 iu ch gc: b. H iu tn FM (Frequency Modulation) Dng tn hiu FM: trong :
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
y F M ( t ) = Y cos[ t + k f
x(t): tn hiu tin tc 0: pha ban u kf: hng s t l
x ( t )dt ]
(*)
Cc thng s quan trng:
Pha tc thi: Tn s gc tc thi: lch pha: lch tn s:
FM (t ) = t + k f x(t )dt
Tin tc trc tip thay i tn s tc thi
FM (t ) = + k f x(t )
FM =| (t ) t |= k f
x(t)dt
max
FM =| (t) = kf x(t) max |

9/7/2009
20

Chng 5
b. H iu tn FM (tt) FM di hp (NBFM-Narrow Band FM)
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
FM = k f | x(t )dt |max
Tng t nh NBPM, biu thc tn hiu NBFM:
y NBFM (t ) = Y cos t Yk f x(t )dt.sin t

Bng thng tn hiu NBFM:
BW NBFM = 2 max
FM di rng ( WBFM -Wide Band FM) Cng thc Carson xc nh rng ph:
BWWBFM = 2( FM + 2 max )
9/7/2009
21

Chng 5
c. Nhn xt v PM v FM: So snh vi iu ch bin : Kh nng chng nhiu cao hn AM Bng thng tn hiu WBPM v WBFM rng hn tn hiu AM nhiu Quan h gia FM v PM:
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
x(t)
dx(t ) dt
x(t )dt
B iu ch FM
yPM (t)
x(t)
B iu ch PM
yFM (t)
22
9/7/2009

5.3 iu ch xung (Pulse Modulation): 5.3.1 Sng mang trong iu ch xung: Dy xung vung n cc
t y (t ) = Y
trong :
1 t t nT ||| = Y T T n =
; << T
Y: bin xung T: chu k lp li xung : rng xung
y (t )
Y
-2T
-T
2T
9/7/2009
23

Chng 5
5.2 iu ch tng t: 5.3.2 H thng iu ch PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation): a. H thng PAM l tng: Dng tn hiu : Qu trnh iu ch: Ph ca PAM l tng:
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
y PAM
1 t ( t ) = x ( t ) ||| T T
x(t)
1 YPAM ( ) = 2 1 = 2 2 X ( ) ||| ; 0 = T 0
X ( ) 0 ( n0 ) n =
yPAM(t)
1 t y (t ) = ||| ( ) T T
1 = X ( n0 ) T n =
9/7/2009
24

Chng 5
M t min thi gian x(t)
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
M t min tn s X0
a. H thng PAM l tng (tt):
X()
0 y(t)
-max
0
Y ()
max
T yPAM(t)
2T 3T 4T 5T
-20 -0 X0/2
0
20
YPAM ()
0
0
GV: Ths. L Ngc Xuan Giang vien: Th.S LePhc Ky
t -20 -0
20
9/7/2009
25

Chng 5
Qu trnh gii iu ch: Tn hiu PAM c a qua b lc c p ng tn s:
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
a. H thng PAM l tng (tt):
H ( ) = T 2max
Ph ca tn hiu ng ra:
yPAM(t) YPAM()
h(t) H()
x (t) X()
1 X '() = YPAM () H () = X ( n0 ) T T n= 2max Nu: 0 2m , ta c: H()
X '( ) = X ( )
khi phc ng
-20
-0
20
9/7/2009 26

Chng 5
b. H thng PAM thc t: Dng tn hiu :
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.3.2 H thng iu ch PAM (tt):
t y (t ) = x(t ).Y
1 t ||| T T
Qu trnh iu ch: Ph ca PAM l tng:
x(t)
2 T
yPAM(t)
YPAM ( ) =
1 2 1 = 2 Y = T
t Y X ( ) 2 Y San ( n0 )
[ X ( ) Y ( )] ; 0 =
n =
t 1 ||| ( ) T T
n =
Sa
n X ( n0 ) T
9/7/2009 27

Chng 5
M t min thi gian x(t)
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
M t min tn s X0
b. H thng PAM thc t (tt):
X()
0
Y
-max
max
Y()
2 Y T
0 T
yPAM(t)
2T
3T
-20
-0
2 Y T
20
YPAM()
0
-20
-0
20
9/7/2009
28

Chng 5
Qu trnh gii iu ch: Tn hiu PAM c a qua b lc c p ng tn s:
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
b. H thng PAM thc t (tt):
H ( ) =
T Y
2 max
yPAM(t) YPAM()
h(t) H()
Ph ca tn hiu ng ra:
x (t) X()
X '() = YPAM () H () Y n T = Sa T X ( n0 ) Y 2 T n= max

Nu:
0 2m , ta c: X '( ) = X ( )
-20 -0
YPAM()
2 Y T
H()
khi phc ng
20
9/7/2009
29

b. H thng PAM thc t (tt): Nhn xt: Ph ca tn hiu PAM rng v hn, nhng phn ln cng sut tp trung trong khong (-2/, 2/). V ph ca PAM tp trung xung quanh tn s thp, nn mun truyn i cn iu ch ln na (v d PAM-AM, PAM-FM,vv) V d 3: Cho h thng PAM nh sau Bit rng: x(t) 2 z(t)
x (t ) = S a 0t ; 1 =
H()
v(t)
H ( ) = 2 0
1 t y (t ) = ||| ( ) T T
Hy: a. Xc nh v v Z() khi 1=3 0; 1=1.5 0 b. Xc nh v(t) v tnh Ev trong hai trng hp 1=3 0; 1=1.5 0. (to be continued)
9/7/2009
30

x(t) 5.3.3 Cc h thng iu ch xung khc: iu ch rng xung PDM (Pulse Duration Modulation) iu ch v tr xung PPM (Pulse Position Modulation)
Bin xung khng i V tr bt u xung khng i rng ca xung thay i theo x(t)
0
Y
2T
3T
4T
5T
6T
yPDM(t)
0
Bin xung khng i rng ca xung khng i V tr bt u xung thay i theo x(t)
yPPM(t)
0
t
9/7/2009 31

V tr ca iu ch PAM trong h thng thng tin
9/7/2009
32

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Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

My thu: Nhn tin Bin i tn hiu - tin tc Receiver

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Y(t): bin tc thi (phng trnh ng bao) (t): pha tc thi.

: tn s tc thi y(t)=Y(t)cos(t +): iu ch bin y(t) = Ycos(t): iu ch pha

Nu (t): khng i; Y(t): thay i Nu (t): thay i; Y(t): khng i

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

max min min max

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Qua b lc LPF, ch cn li thnh phn ph tn s thp: X() = X()/2. p ng tn s ca b lc

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Qu trnh iu ch: Tn hiu tin tc cn truyn i, tn s thp [min , max]

Quan h trong min tn s:

1 YAM () = A [ ( ) + ( + )] + [ X ( ) + X ( + )] 2 A2 1 AM () = [ ( ) + ( +)] + [X ( ) +X ( +)] 2 4

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

max min min max

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

iu kin tch sng ng bao khng b mo:

A max{ x(t ) ; x(t ) < 0}

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Pb: cng sut di bn PAM: cng sut ton b tn hiu

1 Px P 2 = = 2 x 1 2 1 A + Px A + Px 2 2 Trng hp, x(t) = acost, hiu sut cc i:

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

H thng SSB (Single Side Band)

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

phc tp gii iu ch cao thp cao thp cao

Bng thng tn hiu iu ch rng rng hp hp va phi

Hiu sut nng lng cao thp cao thp va phi

AM-SC(DSB-SC) AM (DSB) SSB-SC SSB VSB

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Cc thng s quan trng:

Pha tc thi: Tn s gc tc thi: lch pha: lch tn s:

PM =| (t) t |= kp x(t) max

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

cos k p x(t ) 1;sin k p x(t ) k p x(t )

y NBPM (t ) = Y cos t cos(k p x(t )) Y sin t sin(k p x(t ))

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

x(t): tn hiu tin tc 0: pha ban u kf: hng s t l

Cc thng s quan trng:

Pha tc thi: Tn s gc tc thi: lch pha: lch tn s:

Tin tc trc tip thay i tn s tc thi

FM =| (t) = kf x(t) max |

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

FM = k f | x(t )dt |max

Tng t nh NBPM, biu thc tn hiu NBFM:

y NBFM (t ) = Y cos t Yk f x(t )dt.sin t

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu