Lesson 1 The purpose of the course is to give Americans, whether of Irish descent or not, a working knowledge of the Irish

language. This course begins with the basics and is entirely self-contained. We have planned it especially for persons who are studying alone or in small groups without a teacher, books or recordings. To keep your past study lessons handy, each week remove the lesson from the paper and paste or staple it into a notebook, so that you will have the lessons available for review or reference. Pronunciation and study methods are important for you who are learning Irish in this way. We will say a few words about these two subjects rst. Pronunciation Americans studying Irish have always learned pronunciation from either an Irish speaker or from one of several recordings accompanying textbooks. Because we will not be able to teach pronunciation in these ways, we will give you a simple pronunciation guide system and then extra instruction from time to time. If you have the chance to listen to a native speaker, however, do so. There are differences in regional pronunciation in Irish, as in other languages, but if the speaker talks slowly and clearly, you should have little trouble in understanding the words you know. The pronunciation given in the guide for this lesson series is not based exclusively on any one region of Ireland. Where the differences are signicant, we will give you some of the other pronunciations and usage, to make it easier to talk to all speakers. Study Method Learn the pronunciation guide system and do the practice work for English words that we will give you. For each Irish word, phrase, or sentence, rst look at the pronunciation guide (which will always be in parentheses) and say the word or words several times out loud. Then look at the Irish word and pronounce it several more times. After you have gone over the lesson in this way, write the Irish words, copying them from the lesson and saying them out loud as you copy them. Each time you say an Irish word or phrase, try to form a picture in your mind of the meaning. Although this is difcult with some single words, persist and it will become easier as the phrases and sentences become longer. Translation is the next step. Read the Irish word or phrase out loud and then translate it into English. Do this several times, until you are sure that you know it. Then translate the English into Irish several times. If you are learning Irish with others, each person can give another a word or phrase to translate and can take a part in the conversation in the lessons. In the conversation exercises, look rst at the pronunciation and meaning, then look up from the lesson before you say the Irish words out loud. Work phrase by phrase at rst, until you can memorize entire sentences. If you study with others, take turns in reading what each character says. In the conversation exercises, you will see words and phrases that will seem difcult at rst. Memorize them and dont worry about the grammar. It will be explained later. Pronunciation guide system Most of the symbols are letters and letter groups for sounds common in familiar English words. If you pronounce them in that way for the rst few lessons, you will be close enough for a beginning. We will gradually correct you and improve your pronunciation as you advance, so that you will soon have a genuine Irish pronunciation. For most consonants, such as b, d, f, g, h, l, m, n, p, r, s, and t we will use the letters themselves as pronunciation symbols. In the lessons you will get instructions on how to pronounce these sounds in the Irish way. Nearly all these consonants have two sounds in Irish, depending on what vowels are next to them. (English c and g also have this characteristic. Notice how you start to pronounce king and coat, and then give and go.) The vowel symbols may need some explanation, so here are the symbols and description of their pronunciation: Symbols and pronunciation (ah) as in English ah-hah. (a) as in English at. (aw*) as in English tot. but held for a longer time (ay*) as Irish pronounce English say without a trace of (ee) as in English mean. (i) as in English pin. (eye) as in English eye. (oh) as in English toe, but without the trace of (oo) sound at the end as in English food. (oo) as in English food. (u) as in English put. (uh) as in English but. (ou) as in English shout We will capitalize the letters in the accented part of the word or phrase. We will use asterisks, as in some symbols above, to indicate a sound fairly different from usual English sounds. Remember, too, that many Irish sounds are not exactly like their English counterparts. Some English sounds, such as z and th are not in Irish. Now try these English words as practice in using the pronunciation guide system: (boht) (HAM-muhr) (kin) (KUH-stuhm-ayr-ee) (de-LIV-uh-ree) (giv) (trans-LAYT) (ad-MEYE-uhr) (ful-FIL) (fuhn-duh-MENT-uhl) (wohnt) (wawnt) (tawt). The actual English words for these are: boat, hammer, kin, customary, delivery, give, translate, admire, fulll, fundamental, wont, want, taught. These sounds are not always exact, as you can see, but are close enough to be understood.

Lesson 2 You are now ready to make a classic entry into the Irish language, by way of an important verb: T (taw*). T serves to tell where something is or what its condition is, and therefore it has some of the functions of English is. For the (t) sound next to an a, o or u, put the front part of your tongue up along the top of your mouth, with the tip against the upper front teeth and almost--but not quite--protruding between the teeth. Pronounce the (t) sound a few times. If you extend the tongue too far between the teeth, you will say English th as in that or throw. Irish does not have those sounds. For the (aw*) sound, say the English word tot, but start the word with the Irish (t) you have just learned. Repeat several times, then drop the nal t and lengthen the (aw*) sound. As a check, try making the (aw*) sound in another way: Say English awful several times slowly, and notice that your lips are pushed far out. Try the word with your lips held in closer and more rounded. You may recognize the sound as the way some Irish pronounce awful. Now learn these words, referring back to the Lesson 1 pronunciation guide as necessary: T s (TAW* shay*) he is, it is t s (TAW* shee) she is t m (TAW* may) I am fuar (FOO-uhr) cold mr (mohr) big te (te) hot g (ohg) young sean (shan) old ln (law*n) full Next, learn these sentences, then translate them. Form a mental picture each time. T s fuar. T m mr. T s g. T s ln. T s te. T s sean. Learn these new words thoroughly: fear (far) man, a man cat (kaht) cat, a cat bean (ban) woman, a woman cailn (kah-LEEN) girl, a girl bord (bohrd) table, a table ard (ahrd) high, tall gairid (GAH-rid) short anseo (un-SHUH) here ansin (un-SHIN) there fada (FAH-duh) long bosca (BOHSK-uh) box, a box seal (EE-shuhl) low, short srid (sraw*d) street, a street agus (AH-guhs) and lidir (LAW*-dir) strong tana (TAH-nee) thin ramhar (ROU-wuhr) fat cam (koum) crooked We can substitute these into the basic sentence T s fuar, he is cold, to make new sentences: T fear anseo (taw* FAR un-SHUH). A man is here. T Sen anseo (taw* SHAW*N un-SHUH). John is here. T bean agus fear ansin (taw* BAN AH-guhs FAR un-SHIN). A women and a man are there. T Brd lidir (taw* BREED LAW*-dir). Bridget is strong. T is irregular, one of only ten or eleven Irish verbs that are. For the negative of t, the basic word is nl (neel). Read these: Nl s mr (NEEL shay* mohr). He is not big. Nl m fuar (NEEL may* FOO-uhr). I am not cold. Nl Sen ramhar (NEEL shaw*n ROU-wuhr). John is not fat. For questioning with t, the basic group is an bhfuil (un VWIL). In the West of Ireland this may be pronounced (un WIL). Read these: An bhfuil fear ansin? (un vwil FAR un-SHIN) Is a man there? An bhfuil Nra g? (un vwil NOH-ruh ohg) Is Nora young? An bhfuil bosca anseo? (un vwil BOHSK-uh un-SHUH) Is there a box here?

Pronunciation Irish t and d. Every Irish consonant has two different sounds. The one selected depends on what kind of vowel is next to the consonant. The vowels a, o and u are called broad and give the broad sound to consonants next to them. The slender vowels are e, i, ea and often ai. You learned how to pronounce broad t above, in the word t. Pronounce a broad d with the front part of the tongue in the same position, along the roof of the mouth, with the tongue tip almost protruding between the teeth. Try: d (daw*), d (doh), dn (doon), drom (drohm), dl (dloo), dath (dah). For slender d and t, place the tongue tip, and only the tip, on the hard ridge just behind your upper front teeth. Then pronounce the t or d. (In the West there is a tendency to pronounce these by sliding the tongue off the ridge, giving sounds closer to ch or j). Practice on these: deil (del), dan(day*n), dlis (DEE-lish), ding (ding), deacair (DAK-uhr), dl (dlee), te (te), tann (TAY*-uhn), timire (TEEM-i-re), teas (tas). Conversation Read this carefully until you can go from one language to the other quickly, phrase by phrase and sentence by sentence. Do not try to understand the grammar of the words or phrases yet. Pay special attention to duit. This is generally pronounced with a (g) sound at the start, and we will do that in this lesson. The letter u in the word merely tells you that the d or g gets its broad sound. The t must get a slender sound. Samas: (SHAY*-muhs): Dia duit, a Nra (DEE-uh git, uh NOH-ruh). Hello, Nora. Nra: Dias Muire duit, a Shamais (DEE-uhs MWIR-uh git, uh HAY*-mish). Hello James. Samas: Conas t t? (KUN-uhs TAW*too). How are you? Nra: T m go maith, agus conas t t fin? (TAW* may* goh MAH, AH-guhs KUN-uhs TAW* too fay*n). I am well, and how are you? Samas: T m go maith, leis. (TAW*may* goh MAH, lesh). I am well, too.

Lesson 3 One of the characteristics of modern printed Irish is the frequency of the letter h after consonants in words. Generally the h is not sounded by itself but instead indicates a pronunciation change in the consonant directly ahead of it. This change, called aspiration, occurs in other languages, too. In English, for example, you know that the word philosophy is pronounced with f sounds, not p sounds. The h after the p tells you this, as it does in Philip and triumph. A German pronounces ach differently from ac or ak, too, because he knows that the h indicates a change, which we call aspiration in Irish. Aspiration is nothing more than a relaxation of the tongue as you say a consonant, so that air can ow out of the mouth more easily. Aspiration can occur for initial consonants under the effect of preceding words or word groups, such as my or in the. Aspiration can also occur in the middle or at the end of a word. We will now give you an aspiration vocabulary, so that you will be able to pronounce aspirated consonants more easily as you read them. Nearly all the aspirated sounds are close to English sounds, but the aspirated c sounds are somewhat different. Learn them separately rst: When ordinary, unaspirated c is next to a, o, or u, pronounce it like the c in coat or coal. This is called broad c. Notice that your tongue rises at the back and touches the roof of your mouth for the c sound. Try these Irish words: cil (kaw*l), cta (KOH-tuh), cpla (KOOP-luh). To make the aspirated sound, pronounce the c without letting the tongue rise so high. Try the German word ach rst. Then try the aspirated sounds in: lach (lahk*), loch (lohk*), dchas (DOOK*-uhs). Next, try the sound at the start of words: chil (k*aw*l), chta (K*OH-tuh), chpla (K*OOP-luh). We will use the symbol (K*) for the aspirated broad c sound. Pronounce c next to e, i, or before ea like the k in kill or kit. Notice that the tongue top touches the roof of the mouth farther forward than for broad c. Try these Irish words: ceil (kel), cos (kees), ceannaigh (KyAN-ee). To aspirate, say the c without letting the tongue touch the roof of the mouth. The sound will be like a y in English with a slight h sound before it; we will use (hy) as the symbol. Try: cheil (hyel), chos (hyees), cheannaigh (HYAN-ee). In parts of Ireland, the sound is closer to English h. Now learn this aspiration vocabulary. (Mo means my and aspirates the nine aspirable consonants after it.): bal, mo bhal (bay*l, muh VAY*L) mouth, my mouth. bd, mo bhd (baw*d, muh VAW*D) boat, my boat. cistin, mo chistin (KISH-tin, muh HYISH-tin) kitchen, my kitchen. cta, mo chta (KOH-tuh, muh K*OH-tuh) coat, my coat. deis, mo dheis (desh, muh YESH) opportunity, my opportunity. dthain, mo dhthain (DOH-hin, muh GOH-hin) enough, enough for me. fear, mo fhear (far, mar) man, my man. finne, mo fhinne (FAW*-nye, MAW*nye) ring, my ring. gag, mo ghag (GAY*-ugh, muh YAY*-uhg) arm, my arm. gairdn, mo ghairdn (gahr-DEEN, muh gahr-DEEN) garden, my garden. mian, mo mhian (MEE-uhn, muh VEE-uhn) wish, my wish. mla, mo mhla (MAW*-luh, muh VWAW*-luh) bag, my bag. peata, mo pheata (PAT-uh, muh FAT-uh) pet, my pet. pca, mo phca (POH-kuh, muh FOH-kuh) pocket, my pocket. sire, mo shire (SHAY*-ruh, muh HAY*-ruh) supper, my supper. sl, mo shl (saw*l, muh HAW*L) heel, my heel. tr, mo thr (teer, muh HEER) country, my country. talamh, mo thalamh (TAH-luhv, muh HAH-luhv) land, my land. Conversation After you have learned this conversation, go over it again to look for examples of aspiration in it, and see how the pronunciation is changed. Samas: (SHAY*-muhs): Dia duit, a Nra (DEE-uh git, uh NOH-ruh) Hello, Nora. Nra: Dias Muire duit, a Shamais (DEE-uhs MWIR-uh git, uh HAY*-mish) Hello James. Samas: Conas t t inniu? (KUN-uhs TAW* too in-YOO) How are you today? Nra: T m go maith, agus conas t t fin? (TAW* may* goh MAH, AH-guhs KUN-uhs TAW* too fay*n) I am well, and how are you yourself? Samas: T m go maith leis, ach nl m ag obair anois (TAW* may* go MAH lesh, ahk* NEEL may* eg UH-bir uh-NISH) I am well, too, but I am not working now. Nra: Nl an aimsir go maith inniu (neel un EYEM-sheer goh MAH in-YOO) The weather isnt good today. Samas: T an ceart agat. T s fuar anseo (taw* un KART uh-GUHT. taw*shay* FOO-uhr uhn-SHUH FRESH-in) Youre right. It is cold here too). Nra: Nl an seomra te, p scal (neel un SHOHM-ruh shuh te, pay* SHKAY*L ay*) The room isnt warm. anyway.

Lesson 4 We began on the verb t in Lesson 2, and we will continue with it now. Here is the entire present tense: T m (TAW* may*), I am T t (TAW* too), you (singular) are T s (TAW* shay*), he, (it) is T s (TAW* shee), she is Timid (TAW* mid), we are T sibh (TAW* shiv), you (plural) are T siad (taw* SHEE-uhd), they are Nl m (NEEL may*), I am not Nl t (NEEL too), you (singular) are not Nl s (NEEL shay*), he is not Nl s (NEEL shee), she is not Nlimid (NEEL-i-mid), we are not Nl sibh (NEEL shiv), you (plural) are not Nl siad (neel SHEE-uhd), they are not An bhfuil m? (un VWIL may*), am I? An bhfuil t? (un VWIL too), are you? (singular) An bhfuil s? (un VWIL shay*), is he? An bhfuil s? (un VWIL shee), is she? An bhfuilimid? (un VWIL-i-mid), are we? An bhfuil sibh? (un VWIL shiv), are you? (plural) An bhfuil siad? (un vwil shee-uhd), are they? To give you uency and practice in pronunciation, we now introduce a progressive drill. Repeat the drill several times when the lessons call for it. Each time you repeat it, it becomes easier. The drill takes you through a verb or grammar form progressively, changing from question to negative to declarative and back to the question form. Remember to form a mental picture for each sentence. Here is the basic form: An bhfuil m sa ghairdn? (un VWIL may* suh gahr-DEEN), Am I in the garden? Nl m sa ghairdn (NEEL may* suh gahr-DEEN), I am not in the garden. T t sa ghairdn (TAW* too suh gahr-DEEN), You are in the garden. An bhfuil t sa ghairdn? (un VWIL too suh gahr-DEEN), Are you in the garden? Nl t sa ghairdn (NEEL too suh gahr-DEEN), You are not in the garden. T s sa ghairdn (TAW* shay* suh gahr-DEEN), He is in the garden. An bhfuil s sa ghairdn? (un VWIL shay* suh ghar-DEEN), Is he in the garden? [note the progression from M - T - S in the above] Go on from here. Your last sentence will be: T m sa ghairdn (TAW* may* suh gahr-DEEN), I am in the garden. Vocabulary The Irish word for the is an. Irish nouns can be either masculine or feminine, and an before a feminine noun aspirates most of the initial consonants that can be aspirated. Exceptions are d, t, and sometimes s. An does not aspirate the initial consonant of a masculine noun. Learn this vocabulary: Masculine nouns l (law*), day clog (kluhg), clock bus (bus), bus Feminine nouns bean, an bhean (ban, un VAN), woman cos, an chos (kuhs, un K*UHS), foot duais, an duais (DOO-ish, un DOO-ish), prize grian, an ghrian (GREE-uhn, un YREE-uhn), sun fuinneog, an fhuinneog (fwin-YOHG, un in-YOHG), window teanga, an teanga (TANG-uh, un TANG-uh), language tr, an tr (teer, un TEER), country Other words and phrases ag dul abhaile (uh duhl uh-VWAHL-e), going home bre (bir-RAW*), ne iuch (yuk*), wet tirim (TIR-im), dry lainn (AW*-lin), beautiful fuar (FOO-uhr), cold Conversation

Brd (breed): Dia duit, a Shein (DEE-uh git, uh HYAW*in). Hello John. Sen (shaw*n): Dias Muire duit, a Bhrd (DEE-uhs MWIR-uh git, uh VREED) Conas t sibh go lir? (KUN-uhs TAW* shiv goh lay*r) Hello, Bridget. How are you all? Brd: Timid go maith (TAW*-mid goh MAH), agus conas t t fin? (AH-guhs KUN-uhs TAW* too fay*n). We are well, and how are you yourself? Sen: , ar fheabhas (oh er OUS). Nach bre an l ? (nahk* bir-RAW un LAW* ay*). Oh, excellent. Isnt it a ne day? Brd: Is bre, go deimhin (is bir-RAW*, goh DEYE-in) T an ghrian ag soilsi. (taw* un YREE-uhn uh SEYEL-shoo), agus t an aimsir go hlainn. (taw* un EYEM-sheer goh HAW*-lin). It is ne, certainly. The sun is shining and the weather is beautiful. Sen: Nl an aimsir chomh fuar agus a bh s inn. (neel un EYEM-sheer hoh FOO-uhr AH-guhs uh vee shay* in-YAY). The weather is not as cold as it was yesterday. Brd: Agus nl an l chomh iuch agus a bh s inn. (AH-guhs neel an LAW* hoh yuk* AH-guhs uh vee shay* in-YAY). And the day is not as wet as it was yesterday. Sen: T orm dul abhaile anois, a Bhrd. (TAW* OH-ruhm duhl uh-VWAHL-e uh-NISH, uh VREED). Fach, t s a cig a chlog beagnach. (FAY*-uhk*, TAW* shay* un KOO-ig uh K*LUHG BYUHG-nahk*). I must go home now, Bridget. Look, it is almost ve oclock. Brd: Sln leat (slaw*n lat) Good-bye. Sen: Sln agat, a Bhrd. ( slaw*n uh-GUHT, uh VREED). Good-bye, Bridget. Note: Sln agat (health be at you) is said to someone staying behind. Sln leat (health be with you) is said to someone going away.

Lesson 5 You have already noticed the frequent use of what looks like an accent mark over vowels in Irish words. The slanting line (sneadh fada (SHEEN-uh FAH-duh) or sometimes sneadh) is not really an accent mark, however, but instead basically indicates the length of time that you pronounce the vowel. For example, the word psta (POHS-tuh), meaning married, has the same (oh) sound that is in the word cnoc (kuhNOHK), meaning hill, but for psta the (oh) sound is held longer. Often a short vowel in an Irish word will sound to an American somewhat like the (uh) in unt. We have represented the sound by (uh) in some cases, because Americans will nd the (uh) sound closer to their pronunciation experience. The Irish word clog is an example. We represent it by (kluhg), but as your pronunciation improves, you will learn to pronounce it with a short (oh) sound, rounding your lips more than for (uh). Irish makes less use of the (uh) sound than does English, and this is important to remember as you rene your pronunciation. The sneadh fada can indicate signicant pronunciation differences. For example, Sen is a name, but sean means old. Fear (far) is man, but far (fay*r) is grass. The word ire (AY-re) means Ireland, but eire (E-re) is burden. On Irish stamps a few years ago, Ireland was called Eire, through either ignorance or malice. Grammar In Irish, nearly all adjectives follow the noun, and if the noun is feminine, the initial consonant of the adjective is aspirated. Learn these examples thoroughly: First, masculine nouns: an l mr (un law* mohr), the big day an fear beag (un far byuhg), the little man bus dearg (bus DYAR-uhg), a red bus an bord mr (un bohrd mohr), the big table mo bhord mr (muh vwohrd mohr), my big table do bhord beag (duh vwohrd byuhg), your little table do bhd beag (duh vwaw*d byuhg), your little boat Next, feminine nouns: bean mhr (ban vwohr), a big woman an bhean mhr (un van vwohr), the big woman fuinneog bheag (fwin-YOHG vyuhg), a little window an fhuinneog bheag (un in-YOHG vyuhg), the little window tr iuch (teer lyuk*), a wet country an tr fhliuch (un teer lyuk*), the wet country cos fhada (kuhs AH-duh), a long foot an chos fhada (un k*uhs AH-duh), the long foot oche mhaith (EE-hye vwah), a good night an oche mhaith (un EE-hye vwah), the good night A few adjectives come before the noun. Sean (shan), meaning old, is one of these. It aspirates the initial consonant of the noun. Learn these examples: sean-bhord (shan vwohrd), an old table an sean-bhord (un shan vwohrd), the old table an sean-fhear (un shan ar), the old man Practice T X sa chistin (taw* X suh HYISH-tin) means X is in the kitchen. With this as the basic sentence, go through the progressive drill that you learned in Lesson 4, inserting these word groups for X: bean mhr (ban vwohr), a big woman an bhean bheag (un van vyuhg), the little woman cailn lainn (kah-LEEN AW*-lin), a beautiful girl an fhuinneog mhr (un in-YOHG vwohr), the big window mo bhord seal (muh vwohrd EE-shuhl), my low table do chat ramhar (duh k*aht ROU-wuhr), your fat cat Start with: An bhfuil bean mhr sa chistin? (un VWIL ban vwohr suh HYISH-tin) Is there a big woman in the kitchen? Nl bean mhr sa chistin. T an bhean bheag sa chistin. An bhfuil an bhean bheag sa chistin? And so on. The last two sentences will be: Nl do chat ramhar sa chistin. T bean mhr sa chistin. Where you stand You should now know some basic pronunciation of the simpler words. The words that you have learned were given chiey to illustrate pronunciation. We will devote more space henceforth to vocabulary and grammar. The emphasis will always be on building your speaking ability, with phrases rather than separate words as the basic units. You should also be able to initiate a conversation by now, if you have studied the conversation for each lesson. Conversation

Brian (BREE-uhn): Dia duit, a Phdraig (DEE-uh git, uh FAW*-drig). Hello Patrick Pdraig (PAW*-drig): Dias Muire duit, a Bhriain (DEE-uhs MWIR-uh git, uh-VREE-in.) Conas t t? (KUN-uhs taw* too) Hello, Brian. How are you? Brian: T m go maith (TAW* may* goh MAH). Agus conas t t fin? (AH-guhs KUN-uhs taw* too fay*n) I am well. And how are you yourself? Pdraig: T m go maith, freisin (FRESH-in). T bisteach air anois (taw* BAW*SH-tuhk* er uh-NISH). I am well, too. It looks like rain now. Brian: Bh s ag cur bist arir (vee shay* uh kur BAW*SH-tee uh-RAY*R). Fach! T an t-srid uich fs (FAY*-ahk*! taw* un traw*d yuk* fohs). It was raining last night. Look! The street is still wet. Pdraig: T an aimsir fuar iuch, go cinnte (taw* un EYEM-sheer FOO-uhr yuhk*, goh KIN-te). The weather is cold and wet, certainly.

Lesson 6 Pronunciation The pronunciation of l in Irish differs somewhat from English pronunciation of l. If the l starts a word and is followed by a, o, or u, the tongue is spread wider than for English l and is pressed against the upper front teeth. Try: l (law*), ln (law*n), ln (lohn), lb (loob). This is the broad sound. In English, you probably point the tongue and touch it to the hard ridge behind the upper front teeth. For an l that starts a word but is followed by e or i, hold the tongue with the tip against the back of the lower front teeth and raise the front of the tongue so that it touches the upper front teeth and the hard ridge behind them. This is a slender l. Try: lan (lay*n), lir (lay*r) leis (lesh), leat (lat), ln (leen), lia (LEE-uh), lios (lis), litir (LI-tir). If inside a word, l is more likely to be pronounced with the tongue tip on the hard ridge, much as in English. You should now be able to understand why some Irish persons pronounce English words with l as they do. Take lovely as an example. Remember what Lesson 5 told you--that in Irish the (uh) sound is not as common as in English. Then try the word lovely with the broad l you have just learned and with a vowel sound closer to (oh) than to (uh). For another example, try pronouncing English line with either the broad l or the slender l that you have just learned. Most persons learning a foreign language tend to apply the sounds of their native language to the new language. This is what gives us German, French, Russian and Spanish accents. The Irish, similarly, have applied the sounds of Irish to English to create an Irish accent. Do not call it a brogue. Vocabulary Masculine Nouns aon duine (ay*n DIN-e), anyone aon rud (ay*n ruhn), anything seomra *SHOM-ruh), room bosca (BOHSK-uh), box bord (bohrd), table ireannach, an t-ireannach (AY*R-uh-nahk*, un TAY*R-un-nahk*), Irishman or Irish person Meiricenach (mer-i-KAW*-nahk*), an American Feminine Nouns oche, an oche (EE-hye, un EE-hye), night, the night traein (tray*n) train cathair, an chathair (KAH-hir, un K*AH-hir), city, the city sa seomra (suh SHOHM-ruh), in the room sa bhaile (suh VWAHL-e) at home eile (EL-e), other seo (shuh), this sin (shin), there anseo (un-SHUH), here ansin (un-SHIN), there ag teacht isteach (uh tyahk*t ish-TYAHK*) coming in ag dul amach (uh duhl uh-MAHK*), going out Grammar C bhfuil X? (kaw* vwil eks) means Wher is X? Nach bhfuil s anseo? (nahk* VWIL shay* un-SHUH) means Isnt he here? The complete tense for the nach bhfuil form is: Nach bhfuil m? (nahk VWIL may*) am I not? Nach bhfuil t? (nahk VWIL too) are you (singular) not? Nach bhfuil s? (nahk VWIL shay*) isnt he? Nach bhfuilimid? (nahk VWIL-i-mid) arent we? Nach bhfuil sibh? (nahk VWIL shiv) arent you (plural)? Nach bhfuil siad? (nahk VWIL SHEE-uhd) arent they? To make you more procient in the vocabulary and verb forms of this lesson, go through this progressive drill: Nach bhfuil Sen anseo? (nahk* vwil SHAW*n un-SHUH) Isnt John here? Nl s anseo (NEEL shay* un-SHUH). Hes not here. T s ansin (TAW* shay* un-SHIN) Hes there. Continue with: Nach bhfuil Sen ansin? Nl s ansin. T s sa seomra. Then continue with: sa bhaile, ag teacht isteach, ag dul amach, ag teacht amach, ag dul isteach. If you have time, replace Sen by: an t-ireannach, an Meiricenach, an bhean mhr, an fear mr. For the form C bhfuil___?, go through this progressive drill: C bhfuil m? (kaw* vwil may*) Nach bhfuil m sa chistin? (nahk* VWIL may* suh HYISH-tin) Nl m sa chistin (NEEL may* suh HYISH-tin).

T t sa chistin (TAW* too suh HYISH-tin). Continue with: C bhfuil t?, and go through s, s, __ imid, sibh, and siad, coming back to T m sa chistin. Conversation Brian: (BREE-uhn): A Phdraig, c bhfuil an fear a bh sa seomra eile? (uh FAW*-drig, kaw* vwil un far uh vee suh SHOHM-ruh EL-e) Patrick, where is the man who was in the other room? Pdraig: Nl a fhios agam (neel is uh-GUHM). Bfhidir go bhfuil s sa bhaile (BAY*dir goh vwil shay* suh VWAHL-e). I dont know. Perhaps he is home. Brian: Nach bhfuil t fin ag dul abhaile anois? (nahk* VWIL too fay*n uh duhl uh-VWAHL-e uh-NISH) Arent you yourself going home now? Pdraig: Is dcha (is DOHK*-uh). Fach! (FAY*ahk*) t bus ag teacht sos an tsrid (taw* BUS uh tyahk*t shees un traw*d). I suppose so. Look! Theres a bus coming down the street. Brian: Isteach leat, a mhic, (ish-TYAHK* lat, uh vik). In with you, son. Notes on conversation Nl a fhios agam means literally There is not its knowledge at me. Fios is knowledge, and agam is at me. Learn it as a phrase and use it as a quick reply to questions. Bfhidir is often followed by go bhfuil. Learn it as a phrase, to which you can add other phrases, such as __ Sen ag teacht.

Lesson 7 Pronunciation The sounds of the letter r in Irish differ from those of the r in English. When next to an a, o, or u, the sound is usually rolled. To pronounce this r, bring the tip of the tongue near the hard ridge behind your upper front teeth and vibrate the tongue as you say the r. Keep the tongue relaxed. Then try: r (raw*), rn (rohn), rn (roon). If the r begins a word and is followed by e or i, it usually has this broad sound, too, as in: r (ray*), r (ree). The rolling or vibration of the tongue is in the front of the mouth, not in the back as in some other European languages. Inside a word, the broad r sound may not be rolled or trilled as much as it is at the beginning of a word. A double r next to an a, o, or u is more likely to be rolled, as in: carraig (KAHR-rig). When the r is next to an e or i inside a word or at the end of a word, it gets its slender sound. To make this sound, which is a difcult one for most Americans, place the tongue tip close to the top of your upper teeth and form a shallow pocket or hollow in the tongue tip. Dont make the hollow too deep. Then pronounce r by blowing air at the tongue tip and dropping the tongue tip down. Try this several times, and try saying tr (teer). Notice how you start with your tongue tip on the hard ridge behind your upper front teeth and then move the tongue tip forward into position for the slender r. The r sound may remind you somewhat of the slender d of Lesson 2, but there is a clear difference. Now try: r (r), mr (meer). Next, try it beside a consonant: tr (tree), briste (BRISH-te), creid (kred). Work on the t and d in these words, too. See Lesson 2. For a little more help with this sound, think back to the way in which some Irish persons pronounce the sentence Where is it? You may have heard this imitated on radio or television by persons attempting to speak with an Irish accent. The sound is the slender r of the Irish language, brought by Irish from their own language into the foreign language of English. VOCABULARY Masculine Nouns mac (mahk), son bthar (BOH-uhr), road carr (kahr), car, automobile doras (DUH-ruhs), door nuachtn (NOO-uhk*-taw*n), newspaper ceacht (kyahk*t), lesson athair, an t-athair (A-hir, un TA-hir), father, the father ag scrobh (uh shkreev), writing ag caint (uh keyent), talking ag rith (uh ri), running ag lamh (uh LAY*-uhv), reading Feminine nouns mthair, an mhthair (MAW*-hir, un VWAW*-hir), mother, the mother inon, an inon (in-EEN, un in-EEN), daughter sa bhus (suh vus), in the bus sa charr (suh k*ahr), in the car sa stisin (suh STAW*-shoon), in the station sa chathair (suh K*AH-hir), in the city sa tsrid (suh traw*d), in the street sa train (suh tray*n), in the train READING PRACTICE Timid sa bhaile anois. Nl aon duine sa tsrid inniu. T an aimsir go dona (DUHN-uh). T s fuar iuch, agus t s ag cur bist. Sa teach, t an seomra seo te tirim. T bord sa seomra, agus bord eile sa chistin. Fach! T fear ag teacht isteach. Mathair, is dcha, agus t mo mhthair ansin, freisin. Nach bhfuil siad iuch? T, go cinnte. (TAW*-mid suh VWAHL-e uh-NISH. neel ay*n DIN-e suh traw*d in-YOO. taw* un EYEM-sheer goh DUHN-uh. taw* shay* FOO-uhr yuk*, Ah-guhs taw* shay* uh kur BAW*SH-tee. suh tyahk*, taw* un SHOHM-ruh shuh te TIR-im. taw* bohrd suh SHOHM-ruh, AH-guhs bohrd ELe suh HYISH-tin.) (FAY*-ahk*! taw* far uh tyahk*t ish-TYAHK*. MA-hir, is DOHK*-uh, AH-guhs taw* muh VWAW*-hir un-SHIN, FRESH-in. nahk* vwil SHEE-uhd yuk*? taw*, goh KIN-te). We are at home now. There is no one in the street today. The weather is bad. Its cold and wet, and its raining. In the house, this room is warm and dry. There is a table in the room, and another table in the kitchen. Look! A man is coming in. My father, probably, and my mother is there, too. Arent they wet? They are, indeed. Notes: In Irish, the word agus (AH-guhs), and, is often omitted between adjectives starting with the same letter. Fuar iuch and te tirim are examples.

CONVERSATION Liam (LEE-uhm): A Shle, seo dhuit nuachtn (uh HEEL-uh, shuh git NOO-uhk*taw*n). Sheila, heres a newspaper for you. Sle (SHEEL-uh): Nuachtn ireannach, an ea? (NOO-uhk*-taw*n AY*R-uh-nahk*, un a) An Irish paper, is it? Liam: N hea, ach nuachtn Meiricenach, agus t ceacht Gaeilge ann (nee ha, ahk* NOO-uhk*-taw*n mer-i-KAW*-nahk*, AH-guhs taw* kyahk*t GAY*lig-e OUN). It is not, its an American paper, and theres an Irish lesson in it. Sle: C bhfuair t ? (kaw* VOO-ir too ay*) Where did you get it? Liam: Sa siopa sin, thos an tsrid (suh SHOHP-uh shin, HEE-uhs un traw*d). In that store, down the street. Notes on the conversation N hea does not mean no. Irish has no words for yes and no. Instead, the verb or form of the question is always in the answer. For example, you answer, An bhfuil __ ? or Nach bhfuil __? by T __ or Nl __. Gaeilge means Irish language, or Irish for short. The adjective Irish is ireannach. Leabhar Ghaeilge (LOU-wuhr GAY*-lig-e) is an Irish-language book, but cta ireannach is an Irish coat.

Lesson 8 Pronunciation You may have wondered about the meaning of the letters bhf in bhfuil. The basic word is fuil (fwil), but Irish speakers change the (f) sound by using the vocal cords, or humming, while they pronounce the f, causing a (v) sound. Certain words and phrases, such as an or nach, or ar an (er un), which means on the, bring about this change. They also cause the speaker to close off the ow of air somewhat for other consonants, altering the sound to a nasal hum: d becomes n, and b becomes m. The changes are called eclipsis, but you will learn them easily from the reference list below. You already know the sounds themselves. r (aw*r) means our and is one of the words that cause eclipsis in following initial consonants. bia, r mbia (BEE-uh, aw*r MEE-uh) food, our food cistin, r gcistin (KISH-tin, a*wr GISH-tin) kitchen, our kitchen deis, r ndeis (desh, aw*r nesh) opportunity, our opportunity fear, r bhfear (far, aw*r var) man, our man peata, r bpeata (PAT-uh, aw*r BAT-uh) pet, our pet tr, r dtr (teer, aw*r deer) country, our country pca, r bpca (POH-kee, aw*r BOH-kee) pockets, our pockets talamh, r dtalamh (TAH-luhv, aw*r DAH-luhv) land, our land bd, r mbd (baw*d, ar*r maw*d) boat, our boat cta, r gcta (KOH-tee, aw*r GOH-tee) coats, our coats dthain, r ndthain (DOH-hin, aw*r NOH-hin) enough, enough for us finne, r bhfinne (FAW*-nye, aw*r VAW*-nye) ring, our ring One more, which will be a little harder for you to pronounce at rst, although you know the individual sounds from English: When eclipsed, the initial letter g takes the sound of ng that is at the end of the English word sung. This is a little difcult at rst to put before a word. Try this: r ngeata (aw*rng A-tuh), our gate. Join the (aw*r) sound to the (ng) sound, saying it separately at rst and then adding on the (A-tuh). Try r ngairdn (aw*rng ahr-DEEN). Practice on: r ngluaisten (aw*rng LOOSH-taw*n), our auto; r ngr (aw*rng raw*), our love; r ngu (aw*rng ee), our prayer; r ngna (aw*rng OON-ee), our dresses. Vocabulary Masculine Nouns cpla (KOOP-luh), a couple sneachta (SHNAHK*-tuh), snow staighre (STEYE-ruh), stairs urlr, an t-urlr (oor-LAW*R, un toor-LAW*R) oor uisce, an t-uisce, (ISH-ke, un TISH-ke), water bainne (BAHN-ye), milk Feminine Nouns aimsir (EYEM-sheer), weather maidin, an mhaidin (MAH-din, un VWAH-din), morning lmh (law*v), hand sil, an tsil (SOO-il, un TOO-il), eye ach (ahk*), but shin (oh HIN), ago ach oiread (ahk* IR-uhd), either istigh (ish-TEE), inside amuigh (uh-MWEE), outside ag foghlaim Gaeilge (uh FOU-lim GAY*-lig-e), learning Irish ag dul suas an staighre (uh duhl SOO-uhs un STEYE-ruh), going upstairs ag dul sos (SHEE-uhs) an staighre , going downstairs T s thuas (HOO-uhs) an staighre, Hes upstairs T s thos (HEE-uhs) an staighre, Hes downstairs GRAMMAR Use the words isteach (ish-TYAHK*) and amach (uh-MAHK*) when movement is meant. To indicate that someone is remaining inside or outside, use istigh and amuigh. DRILL translate: a good hand, a good eye, the good eye, a long morning, the long morning, a crooked street, the crooked street. The proper forms are given below, after the conversation. Next, go through a progressive drill on: An bhfuil m ag dul suas an staighre? Nl m __. T t __. Etc. Repeat with sos an staighre. CONVERSATION amann (AY*-muhn): C bhfuil Samas anois? (kaw* vwil SHAY*-muhs uh-NISH) Where is James now? Citln (kaw*t-LEEN): Nl a fhios agam (neel is uh-GUHM).Bh s ag dul suas an staighre cpla noimad shin (vee shay* uh duhl SOO-uhs STEYE-ruh KOOP-luh NOH-may*d oh hin.) I dont know He was going up the stairs a couple of minutes ago.

amann: Bfhidir go bhfuil s thuas an staighre anois (BAY*-dir goh vwil shay* HOO-uhs un STEYE-ruh uh-NISH). Perhaps hes upstairs now. Samas: T m ag teacht anois (taw* may* uh tyahk*t uh-NISH). Bh m istigh an l go lir (vee may* ish-TEE un law* goh lay*r). Im coming now. I was inside the whole day. DRILL FORMS: Lmh mhaith (law*v vwah); sil mhaith (SOO-il vwah); an tsil mhaith (un TOO-il vwah); maidin fhada (MAH-din AH-duh); an mhaidin fhada (un VWAH-din AH-duh); srid cham (sraw*d k*oum); an tsrid cham (un traw*d k*oum).

Lesson 9 PRONUNCIATION We will now look more closely at some vowel sounds before taking up any more consonants. First comes o. We represent its sound by (oh) for simplicity, but the actual Irish sound is noticeably different from English oh. To see this, stand before a mirror and watch your lips as you pronounce the word oh slowly. You will see them contract and move out to make an (oo) sound at the end. English oh is really a diphthong, a close combination of two vowels. The Irish sound is a single vowel, made with lips held rounded. Watch you lips again as you say English oak slowly. Then try to say it without contracting your lips. You will have the distinctive sound that has sometimes come into English. Try: g, l, n, r, s. This vowel sound should be held longer than in English. If there is no sneadh fada (SHEEN-uh FAH-duh) over an o which is nevertheless stressed in a word, pronounce it in the same way but do not hold it as long. Try: obair (OH-bir), oscail (OH-skil), ocht (ohk*t). Notice that this shorter sound may resemble (uh), but in Irish you should not make the error of saying (uh) for this shorter o. Keep your lips more rounded and contracted than for (uh). Next, try ocht and then ucht (uk*t), and notice the difference. REFLEX EXPRESSIONS In everyday speech in any language, there are certain phrases or sentences with which a speaker reacts instantly to given situations. The expressions are closer to reex action than to careful selection of words. Nl a fhios agam (neel is uh-GUHM) is one example. You must learn some of these to be uent in speech and to understand written and spoken Irish. N bac leis (naw* bahk lesh), never mind, dont worry about it. Buochas le Dia (BWEE-uhk*-uhs le DEE-uh), Thanks be to God, thank Heaven. T go maith (taw* goh mah), All right. Is cuma liom (is KUM-uh luhm), I dont care, its all the same to me. An ndir t liom ? (un NAY*R too luhm ay*), You dont say (literally: Do you say it to me?) Fan go fill (fahn goh FOH-il), Wait a minute, take it easy. CHECK LIST Are you working on your pronunciation of d, t, c, and g, with the instructions in Lesson 2 and 3? Are you reading aloud? Do you translate back and forth from Irish to English and then from English to Irish in the Vocabulary and Conversation? Do you form a picture in your mind every time you say an Irish word or phrase? If you answered No to any of these questions, you can benet from reading Lessons 1 to 3 over again. GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY To give a command to another person, you must know the imperative form of the verb. This form is almost always the shortest and most basic part of the verb. Later on, you will learn how to change and add to this basic part to tell, for example, that an action happened in the past or will happen in the future. Here are some imperatives to learn. Note that if you want to tell a person not to do something, you put N (naw*) before the imperative. Dan (day*n ay*), Do it. N dan (naw* day*n ay*), Dont do it. Ligh (lay* ay*), Read it. N ligh (naw* lay* ay*), Dont read it. Scrobh (shkreev ay*), Write it. N scrobh (naw* shkreev ay*), Dont write it. Cuir ar an mbord (kir er un mohrd ay*), Put it on the table. N cuir an bosca ar an mbord (naw* kir un BOHSK-uh er un mohrd), Dont put the box on the table. ist liom (ay*sht luhm), Listen to me. N hist leis (naw* hay*sht lesh), Dont listen to him l an bainne (ohl un BAHN-ye), Drink the milk. N hl an tae (naw hohl un tay), Dont drink the tea. When N precedes a verb that starts with a vowel, an h is put before the verb, as in two examples above. Note also that (ay*), which means him or it, and (ee), which means her or it, are usually put at the end of the sentence. CONVERSATION

Mire (MAW*-re): Ar chuala t mo chat arir, a Sheoirse? (er K*OO-uh-luh too muh k*aht uh-RAY*R, uh HYOHR-she) Did you hear my cat last night, George? Seoirse (SHOHR-she): Chuala m , go cinnte (K*OO-uh-luh may* ay*, goh KIN-te). I heard it, certainly. Bh s ag screadadh an oche go lir (vee shay* uh SHKRAD-uh un EE-huh goh lay*r). It was screeching the whole night. Agus bh cat eile ann, freisin (AH-guhs vee kaht EL-e oun, FRESH-in). And there was another cat there, too. Maire: Cara leis, is dcha (KAH-ruh lesh, is DOHK*-uh) A friend of his, I suppose. Seoirse: Codladh smh agat anocht (KUHL-uh saw*v uh-GUHT uh-NOHK*T). Sound sleep to you tonight. Notes: In pronouncing Mire, you must put a faint (i) sound between the (maw*) and the (re) sounds. This makes the word sound somewhat like Moyra or Moira, English attempts to represent the sound.

Lesson 10 PRONUNCIATION You know by now how to pronounce broad c and g. These sounds occur when the nearest vowel in the word is a, o, or u. The sounds in general resemble those in the English words coal and go. In some Irish words, however, a sound resembling the (uh) sound follows the c or g. The groups cao and caoi cause this sound to be heard. Caol, meaning slender, is an example. To learn its pronunciation, rst say the English quail. Notice how your lips close in to form a w sound. Next, try it without closing your lips as much, making a short sound closer to (uh) right after the (k) sound. Now try the Irish word caol (kay*l). Extend the lips for the (k) sound, as you did in quail, but do not close the lips as you go to the (ay*) sound. Practice with: caoin (keen), weep; caoga (kay*guh), fty; Caoimhn (kee-VEEN), Kevin; caoch (KAY*-uhk*), blind. Notice that ao is pronounced (ay*), but aoi is pronounced (ee). For g, much of the above holds true. The groups gao, gaoi, gae and gaoi all have the slight (uh) sound between g and the vowel. To learn this sound, rst pronounce English Guam, and notice again how your lips close in to form the w sound. Next, try it without closing the lips as much after the (g). Then try the Irish word gaol (gay*l). Extend the lips as you did in starting to pronounce Guam, but do not close them as you go to the (ay*) sound. Then try: gaoth (gay*), wind: gaoithe (GEE-huh), of wind: Gael (gay*l), Gael; gaeilge (GAY*-lig-e), Irish language. GRAMMAR The useful verb t serves to tell where someone is or how he is. Often it answers the question C bhfuil ___ ? (kaw* vwil), Where? or Conas t __ ? (KUN-uhs taw*), how is? To tell what kind of object something is, we must employ a different verb: is (is). (Never pronounce this (iz); remember that Irish has no (z) sound.) Learn these examples of how to say that a person or thing is in a general class: Is bosca (is BOHSK-uh ay*), it is a box; that is, it is in the general class of all boxes. Is cat (is kaht ay*), It is a cat. Is ireannach (is AY*R-uh-nahk* ee), She is an Irishwoman, Irish citizen. Usually is indicates a permanent state, but you may use it for states that can change slowly, or after a time, or for states that have been attained. For example: Is cailn (is kah-LEEN ee), She is a girl. Is scolire t (is skuh-LAW*-re too), you are a student. Is dochtir Sen (is dohk*-TOO-ir shaw*n), John is a doctor. Adjectives can make subclasses, as in these examples: Is bosca mr (is BOHSK-uh MOHR ay*), its a big box. Is ireannach g m (is AY*R-uh-nahk* OHG may*), I am a young Irishman, Irish citizen. Is Cailn deas t (is kah-LEEN DAS too), you are a pretty girl. Is minteoir maith Sen (is moo-in-TYOHR MAH shaw*n), John is a good teacher. One form of question to be answered by is in this way is: Card seo? (kay*rd ay* shuh), what is this? Card sin? (kay*rd ay* shin), What is that? Correct use of is (is) ranks in importance with correct use of t. English does not have two verbs for to be, so you will have to do some exercises to familiarize yourself with the Irish verbs. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns arn, an t-arn (uh-RAW*N, un tuh-RAW*N), bread caife (KAH-fe), coffee bainne (BAHN-ye), milk cupn (ku-PAW*N), cup plta (PLAW*-tuh), plate tar isteach (tahr ish-TYAHK*), come in cheana (HAN-uh), already Feminine nouns spung (spun-OHG), spoon scian (SHKEE-uhn), knife line (LAY*-ne), shirt

glan (gluhn), clean salach (suh-LAHK*), dirty suigh sos (si SHEE-uhs), sit down tigh amach (tay* uh-MAHK*), go outside CONVERSATION Mirad (maw*-RAY*D): An bhfuil aon duine sa bhaile? (un vwil ay*n DIN-e suh VWAHL-e) Is anyone home? Pl (pohl): T m anseo istigh (taw* may* un-SHUH ish-TEE). Tar isteach (tahr ish-TYAHK*). Im here inside. Come in. Mirad: , t t ag foghlaim Gaeilge anois (oh, taw* too uh FOU-lim GAY*-lig-e uh-NISH). Card seo? (kay*rd ay* shuh). Oh, youre studying Irish now. Whats this. Pl: Is cupn . (is ku-PAW*N ay*). Its a cup. Mirad: T mrn Ghaeilge agat cheana (taw* moh-RAW*N GAY*-lig-e ug-GUHT HAN-uh). You know a lot of Irish already. Pl: Beaginn gach l (be-GAW*-neen gahk* law*). A little bit every day.

Lesson 11 PRONUNCIATION The pair of letters ea within a word or at a word end often gets an (a) sound like that in the English word hat. Examples: fear (far), man; bean (ban), woman; leat (lat), with you; is ea (sha), it is; n hea (nee HA), it is not. At the beginning of a word, the ea often gets the (ah) sound in the English word psalm. Examples: eagla (AH-gluh), fear; eaglais (AH-glish), church; each (ahk*), horse. Sometimes ea is pronounced (ou), as in English out, when it is inside a word. Examples: ceann (kyoun) head; leabhar (LOU-wuhr), book; gleann (gloun), glen; seabhac (shouk), hawk. If in an unaccented syllable, ea is usually pronounced (uh). Examples: seisean (SHESH-uhn), he (emphatic); aingeal (ANG-uhl), angel. We will continue to give you the pronunciation guide for all new words and most of the exercises, but you will gradually develop ability to pronounce words by drawing on your experience with similarly spelled words, so that after a time you will not depend on the pronunciation guide. REFLEX EXPRESSIONS Here are several more expressions that you should learn for quick use in conversation and thought. Bfhidir (BAY*-dir), Perhaps. Gan amhras (guhn OU-ruhs), Without doubt. Fan go bhfeicdh m (fahn goh VEK-hee may*), Wait till I see. Is maith sin (is MAH ay* shin), Thats good. Notice that the second f in bhfeicdh is pronounced like an h. This letter f indicates the future tense. GRAMMAR Last week we learned how to say that a person or thing is in a general class. An example: Is seomra (is SHOHM-ruh ay*), It is a room. Here are the basic forms for this: Is scolire m (is skuh-LAW*-re may*), I am a student. Is scolire t (is skuh-LAW*-re too), You are a student. Is scolire (is skuh-LAW*-re ay*), He is a student. Is scolire (is skuh-LAW*-re ee), She is a student. Is scolir sinn(is skuh-LAW*-ree shin), We are students. Is scolir sibh (is skuh-LAW*-ree shiv), You (plural) are students Is scolir iad (is skuh-LAW*-ree EE-uhd), They are students. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns dinnar (DIN-yay*r), dinner Im, an t-im (im, un tim), butter, the butter sicra (SHOOK-ruh), sugar fo-chupn (FOH-k*upaw*n), saucer ith, ag ithe (i, eg I-he), eat, eating ist, ag isteacht (ay*sht, eg AY*shtyahk*t), listen, listening Feminine nouns scoil, an scoil (skuhl, un skuhl), school, the school subh, an tsubh (soov, un toov), jam, the jam cathaoir, an cathaoir (KAH-heer, un K*AH-heer), chair, the chair l, ag l (ohl, eg ohl) drink, drinking milis (MIL-ish), sweet dna (DAW*-nuh), bold DRILL Go through the basic forms for is (is), with: dochtir, dochtir (dohk*-TOO-ir, dohk*-TOO-IR-ee), doctor, doctors minteoir, minteoir (moo-in-TYOHR, moo-in-TYOHR-ee), teacher, teachers

pintir, pintir (PAY*N-tay*r, PAY*N-tay*r-ee), painter, painters CONVERSATION Mirn (maw*-REEN), Maureen: Tar isteach sa chistin agus suigh sos (tahr is-TYAHK* suh HYISH-tin AH-guhs si SHEE-uhs). T do dhinnar ullamh (taw* duh YIN-yay*r UL-uhv). Come into the kitchen and sit down. Your dinner is ready. Dnall (DOHN-uhl), Donald: Ach c bhfuil Pdraign? (ahk* caw* vwil PAW*-dri-geen) Nach bhfuil s abhaile n scoil fs? (nahk* vwil shee uh-VWAHL-e ohn skuhl fohs) But where is Patricia? Isnt she home from school yet? Mirn: Nl s (neel shee). Nl a fhios agam c bhfuil s (neel is uh GUHM kaw* vwil shee). Shes not. I dont know where she is. Dnall: T gach rud ar an mbord, go cinnte, ach t an fochupn seo salach (taw* gahk* rud er un mohrd, goh KIN-te, ahk* taw* un FOH-k* upaw*n shuh suh-LAHK*). Everythings on the table, certainly, but this saucer is dirty. Mirn: Nigh , mar sin (ni ay*, mahr shin). T m an ghnthach (taw* may* AHN-gnoh-huhk*). Wash it then. Im very busy. Dnall: , t Pdraign ag teacht anois (oh, taw* PAW*-dri-geen uh tyahk*t uh-NISH). T s ag sil tr gach it fhliuch ar an tsrid. (taw* shee uh shool tree gahk* aw*t lyuk* er un traw*d). Oh, Patricias coming now. Shes walking through every wet place on the street. Mirn: Agus gan a buatais! (AH-guhs ee guhn uh BOO-ti-shee) And she without her boots! Notes: In Irish, an- before an adjective means very. It usually aspirates the next consonant, as in an-fhliuch (AHN-lyuk*), very wet. Accent is usually on the an- prexed to the word.

Lesson 12 The letter pair eo usually represents the sound oh. Hold it somewhat longer than if it were in an English word, and do not add the short (oo) sound in English (oh). Examples of eo beginning a word: eolas (OH-luhs), knowledge; eorna (OHR-nuh), barley. If a consonant comes before the eo, the consonant gets its slender sound, and there is often an audible (y) sound, between consonant and eo. Examples, with slender consonants you learned to pronounce in Lessons 1 and 2: ceo (kyoh), mist; deo (dyoh), end; geoin (GYOH-in), hum; teo (tyoh), warmth. Other examples: beo (byoh), living; feoil (FYOH-il), meat; meon (myohn), mind; neodrach (NYOH-druhk*), neutral. If an s comes before the eo, no (y) sound is heard, only the (sh) of slender s. Examples: seoid (SHOH-id), jewel; seomra (SHOHM-ruh), room; se (shoh), show. Do not confuse se with seo (shuh), meaning this. Seo is an exception to the general (oh) pronunciation for eo. Deoch (dyuhk*), a drink, is also an exception. The word seomra is another exception in parts of Ireland, where it is pronounced (SHUHM-ruh). In general, the (oh) sound in seomra is not held as long as in most eo examples. GRAMMAR To say that a person or object is not in some general class, use these forms: N dochtir m (nee dohk*-TOO-ir may*), I am not a doctor. N dochtir t (nee dohk*-TOO-ir too), You are not a doctor. N dochtir (nee dohk*-TOO-ir ay*), He is not a doctor. N dochtir (nee dohk*-TOO-ir ee), She is not a doctor. N dochtir sinn (nee dohk*-TOO-ir shin), We are not doctors. N dochtir sibh (nee dohk*-TOO-ree shiv), You (plural) are not doctors. N dochtir iad (nee dohk*-TOO-ree EE-uhd), They are not doctors. The questions connected with this are: An dochtir m? (un dohk*-TOO-ir may*) Am I a doctor?, etc., and: Nach dochtir m? (nahk* dohk*-TOO-ir may*), Am I not a doctor? Etc. To answer these questions , the forms are: Is dochtir m, or: Is ea (sha), It is so, I am. The negative answer is: N hea (nee HA), It is not so, I am not. A longer answer is: N hea, ach minteoir (nee HA, ahk* moo-inTYOHR), I am not, but I am a teacher. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns piste (PAW*SH-te), child pist (PAW*SH-tee), children ireannaigh (AY*R-uh-nee), Irish persons Meiricenaigh (mer-uh-KAW*-nee), Americans dlodir (dlee-uh-DOH-ir), lawyer dlodir (dlee-uh-DOH-i-ree), lawyers feirmeoir (fer-im-OH-ir) farmer feirmeoir (fer-im-OH-i-ree) farmers Feminine nouns banaltra, an bhanaltra (BAHN-uhl-truh, un VAHN-uhl-truh), nurse, the nurse banaltra (BAHN-uhl-tree), nurses buatais, an bhuatais (BOO-tish, un VOO-tish), boot, the boot buatais (BOO-ti-shee), boots garbh (GAHR-ruhv), rough dona (DUH-nuh), bad; (as weather) go leor (goh lohr), enough ar dts (er DOOS), at rst, rst trom (truhm), heavy DRILL Go through is, substituting all the nouns above except buatais, in the following pattern: An piste m?, N hea, ach ireannach. An piste t? N hea, ach Meiricenach. An piste ? N hea, ach dlodir. Etc. Continue to: An pist iad? N hea, ach Meircenaigh. Then change to: An ireannach m? N hea, ach Meircenach. Etc. In each sentence, make sure that you use the proper number, either singular or plural.

CONVERSATION Pdraign (PAW*-dri-geen): Dia daoibh, a mham agus a dhaid (DEE-uh-geev, uh vwahm AH-guhs uh gahd). Hello mom and dad. Mirn (maw*-REEN): Dia duit, a str (DEE-uh git, uh stohr). Conas t t? (KUN-uhs taw* too) Hello, dear. How are you? Pdraign: T m go maith (taw* may* goh mah). L garbh sa scoil inni (law* GAHR-ruhv suh skuhl in-YOO). Card sin ar an mbord? (kay*rd ay* shin er un mohrd) Im well. Rough time in school today. Whats that on the table? Mirn: Is subh , ach bain diot an cta agus na brga, ar dts (is soov ee, ahk* bwin DEE-uht un KOH-tuh AH-guhs nuh BROHG-uh er DOOS). T do chosa iuch (taw* duh K*UH-suh yuk*). Its jam, but take off the coat and shoes rst. Your feet are wet. Pdraign: T an aimsir dona go leor (taw* un EYEM-sheer DUH-nuh goh lohr), The weathers bad enough. Dnall (DOH-nuhl): Suas an staighre leat, agus n b ag piocadh ar an arn (SOO-uhs un STEYE-ruh lat, AH-guhs naw* bee uh PIK-uh er un uh-RAW*N). Up the stairs with you, and dont be picking at the bread. Mirn: C bhfuair m an piste sin? (kaw* VOO-ir may* un PAW*SH-te shin) Where did I get that child? Note: In the word aimsir, the rst syllable approximately rhymes with the English word chime not with the phrase buy em.

Lesson 13 You learned in Lesson 2 that each Irish consonant has two sounds: A broad sound if the nearest vowel in the word is a, o, or u. A slender sound if the nearest vowel in the word is e, or i. Two closely related consonants, p and b, are a good example of this. They are closely related because they are pronounced in the same way except that the vocal cords are vibrated for the b but mot for the p. You can feel the vibration or humming in your vocal cords as you start to say bet but not as you start to say pet. To pronounce broad b or p, extend your lips much farther than for the English sounds and round the opening. Then pronounce the letter. Try: bd, b, bun (bun), blth (blaw*), blire (BLOO-i-re), brg, br, brd, p, post, punt (punt), plir (PLOO-ir), prta (PRAW*-tuh). For the slender sound of b and p, spread the lips somewhat, as if you were beginning to smile. Try: bean, beir (ber), b (bee), bith (bi), bliain (BLEE-in), bre (bir-RAW*), bris (brish). Then try b next to eo, which usually gets a (yoh) sound: beo (byoh), alive. You can now realize the clear difference in Irish between brch (braw*k*), meaning ever, and bre (bir-RAW*), meaning ne. Erin go bragh is actually a badly anglicized form of ire go brch, meaning Ireland forever. In going from a broad b or p sound to a slender vowel such as i, you will naturally make a sound somewhat like English w. Try: bu (bwee), bain (bwin). Notice that the u and a in these words are there chiey to tell you to make the broad b sound instead of the slender, as in b (bee), beir (ber). Last, try: buochas (BWEE-uhk*-huhs), thanks. The sounds for m are akin to those for b, except that air is expelled through the nose for m. Protrude and round the lips, then try: m (moh), mr (mohr), m (maw*), mla (MAW*-luh) mch (mook*), min (MOO-in), mn (muh-MAW*), mura (MUR-ruh). For slender m, hold the lips as for slender b and p Try: mn (meen), minic (MIN-ik), mad (may*d), Meirice (MER-i-kaw*). VOCABULARY Masculine nouns bricfeasta (brik-FAS-tuh), breakfast ln (lohn), lunch tae (tay*), tea tr bhile bidh (tree VAY*L-uh bee) three meals prta, na prta (PRAW*-tuh, nuh PRAW*-tee), potato, the potatoes Feminine nouns feoil, an fheoil (FYOH-il, un OH-il), meat mias, an mhias, na miasa (MEE-uhs, un VEE-uhs, nuh MEE-uhs-uh) dish, the dishes Verbs faigh (feye), get cuir (kir), put ith (i), eat tigh (tay*), go nigh (ni), wash Other words ridh (ray*), ready DRILL To help you learn the difference between is and t, do the following drill, either alone or with classmates: Ask Card seo? (kay*rd ay* shuh), pointing to an object or person mentioned in the Vocabularies of the previous lessons. Use drawings if necessary. Answer Is ____ , or Is ___ . Use some adjectives, too. Ask Nach ___ ? Answer N hea, ach ____. (nee HA, ahk*) Ask: C bhfuil s?, or C bhfuil s?, meaning Where is it? Answer T s ___. Use phrases from past vocabularies. Repeat this for at least ten objects or persons. Some words are: arn, feoil, bainne, uisce, cupn, spng, fear, bean, cailn, piste, feirmeoir, dochtir, lmh, sil.

REFLEX EXPRESSIONS Here are additional expressions that you should learn for quick use in conversation and thought. Ceart go leor (kart goh lohr), Right enough Isteach leat anois (ish-TYAHK* lat uh-NISH), In with you now. Ar chor ar bith (er HUHR er BI), at all. (Put at sentence end.) CONVERSATION Sen: An bhfuil an bricfeasta ridh? (un vwil un brik-FAS-tuh ray*) Is the breakfast ready? Brd: T, ach nl na miasa ar an mbord fs (taw*, ahk* neel nuh MEE-uhs-uh er un mohrd fohs) It is, but the dishes are not on the table yet. Cuir ar an mbord iad (kir er un mohrd EE-uhd). Put them on the table. Sen: Danfaidh m sin (DAY*N-hee may* shin). Ill do that. Brd: go raibh maith agat (gu-ruh MAH huh-guht). T m an-ghnthach anois (taw* may* AHN-gnoh-huhk* uh-NISH). Faigh spng mhr dom (feye spun-OHG vwohr duhm), ms do thoil (MAW* shay* duh HIL ay*). Thank you. I am very busy now. Get me a big spoon, please. Sen: Seo duit (shuh git ay*). Here it is. Brd: Go raibh maith agat (gu-ruh MAH huh-guht). Cad ba mhaith leat le haghaidh an dinnir? (kahd buh vwah lat le HEYE-ee un din-YAY*R) Thank you. What would you like for dinner? Sen: Ba mhaith liom feoil, prta, agus cabiste (buh vwah luhm FYOH-il, PRAW*-tee, AH-guhs kuh-BAW*SH-te). I would like meat, potatoes, and cabbage. Nach maith an dinnar sin? (nahk* mah un din-YAY*R ay* shin) Isnt that a good dinner? Brd: Nach agatsa at an ceart? (nahk* uh-GUHT-suh uh-TAW* un kart) Arent you the one whos right?

Lesson 14 Irish has two sounds for the letter n. If n starts a word and is followed by a broad vowel--a, o, or u--then n gets its broad sound To learn this sound, place the front part of the tongue along the mouth top, with the tongue end touching the inside of the upper front teeth. Then pronounce n. Try: n (naw*), nach (nach*), nire (NAW*-re), n (noh), nua (NOO-uh), nis (NOH-ish), Nollaig (NUHL-ig). If n starts a word and is followed by a slender vowel--e or i--then n gets its slender sound. Place the front of the tongue on the hard ridge in the roof of the mouth behind your upper front teeth and pronounce n. It will have a faint (yuh) sound at the end as you go to the rest of many words. try: nall (nyay*l), nead (nyad), neamh (nyav), n (nee), nl (neel), neodrach (NYOH-druhk*). In pronouncing slender n, do not pronounce a separate (yuh) sound. For example, dont pronounce nall as (nyuh-AY*L), but as (nyay*l). In nl, the faint (yuh) sound disappears in the (eel). If n is inside or at the end of a word and has a, o, or u near it, pronounce it more like an English n. Examples: bean (ban), bn (baw*n), ln (lohn), dnadh (DOON-uh). This gives you most of the pronunciation for n. One more sidelight will show how noticeable is the difference between broad and slender sounds in Irish. In Lesson 10 you learned that aoi is pronounced (ee), as is (ee). If n is before aoi, the n gets its broad sound, made as described in the rst paragraph above. Say naoi (nee) and then n (nee) with a slender n, described in the second paragraph. There is a clear difference. Remember that our simple pronunciation guide does not show this difference, so you must learn to watch for the vowel next to the consonant, as Irish people do when they read Irish. GRAMMAR Before we return to t next week, we will look at another use for is (is). Irish speakers often make a statement stronger by is. For example, instead of saying T an l go bre (taw* un law* goh bir-RAW), meaning the day is ne, they will say Nach bre an l ? (nahk* birRAW* un law* ay*), Isnt it a ne day? The answer is Is bre, go deimhin (is bir-RAW* goh DEYE-in), Its ne, certainly. Here are some examples to repeat until you understand how the Irish do this: Nach iuch an aimsir ? (nahk* yuk* un EYEM-sheer ee) Is iuch, go deimhin (is yuk* goh DEYE-in), It is indeed wet. Is deas an cailn (is das un kah-LEEN ee), Shes a pretty girl. Is deas, go deimhin, She is indeed pretty. Is mr an fear (is mohr un far ay*), Hes a big man. Is mr, gan amhras (is mohr, guhn OU-ruhs), Hes big, without a doubt. Nach fada an bthar seo? (nahk* FAH-duh un BOH-uhr ay* shuh), Isnt this a long road? Is fada, go cinnte (is FAH-duh, goh KIN-te), Its long, certainly. N dona an l (nee DUH-nuh un law* ay*), Its not a bad day. N dona, ar chor ar bith (nee DUH-nuh, er HUHR er BI), its not bad at all. This last sentence pair shows you how to disagree with the original statement or question. For example: Nach fuar an l ? N fuar, ar chor ar bith, ach t. Note that in all sentences above, the verb t could have been used, as in T an aimsir iuch. Irish speakers like variety, however, and often think that T an aimsir iuch will sound at and dull. They say Nach iuch an aimsir ? instead. CONVERSATION Brd (breed): Seo duit do uibreacha agus do bhagn (shuh git duh IV-ruh-huh AH-guhs duh vwuh-GOON). t an bagn beagn dite, ach n bac leis (taw* un buh-GOON beg-AW*N DOH-i-te, ahk* naw* bahk lesh). Here are your eggs and bacon. The bacon is a little burned, but dont worry about it. Sen (shaw*n): Is cuma liom (is KUM-uh luhm). T an caife te, ar aon chuma (taw* un KAH-fe te, er AY*N K*UM-uh). Cuir braon bainne air, mas do thoil (kir BRAY*-uhn BAHN-ye er, MAW* shay* duh HIL-ay*). I dont care. The coffee is hot anyway. Put a drop of milk in it, please. Brd: Danfaidh m sin (DYAY*N-hee may* shin). Ill do that. Sen: Ba mhaith liom s oriste (buh VWAH luhm soo oh-RAW*SH-te), mas do thoil . I would like orange juice, please. Brd: seo duit gloine de (shuh git GLIN-e de). Heres a glass of it. Sen: Go raibh maith agat, a Bhrd (guh ruh MAH huh-guht, uh vreed). Anois, rud amhin eile (uh-NISH, rud uh-WAW*-in EL-e. Cuir chugam posa arn (kir HOO-uhm PEES-uh uh-RAW*-in), mas do thoil . Thank you, Bridget. Now, one other thing. Pass me a piece of bread, please. Brd: Seo duit , agus bodh im agat, freisin (AH-guhs BEE-ohk* im uh-GUHT FRESH-in). Here it is, and have butter, too. Sen: Beidh m chomh ramhar le muc (beg may* hoh ROU-wuhr le muk). I will be as fat as a pig. Brd: Bfhidir (BAY*-dir). Perhaps.

Lesson 15 PRONUNCIATION The Letter s in Irish is sounded (s), as Americans pronounce s in sun, if the nearest vowel in the word is a, o, or u. This is the broad s. Try: sl (saw*l), saol (say*l), s (soh), solas (SUH-luhs), s (soo), sil (SOO-il). If s is next to an e or an i, pronounce it (sh), like the sh in English shawl. This is the slender s. Examples: sean (shan), sid (shay*d), seilide (SHEL-i-de), sn (sheen), siar (SHEE-uhr). If another consonant is between the s and the e or i, the broad sound may be heard. For example: smig (smig), spir (spay*r), srian (SREE-uhn), stroc (streek). Remember that is is an exception. Always say (is), never (ish), and of course never (iz). GRAMMAR We return to t this week, following your introduction to is. Before we take up the new work, review t quickly by reciting t m, t t, etc. Nl m, nl t, etc. An bhfuil m, an bhfuil t, etc. Nach bhfuil m, nach bhfuil t, etc. Review lessons 4 to 6 if you have forgotten any of this. It is vital to know. To say the equivalent of I am reading in Irish, we add a word called a verbal noun to t m, with the preposition ag, meaning at, before the verbal noun. Learn these examples: T m ag lamh (taw* may* uh LAY*-uhv), I am reading. Nl s ag scrobh (neel shay* uh shkreev), He is not writing. An bhfuil siad ag imeacht? (un vwil SHEE-uhd eg im-AHK*T), Are they departing? Nach bhfuil t ag isteacht? (nahk* vwil too eg AY*SH-tyahk*t), Arent you listening? Pronounce the ag as (uh) before a verbal noun starting with a consonant, and as (eg) before a verbal noun starting with a vowel. This grammar form serves as in English--to show that an action is going on at present. There is also a way, as in English, to say that an action takes place off and on but may not be going on now. To understand the difference, compare I am walking with I walk. A few verbs do not follow this pattern.. Irish is much like English in this. In Irish we say: I understand you, not I am understanding you. I see it, not I am seeing it. I hear him, not I am hearing him. The rst part of a verbal noun nearly always looks and sounds somewhat like the imperative of the verb, although the verbal noun is usually longer and has an added syllable. From now on, learn the verbs imperative and verbal noun together, as in the vocabulary below. The term ag lamh (uh LAY*-uhv) literally means at reading. I am reading a book becomes I am at reading of a book. The word book in this form takes a slightly different look and pronunciation from the one you have learned, (LOU-wuhr). It changes to leabhair (LOU-wir), the genitive case. We will introduce you to this by the phrase method, so that you will have a good background and an inventory of examples by the time we begin studying how nouns change. REFLEX EXPRESSIONS Learn these expressions for quick use in thought and speech: Ms do thoil (MAW* shay* duh HIL ay*), Please. Go raibh maith agat (gu-ruh MAH huh-guht), Thank you. Filte romhat (FAW*L-tye ROH-uht), Welcome to you. Go sabhla Dia sinn (goh suh-VWAW*-luh DEE-uh shin), May God save us. VOCABULARY tigh, ag dul (tay*, uh DUHL), go tar, ag teacht (tahr, uh TYAHK*T), come scrobh, ag scrobh (shkreev, uh SHKREEV), write ith, ag ithe (i, eg I-he), eat imigh, ag imeacht (IM-ee, ag im-AHK*T) depart, leave l, ag l (ohl, eg OHL), drink faigh, ag fil (feye, uh FAW*-il), get dan, ag danamh (day*n, uh DAY*N-uhv) do, make siil, ag sil (SHOO-il, uh SHOOL) walk rith, ag rith (ri, uh RI) run ist, ag isteacht (ay*sht, eg AY*SH-tyahk*t) listen foghlaim, ag foghlaim (FOU-lim, uh FOU-lim), learn fan, ag fanacht (fahn, uh FAHN-uhk*t), wait CONVERSATION Diarmaid (DEER-mwid): A Dhirn, t s ag ir dorcha (uh GOH-i-reen, taw* shay* eg EYE-ree DUHR-uh-huh). C bhfuil Una? (kaw* vwil OON-uh) Jerry: Doreen, Its getting dark. Where is Una?

Dirn (DOH-i-reen): Nl a fhios agam (neel is uh-GUHM) cad at s a dhanamh (kahd taw* shee uh YAY*N-uhv). I dont know what she is doing. Fan nimad go bhfeicdh m (fahn NOH-may*d go VEK-hee may*) Wait a minute until I see. Go sabhla Dia sinn! (goh suh-VWAW*luh DEE-uh shin) May God save us! T s ag sil amuigh i lr na sride! (taw* shee uh SHOOL uh-MWEE i law*r nuh SRAW*-de) Shes walking out in the middle of the street! Diarmaid: Agus t na gluaistein ag dul thairis (AH-guhs taw* nuh GLOOSH-taw*-in uh duhl HA-rish). And the autos are going past her. Tigh amach agus faigh (tay* uh-MAHK* AH-guhs feye ee). Go out and get her. Dirn: T m ag dul amach go dreach anois (taw* may* uh duhl uh-MAHK* goh dee-RAHK uh-NISH). I going out right now. Nach dol trua mise? (nahk* DEE-uhl TROO-uh MISH-e). Isnt it an object of pity that I am?

Lesson 16 PRONUNCIATION The letter f in Irish is pronounced almost like the f in English, except that you must start with the inside of the lower lip against the edge of the upper front teeth. Then, if a, o or u is the nearest vowel to the f, move both lips out for the vowel sound. Examples: f (faw*), fd (fohd), fuar (FOO-uhr), scrofa (SHKREE-fuh). This is the broad sound of f. Start the slender sound the same way, but draw the lower lip back a little to make the vowel sound. Try: fear (far), fin (fay*n), ll (l), deir (DE-r), iuch (yuhk*). In some cases f is pronounced (h). We will study this later. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns solas (SUH-luhs), light balla (BAHL-luh), wall sorn (SOHR-ruhn), stove cisneoir (koosh-NYOH-ir), refrigerator gloine (GLIN-e), glass doirteal (DUHRT-uhl), sink forc (fohrk), fork f-chupn (FOH-k*u-PAW*N), saucer citeal (KIT-uhl), kettle naipcn (nap-KEEN), napkin pota (POHT-uh), pot sconna (SKOHN-uh), faucet adach boird, an t-eadach boird (AY*-duhk*BWIRD, un TAY*-duhk*BWIRD), tablecloth, the tablecloth oigheann, an t-oigheann (EYE-uhn, un TEYE-uhn), oven, the oven Feminine nouns scian, an scian (SHKEE-uhn), knife sleil, an tsleil (SHEEL-aw*-il, un TEEL-aw*-il), ceiling cathaoir, an chathaoir (KAH-heer, un K*AH-heer), chair Phrases i lr na sride (i LAW*R nuh SRAW*-de), in the middle of the street ag l bainne (eg OHL BAHN-ye), drinking milk ag l tae (eg OHL tay*), drinking tea ag l uisce (eg OHL ISH-ke), drinking water ag ithe a bhricfeasta (eg I-he uh vrik-FAS-tuh), eating breakfast Go hiontach (goh HOON-tuhk*), Great! DRILLS We will try a vocabulary drill rst, to help you learn the larger vocabulary that you are acquiring. Go to the kitchen and begin this drill for each object you can name: Card seo? (kay*rd ay* shuh), What is this? Or ( Card sin? (shin), What is that? Is ___ . T an ___ anseo (un-SHUH), The ___ is here. Continue for as many objects as you can name. If necessary, replace anseo by one of these: ansin (un-SHIN), there; ar an mbord (er un mohrd), on the table; ar an urlr (er un oor-LAW*R), on the oor; ar an mballa (er un MAHL-luh), on the wall. The next drill is a mini-conversation drill. Do these short exercises alone or with another student. Repeat them several times to get the full benet from them. 1. C at ag teacht? (kay* taw* uh TYAHK*T), Who is coming? T Samas, an ea? (un A) Samas is it? Is ea (sha), It is. Nach bhfuil Brian ag teacht freisin? (FRESH-in), also. , nl. T s amuigh sa tsrid (uh-MWEE), Hes out in the street. 2. C at imeacht? (eg im-AHK*T), Who is leaving? T Ruair (ROH-i-ree) ag imeacht. Nach bhfuil Sen ag imeacht freisin? , nl. T s sa seomra eile fs (suh SHOHM-ruh EL-e fohs), Hes still in the other room. 3. C at ag ithe a bhricfeasta (eg I-he uh vrik-FAS-tuh), eating his breakfast

Liam, an ea? Is ea. Nach bhfuil s ag obair fs? (eg OH-bir), Isnt he at work yet? Nl s ag obair fs. T s danach (DAY*N-uhk), Hes late. 4. Card at t a dhanamh? (uh YAY*N-uhv), What are you doing? T m ag danamh bid (BAW*-id), Im making a boat. Bd, an ea? (baw*d, un A), A boat, is it? Is ea. Nach maith an buachaill t! (BOO-uhk*-il), Arent you the good boy! 5. C bhfuil Seoirse ag sil? (SHOHR-she uh SHOOL), Where is George walking? T s ag sil ar an gcosn (er un guh-SAW*N), Hes walking on the sidewalk. Ar an gcosn, an ea? Is ea. Maith an fear ! (mah un far ay*), Hes a good man! 6. An bhfuil t ag l bainne? (eg ohl BAHN-ye), Are you drinking milk? Nl m ag l bainne, ar chor ar bith (er HUHR er BI), not at all. Card at t ag l, mar sin? (mahr shin), What are you drinking, then? T m ag l uisce (ISH-ke), I am drinking water. Uisce fuar, an ea? Is ea. 7. An bhfuil t ag scrobh litreach? (uh shkreev LI-trahk*), Are you writing a letter? Nl m ag scrobh litreach anois (uh-NISH). T m tuirseach (taw* may* toor-SHAHK*), I am tired. Tuirseach, an ea? Is ea. 8. C at ag fanacht amuigh? (uh fahn-uhk*t uh-MWEE), Who is waiting outside? Nach bhfuil do mhthair amuigh ar an gcosn? (duh VWAW*-hir), Isnt your mother out on the sidewalk? M t s, abair li teacht isteacht (maw* taw* shee, AH-bir lay* tyahk*t ish-TYAHK*), If she is, tell her to come in. Note: To tell someone to give an order to a man, say Abair leis (AH-bir lesh) and add a verbal noun, such as teacht or dul. An example: Abair leis dul abhaile (uh-VWAHL-e), Tell him to come home.

Lesson 17 PRONUNCIATION You know the basics of pronunciation by now. Although you should be able to sound out most new words, we will continue to give you the pronunciation guide for all new words--and most of the old ones, too--for a few more lessons. We will also begin reviews to help you maintain your pronunciation if you have no speakers, records, or tapes available. We will now begin to take up some of the details of pronunciation and some of the regional variations. First, the word maith (mah), good. The th at the end of the word means that the vowel sound of (ah) gets cut short, rather than running long as it if were (maaah). We do the same in English sometimes. For example, when you say ah to indicate pleasant surprise, the sound is held for a much longer time than when you say ah to indicate disgust or impatience. In the second ah, you cut the sound off short, as you do for the Irish word maith. This cutting short of the sound for th also occurs inside words, usually at the end of a syllable before a vowel, as in: leathan (LA-huhn), wide; athair (A-hir), father. We will indicate where this happens from now on. At the start of a word, th gets an (h) sound, like English h. For example: tharla s (HAHR-luh shay*), it happened. Maith is pronounced (meye) in some parts of Ireland, and you must learn to listen for this. If a speaker says (goh MEYE), you will know that it is the equivalent of the (go MAH) that you have learned. Regional differences exist in Ireland, as in the United States where, for example, the word rie may be pronounced (REYE-fuhl), (RAH-fuhl) or (ROY-fuhl) along the Eastern seaboard alone. GRAMMAR Irish has no word for the verb to have. Instead, Irish speakers say the equivalent of it is at me or the book is at him. The preposition ag (eg), at, serves here. A man has the book becomes T an leabhar ag fear (taw* un LOU-wuhr eg far), the book is at a man. This is very annoying at rst to the average English speaker, because it requires him to rearrange his thought patterns slightly. WIth a little practice and drill, however, it will become second nature to you. The preposition ag combines with me, t, and other pronouns to form the following, which you should learn now: agam (uh-GUHM), at me agat (uh-GUHT), at you aige (eg-GE), at him aici (a-KI), at her againn (uh-GIN), at us agaibh (uh-GIV), at you (plural) acu (ah-KUH), at them The term ag an (eg un) means at the and it often causes eclipsis. For example, at the man becomes ag an bhfear (eg un VAR). We will drill on this to make you uent in the form. VOCABULARY Masculine Nouns cuirtn (koor-TEEN), curtain sspan (SAW*S-puhn), saucepan lampa (LAHM-puh), lamp buicad (bwi-KAY*D), bucket crscn (kroosh-KEEN), jug, pitcher cfra (KOH-fruh), cupboard buidal (bwi-DAY*L), bottle cisen (ki-SHAW*N), basket; cisen pipir (paw*-PAY*-ir), wastebasket Feminine Nouns fuinneog, an fhuinneog (fwin-YOHG, un in-YOHG) window scuab, an scuab (SKOO-uhb), broom, brush Verbs faigh, ag fil (feye, uh FAW*-il), get cuir, ag cur (kir, uh-KUHR), put glan, ag glanadh (gluhn, uh GLUHN-uh), clean tg, ag tgil (tohg, uh TOHG-aw*-il), take, lift stad, ag stad (stahd), stop DRILL First, for have: T cupn agam (taw* ku-PAW*N uh-GUHM), I have a cup. T cupn agat (taw* ku-PAW*N uh-GUHT), You have a cup. T cupn aige (taw* ku-PAW*N eg-GE), He has a cup. T cupn aici (taw* ku-PAW*N a-KI), She has a cup. T cupn againn (taw* ku-PAW*N uh-GIN), We have a cup. T cupn agaibh (taw* ku-PAW*N uh- GIV), You (pl) have a cup. T cupn acu (taw* ku-PAW*N ah- KUH), They have a cup.

Next, go through the negatives: Nl cupn agam (neel ku-PAW*N uh-GUHM), I dont have a cup. Nl cupn agat (neel ku-PAW*N uh-GUHT), You dont have a cup. And so on. Then the questions: An bhfuil cupn agam? (un vwil ku-PAW*N uh-GUHM), have I a cup? And so on. Finally, the negative questions: Nach bhfuil cupn agam? (nahk* vwil ku-PAW*N uh-GUHM, Dont I have a cup? And so on. You are now ready, after a short rest, for a progressive drill. Go through this form: Nach bhfuil leabhar ag Sen? (nahk* vwill LOU-wuhr eg shaw*n), Hasnt John a book? Nl leabhar ag Sen. An bhfuil leabhar ag Mire? (MAW*-re). Has Mary a book? T leabhar ag Mire. Continue with Mire, but then substitute: Samas, Liam, Brd, na and Diarmaid in succession. Your last sentence will be: T leabhar ag Sen. Each time you say a sentence, form a picture of a person holding a book or without a book. For the second drill, go to the kitchen again and run through: Card seo? or Card sin? for each object in the kitchen as given in the vocabularies of Lesson 16 and this lesson. Also, ask the question c bhfuil an _____ (kaw* vwil un _____). Where is the _____? for each object and answer by T s _____, using the phrases in the drill of Lesson 16. Visualization of the object should be easy, since it will be before you.

Lesson 18 PRONUNCIATION In going from the broad vowel in a word to a slender consonant, such as slender d, r, s, or t, the movement of the tongue to get into position for the slender consonant will result in an extra sound between vowel and consonant. The extra sound is called a glide. It is usually shown in writing by the letter i, and this indicates that the following consonant gets its slender sound. The overall effect can be somewhat like (oy) in English boy, but you should not try to pronounce an (oy) for these cases. To see what this means, rst review the pronunciation of slender and broad t in Lesson 2, and then slowly pronounce: t (aw*t), it (AW*-it). Notice that in it you make a slight (i) sound as your tongue tip goes to the hard ridge behind your upper teeth. In some parts of Ireland, the word it may even sound like (oych). Here are some examples for practice. Review the pronunciation of slender and broad consonants if necessary, before starting: bd *baw*d); bid (BAW*-id) pd (paw*d); Pid (PAW*-id) lr (law*r); lir (LAW*-ir) ps (paw*s); pis (PAW*-ish); pista (PAW*-ish-te) trd (traw*d); trid (TRAW*-id) srd (sraw*d); srid (SRAW*-id) i lr na sride (i LAW*R nuh SRAW*-id-e) It is a shortcoming of our simplied pronunciation guide that we can not show this transition or glide as well as it should be, so it will be your task to watch for it and make sure that your pronunciation includes it. We will usually show a word like bid to be pronounced (baw*d), and you must note the id at the word end and give the d its slender sound, with the tongue tip against the hard ridge behind your upper front teeth. GRAMMAR Ag means at, and it also serves to express to have, as in T cta ag Sen (taw* KOH-tuh eg shaw*n), John has a coat. You may think that use of ag for these two purposes would be confusing, but that is not so in the actual Irish language. You can tell from the nature of the sentence and the circumstances in which it is used whether ag is at or is part of the idea of having. For example, T Sen ag an doras must mean that John is at the door. Obviously the door does not have John. On the other hand, T carr ag Sen means that John has a car, rather than a car is at John, or even at Johns house. Irish has another expression for at some ones house: tigh Shein (tee HYAW*-in). PROGRESSIVE DRILL Go through the following drill for expressing to have in Irish. Remember to recite aloud and form a mental picture for each sentence. An bhfuil nuachtn agam? (un vwil NOO-uhk*-taw*n uh-GUHM). Nl nuachtn agam (neel NOO-uhk*-taw*n uh GUHM) T nuachtn agat (uh-GUHT). An bhfuil nuachtn agat? Nl nuachtn agat. T nuachtn aige (eg-GE). An bhfuil nuachtn aige? And so on, until you return to T nuachtn agam as the last sentence. VOCABULARY Here are some phrases to help you learn how ag an (eg un), at the, causes eclipses. Ag an does not always cause eclipses, especially in the case of words starting with d or t, but learn the eclipses for all cases initially. bean, ag an mbean (ban, eg un man), woman, at the woman fear, ag an bhfear (far, eg un var), man, at the man doras, ag an ndoras (DUH-ruhs, eg un NUH-ruhs), door, at the door carr, ag an gcarr (kahr, eg un gahr), car, at the car pista, ag an bpiste (PAW*SH-te, eg un BAW*SH-te), child, at the child geata, ag an ngeata (GAT-uh, eg ung AT-uh), gate, at the gate teach, ag an dteach (tahk*, eg un dyahk*), house, at the house CONVERSATION Pl: (pohl): Dia duit, a Risn (DEE-uh git, uh roh-SHEEN). Hello, Rose. Risn: Dias Muire duit, a Phil (DEE-uhs MWIR-uh git, uh FOH-il). Conas t t? (KUN-uhs taw* too) Hello, Paul. How are you? Pl: T m go maith (taw* may* goh mah). Agus conas t t fin? I am well. And how are you?

Risn: T m go maith leis (lesh). I am well, too. Pl: An bhfuil aon scal nua agat? (un vwil ay*n shkay*l NOO-uh uh-GUHT) Have you any news? (new story, literally). Risn: Nl. Ach bh m ag lamh an nuachtin arir (uh LAY*-uhv un NOO-uhk-taw*-in uh-RAY*R). I dont. But I was reading the paper last night. Rud suimiil a chonaic m (rud sim-OO-il uh K*UHN-ik may*). An interesting thing I saw. T raidi agus teilifsen ag beagnach gach duine sa tr seo (taw* RAH-dee-oh AH-guhs TEL-i-fee-shaw*n eg BYUHG-nahk* gahk* DIN-e suh teer shuh). Nearly everyone in this country has a radio and television set. Pl: Nl teilifsen agamsa (uh-GUHM-suh). I dont have a television. An bhfuil teilifsen agatsa? Have you one? Risn: O, t, agus t ceann (kyoun) ag gach cara eile liom (KAH-ruh EL-e luhm). Oh, I do, and every other friend of mine has one.

Lesson 19 PRONUNCIATION Two letter groups, adh and agh, are usually pronounced (eye) when in accented syllables inside a word. Here are examples for adh: adharc (EYE-uhrk), horn radharc (REYE-uhrk), sight Tadhg (teyeg), Tadhg, a mans name gadhar (GEYE-uhr), hound fadhb (feyeb), problem Some examples for agh: aghaidh (EYE-ee), face laghad (LEYE-uhd), least slaghdn (SLEYE-daw*n), a cold, hay fever Raghallaigh (oh REYE-lee), OReilly If the letter group adh is at a word end or in an unaccented syllable, it does not take the (eye) sound. For example: samhradh (SOU-ruh), summer; ionadh (OON-uh), wonder. Many verbal nouns are similar: dnadh (DOON-uh), closing; briseadh (BRISH-uh), breaking; glanadh (GLUHN-uh), cleaning. VOCABULARY Masculine Nouns nal, na nalta (nay*l, nuh NAY*L-tuh), cloud, the clouds biseach (BI-shahk*), recovery slaghdn (SLEYE-daw*n) a cold Feminine Nouns feoil, an fheoil (FYOH-il, un OH-il), meat, the meat beoir, an bheoir (BYOH-ir, un VYOH-ir), beer, the beer bain, ag baineadh (bwin, uh BWIN-uh), cut, reap; also part of expressions such as bain diot an cta (bwin DEE-uht un KOH-tuh), take off your coat. ith, ag ithe (i, eg I-he), eat ag ithe an arin (un uh-RAW*-in), eating the bread ag ithe an bhricfeasta (vrik-FAS-tuh), eating the breakfast ag ithe mo lin (muh LOH-in), eating my lunch ag ithe feola (FYOH-luh), eating meat ag ithe prta (PRAW*-tee), eating potatoes ithe (aw* I-he), eating it ithe sin, eating that ithe seo, eating this T biseach orm (OH-ruhm), I am recovering cnag, ag cnagadh (kuh-NAHG, uh kuh-NAHG-uh), knock; as in ag cnagadh ar an doras, knocking at the door l, ag l (ohl, eg OHL), drink ag l bainne (BAHN-ye), drinking milk ag l tae (tay*), drinking tea ag l uisce (ISH-ke), drinking water ag l caife (KAHF-e), drinking coffee ag l mo chaife (muh K*AHF-e), drinking my coffee ag l beorach (BYOH-ruhk*), drinking beer l (aw* ohl), drinking it l sin, drinking that l seo, drinking this fach, ag fachaint ar (FAY*-ahk, uh FAY*-uhk*-int er) looking at T slaghdn ort (OH-ruht), you have a cold NOTES ON VOCABULARY This vocabulary gives you many phrases combining ag ithe and ag l with nouns. The drills for the next few weeks will stress these to familiarize you with ways of phrase formation. The forms ag ithe, ag cur, etc., are often followed by nouns in the genitive case, becoming in English : of the _____. Ag ithe feola is literally at eating of meat. The genitive case of Irish nouns is formed in several ways. You will gradually learn to recognize these, so that you can form the case for new words. Some nouns dont change at all for the genitive, such as bainne. Others may change a nal broad consonant to a slender, such as ln, an lin, or arn, an arin. A few nouns add a syllable, such as beoir, na beorach or feoil, na feola. In Irish, you dont have illnesses. Instead, they are on you. T slaghdn ar Shamas means James has a cold. Recovery,happiness, sor-

row, anger and the like are also on you. CONVERSATION Niocls (NEE-klaw*s): ist (ay*sht)! T duine igin ag cnagadh ar an doras (taw* DIN-e AY*-gin uh kuh-NAHG-uh er un DUH-ruhs). Listen! Someone is knocking on the door. Cra (KOH-ruh): C h sin (kay* hay* shin) ag an doras? Whos that at the door? Sen: Sen anseo. Oscail an doras agus lig isteach sa teach m. Its John here. Open the door and let me in the house. T s ag cur bist amuigh anseo (uh KUR BAW*SH-tee uh MWEE un-SHUH). Its raining out here. Niocls: O, t t anseo faoi dheireadh (fwee YER-uh). Fan nimad, ms do thoil (fahn NOH-may*d, MAW* shay* duh HIL ay*). -- Isteach leat, a Shein (ish-TYAHK* lat, uh HYAW*-in). Oh, you are here at last. Wait a minute please. -- In with you, John. Sen: Dia daoibh, a Nioclis agus a Chra (DEE-uh yeev, uh NEE-klaw*sh AH-guhs uh K*OH-ruh). Hello, Nicholas and Cora. Cra: Dias Muire duit, a Shein. Conas t t ar chor ar bith? (HUHR er bi) Hello, John. How are you, anyway? Sen: T me go maith, agus conas t sibh (shiv) fin? I am well and how are you yourselves? Niocls: Timid go maith leis, ach t slaghdn ar Chra. We are well, too, but Cora has a cold. Cra: T biseach orm anois (uh-NISH), fach (AW*-fuhk*). I am recovering now, however. Niocls: Bain diot an cta, a Shein. Take off your coat, John. Ina dhiaidh sin (in-uh YEE-uh shin), tar amach i seomra an bhidh (tahr uhMAHK* i SHOHM-ruh un VEE), agus bodh (BEE-ohk*) cupn tae agat (uh-GUHT). After that, come out into the dining room and have a cup of tea. Cra: Oche dhorcha is ea (EE-hye GUHR-uh-huh sha ee). Fach ar na nalta dubha (nuh NAY*L-tuh DOOV-uh). A dark night it is. Look at the black clouds.

Lesson 20 PRONUNCIATION The letter group omh in a word often gets the sound of (oh). This sound is held for the same length of time as . Examples are: romham (ROH-uhm), before me; romhat (ROH-uht), before you; comhar (KOH-uhr), aid; comhairle (KOHR-le), council, advice; comhr (KOH-raw*), conversation; fmhar (FOH-uhr), autumn; comhacht (KOH-uhk*t), power; comhlacht (KOH-luhk*t), a corporation. GRAMMAR To say I had a book, rather than I have a book, you merely replace t by bh, as in: Bh leabhar agam (vee LOU-wuhr uh-GUHM), I had a book. The literal meaning is, of course, There was a book at me. Forms for had parallel those needed to express have. Here is practice reading to help you recognize and use the forms. Only the new or less familiar words have a pronunciation guide directly after them. Bh airgead (AR-i-guhd) agam inn. Nach raibh bainne agat? Nl mrn bainne againn anois. T scian ag Toms. An raibh cta ag an mac? Nach bhfuil nuachtn agat? N raibh cnaipe (kuh-NAHP-e) ag an gcta. An bhfuil carr aige? Nl caife n tae aici. Nach raibh brg ag Peadar? Bh bord mr acu. An bhfuil line mhaith aige? T leabhar agaibh. An raibh mla bn aici? Nach bhfuil hata acu? N raibh ceann (kyoun) eile agam. The pronunciation guide and translation for these sentences follow: vee AR-i-guhd uh-GUHM in-YAY*. nahk* rev BAHN-ye uh-GUHT? neel moh-RAW*N BAHN-ye uh-GIN uh-NISH. taw* SHKEE-uhn eg toh-MAW*S. un rev KOH-tuh eg un MAHK? nahk* vwil NOO-uhk*-taw*n uh-GUHT? nee rev kuh-NAHP-e eg un GOH-tuh. un vwil KAHR eg-GE? neel KAH-fe noh tay* a-KI. nahk* rev brohg eg PAD-uhr? vee bohrd mohr ah-KUH. un vwil LAY*-ne vwah eg-GE? taw* LOU-wir uh-GIV. un rev MAW*-luh baw*n a-KI? nahk* vwil HAHT-ee ah-KUH? nee rev kyoun EL-e uh-GUHM. I had money yesterday. Didnt you have milk? We dont have much milk now. Thomas has a knife. DId the son have a coat? Dont you have a newspaper? The coat didnt have a button. Has he a car? She doesnt have coffee or tea.. Didnt Peter have a shoe? They had a large table. Has he a good shirt? You have books. Did she have a white bag? Dont they have hats? I didnt have another one. DRILL It is necessary for you to practice with masculine and feminine nouns accompanied by adjectives, so that you will be familiar with the changes needed. Here are some drill expressions. Go over them until you are completely in mastery of them: Mthair mhaith (MAW*-hir vwah); an mhthair mhaith (un VWAW*-hir vwah); mo mhthair mhaith (muh VWAW*-hir vwah). cailn maith (kah-LEEN mah); an cailn maith; do chailn maith (duh k*ah-LEEN mah). brg shalach (brohg huh-LAHK*); an bhrg shalach (un vrohg huh-LAHK*); a bhrg shalach (uh vrohg huh-LAHK*). bord salach; an bord salach; r mbord salach ( aw*r mohrd suh-LAHK*). traein fhada (tray*n AH-duh); an traein fhada; do thraein fhada. carr fada; an carr fada; mo charr fada ( muh K*AHR FAH-duh). cathaoir chrua (KAH-heer K*ROO-uh), a hard chair; an chathaoir chrua (un K*AH-heer K*ROO-uh); a cathaoir chrua, her hard chair. cta beag (KOH-tuh byuhg); an cta beag; mo chta beag (muh K*OH-tuh byuhg). srid dheas (sraw*d yas), a nice street; an tsrid dheas (un traw*d yas); a shrid dheas (uh hraw*d yas), his nice street. fuinneog ghlan (fwin-YOHG gluhn); an fhuinneog ghlan (un in-YOHG gluhn); do fhuinneog ghlan (duh in-YOHG gluhn). fear mr (far mohr); an fear mr; do fhear mr (duh ar mohr). scian ghar (SHKEE-uhn yay*r), a sharp knife; an scian ghar; mo scian ghar (muh SHKEE-uhn yay*r). pingin bheag (PEENG-in vyuhg), a small penny; an phingin bheag (un FEENG-in vyuhg); mo phingin bheag. These changes are annoying to you at rst, but a little practice will make them seem very natural. Writing them out after you have gone over the pronunciation several times is another good way to become used to the changes required. The verbal nouns with t and bh also require some drilling. Repeat this drill until you can do it with full understanding and without hesitation: Nach bhfuil Sen ag lamh sa chistin? (nahk* vwil shaw*n uh LAY*-uhv suh HYISH-tin). Nl s ag lamh sa chistin. An bhfuil s ag lamh thuas an staighre? (HOO-uhs un STEYE-ruh). T s ag lamh ansin. Nach raibh do mhthair ag caint leat? (uh KEYENT lat) N raibh s uh caint liom (luhm) An raibh s ag caint le Mire? (MAW*-re) Bh s ag caint le Mire agus le Brd, freisin (le BREED FRESH-in). Nach bhfuil r n-athair ag scrobh na litreach? (nahk* vwil aw*r NA-hir uh SHKREEV nuh LI-trahk*), writing the letter? Nl s ag scrobh na litreach. An bhfuil s ag obair sa bhaile? (eg OH-bir suh VWAH-le) T s ag obair sa ghairdn (suh gahr-DEEN). Nach raibh cat agaibh? (uh-GIV) N raibh cat againn anuraidh (uh-GINN uh-NOOR-ee), last year. An raibh madra agaibh? Bh madra lainn

againn anuraidh. Nach bhfuil nuachtn agat? (NOO-uhk*taw*n uh-GUHT) Nl nuachtn ar bith agam. An bhfuil airgead agat (AR-i-guhd uh-GUHT), have you money? T mrn airgid agam (moh-RAW*N AR-i-gid uh-GUHM), I have a lot of money. Nach raibh cathaoir eile agat sa teach? (KAH-heer EL-e) N raibh ach cathaoir amhin againn (uh-WAW*-in uh-GIN), we had only one chair. An raibh bord agaibh? O, bh dh bhord againn (GAW* vwohrd uh-GIN), We had two tables. Note: The word for two of anything (escept persons) is dh (gaw*), and it is followed by the aspirated singular. Examples: dh bhd (gaw* VWAW*D), two boats; dh line, two shirts; dh fhinne (gaw* AW*-nye), two rings; dh chat (gaw* K*AHT), two cats.

Lesson 21 PRONUNCIATION In this lesson, we will begin a review of the elements of Irish pronunciation that you learned in the rst 20 lessons. This will help those of you who did not join the lesson series at the beginning or who missed some of the lessons. Those who have followed all the lessons may benet from the review, too, because additional notes and pointers will be given. In addition, next week, the complete pronunciation guide (from Lesson 1) will be reprinted. Our pronunciation guide (always in parentheses) represents Irish sounds by closely related English sounds. Where the difference is signicant, an asterisk (*) will follow the letter symbol to let you know. Capital letters in the pronunciation guide mean an accented syllable or word. For example, our pronunciation guide would represent the English word pronunciation by (proh-NUHN-see-AY-shun). For consonants b, d, f, g, h, l, m, n, p, r, s, and t, the letters themselves serve. (k) is used for c where the c is pronounced as in English cold. All these consonants except h have at least two sounds in Irish, depending on whether the nearest consonant is either a, o, u, or else e or i. You will learn these sounds as we progress. Since our pronunciation guide is a simplied compromise, we will run into odd-looking cases at times. For example, (keyent) may look strange at rst, but a second look will tell you that it rhymes closely with English pint. Then, too, (byuhg) is not (BEYE-uhg) but is closer to (beeUHG) with a very short (ee) sound. Vowel sounds have a little more complicated system. Learn these rst: (ah) as in English ah-hah (a) as in English at (e) as in English let (ee) as in English seen (i) as in English pin (eye) as in English eye (oh) as in English toe but with out the trace of (oo) at the end (oo) as in English food (uh) as in English run (u) as in English put (ou) as in English shout Two other vowel sounds are followed by asterisks to indicate difference from the common English pronunciation of the letters. The rst sound is (ay*). Pronounce this like the rst part of the vowel group in the English word say, but omit the second part, a trace of (ee). Irish persons often carry this pronunciation into English. Recall to yourself how they would pronounce say, day, pray. The second is (aw*). This sound is close to the way many Irish persons pronounce the vowel in thaw, awful, or saw, although most Americans do not pronounce those three words that way. For Americans, the sound (aw*) in words like t is closer to the o in otter, top, or tot but is held longer. In Irish spelling, the sound is represented by . Another way to get the (aw*) pronunciation is to watch your lips in a mirror as you say awful, noticing that the lips are pushed far out. If you try the word with your lips help in closer and more rounded, you will be very close to the (aw*) in words like t. Now practice (aw*) in these words: balta (AW*-buhl-tuh) able, capable l (aw*l) brood, progeny r (aw*r) our ras (AW*-ruhs) a dwelling dh (aw*) luck it (aw*t) place lainn (AW*-lin) beautiful il (aw*l) desire arn (uh-RAW*N) bread bn (baw*n) white d (daw*) if mrn (moh-RAW*N) much GRAMMAR In Lessons 10 to 12, you learned how to answer the questions: Card seo? (kay*rd ay* shuh) what is this? Card sin? (kay*rd ay* shin) what is that? and to classify, that is, to say that a person or object is in some class or group. For example: is dochtir (is dohk*-TOO-ir ee ) means She is a doctor, and is bord (is bohrd ay*) means it is a table.

To identify a person or object as having a name or being the particular one that you are talking about, Irish has a slightly different form. Learn these examples by heart: Is mise Sen (is MISH-e shaw*n), I am John. (Mise is the emphatic form of m.) Is tusa Samus (is TU-suh SHAY*-muhs), You are James. (Tusa is the emphatic form of t.) Is sinne na dochtir (is SHIN-ye nuh dohk*-TOO-i-ree), We are the doctors. Is sibhse na scolir (is SHIV-she nuh skoh-LAW*-ree), You (plural) are the pupils. Note that the word order is reversed from: Is dochtir mise (is dohk*-TOO-ir MISH-e), I am a doctor. The same is true of seo or seo meaning this, and or sin and sin meaning that. For example: Is seo Brian (shay* shuh BREE-uhn), This is Brian. Is sin Brd (shee shin breed), That is Bridget. This also holds true for iad seo (EE-uhd shuh), these, and iad sin (EE-uhd shin), those. An example is: Is iad sin Cormac agus Una (SHEEuhd shin KOHR-muhk AH-guhs OON-uh), Those are Cormac and Una. The annoying part, however, is that with , , and iad alone, a doubling of the pronoun occurs, as in: Is Brian (shay* BREE-uhn ay*), Its Brian Is Mire (shee MAW*-re ee) Its Mary. Is iad na r iad (SHEE-uhd nuh r EE-uhd), They are the men. Is iad Peadar agus Dnall iad (SHEE-uhd PAD-uhr AH-guhs DOHN- uhl EE-uhd), They are Peter and Donald. This will be clumsy and annoying to you at rst, but persevere and you will develop the proper thought pattern, so that the right phrase will come to you quickly in any situation.

Lesson 22 In this issue, we rerun the full pronunciation guide and study method, for the purpose of review and for those readers who have joined recently and need this information. PRONUNCIATION Americans studying Irish have always learned pronunciation from either an Irish speaker or from one of several recordings accompanying textbooks. Because we will not be able to teach pronunciation in these ways, we will give you a simple pronunciation-guide system and then extra instructions from time to time. If you have the chance to listen to a native speaker, however, do so. There are differences in regional pronunciation in Irish, as in other languages, but if the speaker talks slowly and clearly, you should have little trouble in understanding the words you know. The pronunciation given in the guide for this lesson series is not based exclusively on any one region of Ireland. Where the differences are signicant, we will give you some of the other pronunciations and usages, to make it easier to talk with all speakers. STUDY METHOD Learn the pronunciation-guide system and do the practice work for English words that we will give you. For each Irish word, phrase or sentence, rst look at the pronunciation guide (which will always be in parentheses) and say the word or words several times out loud. Then look at the Irish word and pronounce it several more times. After you have gone over the lesson in this way, write the Irish words, copying them from the lesson and saying them out loud as you copy them. Each time you say an Irish word or phrase, try to form a mental picture in your mind. Although this is difcult with some single words, persist and it will become easier as the phrases and sentences become longer. Translation is the next step. Read the Irish word or phrase out loud and then translate it into English. Do this several times, until you are sure that you know it. Then translate the English into Irish several times. If you are learning Irish with others, each person can give another a word or phrase to translate and can take a part in the conversation in the lessons. In the conversation exercises, look rst at the pronunciation and meaning, then look up from the lesson before you say the Irish words out loud. Work phrase by phrase at rst, until you can memorize entire sentences. If you study with others, take turns in reading what each character says. In the conversation exercises, you will see words and phrases that will seem difcult at rst. Memorize them, and dont worry about the grammar. It will be explained later. PRONUNCIATION-GUIDE SYSTEM Most of the symbols are letters and letter groups for sounds common in familiar English words. If you pronounce them in that way for the rst few lessons, you will be close enough for a beginning. We will gradually correct you and improve your pronunciation as you advance, so that you will soon have a genuine Irish pronunciation. For most consonants, such as b, d, f, g, h, l, m, n, p, r, s and t, we will use the letters themselves as pronunciation symbols. In the lessons, you will get instructions on how to pronounce these sounds in the Irish way. Nearly all these consonants have two sounds in Irish, depending on what vowels are next to them. (English c and g also have this characteristic. Notice how you statrt to pronounce king and coat, and then give and go.) The vowel symbols may need some explanation, so here are the symbols and description of their pronunciation: Symbols and pronunciations: (ah) as in English ah-hah (a) as in English at (aw*) as in English tot, but held for a longer time (ay*) as Irish pronounce English say, without a trace of (ee) sound at the end (e) as in English let (ee) as in English mean (i) as in English pin (eye) as in English eye (oh) as in English toe, but without the trace of (oo) sound at the end (oo) as in English food (uh) as in English run (u) as in English put (ou) as in English shout We will capitalize the letters in the accented part of the word or phrase. We will use asterisks, as in some symbols above, to indicate a sound fairly different from usual English sounds. Remember, too, that many Irish sounds are not exactly like their English counterparts. Some English sounds, such as z and th, are not in Irish. Now try these English words as practice in using the pronunciation-guide system: (boht) (HAM-muhr) (kin) (KUH-stuhm-ayr-ee) (de-LIV-uh-ree) (giv) (trans-LAYT) (ad-MEYE-uhr) (ful-FIL) (fuhn-duh-MENT-uhl) (wohnt)

(wawnt) (tawt) The actual English words for these are: boat, hammer, kin, customary, delivery, give, translate, admire, fulll, fundamental, wont, want, taught. These sounds are not always exact, as you can see, but are close enough to be understood.

Lesson 23 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Our next stage of pronunciation review covers the consonants c and g. Irish consonants have two sounds, depending on whether the nearest vowel in the word is in the group of a, o, u or in the group of e, i. The explanation for this (which you need not remember) is that the a, o, u group sounds are formed farther back in the mouth than the e, i group sounds. The tongue and mouth positions for the two groupss sounds make it easier for a speaker to pronounce such adjacent letters as c and g in two different ways. This occurs in English speech, too, although it is not as extensive as in Irish. Notice how differently you pronounce the (k) sound in king and in cold. The k in king is next to an i, and it is natural for you to pronounce it differently from a c next to an o. Now try exchanging the (k) sounds, pronouncing king with the (k) from cold and coat with the (k) from king. The consonants adjacent to a, o, u vowels are called broad consonants. Slender consonants are near e, i vowels. The Irish sounds for c and g are much like the sounds you already know in English, and you can transfer the English sounds. Later, if you wish to make a minor improvement in your pronunciation of the slender c and g, pronounce them with the tip of the tongue against the inside of the lower front teeth, which is probably slightly different from your English pronunciation. Here is a practice series of word groups. In each group, an English word comes rst and contains the broad or slender (k) sound of the Irish word in the group. Call; c (kaw*), where; cta (KOH-tuh), coat; cig (KOO-ig), ve. King; cill (kill), cell; ceart (kart), right; c (kay*), who. Cold; cos (kuhs), foot; cpla (KOOP-luh), couple; cupn (ku- PAW*N), cup. Kettle; cinnte (KIN-te), certain; ceil (kel), conceal; cistin (KISH-tin), kitchen. Clod; cluas (KLOO-uhs), ear; clr (klaw*r), board; clois (klish), hear. Clip; clis (klish) fail; cliste (KLISH-te), clever; cl (klay*), left. Now try these words, making sure that you watch to see whether an a, o, u or an e, i vowel is nearest to the c: cls (klohs); cad (KAY*-uhd); cara (KAH-ruh); ceist (kesht); clog (kluhg); cliste (KLISH-te) crua (KROO-uh); cr (kray*). A g is pronounced like a c, except that the vocal cords are made to hum during the sound. To see how the two sounds of g are made, pronounce English go and give. If the nearest vowel is a, o, u pronounce the g as in English go. If the nearest vowel is e, i, pronounce the g as in English give. Try these: garda (GAHR-duh), guard; geata (GAT-uh), gate; gol (guhl), crying; gar (gay*r) sharp; glan (gluhn), clean; glic (glik), clever; gr (graw*), love; grian (GREE-uhn), sun. Our pronunciation guide usually does not indicate whether the consonants get their broad or slender sound. You must learn to watch for this yourself, noting the nearest vowel in the word. VOCABULARY Masculine Nouns buachaill (BOO-uhk*-il) boy capall (KAHP-uhl) horse cosn (kuh-SAW*N) sidewalk

Feminine Nouns cluas, an chluas (KLOO-uhs, un K*LOO-uhs) ear b, an bh (boh, un vwoh) cow bn (baw*n) white gorm (GUH-ruhm) blue bu (bwee) yellow uaine (oo-IN-e) green (for cloth, etc.) dearg (DYAR-uhg) red dubh (doov) black glas (glahs) green (for grass) donn (doun) brown corcra (KOHR-kruh) purple GRAMMAR To use t and is condently, you must have a good idea of the conditions under which you use one or the other of these verbs. T tells where a person or object is and what it is doing (the verbal noun can follow t). T also serves to describe a person or object by introducing adjectives. For examples of these usages: T s anseo. He is here. T s ag dul amach. He is going out. T s fuar. It is cold. Select is when you want to say that a person or object is in a fairly permanent class, or when you want to identify a person or object as being the specic one about whom you are talking. Card seo? (kay*rd ay* shuh) What is this? is one question calling for is. Is bosca , or: is bosca beag , are answers. Here are other examples: Is feirmeoir Sen (is fer-im-OH-ir shaw*n) John is a farmer. Is garda an fear sin, that man is a guard. Is fear mr Samas, James is a big man. An Meiricenach t? Are you an American? Nach scolir sibhse? (nahk* skuh-LAW*-ree SHIV-she), arnt you students? Note the word order. What the person or thing is comes rst, then the person or thing. To give a name to someone, or to say that a person of thing is the specic one, reverse the word order. Examples: C tusa? (kay* TU-suh), Who are you? Is mse Mirn. N mse Brd. C h sin? Who is that? Is sin Brian. N h sin Samas. C h seo? Who is this? Is sin Mire. N h seo Nra. Is seo mo nuachtn (shay* shuh muh NOO-uhk*-taw*n), this is my paper. N h sin an nuachtn eile (nee hay* shin un NOO- uhk*-taw*n EL-e), that is not the other paper. Notice the difference in word order in: Is bord sin, that is a table. Is sin an bord (shay* shin un bohrd), that is the table.

Lesson 24 Pronunciation Review We now review the consonants t and d. These are related in both English and Irish, because a d is pronounced like a t except for use of the vocal cords. In Irish, each of these two letters has a broad sound when the nearest vowel in the word is a, o, u, and a slender sound when the nearest vowel is e, i. For the broad sound, place the tongue front up against or close to the roof of the mouth, behind the upper front teeth and touching the back of them. Then say the t or d sound. Examples: T, tg, t, tusa (TU-suh), tamall (TAH-muhl), tosaigh (TUH-see), ts (toos). D, d, dn (doon), dara (DUH-ruh), doras (DUH-ruhs), duine (DIN-e), duibheagn (DIV-uh-gaw*n). Notice that in duine and duibheagn, the u following the d tells you to give the d its broad sound, even though the next actual vowel sound is for the i. A few more examples: tr, trom (truhm), trua (TROO-uh), drad (drahd), dl (dloo), droch (druhk*). For the slender t and d, touch the tip of the tongue against the hard ridge behind the upper front teeth. The tongue can be inclined forward and even touch the back of the upper front teeth. The pronounce the t or d. The sound will have a trace of a y sound at the end of it. Try: Te(te), tine (TIN-e), tr (teer), teach (tyahk*), tr (tree). Dan (day*n), dian (DEE-uhn), deas (das), dearg (DYAR-uhg), dol (DEE-uhl), dl (dlee). In some Irish speech, the traces of the y sound may be changed so that a slender t sounds like an English ch, and a slender d like an English j. Tine may sound like (CHIN-e), and deas may sound like (jas). In our pronunciation guide, we sometimes put a (y) in to familiarize you with this feature of Irish. From now on, you must watch to see whether an a, o, u or e, i is nearest the t or d, so that you can give the t or d its proper sound. Vocabulary Masculine nouns leanbh ((LAN-uhv), child airgead, an t-airgead (AR-i-guhd, un TAR-i-guhd), money baile (BAHL-e), town, home ceacht (kyahk*t), lesson cara (KAH-ruh), friend spota (SPOH-tuh), spot Feminine nouns sleil, an tsleil (SHEE-aw*-il, un TEE-aw*-il), ceiling, the ceiling cnmh, un chnmh (kuh-NAW*V, un k*uh-NAW*V), bone, the bone Smig, an smig (smig), chin geal (gal), bright bre (bir-RAW*), ne deas (das), nice, pretty Drill For practice with is, do the following drill until you can repeat the groups without hesitation. Card seo? (kay*rd ay* shuh), What is this? Is leabhar (is LOU-whur ay*). An leabhar Gaeilge ? (GAY*-lig-e), Is it an Irish book? N hea, ach leabhar Barla (nee ha, ahk* LOU-wuhr BAY*R-luh). It is not; it is an English book. Card sin? Nach baile ? (nahk* BAHL-e ay*) Sea, ach n baile deas (sha, ahk* nee BAHL-e das ay*). An fear mr ? N hea, ach fear beag (byuhg). Nach cailn deas sin? Sea, agus cailn galnta freisin (guh-LAW*N-tuh FRESH-in), Yes, and a fashionable girl, too. C tusa? (kay* TU-suh), Who are you? Is mise San Rian (is MISH-e shaw*n oh REEN), I am John Reen. C mise? (kay* MISH-e), Who am I? Is tusa an fear eile (EL-e). C sinne? (kay* SHIN-ye), Who are we? Is sibhse na minteoir (is SHIV-she nuh moo-in-TYOHR-ee), You are the teachers. C h sin? Who is that?

Is sin Liam (shay* shin LEE-uhm), Thats William. Agus c hiad seo? (AH-guhs kay* HEE-uhd shuh) And who are these? Is iad seo Mire agus Samas (SHEE-uhd shuh MAW*-re AH-guhs SHAY*-muhs), These are Mary and James. C h an fear ag an doras? (kay* hay* un far eg un DUHR-uhs) Who is the man at the door? Is Brian (shay* BREE-uhn ay*), Its Brian. C h an cailn leis? (kay* hee un kah-LEEN lesh) Who is the girl with him? Is Brid (shee breed ee), Its Bridget. Conversation Sen (shaw*n); Timid ag baile ars (TAW*-mid eg BAHL-e uh-REESH). Were home again. Mire (MAW*-re): Timid, tar is bheith in irinn tr mh (tuhr ay*sh ve in AY*R-in tree vee). We are, after being in Ireland three months. Sen: Card sin ar an tsleil? (kay*rd ay* sin er un TEEL-aw*-il) Whats that on the ceiling? Mire: Spota uisce, go cinnte (SPOH-tuh ISH-ke, goh KIN-te). A water spot, for sure. Sen: T piopa briste thuas an staighre, is dcha (taw* PEEP-uh BRISH-te HOO-uhs un STEYE-ruh, is DOHK*-uh). Theres a pipe broken upstairs, probably.

Lesson 25 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Three consonants whose pronunciation we can study together are b, p, m. If a vowel nearest any of these in a word is a, o, u, the consonant gets its broad sound. You make it by protruding the lips, then pronouncing the sound to resemble the corresponding English sound. Try: bd, buan (BOO-uhn), bac (bahk), bocht (bohk*t), bun (bun); blas (blahs), blire (BLOO-ir-e), bradn (bruh-DAW*N), brn, br (broo). p, Pl, pdar (POO-duhr), paca (PAH-kuh), pca (POH-kuh), punt (poont); plab (plahb), plta (PLAW*-tuh), prs (praw*s), prca (PROHkuh). m, mr, muc (muk), maith (mah), mar (muhr), mol (muhl), mullg (mu-LOHG), mn (muh-NAW*). Sometimes a slender vowel follows the broad consonant sound, and an a, o, u is placed between to indicate this. The result in pronunciation is a sound like that for the English w between consonant and vowel. Examples: bain (bwin), buidal (bwi-DAY*L), bu (bwee), buile (BWIL-e), puinn (pwin), moil (mwil). You can see why this is so when you form the broad b, p, m and then change to the (i) or (ee) sound in the examples above. For the slender b, p, m sounds, bring the lips in close to the teeth and spread the lips slightly as if you were beginning to smile. Then pronounce the letters. Examples: bal (bay*l), bia (BEE-uh), blian (BLEE-in), bleachtaire (BLAK*-tuhr-e), breac (bir-RAK), bran (BRAY*-uhn). p (pay*), pian (PEE-uhn), pic (pik), pl, preab (pir-RAB), prosn (pree-SOON). m (may*), milis (MIL-ish), mian (MEE-uhn), meil (mel). GRAMMAR With this lesson, we begin the past tense of verbs, so that you will be able to say, I wrote a letter or He ate. At present, you know how to say I was writing a letter and He was eating. Remember that the command to a single person is the simplest form of the verb. For example: Ligh (lay*), read. Scrobh (shkreev ay*), write it. Ol (ohl ay*), drink it. To form the past tense, merely use this command or imperative, but aspirate the initial consonant, if that is possible. If the imperative form begins with a vowel or an f, you must put a (d) sound befor the verb. Here are examples: Bhain s an cta de (vwin shay* un KOH-tuh de), He took off his coat. Chuir m ar an mbord (k*ir may* er un mohrd ay*), I put it on the table. Dhol t (yeel too ay*), You sold it. Dfhan s (dahn shay*), He remained. Ghlan m an fhuinneog (gluhn may* un in-YOHG), I cleaned the window. Ligh s a leabhar (lay* shee uh LOU-wuhr), She read her book). Mhol m an cailn (vwuhl may* uh kah-LEEN), I praised the girl. Nigh (ni) s an carr, He washed the car. Phg (fohg) s a mthair (MAW*-hir), She kissed her mother. Rith siad amach (ri SHEE-uhd uh-MAHK*), They ran out. Sheas s ann (has shay* oun), He stood there. Thg sibh (hohg shiv ay*), You took it. Next come examples for verbs beginning with vowels: Dalp s (dahlp shay* ay), He gulped it down. Dist s liom (day*sht shay* luhm) He listened to me. Dith (di) siad , They ate it. Dol t an bainne (dohl too un BAHN-ye), You drank the milk. Dullmhaigh m (DUL-vwee may*), I prepared. Go over these examples until you are able to read them quickly. Notice that initial l, n, r cannot be aspirated and so do not change from the imperative. In some cases, the consonants that can be aspirated are followed by other consonants that would make it difcult for a speaker to aspirate the rst consonant. An example: Scrobh (shkreev) s , He wrote it. Try aspirating the s in scrobh. You would have to say (huh-KREEV), which would be too difcult. The examples above give you a good idea of how to form the past tense of most of the verbs you know. You will not be able to form the past tense of the few irregular verbs yet. These you must learn separately, and we will have separate drills for these. T is one irregular verb whose

past tense, bh, you already know. VOCABULARY caith, ag caitheamh (kah, uh KAH-huhv), throw, wear, spend buail, ag bualadh (BOO-il, uh BOO-luh), strike tuig, ag tuiscint (tig, uh TISH-kint), understand fan, ag fanacht (fahn, uh FAHN-uhk*t), wait creid, ag creidiint (kred, uh kred-YOO-int), believe scuab, ag scuabadh (SKOO-uhb, uh SKOO-buh), sweep ceannaigh, ag ceannach (KAN-ee, uh KAN-uhk*), buy dol, ag dol (DEE-uhl, uh DEE-uhl), sell l, ag l (ohl, eg OHL), drink ith, ag ithe (i, eg I-he), eat DRILL The verbs above are put into the past tense like this: Chaith siad an leabhar (k*ah SHEE-uhd un LOU-uhr), They threw the book. Substitute m, t, s, s, sibh (shiv) for siad in this and the following sentences (do not substitute sinn, we, yet): Bhuail siad an buachaill (BOO-uhk*-il), They struck the boy. Cheannaigh siad mrn rud (HAN-ee SHEE-uhd moh-RAW*N rud), they bought many things. Thuig siad an fear eile (hig SHEE-uhd un far EL-e), they understood the other man. Dl siad gloine uisce (dohl SHEE-uhd GLIN-e ISH-ke), They drank a glass of water. Chreid siad an scal (hyred SHEE-uhd un shkay*l), They believed the story. (Run the h and the y sounds together for the aspirated c.)

Lesson 26 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW The Letter f gets two slightly different sounds in Irish, depending on whether the nearest vowel is a, o, u or e, i. Each sound differs a little from the usual English sound. For the broad sound, near an a, o, u, start with the inside of the lower lip against the edge of the upper front teeth. Then move the lips out to an extended, rounded form as you make the sound. Try: f, fn, fd, fm (foom), fuar (FOO-uhr), filte (FAW*L- tye), faisean (FASH-uhn), folamh (FUHL-uhv), fud (fud). Also: aith (ah), s, r, fras (frahs), frog (frohg), scrofa (SHKREE-fuh), tgfar (TOHK-fuhr). For the slender sound, near an e, i, start with the lower lip in the same position, but then draw it back slightly as you make the f sound. Try: fin (fay*n), fach (FAY*-ahk*), ll (l), fear (far), feirm (FER-im) caithfear (KAH-fuhr). If an (i) sound is to follow a broad (f) sound, a u is placed between the f and i. In pronouncing the combination, you will nd that a sound resembling an English w comes between. For example: fuil (fwil), fuinneog (fwin-YOHG), fuinneamh (FWIN-yuhv). Make sure you go over the pronunciation sections regularly, so that you will improve your pronunciation and develop the ability to pronounce new words before you look at the pronunciation guide. By now you should be ready to read most of the Irish in these lessons before you look at the pronunciation guide. We will gradually drop more of the pronunciation guide from the Irish words and sentences. GRAMMAR To express the negative in the past tense for most verbs, you must put nor (NEE-uhr) before the imperative, and you must also aspirate the imperatives initial consonant, if possible. For example: Nor dhol s an bd (NEE-uhr yeel shay* un baw*d), He didnt sell the boat. Nor fhan s liom (NEE-uhr ahn shay* luhm), He didnt wait for me. Nor l s , He didnt drink it. To ask a question in the past tense, put ar (er) before the imperative and aspirate the imperatives initial consonant if possible. Some examples: Ar thuig t ? (er hig too ee), Did you understand her? Ar fhan sibh? (er ahn shiv), Did you wait? Ar l siad ? (er ohl SHEE-uhd ay*), Did they drink it? To say Didnt she put it on the table?, which is the negative imperative, put nr (naw*r) before the imperative and again aspirate the initial consonant if possible, as in: Nr chuir s ar an mbord ? (naw*r k*ir shee). The answer to this question is either Chuir s or Nor chuir s. DRILL This is a suitable time for a simultaneous drill on aspiration pronunciation and the past tense of irregular verbs. Here is a list of verbs that includes all the aspirated sounds, both broad and slender. Go over them until you can say the past-tense forms, having covered the last three forms (in the third column) and looking only at the imperative (in the second column). Break: Bris!(brish) Bhris m nor bhris m ar bhris m (vrish may*) Strike Buail! (BOO-il) Bhuail m nor bhuail m ar bhuail m? (VOO-il may*) Buy Ceannaigh! (KAN-ee) Cheannaigh m nor cheannaaigh m ar cheannaigh m? (HYAN-ee may*) Put Cuir! (kir) Chuir m nor chuir m ar chuir m? (k*ir may*)

Sell Dol! (DEE-uhl) Dhol m nor dhol m ar dhol m? (YEE-uhl may*) Close Dn! (doon) Dhn m nor dhn m ar dhn m? (GOON may*) Look Fach! (FAY*-ahk*) Dfhach m nor fhach m ar fhach m? (DAY*-ahk* may*) Wait Fan! (fahn) Dfhan m nor fhan m ar fhan m? (DAHN may*; NEE-uhr AHN may*) Cut Gearr! (gyahr) Ghearr m nor ghearr m ar ghearr m? (YAHR may*; NEE-uhr YAHR may*) Clean Glan! (gluhn) Ghlan m nor ghlan m ar ghlan m? (GLUHN may*) Explain Mnigh! (MEEN-ee) Mhnigh m nor mhnigh m ar mhnigh m? (VEEN-ee may*) Teach Min! (MOO-in) Mhin m nor mhin m ar mhin m? (VOO-in may*) Torture Pian! (PEE-uhn) Phian m nor phian m ar phian m? (FEE-uhn may*) Marry Ps! (pohs) Phs m nor phs m ar phs m? (FOHS may*) Stand Seas! (shas) Sheas m nior sheas m ar sheas m? (HAS may*) Sit Suigh! (si) Shuigh m nor shuigh m ar shuigh m? (HI may*) Drive Tiomin! (ti-MAW*-in) Thiomin m nor thiomin m ar thiomin m? (hi-MAW*-in may*) Take Tg! (tohg) Thg m nor thg m ar thg m? (HOHG may*)

Lesson 27 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW To pronounce the letter l when it starts a word and is followed by a, o, u, spread the tongue somewhat and press it against the upper front teeth while making the sound. This will give the initial broad l sound. As examples, try: l, ln, ln, lb (loob), lacha (LAHK*-uh), loch (lohk*). Sometimes a slender vowel sound (ay*) or (ee), follows the broad l sound. Examples: laoch (LAY*-uhk*), lu (lee). These words begin with the broad l sound. When ll is adjacent to a, o, u, the sound is similar, as in: allas (AHL-uhs), mall (mahl), balla (BAHL-uh). The initial slender l sound, before e, i, requires you to press your tongue tip against the back of the lower front teeth and raise the front of the tongue to touch both the upper front teeth and the hard ridge behind them. Examples: lamh (LAY*-uhv), lig (lig), ln (leen), leis (lesh), leaba (LA-buh), leath (la), leabhar (LOU-wuhr). When ll is next to e, i, the sound is similar. Try: caill (keyel), ll (l), cailleadh (KEYEL-uh), millin (mil-YOON). Pronunciation of a single l inside a word or at the end of it may vary slightly, depending on the word. Often it is pronounced like the English l, as in: geal (gal), milis (MIL-ish), lainn (AW*-lin), folamh (FUHL-uhv). In baile (BAHL-e), the sound is closer to initial slender l, giving a sound resembling (BAHL-ye). GRAMMAR In the past tense of verbs, we is indicated by --amar or --eamar added to the imperative. For example, dfhanamar (DAHN-uh-muhr) means we stayed, and thuigeamar (HIG-uh-muhr) means we understood. One minor point, chiey involving spelling, concerns this we form (i.e., rst-person plural): For the two-syllable verbs ending in --igh, such as ceannaigh and mnigh, the we form is cheannaomar (hyan-EE-uh-muhr), mhnomar (veen- EE-uh-muhr), etc. Suigh, sit, is treated similarly. Years ago, these verb forms were spelled as you would tend to spell them from your present knowledge of the other verbs: cheannaigheamar, mhnigheamar. A few years ago, however, the spelling was simplied. Verbs of this type have other minor differences that we will study soon. DRILL Here is a complete list of a verb in the past tense, mol (muhl), meaning praise. Repeat the list several times, and then say the same forms for the verbs in the drill at the end of lesson 26. It will be tedious work, but you will nd it of benet when we begin the reading exercises in a few weeks. mhol m (vwuhl may*); mhol t; mhol s; mholamar (VWUHL-uh-mar); mhol sibh; mhol siad nor mhol m (NEE-uhr vwuhl); nor mhol t; nor mhol s; nor mhol s; nor mholamar; nor mhol sibh; nor mhol siad ar mhol m? (er); ar mhol t?; ar mhol s?; ar mhol s?; ar mholamar?; ar mhol sibh?; ar mhol siad? nr mhol m? (naw*r); nr mhol t?; nr mhol s?; nr mhol s?; nr mholamar?; nr mhol sibh?; nr mhol siad? PRACTICE Read the sentences below out loud and simultaneously form a mental picture of what they mean. At the lesson end there is a translation, but do not look at it unless absolutely necessary. Ceannaigh (KAN-ee ay*)! Nor cheannaigh m (HYAN-ee). Nr cheannaomar na ruda eile? Cheannaigh Sen na prta. Rith abhaile (uhVWAHL-e) agus cnag ar an doras. Chnagamar (K*NAHG-uh-muhr) ar an doras inn (in-YAY*), ach n raibh duine ar bith ann. N ligh an nuachtn, a Shein (uh HYAW*-in)! Chuir do mhthair do bhricfeasta ar an mbord cheana. Lamar an leabhar sin arir (uh-RAY*R). Nr ligh t fs ? Nor ligh m . Nr mhnigh s an ceacht duit? Nor thuig (hig) Mire an scal, agus nor mhnomar an scal di (di). l an tae anois! Nr l sibh ? Ar l na pist an bainne go lir? Dl siad cuid de (kid de). Fan anseo. Dfhan dathair an l go lir. Nr fhanamar sa teach? Ar fhan an bus leat? Nor fhan s, ar chor ar bith. Dfhanamar leis go men-lae (myaw*n lay*). Buy it! I didnt buy it. Didnt we buy the other things? John bought the potatoes. Run home and knock on the door. We knocked on the door yesterday, but no one was there. Dont read the paper, John. Your mother put your breakfast on the table already. We read that book last night. Didnt you read it yet? I didnt read it. Didnt she explain the lesson to you? Mary didnt understand the story, and we didnt explain it to her. Drink the tea now! Didnt you (pl.) drink it? Did the children drink all of the milk? They drank part of it. Stay here! Your father remained all day. Didnt we stay in the house? Did the bus wait for you? It didnt wait at all. We waited for it until noon (midday). Lesson 28 PRONUNCIATION GUIDE The letter n has two basic sounds. The broad sound, made with the tongue spread soemwhat and pressed against the upper front teeth, occurs when the n begins a word and the next vowel is a, o, u. Examples: n, n, ns, nasc (nahsk), nisin (naw*-SHOON), nocht (nohk*t). The slender sound of n occurs when n starts a word in which the rst vowel is e, i. The n is pronounced with the front of the tongue on the hard rim behind the upper front teeth. There will be a faint sound resembling yuh at the end as you begin to pronounce the rest of the word. Do not pronounce a separate (yuh) sound, however. Examples: nid (nyay*d), n (nee), nl (neel), nead (nyad), neimh (nyev), neoin (NYOH-in). Notice that in n and nl, the (yuh) sound trace disappears. If n is inside a word or at the end, the pronunciation is usually similar to the American pronunciation of n. Compare ainm (AN-im) with anam (AH-nuhm). See Lesson 25 for the difference in m pronunciation. The m is slender in ainm and broad in anam, but the n in both words resembles the n you know from English. Slender double n at a word end after e, i can be pronounced either (n) or have a faint (y) sound at the end. The sound may resemble the (ng) sound at the end of English sing. Try: sinn (shin); linn (lin), crainn (krin).

Pronounce double n broad like a broad n that starts a word, such as n. Try: tagann (TAHG-uhn), donn (doun). A slender double n inside a word gets a clear (y) sound, as in bainne (BAHN-ye), rinne (RIN-ye), fuinneog (fwin-YOHG). A broad n sound can begin a word in which the next vowel sound is slender, (ay*) or (ee). Naoi and naonn are examples. A faint, short (uh) sound occurs between the (n) and (ee). Try: naoi (nee), naonn (NEE-uh-naw*n). This n differs from the slender n in n or Niocls (NEE-klaw*s). GRAMMAR Although the ending -amar or eamar is common for indicating we in the past tense of verbs, the seperate word muid (mwid) is used, too. For example: bhuail muid (VWOO-il mwid), we struck; thuig muid (HIG mwid), we understood; cheannaigh muid (HYAN-ee mwid), we bought. Both ways are acceptable. Most moden grammars give the -mar ending for their examples, but you should be familiar with the two forms. VOCABULARY fg, ag fgil (faw*g, uh FAW*G-aw*-il) leave. Also in: fg fmsa (faw*g FOOM-suh ay*), Leave it to me. deisigh, ag deisi (DESH-ee, uh DESH-yoo) repair, x tg, ag tgil (tohg, uh TOHG-aw*-il), take, raise crith, ag crith (kri), shake mag, ag magadh (mahg, uh MAHG-uh) mock, slag As in: ag magadh fm (foom), making fun of me. sl, ag sleadh (sheel, uh SHEEL-uh), think troid, ag troid (trid, uh trid) ght lim, ag lim (lay*m, uh lay*m) jump REFLEX EXPRESSIONS le tamall (le TAH-muhl), for a while is for sin (is FEE-uhr shin), Thats true le fada (le FAH-duh), for a long time saor go leor (SAY*-uhr goh LOHR), cheap enough it igin (aw*t AY*-gin) some place DRILL We will rst review the use of is (is). Repeat this sentence group: Card seo? (kay*rd) Card sin? Is leabhar . Is srid . N scoil . An bosca ? (BOHSK-uh) N hea, ach buidal (nee ha, ahk* bwi- DAY*L). An bord seo? Is ea. Now substitute into the sentences Irish words for objects you know. Go through the entire sequence for each word. Next, repeat this sentence group: C h seo? (kay* hay* shuh) C h seo? C h sin? C h sin? Is Sen (shay* shaw*n ay*). N h Nra . Is Sen an fear (far). Is Mire an dochtir (dohk*-TOO-ir). Is sin Brian (shay* shin BREE-uhn). Is seo Cit (kaw*t). Is seo Liam. Is sin Brd (shee shin breed). Now substitute into the sentences Irish names that you know from the conversations, and also nouns with the before them, such as: the room, the road, the place, the table, the girl, the car, etc. Then try to add sentences in the past tense to: Is Sen an fear a --. Example: Is Sen an fear a cheannaigh an carr nua. Try verbs such as: caith, cuir, rith, scrobh, etc. PRACTICE READING A translation follows this: T Liam sa bhaile. N raibh s amuigh inn. Bh s ag scrobh litreach. Bhomar ag fachaint air (FAY*-uhk*-int er). Chuir s an litir sa phost agus ansin dith s a shuipar (hu-PAY*R). Thgamar r mbrga (MROHG-uh) chuig (hig) an gcathair (GAH-hir), agus dheisigh an fear sin iad. Dimomar linn abhaile ansin. Ag baile, bh an cat agus an madra ag troid. Throid siad cpla nimad, agus ansin chaitheamar amach iad. [William is at home. He wasnt out yesterday. He was writing a letter. We were watching him. He put the letter in the post and then he ate his supper. We took our shoes to the city, and that man repaired them. We departed (departed with ourselves) homeward then. At home, the cat and the dog were ghting. They fought for a couple of minutes, and then we threw them out.] (Note: Both abhaile (uh-VWAHL-e) and ag baile (eg BAHL-e) mean at home.)

Lesson 29 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW The letter r is pronounced with two principal sounds in Irish, and both sounds differ from the American pronunciation. If the r begins a word and is followed by an a, o, u, roll the sound by placing the tongue tip near enough to the hard ridge behind the upper front teeth to make the tongue vibrate as you say the r. Examples: rs, ramhar (ROU-wuhr), raca (RAHK-uh), rd, roc (rohk), rn (roon), rud (ruhd). Give r the same sound when it begins a word and is followed by e, i, as in: rim (ray*m), reilig (REL-ig), r (ree), riamh (reev), rith (ri). The broad r sound inside a word or at the end, and near a, o, u, is not as likely to be rolled. It often resembles the American pronunciation. A double r near a, o, u, is rolled, however, as in: barr (bahr), cearr (kyahr), carraig (KAHR-rig), bearraim (BYAHR-rim), borradh (BOHR-ruh). Next to an e, i inside or at the end of a word, the r gets its slender sound. This is perhaps the most difcult Irish sound for Americans. Place the tongue tip near the top of your upper front teeth and form a shallow pocket in the tongue front. Then pronounce r. The air should blow downwards toward the lower lip as you drop the tongue. Try: r (r), beirim (BER-im), litir, fir (fay*r), Mire (MAW*-re), creid (kred), Brd (breed). Compare far with fir. The former word has an r like the American r at its end. The slender r faintly resembles a d or zh sound in English. In parts of Ireland, a word like Mire may sound like (MAW*-zhe). Slender r after a consonant sometimes seems to add a syllable, as in: bre (bir-RAW*). In Irish, r is pronounced in the front of the mouth, never in the back with a guttural rolling as in some other European languages. Grammar Up to now, all the verbs that you have studied, with one exception, have been regular. In a regular verb, the forms are based on the imperative, which you can always recognize in the verb form. For instance, cuir (kir) means Put! In the past tense, chuir s (k*ir shay*) means he put. Chuireann (KIR-uhn) s means he puts, and chuirnn (K*IR-hin) means I would put. All forms are easily recognizable as belonging to cuir. The irregular verbs change more in going from tense to tense, and some change going from afrmative to negative. One irregular verb is t. It becomes nl and an bhfuil in the present, and then changes to bh, n raibh, and an raibh in the past. About ten other Irish verbs are irregular, many fewer than in English, but the Irish verbs change more. We will learn them gradually. The rst two are come and go, in the past tense. Came is: thinig m (HAW*-nig may*), I came thinig t, you came thinig s, he came thinig s, she came thngamar (HAW*NG-uh-muhr), we came thinig sibh (shiv), you came thinig siad (SHEE-uhd), they came nor thinig m, I didnt come nor thngamar, we didnt come nor thinig t, etc. ar thinig m?, did I come? ar thngamar?, did we come? nr thinig m?, didnt I come? nr thngamar?, did we come? etc. Went is: chuaigh m (K*OO-ig may*), I went chuaigh t, you went chuaigh s, he went chuaigh s, she went chuamar (K*OO-uh-muhr), we went chuaigh sibh, you went chuaigh siad, they went (The word chuaigh is pronounced (K*-OO-uh) in parts of Ireland.) n dheachaigh m (nee YAK*-hee may*), I didnt go n dheachaigh t, you didnt go n dheachaigh s, he didnt go n dheachaigh s, she didnt go n dheachamar (nee YAK*-uh-muhr), we didnt go n dheachaigh sibh, you didnt go n dheachaigh siad, they didnt go

an ndeachaigh m? (un NYAK*-hee may*), did I go? an ndeachamar? (unNYAK*-uh-muhr), did we go? an ndeachaigh t?, did you go?, etc. nach ndeachaigh m? (nahk* NYAK*-hee may*), didnt I go? nach ndeachamar? (nahk* NYAK*-uh-muhr), didnt we go? etc. Remember that the ch next to an a, o, u is pronounced by dropping the back of the tongue somewhat while you pronounce the c that is in coat. The result is a guttural sound like that in the German ach. Dont drop the tongue so far that all you get is an h sound. Our phonetic guide employs (k*) for the sound. Drill Go through a progressive drill with each of these two verbs. Start with: Ar thinig m? Nor thinig m. Thinig t. Ar thinig t? Nor thinig t. Thinig s. Continue to the last phrase: Thinig m. Went requires some alertness. Start with: An ndeachaigh m? N dheachaigh m. Chuaigh t. An ndeachaigh t? N dheachaigh t. Chuaigh s. Continue to the last phrase: Chuaigh m. Then join the following phrases to all forms to make sentences: amach; isteach; suas an staighre; sos an staighre; amach sa ghairdn; isteach sa teach; inn; abhaile; inniu. Remember that I was going is Bh m ag dl, and that I was coming is Bh m ag teacht. I went and I came are this lessons subject.

Lesson 30 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW The letter s recieves its broad sound if an a, o, u is the nearest vowel in the word. The sound is very close to the American (s), with lips relaxed and a little trace of hissing. Try: smh (saw*v), sampla (SAHM-pluh), s (soh), s (soo), sil (SOO-il), san (suhn), saor (say*r), saoirse (SEER-she), slat (slaht), sml (smaw*l), spng (spun-OHG), srn (srohn), stad (stahd), snas (snahs), str (stroh), bs (baw*s), bosca (BOHSKuh). The slender sound of s is (sh), as in the English word shun. It is heard when the nearest vowel is e,i, unless the combinations sm, sp or str occur. With those combinations, s always has its broad sound of (s). First try: sean (shan), sid (shay*d), seift (sheft), sl (sheel), simn (SHIM-nay*), seo (shuh), siopa (SHOHP-uh), leis (lesh), cliste (KLISH-te), sl (shlee), sneachta (SHNAHK*-tuh), stiir (SHTYOO-ir), scrobh (shkreev). Then, for examples of the exceptions to the slender sound, memorize these words: smig (smig), chin; spir (spay*r), sky; srian (SREE-uhn), bridle; stroc (streek) stripe. Is is an exception and is pronounced (is). GRAMMAR You know the word ag (eg), meaning at, and you have learned how it combines with me, you, etc., to form agam, agat and so on. Other Irish prepositions change similarly. One of these is le (le), meaning with. Here are some examples of le with names and nouns that dont have the before them: le Sen; le Nra; le fear, with a man; le brg, with a shoe. Le does not cause aspiration or eclipsis. The name or noun (without the) is merely added. To say with me, with you, etc. these are the forms: liom (luhm) with me leat (lat) with you leis (lesh) with him li (lay*) with her linn (lin) with us libh (liv) with you (pl) leo (loh) with them Pronounce these with a slender l (see Lesson 27). Do not make an audible (y) sound; say (luhm), not (lyuhm). If you want to say with the man, or with the book, the form is: leis an bhfear (lesh un var), with the man; leis an leabhar (lesh un LOU-wuhr) with the book. Eclipsis often occurs, and here are examples of it: leis an mbd (lesh un maw*d) with the boat leis an gcarr (lesh un gahr) with the car leis an ndoras (lesh un NUH-ruhs) with the door leis an bhfeirm (lesh un VER-im) with the farm leis an ngairdn (lesh uhng ahr-DEEN) with the garden leis an bpipar (lesh un baw*-PAY*R) with the paper leis an dteanga (lesh un DYANG-uh) with the tongue (or language) D and t are not eclipsed by leis an as often as are the other letters above. Leis an doras and leis an teanga are common. VOCABULARY Le serves in many expressions in Irish. It commonly follows some important verbs, sometimes being used where English would use to. Learn these expressions and verbs: Dirt s liom (DOO-irt shay* luhm ay*), he said it to me. Abair leis dul abhaile (AH-bir lesh duhl uh-VWAHL-e), tell him to go home. Imigh leat (IM-ee lat), be off with you. Dimigh s leis (DIM-ee shay* lesh), he departed (went off with himself). Tig liom rince (tig luhm RINK-e), I can dance. N thig leat lamh (nee hig lat LAY*-uhv), you cant read. An dtig leat a dhanamh? (un dig lat ay* uh YAY*N-uhv), can you do it? ist liom (ay*sht luhm), listen to me. Dist s liom (day*sht shee luhm), she listened to me. Fan liom (fahn luhm), wait for me. Dfhan s liom (dahn shay* luhm), he waited for me. Nor fhan s leo (NEE-uhr ahn shay* loh), he didnt wait for them. DRILL With each of the forms in the Vocabulary (except imigh and dimigh), substitute: le Sen; leis an bhfear; leis an gcailn. CONVERSATION

Now that our pronunciation review is largly complete, we will emphasize conversation again. This week, we stress the past tense and le. Next week, we will begin conversation drills in which you will take part by forming you own replies and answers. Dnall (DOHN-uhl): C bhuail an teach sin? T balla leagtha (BAHL-uh LAG-huh). Who hit that house? Theres a wall knocked down. Pl (pohl): , bh timpist ann arir (uh-RAY*R). Oh, there was an accident there last night. Chuaigh (K*OO-ig) tiomna (ti-MAW*-nee) tr solas dearg (DYAR-ruhg) agus carr eile ag teacht go tapaidh (TAHP-ee). Chas an chad (HYAY*-uhd) charr, ach n raibh an t-dh (taw*) air. A driver went through a red light while another car was coming fast. The rst car turned, but luck wasnt with him. Thinig s suas ar an gcosn (guh-SAW*N) agus direach isteach sa bhalla. Distomar leis na tiomnaithe ag caint le chile. Drochchaint (druhk*-K*EYENT) ar fad. He came up on the sidewalk and right into the wall. We listened to the drivers talking to each other. Terrible language. Dnall: Cad a tharla (HAHR-luh) ansin? What happened then? Pl: Thinig cara leis an tiomna agus tharraing s an carr briste chuig gariste (k*ig guh-RAW*SH-te). A friend of the driver came and towed the damaged car to the garage. Dnall: Nach mr an trua . What a shame.

Lesson 31 PRONUNCIATION Pronounce the letter combination ng in Irish with the same two sounds that you use in English. The word longing has these two sounds. The rst ng sound is the broad, near a, o, u. The second is the slender, near e, i. Examples: long (lohng), ship; ceangail (KYANG-il), bind; teanga (TANG-uh) tongue, language; pingin (PEENG-in), penny. Do not add a g after the ng sound in Irish, even though you often do that in English, as in the words English (ING-glish) and nger (FING-guhr). The ng sound can start a word in Irish, if eclipsis of a g occurs. For this sound, add the ng sound to the previous word and then pronounce the rest of the second word without the g or the ng. Examples: i ngairdn (ing ahr-DEEN), in a garden; r ngeata (aw*rng AT-uh), our gate; a ngna (uhng OON-ee), their dresses; an nglanann s ? (uhng LUHN-uhn shay* ay*) Does he clean it? Finally, try a more difcult one: nach nglanann s ? (nahk*ng LUHN-uhn shay* ay*) Doesnt he clean it? GRAMMAR We continue with ways to use le, meaning with. This preposition may serve exactly as it does in English. Examples: thinig s liom (HAW*nig shay* luhm), he came with me; chuaigh s libh (K*OO-ig shee liv), she went with you. We will next look at four ways that differ from English. Possession -- I own it - is one use. (Do not confuse having something with owning it. T carr agam, I have a car, may not mean that you own it or possess title to it.) Is liom (is luhm ay*) means I own it. Learn these examples: C leis (kay* lesh) an carr seo? Whose car is this? Is liomsa (is LUHM-suh ay*) It is mine. An leatsa (LAT-suh) ? Is it yours? N liomsa , ach le Sen; Its not mine, but Sens. Is le Sen ; Its Sens. C leis seo? Whose is this? An leis an bhfear seo ; Is it this mans? N leis , ach leis an gcailn (gah-LEEN) at sa teach (TAHK*) sin; Its not, but it belongs to the girl who is in that house. Nach leatsa ? Isnt it yours? N liomsa; it isnt mine. Practice with objects near you. Liomsa and leatsa are merely emphatic forms of liom and leat, said without raising the voice. Liking -- I like it -- is another use. Is maith (mah) liom ; I like it. N maith leis ; he doesnt like it. An maith le Nra an bhrg (vrohg) sin? Does Nora like that shoe? N maith le (lay*); she doesnt. Nach maith leat an bord seo? Dont you like this table? The verbal noun is handy here. An maith leat lamh (LAY*-uhv)? Do you like to read? N maith liom sil (shool); I dont like walking. Is maith liom feoil a ithe (FYOH-il uh I-he); I like to eat meat. Nach maith le Sen litreacha a scrobh? (LI-trahk*-uh uh shkreev) Doesnt Sen like to write letters? Notice that the object, feoil or litreacha, come ahead of the verbal noun. Preferring -- I prefer this -- is a third use. It is very similar to the liking use, but with fearr instead of maith. Is fearr liom (is fahr luhm ay*); I prefer it. The word fearr has a slightly more rolled r than does fear, man, and sometimes there is a trace of (y) sound in it as if it were (fyahr). Examples: An fearr leat an leabhar seo? Do you prefer this book? N fearr leis sil; he doesnt prefer walking. Is fearr leo lamh n caint (keyent); they prefer reading to talking. Nach fearr le Sen bainne le t? Doesnt Sen prefer milk to tea? C acu is fearr leat, bheith anseo no bheith abhaile? (kay* ah-KUH is fahr lat, ve un-SHUH noh ve uh-VWAHL-e) Which do you prefer, being here or being home? C acu is fearr le Samas, bainne n tea? Which does Samus prefer, milk or tea? Being able -- I can -- is a fourth use. The verbal noun can serve here, too. Is fidir (FAY*-dir) liom an leabhar a lamh means I can read the book. The object is ahead of the verbal noun. Study these examples: An fidir leat rince? Can you dance? N fidir le Nra m a thuiscint (HISH-kint); Nora cant understand me. Nach fidir leo snmh? (snaw*v) Cant they swim? Is fidir leis an mbuachail (MOO-uhk*-il) sin a dhanamh (YAY*N-uhv); the boy can do that. CONVERSATIONAL EXERCISE In this conversation, read what Sen says, then follow the general instructions for what you, T, are to say. If you can not think of suitable phrases, be sure to say something that would be considered appropriate, in Irish, before you look down at the key. Cover the key below the line that you need. Sen: Dia duit, a chara (K*ahr-uh). T: (Answer him.) Sen: Conas t t inniu? T: (Tell him you are well, and ask him how he is.) Sen: T m go maith leis. Nach bre an l ? T: (Agree with him and ask him where he was yesterday.) Sen: Bh m istigh sa teach, ag obair an l go leir. T: (Sympathize with him. Then tell him that you went to the city and bought a coat.)

Sen: Conas a thinig t abhaile? T: (You came home on the bus, of course. There werent many people on the bus last night either.) Sen: Nach fearr leat dul ar an traein? T: (You prefer the train to the bus, but there was no train in the station then.) Key: Dias Muire duit, a Shein. T m go maith, agus conas t t fin? Is bre, go deimhin (DEYE-in). C raibh t inn, a Shein? Nach mr an trua sin, anois? Chuaigh m chuig an gcathair agus cheannaigh (HYAN-ee) m cta nua. Thinig m abhaile ar an mbus, ar ndigh (er NOH-ee). N raibh mrn duine ar an mbus arir (uh-RAY*R) ach oiread (IR-uhd). Is fearr liom an traein n an bus, ach n raibh traein ar bith ag an stisin ansin.

Lesson 32 PRONUNCIATION In Irish, as in English, some of the sounds or syllables in words are dropped out in rapid everyday speech. You must learn to do this yourself and to listen for it in the speech of others. Up to now, these lessons have given you largely the full pronunciation of individual words, even in sentences. We will now begin to indicate how sentences are pronounced in everyday speech. Individual words in vocabularies and examples will still receive their full pronunciations, however. You should learn them thoroughly before using the words in a sentence. Here are examples of word-group pronunciations: T a fhios agat (TAW* uh is uh-GUHT) you know, becomes (taw*s uh-GUHT), with the sound for a elided. Fear an t (far un TEE) man of the house, becomes (far uh TEE). Ban an t (ban un TEE) woman of the house, becomes (ban uh TEE). C bhfuil t ag dul? (KAW* vwil too uh DUHL) Where are you going? can become (KAW*-il too uh DUHL). T an fear anseo (taw* un FAR un-SHUH), The man is here, becomes (taw*n FAR-un-SHUH). We will put this into lessons gradually enough so that you will not become confused. And remember that everyone learning a language with the help of a book tries to sound all the letters in all the words, but native speakers never do. GRAMMAR Another use for le, with, is in expressions like: T cara liom ansin (taw* KAH-ruh luhm un-SHIN), a friend of mine is there. Leabhar liom (LOU-wuhr luhm), means a book of mine. Hata le Sen: one of Johns hats. Clog le Nra: one of Noras clocks, or a clock of Noras. This usage implies that the subject spoken of is only one of several in its class. Leabhar liom implies that I have several books. Mo leabhar is my book and does not say whether I have others. REFLEX EXPRESSIONS Is dcha (is DOHK*-uh ay*) Its likely, I suppose so. Maith go leor (mah goh lohr) good enough. Cib ar bith (KI-bay* er BI) anyway. Anois agus ars (uh-NISH AH-guhs uh-REESH) now and again, now and then. VOCABULARY Masculine Noun p (paw*), pay Feminine Nouns obair, an obair (OH-bir, un OH-bir), work, the work freagair, ag freagairt (FRAG-ir, uh FRAG-irt) answer dfhreagair m, dfhreagraomar (DRAG-ir may*, drag-REE-uh-muhr), I answered, we answered caill, ag cailleadh (keyel, uh KEYEL-uh), lose tiomin, ag tiomint (ti-MAW*-in, uh ti-MAW*NT), drive san, ag sanadh (shay*n, uh SHAY*N-uh), deny tuill, ag tuilleamh (till, uh TILL-uhv), earn ag danamh na hoibre (uh DAY*N-uhv nuh HIB-re), doing the work pg, ag pgadh (pohg, uh POHG-uh), kiss croch, ag crochadh (krohk*, uh KROHK*-uh), hang gearn, ag gearn (gyar-AW*N, uh gyar-AW*N), complain tochail, ag tochailt (TOHK*-il, uh TOHK-ilt), dig thochlaomar (hohk*-LEE-uh-muhr), we dug NOTE: T an cta ar crochadh (the coat is hanging); not ag crochadh, because the latter would mean that the coat is actively hanging something or someone. DRILL Go through a progressive drill beginning with the forms: An leabhar liom seo? Is this a book of mine? N leabhar liom seo. Is leabhar leat seo. Continue with An leabhar leat seo? N leabhar leat seo. Etc. The last sentence will be: Is leabhar liom seo. Repeat this with le Sen, le Mire, le dochtir, leis an bhfear, leis an mbean, leis an gcailn. CONVERSATION EXERCISE Read what Brd says each time, and follow the instructions for what you are to say. Say something appropriate in Irish before you glance down at

the key, which you should cover until you need a line. Brd: Dia duit, a Dhnaill. T: (Answer her and ask her how she is.) Brd: T m go han-mhaith (HAHN-un-VWAH), agus conas t t fin? T: (Tell her that you are well, too. Ask her where Pascal is.) Brd: O, bh s ag obair sa ghairdn an l go lir, ag tochailt. T: He earned his pay, I suppose. Is he still doing the work? Brd: T s ag obair fs, agus a chta ar crochadh ar an mballa in aice leis (in AK-e lesh) (meaning near him). T: He didnt complain yesterday, and the weather as hot as it was. He came home directly. Brd: Nor chaill s rud ar bith, bheith ag obair amuigh. T: We dug in the garden yesterday. Long work it is. Brd: Is for duit. Nor shan m riamh sin. (I never denied that.) T: Tell her you like to be working outside. Key: Dias Muire duit, a Bhrd. Conas t t? T m go maith, leis. C bhfuil Pascal, cib ar bith? Thuill s a ph (faw*), is dcha. An bfuill s ag danamh na hoibre fs? Nor ghearn s inn, agus an aimsir chomh (hoh) te agus a bh s. Thinig s abhaile go dreach. Thochlaomar sa ghairdn inn. Obair fhada is ea . Is maith liom bheith ag obair amuigh.

Lesson 33 PRONUNCIATION The vowel in Irish is a pure vowel, without the trace of (ay) sound beginning it or (oo) sound following it that the English (o) might have. The Irish sound for o usually appears in an accented syllable. The is held longer than is the (oh) in the English word roll, for example. In the south of Ireland, may be pronounced more like (oo) in words such as: n, mr, m, mna. If an accented o has no sneadh fada, it gets the same sound as , but the sound is not held as long. Examples: obair, oscail, ocht, cnoc. Do not substitute an (uh) sound for this vowel. GRAMMAR As English does, Irish forms adjectives from verbs. Usually the basic form of the verb is modied with t or te. Examples: dn (doon), close, gives us dnta, closed dan, do, gives us danta, done min (MOO-in), teach, gives us minte, taught buail, strike, gives us buailte (BOO-il-te), struck If the last vowel in the verb is a, o, u then use ta because the t must be broad. If the last vowel in the word is e, i then use te, because the t must be slender. Sometimes the added t is aspirated to give a (huh) or (he) sound at word end. In a few cases, such as scrofa, the t becomes an f, because that is the natural sound of bhth together: a (v) plus an (h). Here are some of these verbal adjectives. Read them and deduce their meanings before you look down at the Key at the end of the Grammar section: bainte (BWIN-te), ceannaithe (KAN-i-he), dolta (DEE-uhl-tuh), creidte (KRED-te), tuigthe (TIG-he), deisithe (DESH-i-he), lta (OHL-tuh), imithe (IM-i-he). From now on, as you learn new verbs, try to picture the verbal adjective. Although you will be incorrect on the aspiration of the t for some of the endings, you will be able to get most of them. These verbal adjectives combine with the word ag (eg), at, to allow you to say I have read the letter instead of I read the letter. The Irish form is T an litir lite agam (taw* un LI-tir LAY*-te uh-GUHM), meaning literally: The letter is read at me. Read these sentences over slowly and note how the word order is changed from English: T an bainne lta agam (taw* un BAHN-ye OHL-tuh uh-GUHM), I have drunk the milk. T an bhrg deisithe aige (eg-GE), He has mended the shoe. Nl an scal creidte ag Brd, Bridget has not believed the story. An bhfuil do theach (do HAHK*) dolta agat? Have you sold your house? The order is changed in the same way that it is in T bord agam, meaning literally: A table is at me, but actually, I have a table. Key: Meanings of the verbal adjectives above: removed or reaped, bought, sold, believed, understood, repaired, drunk, departed or gone. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns buochas (BWEE-uhk*-uhs), thanks crann (kroun), tree siopa (SHOP-uh), store, shop Feminine nouns aghaidh, an aghaidh (EYE-ee, un EYE-ee), face gruaig, an ghruaig (GROO-ig, un GROO-ig), hair Verbs feic, ag feiceil (fek, uh FEK-aw*-il), see chonaic m (k*uh-NIK may*), I saw n fhaca m (nee AH-kuh may*), I didnt see an bhfaca t? (un VAH-kuh too), did you see? nach bhfaca t? (nahk* VAH-kah too), didnt you see? clois, ag cloistail (klish, uh KLISH-taw*-il) hear chuala m (K*OO-uh-luh may*), I heard nor chuala m, I didnt hear. ar chuala t? Did you hear? nr chuala t? Didnt you hear?

cor, ag coradh (KEE-uhr, uh KEE-uh) comb nigh, ag n (ni, uh NEE), wash Note: feic and clois are irregular in the past tense. These are two more to add to tar, come, and tigh, go. DRILL The irregular verbs with highly different forms in the past tense require considerable drill if you are to become uent in Irish. 1. Go through a progressive drill with chonaic, etc: An bhfaca m an bhean (van)? N fhaca m an bhean. Chonaic t an bhean. An bhfaca t an bhean? N fhaca t an bhean. Chonaic s an bhean. An bhfaca s an bhean? N fhaca s an bhean. Etc. The last sentence will be: Chonaic m an bhean. Chonaiceamar and n fhacamar are the we forms. 2. Go through a progressive drill with chuala, etc.: Ar chuala m an traein? Nor chuala m an traein. Chuala t an traein. Ar chuala t an traein? Etc. The last sentence will be: Chuala m an traein. Chualamar and nor chualamar are the we forms. 3. Make sentences of the type, I have seen the garden, from these groups of words (Follow this example: dn; dnta; doras; an cailn. T an doras dnta ag an gcailn; the girl has closed the door.): stad; stadta; carr; m cor; cortha; a gruaig; s glan; glanta; an tsrid; Sen caill; caillte; a cta; na scrobh; scrofa; scal; s feic, feicthe; buachaill; Brd tuill; tuillte; airgead; sinn tuig; tuigthe; an fear; an leanbh Sample answer: T an carr stadta agam. I have stopped the car.

Lesson 34 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW The group ch in Irish may still be difcult for you to pronounce. If it is next to a broad vowel, a, o, u, it receives the aspirated sound of broad c. This sound is like that in the German word ach. Pronounce it by lowering the raised back of the tongue somewhat while you pronounce a broad c, which is like the (k) in coat or lock. Try the English word lock and then aspirate the (k) sound. This is similar to the Irish word lch (law*k*). Then say: loch (lohk*), dch (dook*), croch (krohk*), gach (gahk*), sch (saw*k*). If the broad ch starts a word, it is still pronounced (k*) and not (h) in most cases. Try: cta (KOH-tuh), chta (K*OH-tuh), chil (k*aw*l), chaill (k*eyel), chuaigh (K*OO-ig). We use the symbok (k*) for the pronunciation of this sound. If the ch is nest to e, i, again lower the tongue somewhat while you pronounce the slender c, which is like the (k) sound in the English kill. The result will be a sound like y in English you, but with a slight (h) sound before it. Try: chill (hyil), cheannaigh (HYAN-ee), chim (hyay*m). Inside or at the end of a word, the sound can be much like an (h), as in: che (FI-he), crch (kree). The last word is pronounced differently from cr (kree) at its end, but our simplied pronunciation guide does not take this into account. Instead, you must watch for this --ch ending yourself. You may have seen anglicized place names and family names with a gh group in them, such as Lough Erne or OLoughlin. This gh was mistakenly adopted in the 19th century as the equivalent of the broad ch in Irish. The non-Irish speaker tends to pronounce lough as (loh) or (lawk), although it should be pronounced (lohk*), as if it were spelled properly: loch, lake. Lochlainn means Scandinavia (or Denmark), and a Lochlannach is a Scandinavian. VOCABULARY Masculine Nouns hata (HAHT-uh), hat brste (BREESH-te), trousers ceann (kyoun), head madra (MAH-druh) dog doras (DUH-ruhs) door halla (HAHL-uh), hall Feminine Nouns cuid, an chuid (kwid, un k*wid), part fearthainn, an fhearthainn (FAR-in, un AR-in), rain seachtain, an tseachtain (SHAHK*T-in, un TYAHK*T-in), week Verbs bris, ag briseadh (brish, uh BRISH-uh), break cas, ag casadh (kahs, uh KAHS-uh), turn ll, ag lleadh (l, uh FIL-uh), return stop, ag stopadh (stohp, uh STOHP-uh), stop tosaigh, ag tos (TUH-see, uh TUH-soo), begin thosaomar (huh-SEE-uh-muhr), we began DRILL 1. Review the form Card seo? (kay*rd ay* shuh) Is leabhar . An leabhar mr ? N hea, ach leabhar beag. Go through this with the following groups: bord, bord gorm (GUH-ruhm), bord dearg (DYAR-ruhg) hata, hata bn, hata dubh halla, halla geal, halla dorcha doras, doras dnta, doras oscailte brste, brste nua, seanbhrste madra, madra mr, madra beag 2. We will now work with the Lesson-20 vocabulary for a drill. Verbal adjectives for bain, ith, cnag, and l are: bainte, ite, cnagtha, lta T s ag ithe an arin is He is eating the bread. Change this to He ate the bread and to He has eaten the bread. Before you look at the Key below, do the same with:

s, ag ithe an bricfeasta m, ag ithe mo lin sinn, ag ithe feola siad, ag l bainne t, ag l tae m, ag l uisce s, ag l chaife siad, ag l beorach Sen, ag ithe arin Key: Dith s an t-arn, t an t-arn ite aige. Dith s an bricfeasta; t ... aici. Dith m mo ln; t ... agam. Ditheamar feoil; t ... againn. Dl siad bainne; t bainne olta acu. Dl t tae; t ... agat. Dl m uisce; t ... agam. Dl s a chaife; t .. aige. Dl siad beoir; t ... acu. Dith Sen an t-arn; t ...aige. CONVERSATION Mirn (maw*-REEN): C ndeachaigh t inn? Chonaic m t ag dul sos an bthar go luath. Where did you go yesterday? I saw you going down the road early. Pl (pohl): Chuala m go raibh adach saor ag na siopa sa chathair. Isteach liom ar an traein, ach n fhaca m rud ar bith arbh fhi dom a cheannach. N raibh mrn daoine ann, ach oiread. I heard that clothes were cheap at the stores in the city. In I went on the train, but I didnt see anything worth buying. There werent many people there either. Mirn: Nr chuala m go bhfuil na praghsanna (PREYE-suh-nuh) ag dul sos anois? Didnt I hear that the prices are going down now? Pl: Nor chuala m , agus n fhaca m , ach oiread. Cheannaigh m line agus brste, agus ansin thinig m abhaile faoi dheireadh (YER-uh). I didnt hear it, and I didnt see it either. I bought a shirt and trousers, and then I came home nally. Mirn: Nach mr an trua , anois? Isnt it a pity, now?

Lesson 35 PRONUNCIATION Read the passage in the next paragraph slowly without looking at the key below it. Then read it a second time, making use of the key if you are unsure. Do not try to make sense out of the words; merely concentrate on the pronunciation: T s socraithe agam airgead a iarraidh n bhfear a thug cras ceoil dom. Nuair a bh rogha le danamh, dirt daoine eile gur chaith siad ln le Gragaigh cheartradharcacha. I ngach uile cheann, darfar gur chuir cairde dlse go fill go bhfuil an mid sin aicme agus dreamanna agsla ann nach aon mhaith a bheith a mealladh sa Taispentas Ealane. Key: taw* shay* SOHK-ruh-he uh-GUHM AR-i-guhd uh EER-ee ohn VAR uh hug KOH-ruhs KYOH-il duhm. NOO-ir uh vee ROU-uh le DAY*N-uhv, DOO-irt DEEN-uh EL-e gur k*ah SHEE-uhd lohn le GRAY*-gee hyart-REYE-uhr-KAHK*-uh. ing AHK* IL-e hyoun, DYAY*Rfuhr gur k*ir KAHR-de DEEL-she goh FOH-il goh vwil un may*d shin AK-me AH-gus DRAM-un-nuh ay*g-sool-uh oun nahk* ay*n vwah uh ve uh MYAL-uh suh tash-PAW*N-tuhs AH-leen-e. GRAMMAR The Irish word for on is ar (er). It usually aspirates the initial consonant of the next word, although there are many exceptions to this, as you will see. Here are examples of usage of ar: ar Shamas (er HAY*-muhs), on James ar charr (er K*AHR), on a car ar mo charr (er muh K*AHR), on my car ar an gcarr, on the car fach ar an mbean (FAY*-uhk* er un MAN), look at the woman In many common expressions, there is no aspiration of the following consonant: ar buile (er BWIL-e), angry ar crocadh (er KROHK*-uh), hanging ar dol (er DEE-uhl), for sale ar ball (er BOUL), presently Like ag and le, the preposition ar joins with m, t, s, etc, to form words meaning on me, on you, on him, etc. Learn these forms thoroughly now, to be ready for the Drill below. orm (OH-rum), on me ort (OH-ruht), on you air (er), on him uirth (IR-ee), on her orainn (OH-rin), on us oraibh (OH-riv), on you (pl) orthu (OHR-huh), on them An important use for ar is in such expressions as I am angry or he is afraid. In Irish, these can become T fearg orm (taw* FAR-uhg OH-ruhm), there is anger on me; and T eagla air (taw* AH-gluh er), there is fear on him. Often sickness, too, is on a person, in sentences such as T slaghdn uirthi (taw* sleye-DAY*N IR-ee) there is a cold on her. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns mac (mahk), son thas, an t-thas (AW*-huhs, un TAW*-huhs), joy, happiness brn (brohn), sorrow ocras, an t-ocras (OHK-ruhs, un TOHK-ruhs), hunger tart (TAHR-ruht), thirst amhras, an t-amhras (OU-ruhs, un TOU-ruhs), doubt ionadh, an t-ionadh (OON-uh, an TOON-uh), surprise Feminine nouns eagla, an eagla (AH-gluh), fear fearg, an fhearg (FAR-ruhg, un AR-ruhg), anger nire (NAW*-re), shame imn, an imn (IM-nee), anxiety inon, an inon (in-EEN, un in-EEN), daughter mnigh, ag mni (uh MEEN-yoo), explain mhnomar (veen-EE-uh-muhr), we explained cleacht, ag cleachtadh (klak*t, uh KLAK*-tuh), practice glaoigh, ag glaoch (GLAY*-ee, uh GLAY*-uhk) ar (er), call on, telephone anocht (uh-NOHK*T), tonight arir (uh-RAY*R), last night

anuraidh (un-NOOR-ree), last year DRILL Go through a progressive drill with ar and the pronouns, starting with: An bhfuil thas orm? Nl thas orm. T thas ort. An bhfuil thas ort? Nl thas ort. T thas air. An bhfuil thas air? etc. Your last sentence will be: T thas orm. Repeat the progressive drill with as many of these words as possible: brn, fearg, eagla, ocras, tart, nire, imn, amhras, ionadh. Cad t air? (kahd taw* er) means Whats wrong with him? Aks this question and then answer it with some of the vocabulary words. For example: Cad t air? T brn air. Make use of Cad t ort? Cad t oraibh? etc. CONVERSATION Sinad (shin-AY*D): Dia duit, a Ramoinn. Ramonn (RAY*-mohn): Dias Muire duit, a Shinad. Conas t t? Sined: , t slaghdn orm. Bh m istigh an l go lir inn. Ramonn: T brn orm sin a chloisteil (K*LISH-taw*-il). Glaoigh (GLAY*-ee) m ort timpeall (TIM-puhl) a deich a chlog, ach n bhfuair (VOO-ir) m freagra ar bith (FRAG-ruh er BI). Sinad: Chula m (K*OO-uh-luh may*) an teileafn (TEL-e-fohn), agus n raibh thas orm ar chor ar bith a chloisteil. Ramonn: Nl ionadh ar bith orm. Fach! T dochtir ag teacht! Janet: Hello, Raymond. Raymond: Hello, Janet. How are you? Janet: Oh, I have a cold. I was inside all day yesterday. Raymond: Im sorry to hear that. I called you around ten, but I got no answer at all. Janet: I heard the phone, and I wasnt happy at all to hear it. Raymond: Im not at all surprised. Look! A doctors coming!

Lesson 36 PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Read this passage slowly without looking at the key below it. Then read it a second time, making use of the key if you are unsure. Do not try to make sense out of the words; concentrate on the pronunciation and on grouping the words into phrases. Chualamar faoi chluiche neamhghnch m thugtar cead a gcinn de fhoireann na hireann ag danamh drochphoiblochta den chinal sin. Mheasamar go mbonn an baile mr go minic ag labhairt le cuairteoir, ach t an teilifs san seol ina bhfuilimid ag maireachtil san agid cheadnais mura musclaonn t lucht na Gaeilge. Is gnch go mbonn moill bliana as gach cearn den domhan ag an t a fuair na himleabhair go lir. Key: K*OOL-uh-muhr fwee K*LI-he nyav-GNAW*K* maw* HUG-tuhr kad uh gin DIR-uhn nuh HAY*R-uhn uh DAY*N-uhv druhk*-FWIBlee-uhk* tuh den HYIN-aw*l shin. VAS-uh-muhr goh MEE-uhn un BAHL-e mohr goh MIN-ik uh LOU-irt luh koo-ir-TYOH-ree, ahk* taw* un TEL-i-fees suhn shohl IN-uh VWIL-i-mid uh MAHR-uhk*-taw*-il suhn AH-gay*d hya-DOON-ish MU-ruh mus-KLEE-uhn too luk*t nuh GAY*-lig-e. is gnaw*k* goh MEE-uhn mwil BLEE-uh-nuh as gahk* kyarn den DOH-wuhn eg un tay* uh FOO-ir nuh him-LOU-ir goh lay*r. GRAMMAR The Irish word ar (er) is part of expressions that correspond to to wear in English. For example: T hata ar Nra; A hat is on Nora, Nora is wearing a hat. T line (LAY*-ne) glan orm; I have a clean shirt on. N raibh cta n hata air; He wasnt wearing a coat or hat. Illnesses and sleepiness can also be ar a person. Some examples: T tinneas cinn orm (TIN-yuhs kin OH-ruhm), I have a headache (lit.: sickness of head upon me). Nach raibh tinneas acaile ort? (nahk* rev TIN-yuhs FEE-kuh-le OH-ruht), Didnt you have a toothache? Bh abhras orthu (vee FEE-vruhs OHR-huh), They had a fever. T codladh orm (taw* KUHL-uh OHR-ruhm) I am sleepy. Ar follows several verbs, in examples such as: Fach air! (FAY*-ahk* er), Look at him! Tosaigh air! (TUH-see air), Begin it! Glaoigh air! (GLAY*-ee er), Call him! Iarr leabhar air! (EER LOU-uhr er), Ask him for a book! VOCABULARY The cardinal numbers, used only for cases where objects or persons are not mentioned, or for telling time: a haon (uh HAY*N), one a d (uh DOH), two a tr (uh TREE), three a ceathair ( uh KA-hir), four a cig(uh KOO-ig), ve a s (uh SHAY*), six a seacht (uh SHAHK*T), seven a hocht (uh HOHK*T), eight a naoi (uh NEE), nine a deich (uh DE), ten a haon-dag (uh HAY*N day*-uhg), eleven a d-dhag (a DOH yay*-uhg), twelve These numbers are for counting, as in one, two, three, four, or for saying Bus No. 5 or Room No. 7. Also to answer the following question: Cn t-am ? (kay*n toum ay*), What time is it? T s a d a chlog (k*luhg), It is two oclock. Do not use these numbers to say three boxes or seven boys. Irish has other forms for these uses. DRILL Count from a haon to a d-dhag until you can do it rapidly and in reverse order. Make use of these numbers during the day to read license plates, house numbers and signs, one numeral at a time. Zero is nialas (NEELuhs). Next, go through the progressive drills for the following:

An bhfuil an scian ghar agam? (SHKEE-uhn yay*r uh-GUHM) Nl an scian ghar agam. T an scian ghar agat. An bhfuil an scian ghar agat? Nl an scian ghar agat. T an scian ghar aige. Continue with aici, againn, agaibh, acu. The last sentence will be: T an scian ghar agam. An bhfuil an fear seo chomh (hoh) mr liom? Nl an fear seo chomh mr liom. T an fear seo chomh mr leat. Continue with leis, li, linn, libh, leo. An raibh tinneas cinn orm? (TIN-yuhs kin OH-ruhm) N raibh tinneas cinn orm. Bh tinneas cinn ort. Continue with air, uirthi, orainn, orthu. CONVERSATION Siobhn (shi-VAW*N): Dia duit, a Chiarin (DEE-uh git, uh hyir-AW*-in). Hello, Kieran. Ciarn (kir-AW*N): Dias Muire duit, a Shiobhn (uh hi-VAW*N). Conas t t? Hello, Joan. How are you? Siobhn: T m go maith, agus conas t t fin? I am well, and how are you? Ciarn: T m go maith leis. C h an fear sin at ar thaobh eile an halla? I am well, too. Who is that man on the other side of the hall? Siobhn: Is sin Tadhg Nill (shay* shin teyeg oh NAY*L) Thats Tadhg (anglicized, incorrectly, as either Timothy or Thaddeus) ONeill. Ciarn: Agus an bhean at in aice leis? (in A-ke lesh) And the woman next to him? Siobhn: Is Eibhln Nic Dhomhnaill (shee eye-LEEN nik GOHN-il ee). Its Eileen MacDonnell. Ciarn: Agus c hiad na pist iad? And who are the children? Siobhn: Is iad Sen Mac Lochlainn agus Nra N Chonghaile iad (SHEE-uhd shaw*n mahk LOHK*-lin AH-guhs NOH-ruh nee K*OHN-uh-le EE-uhd). They are John MacLoughlin and Nora Connolly.

Lesson 37 PRONUNCIATION The Irish words for on me, on you, etc., are examples of several of the pronunciation principles that you have learned. Orm, on me, is (OHruhm), with a short (oh) sound that may resemble English (uh). The r is broad, with a brief trilled or rolled effect. Ort, on you, is (OH-ruht), with the t broad. For air (er), on him, the r is slender (see Lesson 29), but in ar (er), the r is broad. For orainn (OH-rin) and oraibh (OH-riv), the rst syllable is like that for orm. For orthu, on them, the word ends in a (huh) sound, (OHR-huh), because of the aspirated t. PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Read this passage slowly without looking at the Key below it. Then read it a second time, making use of the Key if you are unsure. Do not try to make sense of the words; concentrate on the pronunciation and on grouping the words into phrases. D mba lir, thinig roinnt iascair aici, ar an abhainn, nos m n riamh, agus a thaithonn an-chuid tipeanna, le linn an fheachtais seo. Beidh s chomhphirteach, a chuireann as go mr, bfhi d a chur go gcaithfeadh s, go bhfuil leagan amach bunsach, ar osmhid cainte, agus chothaigh s neamhchinnteacht, ina measc. Key: daw* muh LAY*R, HAW*-nig rint EES-kuh-ree a-KI, er un OU-in, nees moh naw* reev, AH-guhs uh hah-HEE-uhn AHN-k*wid TAY*Puh-nuh, le lin un AK*-tish shuh. be shay* hoh-FAW*R-tyuhk*, uh K*IR-uhn as goh MOHR, byoo doh uh K*UR goh GAH-huhk* shay*, goh vwil LAG-uhn uh-MAHK* bun-OOS-uhk*, er EES-vay*d KEYENT-e, AH-guhs K*OH-hee shay* nyav-HYIN-tyuhk*t, IN-uh mask. Note that the f in caithfeadh gets only an (h) sound. This occurs in the future tense and in conditional forms of the verbs, which you will soon study. By now, you should be losing your fear of long, new words, and you should be able to give unfamiliar words a nearly correct pronunciation. We will continue with this type of pronunciation exercise for several more lessons. GRAMMAR You know how to say he is writing, he wrote, and he was writing in Irish. He is writing means that at this time someone is actually writing. When we say he writes, however, we mean that a person writes now and then, more or less frequently, but that he may not be writing at this instant. Irish makes the same distinction, and we say that he writes is in the present habitual tense. It forms the imperative, scrobh, and looks like this: scrobhaim (SHKREEV-im), I write scrobhann t (SHKREEV-uhn too), you write scrobhann s, he writes scrobhann s, she writes scrobhaimid (SHKREEV-uh-mid), we write scrobhann shibh (shiv), you (pl) write scrobhann siad (SHEE-uhd), they write For the negative, put a n (nee) before these forms. N aspirates where possible. The s in scrobh cannot be aspirated: N scrobhaim. With dol (DEE-uhl), sell, however: N dholaim (nee YEE-lim), I dont sell. For the questions, put an (un) or nach (nahk*) before the basic forms. Both eclipse wherever possible: An scrobhann t go minic? Do you write often? Nach ndolann s feoil? (nahk* NEE-luhn shay* FYOH-il) Doesnt he sell meat? VOCABULARY carr (kahr), an auto aon charr amhin (ay*n k*ahr uh-WOYN), only one auto dh charr (gaw* k*ahr), two autos tr (tree) charr, three autos ceithre (KER-e) charr, four autos cig (KOO-ig) charr, ve autos s (shay) charr, six autos tg, ag tgail (tohg, uh TOHG-aw*-il), take, lift scar, ag scaradh (skahr, uh SKAHR-uh), separate bearr, ag bearradh (byahr, uh BYAHR-uh), shave ceap, ag ceapadh (kyap, uh KYAP-uh), think EXERCISES 1. Go through a progressive drill in the present habitual for each of these combinations: bris; cupin agus plta buail; an teach leis an gcarr ceap: sin cuir; na ruda sa seomra eile

For example: An mbrisim cupin agaus pltai? N bhrisim (VRISH-im) cupin agus plta. Briseann t cupin agus plta. An mbriseann t cupin agus plta? Etc. 2. In answer to the question: Cn t-am ? (kay*n TOUM ay*) What time is it? go through this drill: Cn t-am ? T s nimad (NOH-may*d) roimh (rev) a haon a chlog. What time is it? It is one minute before one oclock. Cn t-am ? T s nimad tar is (tuhr AY*SH) a d a chlog. What time is it? It is one minute after two oclock. Continue with: two minutes before three oclock; two minutes after four oclock; three minutes before ve oclock; three minutes after six oclock, and so on, to six minutes after twelve oclock. 3. Read these verb forms, deciding quickly whether they give a command, are in the present habitual tense, or are in the past tense: Glan m. Magaimid. Thuigeamar. Dhol s. Closisim. Dl m. Siil! Chrochaigh m. Deisigh ! Buaileann siad. Key: Clean me. We mock. We understood. He sold. I hear. I drank. Walk! I hung. Repair it! They strike. 4. Review counting from one to twelve.

Lesson 38 PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Read the phrases below out loud, referring to the pronunciation guide if necessary. When you can read the phrases readily, look at the translation and then go over the phrases again, visualizing the meaning as you say each. dh bhile; dh bhord dh chisen; tr chupn ceithre dhinnar; cig dhoras s fheirm; dh fhuinneog ocht mbricfeasta; ocht mbd seacht gcistin; naoi gclog ocht nduais; deich ndoirteal seacht bhacail; naoi bhfadhb gaw* VAY*L-uh; gaw* vohrd gaw* hyish-AW*N; tree k*u-PAW*N KER-e YIN-yay*r; KOO-ig GUH-ruhs shay* ER-im; gaw* in-YOHG ohk*t mrik-FAS-tuh; ohk*t maw*d shahk*t GISH-tin; nee gluhg ohk*t NOO-ish; de NUHRT-uhl shahk*t VEE-kil; nee veyeb two meals; two tables two baskets; three cups four dinners; ve doors six farms; two windows eight breakfasts; eight boats seven kitchens; nine clocks eight prizes; ten sinks seven teeth; nine problems Remember that naoi, nine, is pronounced with a broad n. This means that a faint (uh) sound occurs between the (n) and (ee). Lesson 28 described this. The word may sound a little like (nay*) but there is a clear difference. GRAMMAR In Lessons 29 and 33, you learned the past tense of Come, go, see, hear. These are irregular in the past but regular in the present. Tar! (tahr) Come! Tagaim (TAHG-im), I come; tagann t (TAHG-uhn too), you come, etc. Tagaimid (TAHG-uh-mid), we come. N thagaim (nee HAHG-im) I dont come; n thagann t, etc. An dtagaim? (un DAHG-im), do I come? an dtagann t? etc. Tigh! (tay*) Go! Tim (TAY*-im) I go; tann t (TAY*-uhn too), you go, etc. Timid (TAY*-mid), we go. N thim (nee HAY*-im), I dont go. N thann t (nee HAY*- uhn too), you dont go, etc. N thimid (nee HAY*-mid), we dont go. An dtim? (un DAY*-im), do I go? an dtann t? etc. Feic! (fek) See! Feicim (FEK-im), I see; feiceann t (FEK-uhn too), you see, etc. Feicimid (FEK-i-mid), we see. N fheicim (nee EK-im), I dont see; n fheiceann t (nee EK- uhn too), you dont see, etc. N fheicimid (nee EK-i-mid), we dont see. An bhfeicim? (un VEK-im) do I see?; an bhfeiceann t? (un VEK- uhn too) do you see? etc. Clois! (klish) Hear! Cloisim (KLISH-im), I hear; cloiseann t (KLISH-uhn too), you hear, etc. Cloisimid (KLISH-i-mid), we hear. N chloisim (nee K*LISH-im), I dont hear; n chloiseann t, you dont hear, etc. N chloisimid (nee K*LISH-i-mid), we dont hear. An gcloisim? (un GLISH-im), do I hear? an gcloiseann t? etc. An gcloisimid? (un GLISH-i-mid), do we hear? Usage of feic and clois resembles that of see and hear in English. Say Cloisim for I hear him, not T m chloisteil, I am hearing him. DRILL Translate the following drills out loud: I came home; does Art come home? He didnt come home; we come. I went down the road; does Art go down the road? He didnt go down the road; we go down the road. I saw the school; does Art see the school? He didnt see the school; we see the school. I heard the train; does Art see the train? He didnt see the train; we hear the train.

Translation: Thinig m abhaile; an dtagann Art abhaile? Nor thinig s abhaile; tagaimid abhaile. Chuaigh m sos an bthar; an dtann Art sos an bthar? N dheachaigh s sos an bthar; timid sos an bthar. Chonaic m an scoil; an bhfeiceann Art an scoil? N fhaca s an scoil; feicimid an scoil. Chuala m an traein; an gcloiseann Art an traein? Nor chuala s an traein; cloisimid an traein. READING EXERCISE Dirigh m (DEYE-ree may*) go moch maidin inn. Chuaigh m amach suas an bthar. De ghnch (de GNAW*K*) tim chuig (hig) siopa nuachtin, agus ansin tagaim abhaile timpeall a hocht a chlog. An uair (OO-ir) sin, fach, n dheachaigh m ach cpla cim (kay*m). Chuala m madra ag tafann (TAHF-uhn), agus ansin chonaic m cat i gcrann in aice an chinne (K*OON-ye). Thuas sa gcrann, bhi an cat ina shui, ag fachaint go ciin ar an madra. Nor thinig an cat anuas (uh-NOO-uhs) roimh (rev) am (oum) suipir. I got up early yesterday morning I went up the road. Usually I go to a paper store, and then I come home around eight oclock. That time, however, I didnt go but a couple of steps. I heard a dog barking, and I saw a cat in a tree near the corner. Up in the tree, the cat was sitting, quietly looking at the dog. The cat didnt come down before suppertime. Note: With a few verbs, like suigh (si), sit, the form is T s ina shu, he is in his sitting, rather than t s ag su. I was sitting is Bh m i mo shu (i muh HEE). Similar verbs are luigh (li), lie; ina lu, in his lying; seas (shas), stand, ina sheasamh (HAS-uhv), in his standing.

Lesson 39 PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Read the phrases below out loud, referring to the pronunciation guide if necessary. When you can read the phrases readily, look at the translation and then go over the phrases again, visualizing the meaning as you say each. PRONUNCIATION Irish pronunciation of some words varies from region to region, just as in other countries, such as Germany, France, and the United States. Ireland is small in size, compared to those countries, however, and the variations in the pronunciation in Ireland are less evident than in most countries in Europe. If you are working with a uent or native speaker, you have undoubtedly encountered some differences between our simplied pronunciation guide and the pronunciation of the speaker. Our pronunciation guide tries to give you a system which will be easy to apply, fairly uniform and consistent, and readily understood over as wide an area of Ireland as possible. It is not tied exclusively to any single region. From time to time, we will describe some of the regional variations in pronunciation. There are three basic regions in Ireland, as far as the language is concerned: Munster, in the south; Connaught, in the west; and Ulster, in the north. One general rule on pronunciation difference among the three regions is that accent in a word tends to be toward the end of the word in Munster, toward the front in Ulster, and evenly distributed in Connaught. For example, with agam, on me, the Munster pronunciation is (uh-GUHM), and the Ulster pronunciation is (AH-guhm). In Connaught, the pronunciation is (ah-guhm), with a more even distribution of accent. Thank you is pronounced (gu-ruh-MAH-huh-guht) in Munster and (gu-ruh-muh-HAH-guht) in Connaught. Brief experience with pronunciation differences of this kind will make them readily understandable, just as they are in English. Whether you say (eye KANT) or (eye KAHNT) for I cant, you will understand (ah KAYNT) from some speakers from the southern United States. PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Read this passage slowly without looking at the key below it. Then read it a second time, making use of the key if you are unsure. Do not try to make sense of the words; concentrate on the pronunciation and on grouping the words into phrases: Is iad an cinel dreama, gur leag siad sos, an bhunsraith, go bhfaca s ceadmhach sa dara cs, an smuta mailseach seo, roimh iarratais ar an bpost, a thug s formhr a shaoil. As sin amach, gur toradh meatachta is mmhacntachta, agus bonn na tuismitheoir as an iarsma, le linn na gcirteanna dibh siud a bheidh i lthair. SHEE-uhd un KIN-aw*l DRAM-uh gur lag SHEE-uhd shees uh vun-SRAH, goh VAHK-uh shay* KAD-uh-vwahk* suh DUH-ruh kaw*s, un SMUT-uh mahl-ee-SHAHK* shuh, rev EER-uh-tish er un bohst, uh hug shay* fohr-uh-VWOHR uh HEEL. as shin uh-MAHK*, gur TOHRuh MYA-tuhk*t-uh is mee-vuh-KAW*N-tuhk*t-uh, AH-guhs BEE-uhn nuh toosh-mi-HOH-i-ree as un EERS-muh, le lin nuh GOO-ir-tyan-uh, DOH-iv shood uh ve i LAW*-hir. GRAMMAR In the present habitual tense, some verbs have slightly different forms from the forms that you began to learn last week. These verbs are the same two-syllable ones that you studied in Lesson 27. These verbs have forms like cheannaomar (hyan-EE-uh-muhr), we bought, in the past. To say I buy, etc., the forms are: ceannam (kan-EEM), I buy ceannaonn (kan-EE-uhn) t, you buy ceannaonn s, he buys ceannaonn s, she buys ceannamid (kan-EE-mid), we buy ceannaonn sibh, you (pl.) buy ceannaonn siad, they buy And then: n cheannam (nee hyan-EEM), I dont buy n cheannaonn (nee hyan-EE-uhm) t, you dont buy, etc. an gceannam? (un gyan-EEM) do I buy? an gceannaonn t? (un gyan-EE-uhn too), do you buy, etc. VOCABULARY seacht gcarr (shahk*t gahr), seven autos ocht gcarr (ohk*t gahr), eight autos naoi gcarr (nee gahr), nine autos deich gcarr (de gahr), ten autos snmh, ag snmh (snaw*v, uh SNAW*V), swim ps, ag psadh (pohs, uh POHS-uh), marry

clis, ag cliseadh (klish, uh KLISH-uh), fail righ, ag ir (EYE-ree, eg EYE-ree), rise, get up DRILL To improve your uency with the present habitual tense and with aspiration and eclipses of initial d and f, go through these four progressive drills: An ndolaim nuachtin? (un NEE-lim NOO-uhk*-taw*-in) Do I sell newspapers? N dholaim nuachtin (nee YEE-lim NOO-uhk*-taw*-in). Dolann t (DEE-luhn too) nuachtin. An ndolann t nuachtin? N dholann t nuachtin, etc. The last sentence is: Dolaim nuachtin. An ndnaim na fuinneoga? (un NOON-im nuh fwin-YOHG-uh) Do I close the windows? N dhnaim (nee GOON-im) na fuinneoga. Dnann t (DOON-uhn too) na fuinneoga, etc. Last sentence: Dnaim na fuinneoga. An bhllim abhaile ar a s a chlog? (un VILL-im uh-VWAHL-e er uh shay* uh k*luhg) Do I return home at six oclock? N fhillim abhaile (nee ILL-im uh-VWAHL-e) ar a s a chlog. Fillean t (FILL-uhn too), etc. Last sentence: Fillim abhaile ar a s a chlog. An bhfanaim leis an bhfearr sin? (un VAHN-im lesh un var shin) Do I wait for that man? N fhanaim (nee AHN-im) leis an bhfearr sin. Fanann t (FAHN-uhn too), etc. Last sentence: Fanaim leis an bhfearr sin. Write or say the we form for these verbs: dolaimid (DEEL-uh-mid); dnaimid (DOON-uh-mid); llimid (FILL-i-mid); fanaimid (FAHN-uhmid). Count doors and windows from one to ten. Doras, dh dhoras, tr dhoras, ... seacht ndoras, etc. Fuinneog, dh fhuinneog, tr fhuinneog, ... seacht bhfuinneog, etc.

Lesson 40 This week we will do heavy memorizing and drilling. The purpose is the thorough learning of aspiration, eclipsis, and some verb forms. PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Read the Irish phrases below out loud, referring to the pronunciation guide if necessary. When you can read the phrases readily, look at the translation and then go over the phrases again, visualizing the meaning as you say each: tr gheata; ceithre ghna; s mhadar; dh mhadra; cig phingin; tr phaidir; dh sheomra; ceithre sholas; s thicad; cig thoitn naoi ngrian; acht nglas; deich mle; seacht mla; ocht bpopa; deich bpunt; seacht sel; naoi sac; deich dteach; seacht dtobar (tree YAT-uh; KER-e GOON-uh; shay* VAY*-duhr; gaw* VWAH-druh; KOO-ig FEENG-in; tree FAHD-ir; gaw* HOHM-ruh; KER-e HUHluhs; shay* hi-KAY*D; KOO-ig hi-TYEEN neeng REE-uhn; ohk*t nglahs; de MEEL-e; shahk*t MAW*-luh; ohk*t BEEP-uh; de boont; shahk*t shaw*l; nee sahk; de dyahk*; shak*t DOHbuhr) three gates; four dresses; six meters; two dogs; ve cents; three prayers; two rooms; four lights; six tickets; ve cigarettes nine suns; eight locks; ten thousand; seven bags; eight pipes; seven pounds; seven shawls; nine sacks; ten houses; seven wells GRAMMAR You know several verbs of two syllables whose endings in some forms differ somewhat from the one-syllable verbs. Ceannaigh is an example: ceannaonn s (kan-EE-uhn shay*) means he buys, and cheannaomar (hyan-EE-uh-mar) means we bought. Other verbs similar to ceannaigh are imigh, irigh, and deisigh. Many verbs ending in: ----il, ----in, ----ir and ----is are similar. They naturally drop out a syllable in some forms because the omission makes them easier to pronounce. Otherwise, they are very much like ceannaigh. Learn the following examples, starting with oscail (OH-skil) open. Present: osclam (OH-skleem), I open osclaonn t (oh-SKLEE-uhn too), you open osclaonn s, he opens osclaonn s, she opens osclamid (oh-SKLEE-mid), we open osclaonn sibh (shiv) you (pl) open osclaonn siad (SHEE-uhd), they open N osclam, n osclaonn t, n osclamid, etc. An osclam? An osclaonn t? an osclamid? etc. Nach n-osclam (nahk* NOH-skleem), nach n-osclaonn t? etc. Past: doscail m (DOH-skil may*), I opened doscail t, you opened doscail s, he opened doscail s, she opened dosclaomar (doh-SKLEE-uh-kuhr), we opened d/oscail sibh, you (pl) opened doscail siad, they opened Nor oscail m, nor oscail t, nor osclaomar (NEE-uhr oh-SKLEE-uh--muhr) etc. Ar oscail m? ar oscail t? ar osclaomar? etc Nr oscail m? nr oscail t? nr osclaomar? etc. cosain (KUH-sin) defend Present: Cosnam (KUHS-neem), cosnaonn t (kuhs-NEE-uhn-too), cosnamid (kuhs-NEE-mid), cosnaonn sibh, etc N chosnam (nee K*UHS-neem), n chosnaonn t, n chosnamid (nee k*uhs-NEE-mid) etc. An gcosnaim? etc. Nach gcosnaim? etc. Past: Chosain m (K*UH-sin may*) I defend, etc. Chosnaomar (k*uhs- NEE-uh-muhr), we defend, etc. Nor chosain m, nor chosain t, nor chosnaomar, etc. Ar chosain m? ar chosnaomar? (er k*uhs-NEE-uh-muhr) etc.

Nr chosain m? nr chosnaomar? etc. Labhair (LOU-ir), speak, becomes labhraonn s (lou-REE-uhn shay*), he speaks, labhraomar (lou-REE-uh-muhr) we spoke. The basic form of this verb is labhair, of course, and labhair s means he spoke. Inis (IN-ish), tell, becomes insonn s (in-SHEE-uhn shay*), he tells, and dinsomar (din-SHEE-uh-muhr), we told. The basic form of the verb is inis, and dinis s means he told. For oscail, cosain, labhair and inis, note the loss of the syllable in pronouncing forms with added sufxes, such as oscail, osclaonn. DRILL Go through the present and past tenses of these verbs: imigh (IM-ee), depart; tochail (TOHK*-il), dig; cogain (KUHG-in), chew; bagair (BAHGir), threaten. For example: Imm, imonn t etc. N imm, n imonn t etc. An imm? etc. Nach n-imm? etc. Dimigh m, etc. Nor imigh m, etc. Ar imigh m?, etc. Nr imigh m?, etc. The key forms are: Imonn, dimomar. Tochlaonn, thochlaomar. Cognaionn, chognaomar. Bagraonn, bhagraomar.

Lesson 41 PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Read the Irish passage below slowly without looking at the key below it. Then read it a second time, making use of the key if you are unsure. Do not try to make sense of the words; concentrate on the pronunciation and on grouping the words into phrases: M t am agus dthracht fagadh, an mid a fuair siad, tamall gearr shin. Rinne go leor daoine, as ceantair agsla, an rta malartin gan an bealach a oscailt. Maraodh le dana, strainsir agus cad acra faoi ghlasra, ag tagairt don chuairt. Aerid chinelta mhuir agus ordg airtrteach ag mo chomharsa bal dorais. Ms monarchana brg go dt fuinneog ln posa pris, beartaithe ag cuairteoir. Key: maw* taw* oum AH-guhs DOO-hrahk*t FAW*G-uh, un may*d uh FOO-ir SHEE-uhd, TAH-muhl gyahr oh hin. RIN-ye goh lohr DEENuh, as KYAN-tir ay*g-SOOL-uh, un RAW*-tuh mah-luhr-TAW*-in guhn un BAL-uhk* uh OH-skilt. MAHR-ee-oh le DAY*N-ee, strahnSHAY*R-ee AH-guhs kay*d AHK-ruh fwee GLAHS-ree, uh TAHG-irt duhn K*OO-ahrt. ay*r-AW*-id hyin-AW*L-tuh VWIR-ee AH-guhs ohr-DOHG ar-TREE-tuhk* ag muh K*OH-uhr-suh bay*l DUH-rish. maw*s MUHN-uhr-k*ahn-uh brohg goh dee fwin-YOHG law*n PEES-ee praw*sh, BYAR-ti-he eg KOO-ahr-TYOH-ree. If you are working with someone else, a possible exercise for you is to listen to the other person reading from the original or the key, and to write in Irish what you hear. This will improve your perception of the language as it is spoken to you. DRILL Go through the present and past tenses of these verbs: Bailigh (BAHL-ee), gather Cuimil (KIM-il), rub Seachain (SHAK*-hin), avoid Freagair (FRAG-ir), answer For example: Bailm (BAHL-eem), I gather; bailonn t (bahl-EE-uhn too), you gather, etc. Bailmid (bahl-EE-mid), we gather; bailonn sibh, etc. N bhailm (nee VWAHL-eem), I dont gather, etc. An mbailm? (un MAHL-eem), do I gather?, etc. Nach mbailm? (nahk* MAHL-eem), dont I gather?, etc. Bhailigh m (VWAHL-ee may*), I gathered; bhailigh t (VWAHL-ee too), you gathered, etc. Bhailomar (vwahl-EE-uh-muhr), we gathered, etc. Nor bhailigh m, etc. Ar bhailigh m?, etc. Nr bhailigh m?, etc. The next three syncopate, that is, a syllable drops out as you say the forms. It is easier to say the words when this syllable is absent, as you will readily determine. Cuimlm (KIM-leem), I rub; cuimlonn t (kim-LEE-uhn too), you rub, etc. Cuimlmid (kim-LEE-mid), we rub, etc. Chuimil m (K*IM-il may*), I rubbed, etc. Chuimlomar (k*im-lee-uh-muhr), we rubbed, etc. Seachnam (SHAK*-neem), I avoid; seachnaonn (shak*-NEE-uhn) t, you avoid, etc. Seachnamid (shak*-NEE-mid), we avoid, etc. Sheachain m (HAK*-in may*), I avoided, etc. Sheachaomar (hak*-NEE-uh-muhr), we avoided, etc. Freagram (FRAG-reem), I answer; freagraonn (frag-REE-uhn) t, you answer, etc. Freagramid (frag-REE-mid), we answer, etc. Dfhreagair m (DRAG-ir may*), I answered, etc. Dfhreagraomar (drag-REE-uh-muhr), we answered, etc. This nishes the extensive drill for the present and past tenses. We will do work on the irregular verbs in present and past tenses next. CONVERSATION Pl (pohl): Dia duit, a na. na (OON-uh): Dias Muire duit, a Phil (FOH-il). Conas t t inniu? Pl: Bh slaghdn (sleye-DAW*N) trom (truhm) orm inn, ach anois t biseach (BI-shahk*) orm. Conas t t fin? na: T m go maith, buochas le Dia. T sil agam (SOO-il) uh-GUHM) go bhfaca t an dospireacht (dee-SPOH-i-rahk*t) mhr (vwohr) ar an teilifs arir. Pl: N fhaca m rud ar bith, Bh m i mo chodladh (muh K*UH-luh) sheacht a chlog go maidin. Cad a tharla sa dospireacht mhr? na: , labhair an feirmeoir (FER-i-moh-ir) leis an aisteoir (ash-TYOH-ir) le linn (le lin) uaire fada (OO-ir-e FAH-duh), ach nor thuig (hig) m mrn de. Chuir (k*ir) siad tinneas cinn (TIN-yuhs kin) orm leis na focail mhra (FOH-kil VWOHR-uh), na smaointe casta (SMWEEN-te KAHS-tuh), agus na giir fada (g-YOO-i-ree FAHD-uh). Pl: N bac leis. Tuigim iad, ar ndigh (er NOH-ee), agus mneoidh m (meen-YOH-ee may*) duit gach rud. na: Go raibh maith agat (GU-ruh mah huh-GUHT), a Phil. Fear cliste tusa, gan amhras (OU-ruhs) ar bith. Hello, Una. Hello, Paul. How are you today? I had a heavy cold yesterday, but now theres improvement on me. How are you? I am well, thank God. I hope that you saw the big debate on television last night.

I didnt see a thing. I was asleep from seven oclock until morning. What happened in the big debate? Oh, the farmer talked with the actor during a long hour, but I didnt understand much of it. They gave me a headache with the big words, the involved thoughts, and the long gures. Dont worry about it. I understand them, of course, and I will explain everything to you. Thank you, Paul. A clever man you are, without any doubt. Notes: A headache is put on a person, rather than given to him. Focal mr, a big word, but focail mhra (VWOHR-uh), big words.

Lesson 42 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW We will review some combinations of sounds this week to improve your knowledge of differences between broad and slender consonants. Lesson 23 gave you the pronunciation of c and g in broad and slender form. The slender resembles the initial sound of king and give, while the broad resembles the initial sound of coat and go. Lessons 7 and 29 give you the pronunciation of r. Review that, and then notice the difference between: cr (kree, which may sound a little like kdee to you), and cro, which may sound to you a little like kuh-REE, with syllables run together. Cr begins with the slender c sound, and cro with the broad. The slender and broad r follow naturally. The ee sound at the end is the same for both. For g, try: g (also like gyay*), as opposed to gaol (which has a slight resemblance to (gway*l)). The broad g in gaol introduces a faint (oo) sound after the g, which may put you in mind of the English w in a name like Gwynn. The lips are not closed in after the g, however, so that the English w sound is not fully developed in Irish words like gaol. Try gile (GIL-e) in contrast to goile (with the faint (oo) sound after the g). Say grian (GREE-uhn), with a slender g, and then gr, with a broad g. In gr, the tongue tip is rolled for the broad r. GRAMMAR We have studied four of the nine (in addition to t) principal irregular verbs in their past and present tenses: See: feicim, n fheicim; chonaic m, n fhaca m Hear: cloisim, n chloisim; chuala m, nor chuala m Come: tagaim, n thagaim; thinig m, nor thinig m Go: tim, n thim; chuaigh m, n dheachaigh m Here are the others: Give: tugaim, n thugaim; thug m, nor thug m, ar thug m? Get: faighim, n fhaighim (nee EYE-im); fuair m (FOO-ir-may*), n bhfuair m (nee VOO-ir may*), an bhfuair m? Say, tell: deirim (DER-im), n deirim (nee DER-im); dirt m (DOO-irt may*), n dirt m, an ndirt m? Do, make: danaim (DAY*N-im), n dhanaim (nee YAY*N-im); rinne m (RIN-ye may*). n dhearna m (nee YARN-uh may*), an ndearna m? (un NYARN-uh may*) Catch, take hold of, grab: beirim ar (BER-im er), n bheirm ar (nee VER-im er); rug (rug) m ar, nor rug m ar, ar rug m ar? You should be able to reason out the forms not given above. Try: we told him; we didnt get; did we give?; we dont do; we grabbed him; he does; she takes hold of the plate. Key for these: dramar leis; n bhfuaireamar; ar thugamar?; n dhanaimid; rugamar air; danann s; beireann s ar an bplta. We will do intensive drilling on these verbs to make you able to use them with ease. DRILL Give the English for these groups: Thinig s abhaile. Chonaic m . Beirimid orthu. Nor rug s air. Nach bhfaca t m? C bhfuair t ? N fheicimid iad. Chuamar abhaile. Tugann s duit . Nor chuala sibh . N fhaigheann siad airgead. An ndeir t ? Rinne m . Ar thug m duit ? Tagann s gach l. An gcloiseann t iad? Danaimid . N dirt m . Timid ar an mbthar. Note that deir (der), meaning say or tell, changes to deir t and deir s, etc, instead of becoming deireann t, etc. Also, make sure that you add ar after beir. In Irish, you seize or take hold on something. Key to above phrases: He came home. I saw him. We seize them. He didnt seize it. Didnt you see me? Where did you get it? We dont see them. We went home. He gives it to you. You (plural) didnt hear her. They dont get money. Do you say it? I did it. Did I give it to you? He comes every day. Do you hear them? We do it. I didnt say it. We go on the road. Now go from English into Irish: I got the book. I come out. Did we see them? They hear her. She went inside. They get the car. We did the work. Did they seize him? Doesnt he go out? I dont see the man. I give money. Didnt you come back? Did she hear you? He says that. We gave you it. Did he say that? We dont do the work. He doesnt take hold of it rightly. Key:Fuair m an leabhar. Tagaim amach. An bhfacamar iad? Cloiseann siad . Chuaigh s isteach. Faigheann siad an carr. Rinneamar an obair. Ar rug siad air? Nach dtann s amach? N fheicim an fear. Tugaim airgead. Nr thinig t ar ais (er ash). Ar chuala s t? Deir s sin. Thugamar duit . An ndirt s sin? N dhanaimid an obair. N bheireann s air i gceart (i gyart). We will give further drills on these verbs individually and as a group, so that you will become procient in them. They are important in everyday speech and in the literature.

CONVERSATION Samas: A Shein (uh HYAW*-in), n fhaca m (nee AHK-uh may*) t le fada anois. John, I didnt see you for a long time now. Sen: Nach bhfaca t, a Shamais? (nahk* VAHK-uh too, uh HAY*-mish) Nor thinig m amach inn ar chor ar bith (NEE-uhr HAW*-nig may* uh-MAHK* in-YAY* huhr er BI). Didnt you, James? I didnt come out yesterday at all. Samas: Chuaigh m fin chuig an ollmhargadh ar maidin (K*OO-ig may* fay*n hig un oul-VWAHR-uh-guh er MAH-din). Is iontach (OONtuhk*) an it . I myself went to the supermarket this morning. Its a wonderful place.

Lesson 43 The numbering system in Irish differentiates among simple cardinals (either stand-alone numbers, such as occur in mathematics, or numbers giving the quantity of some object) and ordinals, which put objects in some order. This will become clear when you study this lesson. Counting These numbers are used in counting, telling time, and when the noun to which they refer goes before them. a haon a d a tr a ceathair a cig a s a seacht a hocht a naoi a deich a haon dag a d dhag a tr dag a ceathair dag a cig dag a s dag a seacht dag a hocht dag a naoi dag che Examples of use: Counting to start a race: a haon, a d, a tr. Serially numbered objects: seomra a seacht, bad a s deag. Arithmetical work: a tr agus a naoi, sin a d dheag. Giving quantities of some object, with the number preceding the noun: aon bh amhin, one cow dh bh, two cows tr bh ceithre bh cig bh s bh seacht mb ocht mb naoi mb deich mb aon bh dhag dh bh dhag tr bh dhag ceithre bh dhag cig bh dhag s bh dhag seacht mb dhag ocht mb dhag naoi mb dhag che b In this use, as you can see, aon, one, aspirates, two becomes dh and aspirates, four has changed slightly, and from 11 on, there is a dheag, similar to English teen, added on. From 1 to 6, the number causes aspiration (where possible), and from 7 to 10, the number eclipses (where possible). It all sounds complicated, but if you will practice on the lists above, and then try to use the numbers several times a day, say in counting or in reading license plates, one numeral at a time, you will be pleasantly surprised at your facility. Now for a simpler and often-used help: telling time. one oclock -- T s a haon a chlog two oclock -- T s a d a chlog three oclock -- T s a tr a chlog four oclock -- T s a ceathair a chlog ve oclock -- T s a cig a chlog

six oclock -- T s a s a chlog seven oclock -- T s a seacht a chlog eight oclock -- T s a hocht a chlog nine oclock -- T s a naoi a chlog ten oclock -- T s a deich a chlog eleven oclock -- T s a haon dag a chlog twelve oclock -- T s a d dhag a chlog What time is it? Cn t-am ? a good morning, maidin mhaith good night, oche mhaith mid-day, men lae mid-night, men oche in the morning, ar maidin in the afternoon, trthnna at night, san oche Days of the week Monday, An Luan On Monday, D Luain Tuesday, An Mhirt On Tuesday, D Mhirt Wednesday, An Chadaoin On Wednesday, D Chadaoin Thursday, An Dardaoin On Thursday Friday, An Aoine On Friday, D Aoine Saturday, An Satharn On Saturday, D Sathairn Sunday, An Domhnach (DOW-nahk*) On Sunday, D Domhnaigh (DOW-nee)

Lesson 44 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW We will review the vowel u this week. When the sneadh fada (SHEEN-uh FAH-duh) mark is over it, making it , its sound is usually that of (oo), as in English food or rude, but the Irish sound is held longer. Examples: lb (loob); gna (GOON-uh); dnaim (DOON-im). Without a sneadh fada, u between consonants often has the sound (u), as in English put, foot, or should. Examples: gunna (GUN-uh); thug (hug); guthn (gu-HAW*N). The (uh) sound, as in English run, love but, is less common for u in Irish. Irish speakers often substitute other sounds for (uh) in English, as you have learned in previous lessons. You may have heard the last three words above pronounced (run, lohv, boht) instead of (ruhn, luhv, buht). Nevertheless, some Irish words have the (uh) sound or a sound close to it. Examples: dul (duhl); agat (uh-GUHT); doras (DUH-ruhs). The (uh) sound is common in unaccented syllables, of course, such as in garda (GAHR-duh) or cras (KOH-ruhs). In ua, the u can be pronounced (oo), as in: crua (KROO-uh); nuachtan (NOO-uhk*-taw*n); buail (BOO-il). In the west and north, ua may be pronounced (oh) in some words, such as rua, red-haired. An example: Eoghan Rua (OH-uhn roh) Nill, anglicized as Owen Roe ONeill. At the beginning of a word, ua may sound like (oo) or (woo-uh). Try: uachtar (OO-uhk*-tuhr) and uaim (oo-WIM). In the latter word, the sounds may run together so that they sometimes resemble (wim), but in any case, the word should be pronounced without a pause between the parts of the pronunciation. GRAMMAR Forms such as: He said that they were there They think that it is not here We heard that you bought a house are called indirect speech. Here are examples which are translations of the sentences above: Dirt s go raibh siad ansin (DOO-irt shay* goh rev SHEE-uhd un-SHIN). Sleann siad nach bhfuil s anseo (SHEEL-uhn SHEE-uhd nahk* VWIL shay* un-SHUH). Chualamar gur cheannaigh t teach (K*OOL-uh-muhr gur HYAN-ee too TAHK*). For the present tense, use go or nach after the rst verb. Go introduces an afrmative statement, and nach a negative. The rst verb can be afrmative I say, you think, etc., or negative, such as: I dont think. It can also ask a question: An ndeir (ner) t go bhfuil s anseo?, Do you say that he is here? When t is the second verb, it is in the bhfuil form either go bhfuil or nach bhfuil. Both go and nach eclipse. Study these examples: Cloisim go mbaineann s a chta de (KLISH-im goh MWIN-uhn shay* uh K*OH-tuh de), I hear that he takes his coat off. Deir s nach gceannaonn s mrn bia (der shay* nahk* gyan-EE-uhn shay* moh-RAW*N BEE-uh), he says that he doesnt buy much food. N shleann s go ndolann Sen leabhair (nee HEEL-uhn shee goh NEEL-uhn shaw*n LOU-wir), she doesnt think that John sells books. N digh liom go n-lann siad mrn bainne (nee DOH-ee luhm goh NOHL-uhn SHEE-uhd moh-RAW*N BAHN-ye), I dont think that they drink much milk. Note that when a vowel starts the second verb, you must put an n before the vowel, as in go n-itheann s or nach n-itheann s. DRILL Make up a sentence for each of the following combinations: Deir s (der shay*) with: go bhfaigheann s (goh VWEYE-uhn shee), and nach bhfaigheann s; go nglanann siad (gohng LUHN-uhn SHEE-uhd), and nach nglanann (nahk*-ung LUHN-uhn) siad; go lann s, and nach lann s; go mnonn (meen-EE-uhn) s and nach mnonn s. Cloisim with: go nonn s (goh NEE-uhn shay*), and nach nonn s; go n-itheann s, and nach n-itheann s; go bpsann siad (goh BOHS-uhn SHEE-uhd), and nach bpsann siad; go rithimid, and nach rithimid. Is digh liom with: go scrobhann s, and nach scrobhann s; go dtann s, and nach dtann s; go dtagann s, and nach dtagann s.

CONVERSATION Mairsile (MAHR-shil-e):Dia dhuit, a Stiofin (DEE-uh git, uh shtee-FAW*-in). Hello, Stephen. Stiofn (shtee-FAW*N): Dias Muire dhuit, a Mhairsile (DEE-uhs MWIR-uh git, uh VWAHR-shil-e). Conas t t inni? Hello, Marcella. How are you today? Mairsile: T m go han-mhaith (goh HAHN-uh VWAH). Agus conas t t fin? I am very well. And how are you yourself? Stiofn: Tim go maith leis. Cloisim go bhfuil t ag foghlaim Gaeilge ars (uh FOU-lim GAY*-li-ge uh-REESH). I am well, too. I hear that youre studying Irish again. Mairsile: , tim tar is bheith foghlaim le fada. Slim go bhfuil m ag dul chun cinn anois, (oh, TAW*-im tuhr ay*sh ve aw* FOU-lim luh FAH-duh. SHEEL-im go vwil may* uh duhl hun kin uh*NISH). Oh, Im after studying it for a long time. I think that I am making progress now. Notes: Duit can become dhuit (git) in much speech. dh before u sounds much like English g in go. Tim tar is bheith (ve) comes into English as I am after _____ , meaning I have been ____ . An example is: Tim tar is bheith teacht abhaile, meaning I have come home.

Lesson 45 This week we will review the vowel e. Without a sneadh fada (SHEEN-uh FAH-duh) over it, e usually has the sound of e in English let. When e is at a word end, the sound may resemble (uh), but pronounce it as a short (e), without emphasis. Examples: baile (BAHL-e), mise (MISH-e). With a sneadh fada, the letter is , pronounced like the rst part of the English sound in may, without the nal (ee) or (i) that you will detect if you say may very slowly. We use (ay*) as a symbol for the Irish sound. Remember how Irish persons close to the Irish language pronounce English words like railroad, rate, lane, made. The sound is that of (ay*). In Irish, the sound is held longer than in English. When inside a word, e without a sneadh fada is almost always followed by i. The sound is still (e), as in deir (der), peil (pel), or deich (de). PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Read this passage slowly without looking at the key below it. Then read it a second time, making use of the key if you are unsure. Do not try to make sense of the words; concentrate on the pronunciation and on grouping the words into phrases; Dfhulaing an oiread sin stop a chur le scaipeadh a bh san am i seilbh na Fraince gach fear de na gasra a bhuail m le mo dhuine. Fuarthas i bpictir eile cadta punt i gcs a bhformhr ina bhfuil cur sos ar an oilen a bheidh ar an socr a tharla ar an mbaile sin ocht mbliana daois faoin chomhlachta probhideacha. DUDU-ling un IR-uhd shin stohp uh k*ur le SKAHP-uh vee suhn oum i SHKL-iv nuh FRAN-ke gahk* far de nuh GAHS-ree uh VOO-il may* le muh GIN-e. FOO-uhr-huhs i bik-TYOOR EL-e KAY*D-tuh poont i GAW*S uh vohr-uh-VWOHR nuh vwil kur shees er un IL-aw*n uh ve er un SOHK-roo uh HAHR-luh er un MAHL-e shin ohk*t MLEE-uh-nuh deesh fween K*OH-luhk*t-ee pree-VAW*-duhk*-uh. GRAMMAR For indirect speech, of which: John says that they are at the door is an example, the forms go and nach follow the rst verb and its subject when the second verb is in the present. An example: Deir Sen go bhfuil siad ag an doras (der shaw*n goh vwil SHEE-uhd eg un DUH-ruhs), John says that they are at the door. In the past tense, t and a few of the other irregular verbs require gur (gur) and nr (naw*r) before them. Read these three examples over carefully until you understand the principle of sentence formation with past tense indirect speech: Dirt Sen go raibh siad istigh (DOO-irt shaw*n goh rev SHEE-uhd ish-TEE), John said that they were inside. Chuala Mire go bhfaca m an carr (K*OO-luh MAW*-re goh VAH-kuh may* un kahr), Mary heard that I saw the car. Dirt m gur chaill s a cta (DOO-irt may* gur k*eyel shee uh KOH-tuh), I said that she lost her coat. Here are the irregular verb forms in the past for indirect speech: go bhfaca m (goh VAH-kuh may*), that I saw. nach bhfaca m (nahk* VAH-kuh may*), that I didnt see. gur chuala m (gur K*OO-uh-luh may*), that I heard. nr chuala m (naw*r K*OO-uh-luh may*), that I didnt hear. go bhfuair m (goh VOO-ir may*), that I got. nach bhfuair m (nahk* VOO-ir may*), that I didnt get. go ndirt m (goh NOO-irt may*), that I said. nach ndirt m (nahk* NOO-irt may*), that I didnt say. go ndearna m (goh NYAR-nuh may*), that I did. nach ndearna m (nahk* NYAR-nuh may*), that I didnt do. gur thug m (gur hug may*), that I gave. nr thug m; that I didnt give. gur rug m air (gur rug may* er), that I seized him. nr rug m air; that I didnt seize him. gur thinig m (gur HAW*-nig may*), that I came. nr thinig m; that I didnt come. go ndeachaigh m (goh NYAK*-hee may*), that I went nach ndeachaigh m; that I didnt go go raibh m (goh rev may*), that I was nach raibh m (nahk* rev may*), that I wasnt

DRILL Make up a simple sentence, such as He said that I saw him, or he believes that I saw him, for each of the above twenty phrases. The rst part of the sentence can be such as these: Deir s (der shay*), he says; dirt siad (DOO-irt SHEE-uhd), they said, is digh liom (is DOH-ee luhm), I think; etc. Next, combine the negative of the irregular verbs in the past and present with regular and irregular forms. To start, take Feicim go raibh ____ (FEK-im goh rev), I see that ____ ; N fhaca s go raibh ____ (nee AH-kuh shay* goh rev), he didnt see that ____ ; Feicim nach raibh ____ (FEK-im nahk* rev), I didnt see ____ was not. Next, work on the regular verbs in the past tense with indirect speech. Make sentences to complete these sentence starts: Is digh liom, with: that he bought a house; that he didnt buy a house; that he explained the story (scal (shkay*l)); that he didnt explain the story. Shl m (heel may*), I thought, with: that they understood it; that they didnt understand it; that they lost the money; that they didnt lose the money.

Lesson 46 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW The letter i has several sounds in Irish. If there is a sneadh fada (SHEEN-uh FAH-duh) over the i, it will have an (ee) sound, resembling the English sound in bee. The tongue tip, however, should be touching the lower front teeth, and the tongue center should arch up to the hard ridge behind the upper front teeth. Examples: cailn (kah-LEEN), mn (meen), bh (vee), dlis (DEE-lish). The sound is held for a longer time than in English. If the i has no sneadh fada, it may still get the (ee) sound, especially if it is in an accented syllable. Examples: bia (BEE-uh), mian (MEEuhn), Dia (DEE-uh). Usually, however, a pronounced i in an unaccented syllable will have a sound between (i) of English hit and (ee) of English heat. Depending on the locality and the need to differentiate between similar words, such as briste and brste, the sound may be closer to (ee) or (i). It should never be exactly an English (i) as in hit, although in words like sin (shin) and cuir (kir) it is close to that. The letter (i) may get the sound of (eye) in English high in some words in certain parts of Ireland. Binn may be (beyen). Finally, i may be in a word merely to show you that you must give the consonant next to it its slender sound. Examples: fuar (FOO-uhr), fuair (FOO-ir). As you go from (FOO) to the slender r, you make a gliding sound. We represent the combination by (ir). it is another example. In going from (aw*) to the slender t, you will make a sound that will cause the word to resemble cynch to some extent. Pl (pohl), Pil (POH-il) is another example. GRAMMAR Sometimes we hear a person say I be sick, indicating that he is continually ailing, as contrasted with I am sick, indicating a present and temporary state. Irish has a form of t to indicate a continuing state. It is: bm (beem), I am, I be bonn t (BEE-uhn too), you are bonn s, s; he is, she is bmid (BEE-mid), we are bonn sibh, siad; you (plural) are, they are The negative is: n bhm (nee veem), I am not; n bhonn t, you are not; etc. The question forms are: an mbm? (un meem), am I; nach mbm? (nahk* meem), am I not?; etc. For indirect speech: deir s go mbm; deir s nach mbm. Examples: Bm tinn (beem tin), I am sick, in poor health. T m tinn; I am sick now. Bonn s ar scoil; he is usually or often at school. T s ar scoil; he is at school at this moment. Bmid ann go minic; we are often there. Timid ann anois; we are there now. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns geimheadh (GEV-ruh), winter lampa (LAHM-puh), lamp nal (nay*l), cloud cnaipe (kuh-NAHP-e), button brigh, ag br (BROO-ee), uh BROO), press brim (BROO-im), I press brnn s (broon shay*), he presses coimed, ag coimed (kim-AW*D, uh kim-AW*D), keep Feminine nouns tine (TIN-e), an tine, re (in a replace) grian, an ghrian (GREE-uhn, un YREE-uhn), sun aontaigh le, ag aont le (AY*N-tee le, eg AY*N-too le), agree with aontam leat (AY*N-teem lat), I agree with you dn, ag dnadh (doon, uh DOON-uh) close minic (MIN-ik), often READING EXERCISE The next few lessons will have reading exercises to illustrate usage of the grammar and to review the vocabulary that you have learned. Read each exercise over rst, then verify the pronunciation against the key before you look at the translation below the key. Deirigh Brian go moch inn, timpeall a s a chlog. Bhrigh s cnaipe ar an mballa chun an lampa a lasadh, agus ansin dfhach s ar a chlog. Amach as a leaba leis. Amuigh, bh sdorcha. N raibh an ghrian sa spir fs. Nigh s fin, agus ansin chuir s a chuid ada air. Thinig s

anuas an staighre ansin, agus fuair s a bhricfeasta. Dist s leis an raido, agus ag ithe a bhricfeasta. Clr nuachta agus ceol a bh ann. Dirigh an ghrian ar leath-uair tar is a s, agus bh an tsrid geal ansin. Key: DEYE-ree BREE-uhn goh mohk* in-YAY*, TIM-puhl uh shay* uh k*luhg. VROO-ee shay* kuh-NAHP-e er un MAHL-uh k*un un LAHM-puh uh LAHS-uh, AH-guhs un-SHIN DAY*-ahk* shay* er a k*luhg. un-MAHK* as un LA-buh lesh. uh-MWEE, vee shay* DUHRuh-huh. nee rev un YREE-uhn suh spay*r fohs. ni shay* ay* fay*n, AH-guhs un-SHIN k*ir shay* uh k*wid AY*-dee er. HAW*-nig shay* uh-NOO-uhs un STEYE-re un-SHIN, AH-guhs FOO-ir shay* uh vrik-FAS-tuh. day*sht shay* lesh un RAH-dee-oh, AH-guhs ay* eg I-he uh vrik-FAS-tuh. klaw*r NOO-uhk*-tuh AH-guhs kyohl uh vee oun. DEYE-ree un YREE-uhn er la-OO-ir tuhr-AY*SH uh shay*, AH-guhs vee un traw*d gal un-SHIN. Translation: Brian got up early yesterday, around six oclock. He pressed a button on the wall to light the lamp, and then he looked at the clock. Out of bed with him. Outside, it was dark. The sun wasnt in the sky yet. He washed himself, shaved, and then put on his clothes. He came down the stairs then, and got his breakfast. He listened to the radio while he was eating his breakfast. There was a news program and music. The sun rose at half past six, and then the street was bright.

Lesson 47 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Similar to the vowel are the two letters eo. When this group begins a word, it is pronounced (oh), as in o. There is no (oo) sound at the end of it. Examples of eo at the beginning of a word: eolas (OH-luhs), knowledge; eorna (OHR-nuh), barley; Eochaill (OHK*-hil), Youghal, an Irish seaport; Eoin (OH-in), a form of John. Most consonants, when before eo, cause a (y) sound to be heard. Examples: beo (byoh), alive; ceo (kyoh), fog; deo (dyoh), end; deoir (DYOHir), tear; teo (tyoh), hot; ceol (kyohl), music; feoil (FYOH-il), meat; neodrach (NYOH-druhk*), neutral; geoin (GYOH-in), cry; meon (myohn), mind. If l, r, s precede eo, there is no (y) sound. Examples: leo (loh), with them; reo (roh), frost; gleo (gi-LOH), tumult; seoid (SHOH-id), jewel. In seo (shuh), the eo does not get its customary pronunciation. In se, on the other hand, the receives a sneadh fada to tell us that it has the (oh) sound: (shoh). GRAMMAR Another important preposition is do (duh), meaning to or for. It is not often used for motion to a place, however. Chuig (hig) and go (guh) are more common for that. Do aspirates the rst consonant of the word following it, as does ar, meaning on. Examples: Thug m do Shen (hug may* duh hyaw*n ay*), I gave it to John; faigh leabhar do Chit (feye LOU-uhr duh k*aw*t), get a book for Kate. Do combines with an to form don (duhn), meaning to the or for the, and it aspirates. Examples: Thug m don fhear (hug may* duhn ar ay*), I gave it to the man; faigh peann don chailn (feye pyoun duhn k*ah-LEEN), get a pen for the girl. With prepositions, do also combines to give: dom (duhm), to me duit (dit), to you d (doh), to him di (dee), to her dinn (DOO-in), to us daoibh (deev), to you, (plural) dibh (DOH-iv), to them Some common forms of speech make use of do. Here are several: Inis scal dom (IN-ish shkay*l duhm), tell me a story Cad is ainm duit? (kahd is AN-im dit), What is your name? Sen is ainm dom; John is my name. Ba cheart d dul abhaile (buh hyart doh duhl uh-VWAHL-e), he should go home. VOCABULARY droichead (DRUH-huhd), bridge thar an droichead (hahrn DRUH-huhd), over the bridge tolln (tuh-LAW*N), tunnel trd an tolln (TREED un tuh-LAW*N), through the tunnel Inis, ag insint (IN-ish, eg IN-shint), tell insm d (IN-sheem doh ay*), I tell it to him Insonn s d (in-SHEE-uhn shay* doh ay*)), he tells it to him labhair, ag labhairt (LOU-ir, uh LOU-irt), speak labhram Gaeilge leis (LOU-reem GAY*-lig-e lesh), I speak Irish to him nua (NOO-uh), new ar na mallaibh (er nuh MAHL-iv), recently cheana (HAN-uh), already sigh, ag s (SAW*-ee, uh saw*), stick sim mo cheann sa bhfuinneog (SAW*-im muh hyoun suh vwin-YOHG), I stick my head in the window snn s a chos sa doras (saw*n shay* uh k*uhs suh DUH-ruhs), he sticks his foot in the door DRILL Go through a progressive drill with do, as follows: Ar thug Sen airgead dom ar na mallaibh? Nor thug Sen airgead dom ar na mallaibh. Thug Sen airgead duit ar na mallaibh. Ar thug Sen airgead duit ar na mallaibh? Nor thug Sen airgead duit ar na mallaibh. Thug Sen airgead do ar na mallaibh. Etc. Repeat with: An bhfuair an minteoir leabhar dom? Ni bhfuair se leabhar dom. Fuair s leabhair duit. An bhfuair an minteoir, etc. READING EXERCISE (Some of the words may be new, but try to get the meaning from the rest of the text before you look at the translation.) Sheas Brian suas, shiil s chuig an doras, agus chuir s a chta air. Nl an aimsir chomh fuar inniu agus a bh s inn, shl Brian d fin, ach is fearr liom mo chta a chaitheamh. Bonn an aimsir fuar go leor faoi Shamhain. Doscail s an doras agus chuaigh s amach. Chuir s glas ar an doras lena eochair. Ansin dimigh s leis, sos an tsraid, chun an bus a fhil. Bh lne daoine ag cinne na sraide, ag faire ar an mbus.

Key: has BREE-uhn SOO-uhs, HYOO-il shay* hig un DUH-ruhs, AH-guhs k*ir shay* uh K*OH*tuh er. neel un EYEM-sheer hoh FOO-uhr in-YOO AH-guhs uh vee shay* in-YAY, heel BREE-uhn doh fay*n, ahk* is fahr luhm muh K*OH-tuh uh K*AH-huhv. BEE-uhn un EYEMsheer FOO-uhr goh lohr fwee HOU-in DOH-skil shay* un DUH-ruhs AH-guhs K*OO-ig shay* uh-MAHK*. k*ir shay* glahs er un DUH-ruhs LEN-uh OHK*-hir. un-SHIN DIM-ee shay* lesh, shees un traw*d, hun un bus uh AW*-il. vee LEEN-e DEEN-e eg KOON-ye nuh SRAW*D-e, uh FAH-re er un mus. Translation: Brian stood up, walked to the door, and put on his coat. Its not as cold today as it was yesterday, thought Brian to himself, but I prefer to wear my coat. The weathers cold enough in November. He opened the door and went out. He locked the door with his key. Then he left, down the street, to get the bus. There was a line of persons at the street corner, waiting for the bus. Notes: Chun an bus a fhil is typical of one way to show purpose. The object comes before the verbal noun. Other examples: chun an leabhar a thabhairt dom, to give the book to me; chun focal a r leo, to say a word to them; chun dul abhaile, to go home.

Lesson 48 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW The letter groups abh and amh without sneadh fada over the a, in a rst syllable and inside a word, are usually pronounced (ou) as in the English word out. Examples of the pronunciation of these: abha (OU-uh), river babhta (BOU-tuh), bout labhair (LOU-ir), speak gabha (GOU-uh), smith leabhar (LOU-wuhr), book Feabhra (FOU-ruh), February amhras (OU-ruhs), doubt amhrn (ou-RAW*N), song ramhar (ROU-wuhr), fat amharclann (OU-uhr-kluhn), theater samhra (SOU-ruh), summer Samhain (SOU-in), November In a later syllable or at a word end, amh or abh can be pronounced (v), as in: agallamh (uh-GAHL-uhv), dialogue danamh (DAY*N-uhv), making, doing lamh (LAY*-uhv), reading cliabh (kleev), basket sliabh (shleev), mountain A sneadh fada over the a in amh or abh usually results in an (aw*v) sound. Examples: lmh (law*v), hand; bhar (AW*-wuhr), material, subject; smh (saw*v), pleasant. GRAMMAR Here are some more uses for the preposition do (duh), meaning to or for. The common salutation Dia duit, which becomes Dia daoibh (DEE-uh geev) when you address two or more persons, is an example. It is a shortened form of: Go mbeanna (goh MAN-ee) Dia duit; may God bless you. Tabhair dom (TOO-ir duhm ay*), give it to me; tugaim an t-airgead d (TUG-im un TAR-i-guhd doh), I give him the money, are examples of do with give. The pronouns , , iad go to the end of the sentence. Lig dom a dhanamh, let me do it; lig s don fhear an leabhar a lamh, he let the man read the book. Taispein dom (tash-PAW*-in duhm ay*), show it to me. T gr aige di (taw* graw* eg-GE dee), he loves her. Is for duit (is FEE-uhr git), true for you, you are right. Is duitse seo, this is for you. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns gariste (guh-RAW*SH-te), garage glas (glahs), lock gr (graw*), love Feminine nouns duilleog, an duilleog (dil-YOHG, un dil-YOHG), leaf craobh, an chraobh (kray*v, un K*RAY*V), branch tarraing, ag tarraingt (TAHR-ing, uh TAHR-inkt), pull tarraingm (TAHR-ing-eem), I pull canna (KAY*-uh-nuh), same sroich, ag sroicheadh (sri, uh SRI-huh), reach a destination sroich s an chathair (sri shay* un K*AH-hir), he reached the city DRILL Go through a progressive drill with do, starting with: An ligeann s dom a cheannach? N ligeann s dom a cheannach. Ligeann s duit a cheannach. An ligeann s duit a cheannach? Etc. READING EXERCISE The narrative from Lesson 47 is continued. Dirigh an ghrian nos airde sa spir, agus bh Brian balta an tsrid agus na tithe le taobh na sride a fheiscint. N raibh mrn duilleog ar na crainn, agus shid an ghaoth tr na craobhacha loma. Bh an geimhreadh ag teacht.

Bheannaigh Brian do Shan, cara leis. Bh Sen ina chna i dteach nos faide thuas an tsrid, timpeall leathmhle Bhrian. C bhfuil do charr, a Bhrian,. arsa Sen leis. , t obair le danamh air. T s i mo ghariste fs. Nl an t-am agam chun na deisithe a dhanamh, arsa Brian. Key: DEYE-ree un YREE-uhn nees AR-de suh spay*r, AH-guhs vee BREE-uhn AW*-buhl-tuh un traw*d AH-guhs nuh TEE-huh le tay*v nuh SRAW*D-e uh ESH-kint. nee rev moh-RAW*N dil-YOHG er nuh krin, AH-guhs hay*d un gway* tree nuh KRAY*V-uh-huh LOHM-uh. vee un GEV-ruh uh TYAHK*T. VAN-ee BREE-uhn duh hyaw*n, KAH-ruh lesh. vee shaw*n nuh K*OHN-ee i DAHK* nees FAH-de HOO-uhs un traw*d, TIM-puhl la-VEELe oh VREE-uhn. kaw* vwil duh k*ahr, uh VREE-uhn, ER-suh shaw*n lesh. oh, taw* OH-bir le DAY*N-uhv er. taw* shay* i muh guhRAW*SH-te fohs. neel un toum uh-GUHM hun nuh DESH-i-he uh YAY*N-uhv, ER-suh BREE-uhn. Translation: The sun rose higher in the sky, and Brian was able to see the street and the houses along the street. There werent many leaves on the trees, and the wind blew through the bare branches. Winter was coming. Brian greeted Sen, his friend. Sen lived in a house farther up the street, about a half mile from Brian. Where is your car, Brian, said Sen to him. Oh, theres work to be done on it. Its in my garage still. I dont have time to make the repairs, said Brian. Notes: High is ard, but higher is nos airde. Often in going to the comparative, the last consonant in an adjective becomes slender, as in fada, which becomes nos faide, longer, farther. One way to say to be able is: T s blta. Another way is: Is fidir leis (is FAY*-dir lesh), he can. The verbal noun follows both: T s blta an obair a dhanamh. Beannam d means I greet him. When you dwell or reside in a place, Bonn t i do chna ann, (BEE-uhn too i duh K*OHN-ee oun), You be in your living there. We are living here is Bmid inr gcna anseo (BEE-mid in aw*r GOHN-ee un-SHUH), we be in our living here.

Lesson 49 PRONUNCIATION The letter group igh at a word end usually gets the sound (ee), sometimes shortened and sometimes nearly the full length that an would have. In some parts of Ireland, the sound retains a faint (g) at the end, so that suigh would be (sig). Some examples: suigh (si), luigh (li), ceannaigh (KAN-ee), imigh (IM-ee), bailigh (BAHL-ee). The sneadh fada is generally not found on the i of nal igh, but a few words have it to prevent doubt: clogh (klee), defeat. PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Read this passage slowly without looking at the key below it. Then read it a second time, making use of the key if you are unsure. Do not try to make sense of the words; concentrate on the pronunciation and on grouping the words into phrases: Le tamall anuas, litear cead cainte ar mhodh an aistrichin. Bh e le bheith faoin phce at ina limh, agus saothar liteartha a bhfuil rite cheana fin. Idir fhorbairt agus uile i gCois Fharraige le pinsin mhaithe acu do na glnta at ag teacht taobh istigh go raibh seilbh acu tr chim san obair, le foilsitheoireacht oideachais. le TAH-muhl uh-NOO-uhs, LAY*-tyuhr kad KEYENT-e er vwoh un ASH-troo-k*aw*in. vee aw* le ve fween FEEK-e taw* IN-uh LAW*-iv, AH-guhs SAY*-uhr LI-ter-huh uh vwil RAW*-tye HAN-uh fay*n. ID-ir OHR-birt AH-guhs IL-e i gish AH-rig-e le PIN-shin VWAH-e ahKUH duh nuh GLOON-tuh taw* uh TYAHK*T tay*v ish-TEE goh rev SHEL-iv ah-KUH tree hyay*m suhn OH-bir, le fwil-shi-HOH-i-rahk*t i-DAHK*-hish. GRAMMAR We now begin the future tense. The rst forms will be for the verb t. To say I shall be or I will be, the form is beidh m (be may*). In some parts of Ireland, this is pronounced (beg may*). The rest of the future is: beidh t (be too), you will be beidh s (be shay), he will be beidh s (be shee), she will be beimid (BE-mid), we shall be beidh sibh (be shiv), you will be beidh siad (be SHEE-uhd), they will be These forms can be combined with the verbal noun in the same way that you form T s ag teacht to say He is coming. Beidh s ag teacht means He will be coming. The negative of beidh is: N bheidh m (nee ve may*), I shant be N bheidh t (nee ve too), you wont be; etc. Examples of the negatives use: N bheidh Sen ag an siopa; John wont be at the store. N bheidh airgead agam; I wont have money. To ask a question, the forms are: An mbeidh m? (un me may*), will I be? An mbeidh t? (un me too), will you be? Etc. The negative questions are: Nach mbeidh m? (nahk* me may*), wont I be? Etc. VOCABULARY amrach (uh-MAW*-rahk*), tomorrow go deo (guh DYOH), forever (in the future) an bhliain seo chugainn (un VLEE-in shuh HOO-in), next year (literally the year coming toward us) go luath (guh LOO-uh), soon an tseachtain seo chugainn (un TYAHK*T-in shuh HOO-in), next week (literally the week coming toward us) feasta (FAS-tuh), henceforth, in the future DRILL Go through a progressive drill with beidh. Start with: An mbeidh m ar an mbus amrach? N bheidh m ar an mbus amrach. Beidh t ar an mbus amrach. An mbeidh t ar an mbus amrach? Etc. The last sentence will be: Beidh m ar an mbus amrach. READING EXERCISE

Thinig an bus faoi dheireadh, agus chuaigh na paisinir go lir air. T sil agam go mbeidh suochn compordach agam, dirt Brian leis fin. Bh cpla suochn thiar i gcl an bhus, agus shil Brian siar fan phasiste. Leathuair ina dhiaidh sin, bh an bus sa chathair, agus tharraing Brian an corda chun comhartha a thabhairt don tiomna. Stad an bus ag an gcinne, agus thuirling Brian. Key: HAW*-nig un bus fwee YER-uh, AH-guhs HOO-ig nuh pahsh-i-NAY*R-ee goh lay*r er. taw* SOO-il uh-GUHM guh me see-K*AW*N kuhm-POHR-dahk* uh-GUHM, DOO-irt BREE-uhn lesh fay*n. vee KOOP-luh see-K*AW*N heer i gool un vus, AH-guhs HYOO-il BREEuhn SHEE-uhr fuhn fuh-SAW*-shte. la-OO-ir nuh YEE-uh shin, vee un bus suh K*AH-hir, AH-guhs HAHR-ing BREE-uhn un KOHR-duh hun KOH-uhr-huh uh HOO-irt duhn ti-MAW*N-ee. stahd un bus eg un GOON-ye, AH-guhs HIR-ling BREE-uhn. Translation: The bus came at last, and the passengers all went on. I hope that I will have a comfortable seat, said Brian to himself. There were a couple of seats back in the bus, and Brian walked back along the aisle. Half an hour later, the bus was in the city, and Brian pulled the cord to signal the driver. The bus stopped at the corner, and Brian got off. Notes: Back in the sense of distant is thiar. When you walk or move back, you go siar. This is similar to thuas, meaning above, and suas, meaning motion upwards. Irish often uses a verb and noun where English would use only a verb. We say, chun comhartha a thabhairt, to give a signal, instead of to signal. You will see more of this as we go on.

Lesson 50 PRONUNCIATION The groups oigh and oidh, without a sneadh fada and at the beginning or middle of a word, sometimes takes an (eye) sound, as in the English word bygone. Examples are: oighear (EYE-uhr), ice; foighne (FEYE-ne), patience; oidhreacht (EYE-rahk*t), heritage; oidhre (EYE-re), heir. At the end of a word, these groups often take an (OH-ee) sound, as in: ceannidh (kan-OH-ee); imeoidh (im-YOH-ee). GRAMMAR With the verb t, the indirect speech forms for the future tense allow you to say sentences such as: He says that he will be here. Deir s go mbeidh s anseo. (der shay* goh me shay* un-SHUH). I think that John wont have the car. Is digh liom nach mbeidh an carr ag Sen. (is DOH-ee luhm nahk* me un kahr eg shaw*n). We think that she will be angry. Is digh linn go mbeidh fearg uirthi. (is D)H-ee lin goh me FAR-ruhg IR-ee). In the case of regular verbs, the future is formed for the short verbs, such as dn (doon), close, in this way: dnfaidh m (DOON-hee may*), I shall close dnfaidh too (DOON-hee too), you shall close dnfaidh s, s (DOON-hee shay*, shee), he, she will close dnfaimid (DOON-hi-mid), we shall close dnfaidh sibh, siad (DOON-hee shiv, SHEE-uhd), you, they will close The negative forms are: n dhnfaidh m (nee GOON-hee may*), I wont close n dhnfaidh t (nee GOON-hee too), you wont close n dhnfaidh s, s; he, she wont close n dhnfaimid (nee GOON-hi-mid), we wont close n dhnfaidh sibh, siad, you, they wont close Note that the word n causes aspiration of the consonant starting the verb form. To ask questions in the future tense: An ndnfaidh m? (un NOON-hee may*), Shall I close? Etc. Nach ndnfaidh m? (nahk* NOON-hee may*), shant I close? Etc. An ndnfaimid? (un NOON-hi-mid), Will we close? Etc. Nach ndnfaimid? (nahk* NOON-hi-mid), Wont we close? Etc. Here, the word an causes eclipsis of the consonant starting the verb form. The letterf in the future form, although not pronounced as an f, does cause a pronunciation change. There is a difference between dnaimid (DOON-i-mid), we close, and dnfaimid (DOON-hi-mid, we will close. Make sure that your pronunciation makes this clear. The verbs with two syllables generally form the future in a slightly different way. They have an (oh) sound in the word to indicate the future tense. Here is the method: ceannoidh m (kan-OH-ee may*), I shall buy ceannoidh t (kan-OH-ee too), you will buy. Etc. n cheannoidh m (nee hyan-OH-ee may*), I shall not buy. Etc. an gceannoidh m? (un gyan-OH-ee may*), shall I buy? Etc. ceannoimid (kan-OH-i-mid), we will buy. Etc. n cheannoimid (nee hyan-OH-i-mid), we will not buy. Etc. an gceannoimid? (un gyan-OH-i-mid), will we buy? Etc. Two-syllable verbs ending in -il, -ir, -is, and -in form the future similarly. For example: oscail becomes: osclidh m (oh-SKLOH-ee may*), I shall open imir becomes: imreoidh m (im-ROH-ee may*), I shall play cosain becomes: cosnoidh m (kuhs-NOH-ee may*), I shall defend inis becomes: inseoidh m (in-SHOH-ee may*), I shall tell The irregular verbs are less irregular in the future than in the past tense, but we will not start on them now. You will recognize danfaidh m (DAY*N-hee may* ay*) immediately as I shall do it, but some of the other irregular verbs are a bit more difcult to recognize in the future tense. DRILL We will do some recognition drilling for the future tense and other tenses in the next few weeks. Try these in Irish rst:

Bearrfaidh m m fin. lfaidh s . N ghlanfaidh m . Nach gcailldh sibh ? An gceapfaidh s sin? Nach gceannidh t rud eile? Fillmid abhaile. N fhoghlaimeoidh s go deo . Crochnimid an obair go luath. An ndiolfaidh t ? Key: BYAHR-hee may* may* fay*n. OHL-hee shay* ay*. nee GLUHN-hee may* ay*. nahk* GEYEL-hee shiv ay*? un GYAP-hee shee ay* shin? nahk* gyan-OH-ee too ruhd EL-e? FIL-hi-mid uh-VWAHL-e. nee ou-lim-OH-ee shay* goh dyoh ay*. kree-uhk*-NYOH-i-mid uh OH-bir guh LOO-uh. un NYEEL-hee too ay*? Translation: I shall shave myself. He will drink it. I wont clean it. Wont you lose it? Will she think that? Wont you buy something else? We will return home. He wont ever learn it. We will nish the work soon. Will you sell it? Finally, try these: Feicdh m . Danfaidh s . Cloismid an fear. Darfaidh s liom . (They are for irregular verbs).

Lesson 51 This lesson we give you a table of contents of the rst 50 lessons, to help you nd topics for review more easily. Pronunciation guide system; study methods. Verb t; sound of d, t, . Aspiration. Verb t; denite article the. The sneadh fada; use of adjectives. Sound of l; verb t. Sound of r. Eclipsis. Sound of o; imperative; reex expressions; check list. Sound of c, g; verb is. Sound of ea; reex expressions. Sound of eo; verb is. Sound of p, b, m; reex expressions. Sound of n; verb is. Sound of s; t with verbal noun; reex expressions. Sound of f. Sound of ___ th; verb to have. Sound of ___ i___; preposition ag. Sound of ___ abh ___; ___amh ___; past tense of t. Sound of ___adh ___; ___agh ___. Sound of ___ omh ___; past tense of to have. Review of pronunciation guide; identication by use of is. Sound of c, g; t versus is. Sound of t, d; practice with is. Sound of p, b, m; past tense of regular verbs. Sound of f; past tense of regular verbs. Sound of l; past tense of regular verbs. Sound of n; past tense of regular verbs; reex expressions. Sound of r, ch; past tense of come and go. Sound of s; preposition le. Sound of ng ___; uses of le. Omission of sounds in conversation; uses of le; reex expressions. The sneadh fada; uses of le. Sound of o; verbal adjectives; irregular verbs. Sound of ch. Preposition ar. Uses of ar; cardinal numbers 1 - 12. Present tense of regular verbs; numbers with nouns. Regional variations in pronunciation; present tense of regular verbs. Numbers with nouns; present tense of irregular verbs. Numbers with nouns; present and past tenses of regular verbs. Present and past tenses of regular verbs. Sounds of broad versus slender consonants; present and past tenses of irregular verbs. Sound of u; indirect speech. Sound of e; indirect speech. Sound of i; bonn form of t. Sound of eo; preposition do. Sound of ___abh ___ and ___amh___; uses of do. Sound of ___ igh; future tense of t. Sound of ___oigh___ and ___oidh___; future tense of t and regular verbs. Translation of sentences at the end of Lesson 50 I will see it. He will do it. We will hear the man. He will tell me it. GRAMMAR The future tense can make use of much of the grammar that we have previously covered. For example, indirect speech is possible with it. To say, I think that he will be here, the form is: Is digh liom go mbeidh s anseo (is DOH-ee luhm goh me shay* un-SHUH). To say, I hear that they wont be here, say: Cloisim nach mbeidh siad anseo (KLISH-im nahk* me SHEE-uhd un-SHUH). Do you think that we will buy it? is: An digh leat go gceannnimid ? (un DOH-ee lat goh gyan-OH-i-mid ay*)

DRILL Read these sentences and translate them, using the Key and Translation below only if necessary. An osclidh s ? An gcreiddh s an scal? N ghlaofaidh siad ar na pist. Corfaidh m mo ghruaig. Nach gcaillimid iad? N bhearrfaidh t amrach. Nach ndanfaidh t an ceacht? ireoidh m ar a s a chlog. Aontidh s liom. Key: un oh-SKLOH-ee shay* ay*? un GRET-hee shay* un SHKAY*L? nee GLAY*-hee SHEE-uhd er nuh PAW*SH-tee. KEER-hee may* muh GROO-ig. nahk* GEYEL-hi-mid EE-uhd. nee VAR-hee too uh-MAW*-rahk*. nahk* NYAY*N-hee too un KYAHK*T? eye-ROH-ee may* er uh shay* uh K*LUHG. ay*n-TOH-ee shay* luhm. Translation: Will he open it? Will he believe the story? They wont call the children. I will comb my hair. Wont we lose them? You wont shave tomorrow. Wont you do the lesson? I shall arise at six oclock. He will agree with me.

Lesson 52 GRAMMAR Place names in Irish often differ from the English versions. You probably know that Baile tha Cliath (blaw* KLEE-uh) is the Irish name of the capital of Ireland. Most other place names in Irish are not so much longer than the English form, however. We will start with ire (AY-re), meaning Ireland. Make sure that you give proper length to the rst vowel in the word, or it will sound like (E-ruh), which would be a different word entirely. In the possessive case, ire becomes na hireann (nuh HAY*R-uhn), again with a long vowel. Learn these examples: Poblacht na hireann (POH-blahk*t nuh HAY*R-uhn), the Republic of Ireland. Banc na hireann (bahnk), the Bank of Ireland. Muintir na hireann (MWIN-teer), the people of Ireland, or the Irish people. In these examples, the word na means the, and when used in this way tells you to put the word the rst in the translation. Irish puts an in front of many place and country names. For example, France is an Fhrainc (un RAHNK). The Bank of France is Banc na Fraince, with an e added to Frainc to show the possessive case. Most Irish nouns keep their basic form when they follow prepositions like ag, ar, le. A few change, however, and ire is one of these. In Ireland is in irinn (in AY*R-in). To Ireland is chuig irinn (hig AY*R-in) or go hirinn (goh AY*R-in). The word go, meaning to, causes an h to go before a word beginning with a vowel. Ireland has four provinces or cig (KOO-ig-ee). These are: Cige Connacht (KOO-ig-e KOHN-uhk*t), Connaught Cige Mumhan (KOO-ig-e MOO-uhn), Munster Cige Uladh (U-luh), Ulster Cige Laighean (LEYE-uhn), Leinster Munster is sometimes called an Mhumhain (un VOO-in), and in Munster is sa Mhumhain (suh VOO-in). In Connaught can be i gConnachta (i GOHN-uhk*t-uh). To say that you come from one of the provinces: Is Chige ___________ m (is oh K*OO-ig-e __________ may*). For the United States of America, you can say na Stit (nuh STAW*-it), the States, or Stit Aontaithe Meirice (STAW*-it AY*N-tuh-he MER-i-kaw*), United States of America. In a few weeks, we will take up names of towns and geographical features, so that you will be able to understand some of the Irish place names and begin to use Irish names wherever possible. VOCABULARY Masculine Nouns strc (strohk), stroke (sickness) taom de thinneas cro (tay*m de HIN-yuhs kree), heart attack bille (BIL-e), bill meicneoir (mek-NYOH-ir), mechanic casr (kah-SOOR), hammer Feminine Nouns uirlis, an uirlise (OOR-lish, un OOR-lish-e), tool, the tool moill, an mhoill (mwil, un VWIL), delay, the delay ordg, an ordg (ohr-DOHG, un ohr-DOHG), thumb ullmhaigh, ag ullmh (Ul-vwee, eg UL-vwoo), prepare ullmham (UL-vweem), I prepare leag amach, ag leagan amach (lag uh-MAHK*, uh LAG-uhn uh-MAHK*), prepare glac, ag glacadh (glahk, uh GLAHK-uh), accept, take socraigh, ag socr (SOH-kree, uh SOH-kroo), arrange oilte (IL-te), skilled dlis (DEE-lish), faithful DRILL Translate these verb forms. Look at the key only if necessary. Caith amach . N fhaca me riamh . An mbearrfaidh s fein? Cailleann s gach rud. Nr irigh t ar maidin? Buail ars . Ar fhgamar ag baile ? Scuabfaidh siad an halla. Key: kah uh-MAHK* ay*. nee AH-kuh may* reev ay*. un MAHR-hee shay* ay* fay*n? KEYE-luhn shay* gahk* rud. naw*r EYE-ree too er MAH-din? BOO-il uh-REESH ay*. er AW*G-uh-muhr eg BAHL-e ay*? SKOOP-hee SHEE-uhd un HAHL-uh. Translation: Throw it out. I never saw him. Will he shave? He loses everything. Didnt you get up this morning? Hit it again. Did we leave it

home? They will sweep the hall. READING EXERCISE Chuaigh Brian isteach sa ghariste agus dullmhaigh s d obair. Meicneoir gluaistein sea , meicneoir sr-oilte dlis. Fuair s a uirlis, agus thosaigh s ag obair. An Luan ba ea , agus bh mrn gluaistein fanacht lena ndeisi. Dobair Brian go daingean (DAHNG-uhn), mar bh s macnta, le cois bheith oilte. N bhuaileann s go minic a ordg le casr, mar a deirtear (DER-tyuhr). San oig, bh na custaimiri ag teacht agus ag imeacht. Fuair siad an bille, agus ansin fuair roinnt (rint) dibh strc n taom de thinneas cro. Bh na bill chomh hard sin. N fidir leo an obair a fhil in it ar bith eile, fach. T thas ar Bhrian faoi sin, ar chor ar bith. Translation: Brian went into the garage and prepared for work. An auto mechanic he is, a highly skilled and faithful one. He got his tools and began to work. It was Monday, and there were many autos waiting to be repaired. Brian worked steadily, for he was honest, in addition to being skilled. He doesnt hit his thumb with a hammer often, as it is said. In the ofce, the customers came and went. They got the bill, and then some of them had strokes or heart attacks. The bills were that high. They cant get the work in any other place, however. Brian is happy about that, anyway.

Lesson 53 PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Read the Irish below slowly without looking at the key below. Then read it a second time, making use of the key if you are unsure. Do not try to make sense of the words; concentrate on the pronunciation and on grouping the words into phrases. baineann an foras thaobh crsa airgid agus gloine dhaite ar cheann de na seancharranna s l den tseachtain. N raibh de bhuntiste acu, ach cigear minteoir ba dheise ar fad den oche. Mar at rite agam, bonn s le fil ar nos l. Key: BWIN-uhn uhn FOHR-uhs oh hay*v KOOR-see AR-i-gid AH-guhs GLIN-uh GAH-te er hyoun de nuh shan-K*AHR-uh-nuh shay* law* den TYAHK*T-in. nee rev de vun-TAW*SH-te ah-KUH, ahk* KOO-ig-uhr moo-in-TYOHR buh YESH-e er fahd den EE-huh. mahr taw* RAW*-tye uh-GUHM, BEE-uhn shay* le FAW*-il er nees loo. GRAMMAR In the future tense, the irregular verbs are more readily recognizable than when they are in the past tense, but several of them differ considerably from what you would expect of a regular verb. Here are the forms: feicdh m (FEK-hee may*), I shall see n fheicdh m (nee EK-hee may*), I shall not see an bhfeicdh m? (un VEK-hee may*), shall I see? cloisdh m (KLISH-hee may*), I shall hear n chloisdh m (nee K*LISH-hee may*), I shall not hear an gcloisdh m? (un GLISH-hee may*), shall I hear? tiocfaidh m (TYUHK-hee may*), I shall come n thiocfaidh m (nee HUHK-hee may*), I shall not come an dtiocfaidh m? (un DYUHK-hee may*), shall I come? rachaidh m (RAHK*-hee may*), I shall go n rachaidh m (nee RAHK*-hee may*), I shall not go An rachaidh m? (un RAHK*-hee may*), shall I go? danfaidh m (DAY*N-hee may*), I shall make, do n dhanfaidh m (nee YAY*N-hee may*), I shall not make, do an ndanfaidh m? (un NYAY*N-hee may*), shall I make, do darfaidh m (DYAY*R-hee may*), I shall say n darfaidh m (nee DYAY*R-hee may*), I shall not say an ndarfaidh m? (un NYAY*R-hee may*), shall I say? tabharfaidh m (TOOR-hee may*), I shall give n thabharfaidh m (nee HOOR-hee may*), I shall not give an dtabharfaidh m? (un DOOR-hee may*), shall I give? gheobhaidh m (YOH-ee may*), I shall get n bhfaighidh m (nee VWEYE-ee may*), I shall not get an bhfaighidh m? (un VWEYE-ee may*), shall I get? barfaidh m air (BAY*R-hee may* er), I shall catch him n bharfaidh m air (nee VAY*R-hee may* er), I shall not catch him an mbarfaidh m air? (un MAY*R-hee may* er), shall I catch him osfaidh m (EES-hee may*), I shall eat n osfaidh m (nee EES-hee may*), I shall not eat an osfaidh m? (un EES-hee may*), shall I eat? Note that the negative n darfaidh m does not have an aspirated d, although it is eclipsed in an ndarfaidh m?. For indirect speech, the forms are eclipsed, as in is digh liom go dtiocfaidh s (is DOH-ee luhm goh DYUHK-hee shay*), I think that he will come. You will need some drill with these future forms, and we will make use of them extensively for a few weeks to give you uency in them. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns ceapaire (KAP-uh-re), sandwich adhmad, an t-adhmad (EYE-muhd, un TEYE-muhd), wood adhmaid (EYE-mwid), of wood, wooden bailigh, ag baili (BAHL-ee, uh BAHL-yoo), gather, collect; bailm (BAHL-eem), I gather

afraigh, ag afra (FEE-uhr-ee, uh FEE-uhr-ee), ask (for information); afram de (FEE-uhr-eem de), I ask him lig, ag ligean (lig, uh LIG-uhn), let; ligeann s dom, he lets me imir, ag imirt (IM-ir, eg IM-irt), play (a game); imrm crta (IM-reem KAW*R-tee), I play cards rinc, ag rince (rink, uh RINK-e), dance cinelta (kin-AW*L-tuh), kind-hearted nata (NAY*-tuh), neat buoch (BWEE-uhk*), thankful; buoch diot (BWEE-uhk* DEE-uht), thankful to you DRILL First, go through a progressive drill with each of the irregular verbs in the future tense: feic, clois, tar, tigh, abair, tabhair, faigh, beir ar, and ith. Start with: an bhfeicdh m Sen? N fheicdh m Sen. Feicdh t Sen. An bhfeicdh t Sen? N fheicdh t Sen. Feicdh s Sen. Etc. the last sentence will be: Feicdh m Sen. For the others, begin with: An gcloisdh m Sen? An dtiocfaidh m abhaile? An rachaidh m amach? An ndarfaidh m sin? An dtabharfaidh m do Mhire ? An bhfaighidh m an t-airgead? (TAR-i-guhd) An mbarfaidh m ar an bhfear? An osfaidh m an ln? Then review the past and present tenses of these iregular verbs, as given in previous lessons.

Lesson 54 PRONUNCIATION EXERCISES Read the Irish words aloud once slowly, then repeat them, looking at the key below if you are not sure of the pronunciation. rinn, dinn, linn, fgra, romhainn, iascaireacht, deireadh, marbh, maraon, ciri, airgead, airgid, te, tuigthe, cin, thinig, eacnamaocht, creachadireacht, cruinni, coinneil, stirthir, frinneach Key: rin, DOO-in, lin, FOHG-ruh, ROH-in, EES-kuh-rahk*t, DER-uh, MAHR-ruhv, mahr-AY*N, KOH-ir-oo, AR-i-guhd, AR-i-gid, te, TIG-he, KAW*-in, HAW*-nig, ahk-NAHM-ee-ohk*t, krak-uh-DOH-i-rahk*t, KRIN-yoo, KIN-aw*-il, shtyoor-HOH-ir, FEER-i-nyahk* GRAMMAR In Irish, you say T s ag rith for He is running. Beidh s ag rith means He will be running. With certain verbs, meaning sitting, standing, lying, sleeping, walking, and residing, the form is a little different. For those, we say He is in his sitting or They are in their standing, for example, and the Irish for these two examples is: T s ina shu. T siad ina seasamh. Here are some more complete examples of this: t m i mo shu (taw* may* i muh HEE), I am sitting t t i do shu (i duh HEE), you are sitting t s ina shu (in-uh HEE), he is sitting t s ina su (in-uh SEE), she is sitting timid inr su (TAW*-mid in-aw*r SEE), we are sitting t sibh in bhur su (taw* shiv in vwoor SEE), you are sitting t Mire ina su (taw* MAW*-re in-uh SEE), Mary is sitting t m i mo sheasamh (taw* may* i muh HAS-uhv), I am standing t t i do sheasamh (i duh HAS-uhv), you are standing t s ina sheasamh (in-uh HAS-uhv), he is standing t s ina seasamh (in-uh SHAS-uhv), she is standing timid inr seasamh (in-aw*r SHAS-uhv), we are standing t siad ina seasamh (in-uh SHAS-uhv), they are standing t Sen ina sheasamh (in-uh HAS-uhv), John is standing The negative and questions are formed by merely changing t to nl or an bhfuil. Past and future tense also merely change t. For example, I will be standing here is Beidh m i mo sheasamh anseo (be may* i muh HAS-uhv un-SHUH). These verb forms are annoying at rst because you nd it slow to get the proper aspiration or eclipsis. My, your, his all aspirate, and our, your (plural), their all eclipse. Practice helps on this. Other verbs in this group are: luigh (li), i mo lu (i muh LEE), lie (lie down) disigh (DOO-shee), i mo dhiseacht (i muh GOO-shahk*t), be awake codlaigh (KUHL-ee), i mo chodladh (i muh K*UHL-uh), sleep cnaigh (KOHN-ee), i mo chna (i muh K*OHN-ee), dwell, reside And nally, tim i mo thost (TAW*-im i muh HUHST) means I am silent. DRILL Progressive drill is important for these verbs. Make sure that you go through at least one drill for each of the verbs, so that the changes, including those caused by aspiration and eclipsis, become familiar to you. Start with a simple one: luigh (li), pronounced with the tongue spread wide and pushed against the upper front teeth. An bhfuil m i mo lu? (un vwil may* i muh LEE), Am I lying down? Nl m i mo lu. T t i do lu. An bhfuil t i do lu? Nl t i do lu. T s ina lu. An bhfuil s ina lu? Nl s ina lu. T s ina lu. An bhfuil s ina lu? Nl s ina lu. Timid inr lu. (TAW*-mid in-aw*r LEE). An bhfuilimid inr lu? Nlimid inr lu. T sibh in bhur lu. (in vwoor LEE). An bhfuil sibh in bhur lu? Nl sibh in bhur lu. T siad ina lu. An bhfuil siad ina lu? Nl siad ina lu. T m i mo lu. Another example: An bhfuilim i mo chna (i muh K*OHN-ee) ansin? Nlim i mo chna ansin. T t i do chna ansin. (i duh K*OHN-ee un-SHIN). An bhfuil t i do chna ansin? Etc. The last two sentences will be: Nl siad ina gcna ansin (in-uh GOHN-ee un-SHIN). Tim i mo chna ansin. Next, read these sentences. If you can not understand them, look at the translation below. Bh s ina codladh (in-uh KUHL-uh). An mbeidh sibh in bhur seasamh ar an gcosn? (un ME shiv in vwoor SHAS-uhv er un guh-SAW*N) N bheimid. Dirt s go rabhamar inr dtost ansin (DOO-irt shay* goh ROU-uh-muhr in aw*r DUHST un-SHIN). Nach mbeimid inr gcna sa chathair? (nahk* ME-mid in aw*r GOHN-ee suh K*AH-hir) Beidh sibh (be shiv). N bhonn t i do shu anseo (nee VEE-uhn too i duh HEE unSHUH). Nr chuala t go raibh siad ina ndiseacht? (naw*r K*OO-uh-luh too goh rev SHEE-uhd in-uh NOO-shahk*t) Chonaic m nach raibh s ina lu (k*uh-NIK may* nahk* rev shay* in-uh LEE).

Translation: She was sleeping. Will you be standing on the sidewalk? we wont. He said that we were silent there. Wont we be living in the city? You will. You are not usually sitting here. Didnt you hear that they were awake. i saw that he wasnt lying down. As you can see from these examples, these verbs can be combined in the same way as ordinary verbs to form more involved statements and questions. The verbs have other forms, too; for example, to say He sleeps here, use Codlaonn s anseo: (kuhl-EE-uhn shay* un-SHUH).

Lesson 55 PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Sound out these phrases, while trying to remember the rules you have learned in previous lessons; Laisteas de; daoine eile; an daone dhaonna; seasca faoin gcad; ba mhaith liom ; n bhfaighfe ; cara; na cairde; dlthchara. The pronunciation key and translation for these expressions are: (LASH-tuhs de), south of; laisteas de Luimneach: south of Limerick. (DEEN-uh EL-e), other persons. The d is broad, with tongue tip against the upper front teeth. (un DEEN-e GAY*-nuh), the human race. The rst d is slender, with tongue tip against the ridge behind the upper front teeth. The second d is aspirated broad d and gets a (g) sound, with a trace of sound resembling English w after it. (SHAS-kuh fween gay*d), sixty percent. Pronounce the f with lips out, and a sound resembling English w will naturally follow it. (buh VWAH luhm ay*), I would like it. (nee VWEYE-faw* ay*), you wouldnt get it. Aigh often takes the sound (eye). (KAH-ruh), friend. The r is broad, rolled somewhat. (nuh KAHR-de), the friends. The d here is slender and may sound as if a y followed it: (KAHR-dye). (dloo-K*AH-ruh), close friend. The ch sounds like the German ach sound that you know from radio and television imitations. VOCABULARY The Irish word baile (BAHL-e) has several meanings: town, village, farm, home, small settlement. Sa bhaile (suh VWAHL-e) or ag baile (eg BAHL-e) means at home. Baile is often part of the name of Irish towns. It is anglicized as Bally. Mispronunciations of this type were often deliberate and had the purpose of ridiculing and disparaging the central cultural legacy of Ireland, its language. One way to help in maintaining the language is to give Irish towns their Irish names at all times. Some examples of baile in town names: An Baile Mr (un BAHL-e mohr), the big town. Ballymore is the anglicized version. Baile an Tobair (BAHL-uhn TOH-bir), town of the well. Tobar is well, and tobair, with a slender r, is the possessive case, meaning of the well. Ballintober is the anglicized verison. Baile na Sionnaine (BAHL-e nuh SHUHN-in-e), town of the Shannon. An tSionnain is the the Shannon, and na Sionnaine is the possessive case, meaning of the Shannon. Ballyshannon is the anglicized version. Do not confuse baile with bal (bay*l), mouth or entrance: Bal tha na Sluaighe (bay*l aw* nuh SLOO-e), mouth of the ford of the hosts. The anglicized version is Ballinasloe. DRILL Here is a recognition review of some of the vocabulary and grammar from past lessons. Read the essentials aloud. If yo do not grasp the meaning immediately, look at the translation below. This is not a translation exercise, so do not translate word for word. Rith amach agus faigh an madra. Rith s isteach chun an leabhar a lamh. An labhraonn s leis an minteoir? Barfaidh m ar an mbuachaill sin. Nr fhill siad abhaile fs? Bonn siad ag stopadh ag an stisin gach oche. N coimed iad. Aontam leat, a Mhire. Nach raibh t i do sheasamh in aice na tine tamall? Chailleamar an t-airgead go lir. Dirt s nach ndearna s . Is sin an fear. Is docttir . Dochtir, an ea? Sea. Nach raibh mla aici? Slim nach raibh. Bhuail muid . Chuala m nach raibh s chomh maith leat. Is San . Nach Brd ? An bhfuil an bainne lta agat? Key to some of the above words: (ri uh-MAHK*; feye; LOU-uhr; BAY*R-hee; EE-huh; kim-AW*D). Translation: Run out and get the dog. He ran in to read the book. Does she talk with the teacher? I will catch that boy. Didnt they return home yet? They usually stop at the station every night. Dont keep them. I agree with you, Mary. Werent you standing next to the re for a while? We lost all the money. He said that he didnt do it. That is the man. He is a doctor. A doctor, is it? It is. Didt she have a bag? I think that she didnt. We struck him. I heard that he wasnt as good as you. Its John. Isnt it Bridget? Have you drunk the milk? If you found some of these sentences difcult, you may prot from a review of past lessons. WHERE YOU STAND At the present stage of your study, you know the basic forms of the verbs. You lack only the conditional, exemplied by I would go, the habitual past, some of the imperative mood, which gives commands, and also the free form or impersonal, which will allow you to say such thoughts as It is bought here or people buy it here. There are still many verbs that you need to bring your vocabulary up to the desired level, but you are well into the language now. Noun plurals are a topic that must come soon. We will work slowly into this, with the objective of developing your ability to sense what a plural form should be from the singular form of the word. Once we have given you a good vocabulary of verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, we will begin on idioms, which are speech forms whose meaning is not readily apparent from the individual words. All languages have these. An example: Cuireann s isteach air means He inter-

feres with him, not He puts in on him. Many of these idioms, or cora cainte (KOH-ruh KEYENT-e), make use of prepositions, such as ag, ar, le, and others that you will soon learn. You know a number of idioms already, as you will discover.

Lesson 56 PRONUNCIATION The letter group ai in an accented syllable can have the sound (a) as in English at or (ah) as in English Ah-hah. Ai at the beginning of a word often has the (a) sound, as in: ait (at), strange; aingeal (ANG-uhl), angel; aib (A-bee), ripe. A few words, such as aige (eg-E), at him, and air (er), on him, are exceptions. Aimsir (EYEM-sheer), weather, is another exception in parts of Ireland. In other parts it is pronounced (AM-sheer). When an accented ai follows the consonant b, c, f, g, m, p, it often takes an (ah) sound. You have learned this in these words: baile (BAHL-e), home; cailn (kah-LEEN), girl; faire (FAH-re), watching; gairid (GAH-rid), short; maith (mah), good; paidir (PAHD-ir), prayer. When accented ai follows d, l, n, r, s, t, it often takes the (a) sound. Examples are: daingean (DANG-uhn), fortress laisteas (LASH-tuhs); laisteas de, south of naipcn (nap-KEEN), napkin raidis (RA-dish), radish saileach (SAL-uhk*), willow taispein (tash-PAW*-in); taispein dom , show me it The groups aibh, aidh, aigh are often pronounced (eye) when in an accented or initial syllable, as in: saibhir (SEYE-vir), rich aidhm (eyem), aim saighdiir (seye-DYOO-ir), soldier GRAMMAR The preposition de means off or sometimes of. It also serves in some common idioms, such as, Tim buoch (BWEE-uhk*) de Shen, I am thankful to John. De aspirates the rst consonant of the next word. If an, the, comes between, the an combines with the da, and aspiration occurs after the combination. An example: Thit s den chapall (hit shay* den K*AHP-uhl), he fell off the horse. With pronouns, I, you, he, etc., de combines to form single words. Learn these: dom (DEE-uhm), off me dot (DEE-uht), off you de (de), off him di (dee), off her dnn (deen), off us dbh (deev), off you (plural) dobh (DEE-uhv), off them De means of in expressions such as: ceann dobh (kyoun DEE-uhv), one of them posa den arn (PEES-uh den uh-RAW*N), a piece of bread an chuid is m (k*wid is moh) den phipar, most of the paper Examples of idioms that contain de are: Fiafraigh de c bhfuil Sen (FEE-uh-ree de kaw* vwil shaw*n), Ask him where John is. T s buoch dot, He is thankful to you. Tim tuirseach de (TAW*-im toor-SHAHK* de), I am tired of it. De l is doche (de loh is DEE-huh), day and night. De ghnbh (de GNAW*), usually. DRILL This is a recognition review of the irregular verbs in present, past, and future tenses. Read the sentences aloud. Do not translate word for word; instead, try to picture the meaning. If you do not remember what some words mean, wait until you have nished all the sentences before you look at the translation below. Nr chualamar Samas ag teacht isteach? N fhaca s a athair ag dul suas an staighre. Barfaidh siad ar an gcad line a fheicdh siad. Tim go dt an siopa timpeall a s a chlog. An dtiocfaidh s abhaile leat? Nach dtagaimid trd an tolln agus sinn ag teacht chuig an chathair? Rinneamar rud igin le tabhairt d. N dirt s linn go bhfuair s bord nua. osfaidh sibh bhur ln ag baile. Gheobhaidh t gloine bainne ar ball. Chonaic m na madra ag rith sos an tsrid. Translation: Didnt we hear James coming in? He didnt see his father going up the stairs. They will grab the rst shirt that they see. I go to the store around six oclock. Will he come home with you? Dont we come through the tunnel when we come to the city? We made something to

give to him. She didnt tell us that she got a new table. You will eat your lunch at home. You will get a glass of milk soon. I saw the dogs running along the street. REFLEX EXPRESSIONS Learn these expressions for use in conversation Dan deir (day*n DE-r), Hurry up! Abair (AH-bir ay*), You said it! Certainly! I agree. (Means Say it, literally.) Ar mhaith leat ____ ? (er VWAH lat), would you like ____ ? For example, Ar mhaith leat cupn tae?, Would you like a cup of tea? Ar ndigh (er NOH-ee), of course. CONVERSATION Form answers or replies to each of these sentences assumed spoken to you. Make your answers as long as possible without prolonged pauses. Dia, dhuit, a Shamais. Conas t t? C bhfuil t ag dul? Bh m ann inn. An rachaidh t go hirinn go luath? Nach bhfuil t tuirseach anois? Cathain a imeoidh t anocht? Cn t-ainm at air? In each case, try to introduce some of the reex expressions that you have learned. Keep each sentence of a long answer short.

Lesson 57 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW We will review the sounds for the letter b this week. b gets its slender sound when the nearest vowel in the word is a or i. Pronounce the slender sound like English b but keep your lips close to your front teeth. Try: beagn (beg-AW*N), a little; bal (bay*l), mouth; b (bee), be; bille (BIL-e), bill; biorn (bi-RAW*N), pin; bliain (BLEE-in), year; blen (blaw*n), milking. When a slender r follows b, you may hear a faint (i) sound between the b and the r. Try: breis; pronunciation is between (bresh) and (bi-RESH), increase. brag; pronunciation is between (bray*g) and (bi-RAY*G), lie. Brd (breed), Bridget. bre; pronunciation is between (braw*) and (bi-RAW*), ne. b gets its broad sound when the nearest vowel in the word is a, o, u. Pronounce this broad sound like English b but protrude your lips. Try: bn (baw*n), white; b (boh), cow; baile (BAHL-e), town, home; blth (blaw*), ower; brch (braw*k*); go brch means forever; brn (brohn), sadness; br (broo), pressure In a few cases, where a broad b sound is followed by a slender vowel sound, the protrusion of the lips for the broad b will cause a (w) sound. Examples: bain (bwin), cut or remove; buile (BWIL-e), madness; bu (bwee), yellow. In these words, the a and the u are not sounded. They are written only to show you that the b must get its broad sound. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns liosta (LIS-tuh), list nta (NOH-tuh), note leabhar (LOU-wuhr), book stampa (STAM-puh), stamp cldach (KLOO-dahk*), envelope seoladh (SHOH-luh), address ainm, (an t-ainm (AN-im, un TAN-im), name marc (mahrk), mark Feminine nouns abairt, an abairt (AH-birt, un AH-birt), sentence cip, an chip (KOH-ip, un K*OH-ip), copy oig, an oig (IF-ig, un IF-ig), ofce lne (LEEN-e), line ceist, an cheist (kesht, un hyesht), question DRILL Use each of the above words in simple sentences with the irregular verbs, such as chonaic m (k*uh-NIK may*), I saw; tim (TAY*-im), I go, etc. If you can not think of a suitable sentence with an irregular verb, try a regular verb. Avoid t if possible. CONVERSATION Here are some pointers on how to conduct a conversation in Irish. First of all, conversation differs in several respects from merely reading. There is nothing to see; you must listen to get enough information to be able to reply. You must also judge from the situation and surroundings to get clues to what the other person has said. In written or printed Irish, the clarity is good, and above all, it is uniform. The speed of intake into your mind is whatever you want. You read at your own pace. With conversation, the speed at which the other person speaks may be fast or slow. Clarity can differ, too. Sometimes whole sentences are a little hard to recognize at rst. This is true in English, of course. You have learned to recognize Whaddaya doon? as meaning What are you doing? Some types of audible language material are more difcult than others. Words of songs are an example. In general, it will be harder for you to understand others than for them to understand you. At rst, when listening during a conversation, you may not understand more than a quarter of the words and may miss the meaning of nearly every sentence. This is usually because you are nervous and overanxious. Keep trying, however, and above all keep speaking Irish to your conversational partner. There are good reasons for this: You get practice in thinking and in pronunciation.

You direct the conversation so that the other persons reply will be more easily understood by you. because it will generally be in response to what you have said. You show the other person that you want to learn Irish. To start a conversation, begin with a salutation: Dia dhuit (DEE-uh git), or Dia dhaoibh (DEE-uh yeev). The answer will be: Dias Muire dhuit (DEE-uhs MWIR-e git). Conas t t? (KUN-uhs taw* too) How are you? is next. Answers can be: Tim go maith (TAW*-im goh MAH), or Ar fheabhas (er OUS), excellent, or perhaps T tinneas cinn orm (taw* TIN-yuhs kin OH-ruhm). Next is the weather, or perhaps a brief description of where you were recently or what you did. In answer to this, some of the short expressions that you have learnt will be useful. Examples: Is maith liom sin (is mah luhm ay* shin), I like that C raibh s? (kaw* rev shay*), Where was he? We will continue this next week and give you more advice on how to conduct a conversation, an extremely important part of learning a language.

Lesson 58 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Review the sounds of slender c this week. The slender sound, occurring when the nearest vowel in the word is e or i, resembles the rst sound in the English words kin or keg. Hold the lips in and widen the corners of the mouth slightly. Try these words: c (kay*), who?; cim (kay*m), step, degree; cill (kil), cell, churchyard; citeal (KIT-uhl), kettle; cl (klay*), left; clis (klish), fail; cneas (kiNAS), skin; creid (kred), believe; glic (glik), clever, cunning; feicim (FEK-im), I see; scian (SHKEE-uhn), knife; stailc (steyelk), strike (labor dispute). Slender c tends to have a slight (y) after it. Before some vowel sounds, the (ky) sound will be more obvious than before others. Try: ceann (kyoun), or -- in Connacht -- (kyawn), head; ceart (kyart), right; ceantar (KYAN-tuhr), district; ceol (kyohl), music; cion (kyun), affection: T cion agam air, I am fond of him; ciin (KYOO-in), quiet. Aspiration, a sound change occurring with several Irish consonants, gives slender c a sound resembling (he-YUH) said rapidly. We use (hy) as its symbol. Examples: mo chiteal (muh HYIT-uhl), my kettle; do cheann (duh hyoun), your head; ar chirnn (er hyay*r-NEEN), on a record. Inside a word, aspirated slender c may sound like (h) or (hy), depending on the region of Ireland. Examples: che (FI-he) or (FI-hye), twenty; droichead (DRUH-huhd), or (DRI-hyuhd), bridge; iche (EE-he) or (EE-hye), night; inchinn (IN-hin) or (IN-hyin), brain; cluiche (KLI-he) or (KLI-hye), a game; diche (DOO-i-he) or (DOO-i-hye), a district; ichshneachta (i-HNAHK*-tuh) or (i-HNYUHK*-tuh), sleet. GRAMMAR The preposition (oh) means from. It aspirates initial consonants following it: Is Chorcaigh dom (is oh K*OHRK-ee duhm), I am from Cork. It combines with the pronouns, so learn these forms next: uaim (oo-IM), from me uait (oo-IT), from you uaidh (WOO-ee), from him uaithi (WU-hee), from her uainn (WOO-in), from us uaibh (WOO-iv) from you (plural) uathu (WOO-huh) from them There are several common expressions or idioms making use of . For example: Cad t uait? (kahd taw* oo-IT), What do you want? An answer can be: T leabhar uaim (taw* LOU-wuhr oo-IM), I want a book. Cad a bh uaidh? (kahd uh vee WOO-ee), What did he want? is another form of this. A longer form is: Cad t ag teastil (uh TAS-taw*-il) uait?, What do you want? An answer is: T peann ag teastil uaim (taw* pyoun uh TAStaw*-il oo-im). I want a pen. Leaving from a place or being from a place can be expressed with the help of : Dimigh s Bhaile tha Cliath. Cad as duit? (kahd as dit), Where are you from? can be answered Is Shligeach dom (is oh HLIG-ahk* duhm), I am from Sligo. In pronouncing combinations of with pronouns, the initial sound may resemble an English w. Uaim may sound like (woo-IM) with the sounds run together, or even like (wim). VOCABULARY basach (BAY*-suhk*), polite deacair (DAK-uhr), difcult ramhar (ROU-uhr), fat dorcha (DUHR-uh-huh), dark leathan (LA-huhn), wide gann (goun), scarce leisciil (LESH-kyoo-il), lazy tana (TAH-nee), thin cl (klay*), left deas (dyas), right, nice, pretty DRILL Translate these expressions, remembering to aspirate after feminine nouns: A polite man. A difcult question. The difcult question. Scarce food. A lazy mother. The lazy mother. A wide room. The left hand. The right hand. The fat cat. The thin girl. The dark ofce. A dark ofce. The thin woman. A thin woman.

Translation: Fear basach. Ceist dheacair. An cheist dheacair. Bia gann. Mthair leisciil. An mhthair leisciil. Seomra leathan. An lmh chl. An lmh dheas. An cat ramhar. An cailn tana. An ofg dhorcha. Oig dhorcha. An bhean thana. Bean thana. Pronunciation key: (far BAY*-suhk*) (kesht YAK-uhr) (un hyesht YAK-uhr) (BEE-uh goun) (MAW*-hir LESH-kyoo-il) (un VWAW*-hir LESH-kyoo-il) (SHOHM-ruh LA-huhn) (un LAW*V hylay*) (un LAW*V yas) (un KAHT ROU-uhr) (un kah-LEEN TAH-nee) (un IF-ig GUHR-uh-huh) (IF-ig GUHR-uh-huh) (un VAN HAH-nee) (ban HAH-nee) CONVERSATION There are several aids in carrying on a conversation with someone more skilled than yourself. If he speaks too rapidly, tell him: Labhair nos maille, ms do thoil (LOU-ir nees MWIL-e, MAW* shay* duh HIL ay*), Speak more slowly, please. Abair ars sin (AH-bir uh-REESH ay* shin), Say that again, is another way to show that you are trying to understand.

Lesson 59 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Broad c in Irish, heard when the nearest vowel in the word is a, o, u, resembles the rst sound in English coat or call. Notice that the tongue center is raised toward the roof of the mouth. Try: cailn (kah-LEEN), girl c? (kaw*), where? cad? (kahd), what? cras (KOH-ruhs), system cosn (kuh-SAW*N), sidewalk cig (KOO-ig), ve acra (AHK-ruh), acre cl (kloh), print cn (kuh-NOH) or (knoh), nut cnaipe (kuh-NAHP-e), button crua (KROO-uh), hard bacaim (BAHK-im), I hinder Next, say forc (fohrk), fork, and radharc (REYE-uhrk), view. Be careful to end these words in a broad c, with tongue center raised further back than for a slender c. You will notice a distinct difference between the broad and slender c in these words, too. A broad c sometimes seems to be followed by a faint (w) sound, as in: cuid (kwid), part; cuir (kir), tending toward (kwir), put; Corcaigh (KOHR-kee), tending toward (KOHR-kwee), Cork. Make an aspirated broad c by saying broad c with the tongue lowered somewhat. The sound will resemble that in German ach. It will be easier for you to pronounce it at the end or in the middle of a word than at the beginning. If aspirated broad c begins a word, the sound may be more difcult. First, try ach (ahk*), then och (ohk*), and then achd (ahk*-HOHD). Then separate the letter into a chd (uh K*OHD), his code. Further practice: moch (muhk*), mocharr (muhk*-HARR), and then separate the words: mo charr (muh K*AHR), my car. GRAMMAR To say the equivalent of John is taller than Mary in Irish, you can change the word order to Is taller John than Mary, which is: is airde (ARde) Sen n Mire. The word airde is the comparative form of ard (ahrd), tall or high, just as taller is the comparative form of tall in English. For the comparative of many Irish adjectives, add e and make the last consonant slender if necessary. Examples are: fada (FAH-duh), long; faide (FAH-de), longer. daor (day*r), expensive; daoire (DEER-e), more expensive. lidir (LAW*-dir), strong; lidre (LAW*-dre), stronger. milis (MIL-ish), sweet; milse (MIL-she), sweeter. fuar (FOO-uhr), cold; fuiare (FOO-i-re), colder. if the adjective ends in ch, the ch often changes to i in the comparative form. Examples: dreach (dee-RAHK*), straight; dr (DEE-ree), straighter. bacach (bah-KAHK*), lame; baca (BAH-kee), lamer. tuirseach (toor-SHAHK*), tired; tuirs (TOOR-shee), more tired. gnthach (GNOH-huhk*), busy; gntha (GNOH-hee), busier. If the adjective ends in il, the ending in the comparative becomes la. Examples: leisciil (lesh-KYOO-il), lazy; leiscla (lesh-KYOO-luh), lazier. dathil (dah-HOO-il), handsome; dathla (dah-HOO-luh), handsomer. cairdil (kahr-DYOO-il), friendly; cairdila (kahr-DYOO-luh), friendlier. Some adjectives have slightly irregular comparative forms, and a few important ones are very irregular in the comparative. This is similar to English, with its good, better, best. VOCABULARY iseach (AW*-shahk*), handy, convenient dlis (DEE-lish), faithful lir (lay*r), clear, obvious danach (DAY*N-uhk*), late baolach (BWAY*-luhk*), dangerous simpl (SHIM-plee), simple feargach (FAR-uh-guhk*), angry suimiil (sim-OO-il), interesting mall (moul) or (mawl), slow DRILL

Complete these sentences that are examples of how to use the comparative in Irish: Is _______ an scian seo n an forc sin. Use iseach. Is _______ an madra seo n an cat sin. Use dlis. Is _______ an leabhar seo n an litir sin. Use lir. Is _______ tusa n mise. Use danach. Is _______ an bthar seo n an tsrid sin. Use baolach. Is _______ an carr seo n an rothar sin. Use simpl. Is _______ Liam n aon fhear eile at anseo. Use feargach. Is _______ an pictir seo n an leabhar sin. Use suimiil. Is _______ Brian n na buachaill eile. Use mall. The meanings are similar to This knife is more convenient than that fork, which is the translation of the rst sentence. by making use of the general rules in the grammar section above, you should be able to determine that the adjectives in comparative form are: is (AW*-shee), dlse (DEEL-she), lire (LAY*R-e), dana (DAY*N-ee), baola (BWAY*-lee), simpl (SHIM-plee) (no change here), fearga (FAR-uh-gee), suimila (sim-OO-luh), moille (MWIL-e) (an irregular one in spelling but not in pronunciation). CONVERSATION Another help in carrying on a conversation with someone more experienced in the language than you, and in fact with anyone, is to ask questions. A question sets up a reply, so that you will be better able to anticipate what is coming and understand it. This will also let you prepare a reply to the other person, so that the conversation will keep up. Remember the question words: C (kay*), who?; cad (kahd), what?; conas (KUN-uhs), how?; c (kaw*), where? At rst, the only word you will be able to use quickly after them is t or bhfuil, but soon you will begin to introduce other verbs as you continue to speak.

Lesson 60 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW The slender d sound occurs when the nearest vowel in the word is e or i. Pronounce the sound with the tongue tip against the hard ridge behind the upper front teeth. Allow the tongue tip to slide off forward as you make the sound. A slight tendency toward a (dy) sound may be heard. Examples of slender d: D (day*), of God deireadh (DER-uh), end deo (dyoh); go deo, forever Dia (DEE-uh), God dlis (DEEL-ish), faithful dl (dlee), law dleathach (DLA-huhk*), lawful dreoiln (droh-LEEN), wren In the middle or at the end of a word: bdeach (BEE-dyahk*), tiny; Brd (breed), Bridget; buidal (bwi-DAY*L), bottle; mid (may*d), amount; oide (ID-e), teacher; bid (BAW*-id), boats; staidar (STAH-day*r), study; smidim (SMAY*-dim), I wink When aspirated, an initial slender d gets the sound of (y). Try: mo dhcheall (muh YEE-huhl), my best effort; a dhl (uh YLEE), his law; lmh dheas (law*v yas), right hand; a dhream (uh YROUM), resembling (uh yi-ROUM) but run together, his group or crowd. Inside a word, an aspirated slender d may be in a letter group which has a single sound for the group: oidhre (EYE-re), heir. At the end of a word, an aspirated slender d has no sound: lidh s (LAY*-hee shay*), he will read. GRAMMAR We continue with comparison. Last week, you saw that the English form, John is taller than Mary, can become Is taller John than Mary: Is airde Sen n Mire (is AR-de shaw*n naw* MAW*-re). The negative of this is: N airde Sen n Mire: not taller John than Mary. Read these examples, which include adjectives from the groups you met last week: (fuar) N fuaire an seomra seo n an chistin (nee FOO-i*re un SHOHM-ruh shuh naw* un HYISH-tin), this room is not colder than the kitchen. (leisciil) N leiscila Samas n a athair (nee lesh-KYOO-luh SHAY*-muhs naw* uh A-hir), James is not lazier than his father. (salach) N sala an line n an cta (nee SAH-lee un LAY*-ne un KOH-tuh), the shirt is not dirtier than the coat. (fada) N faide an l n an oche (nee FAH-de un law* naw* un EE-he), the day is not longer than the night. The question form is literally: Is taller John than Mary?, or An airde Sen n Mire? Read these examples several times: (lidir) An lidre an fear sin n tusa? (un LAW*-dre un far shin naw* TU-suh), Is that man stronger than you? (compordach) An comporda an chathaoir seo n r dtolg? (un kuhm-POHR-dee un K*AH-heer shuh naw* aw*r DUHL-luhg), Is this chair more comfortable than our sofa? The negative question form should be obvious to you. An example: Nach faide an bord n an leaba? (nahk* FAH-de un bohrd naw* un LAbuh), Isnt the table longer than the bed? VOCABULARY gnthach (GNOH-huhk*), busy lag (lahg), weak irimiil (ER-i-myoo-il), intelligent, clever cliste (KLISH-te), clever cinelta (kin-AW*L-tuh), kind bocht (bohk*t), poor oilte (IL-te), skilled rocach (ROH-kahk*), wrinkled cramach (KOOR-uh-mahk*), careful DRILL Complete these sentences, which contain comparative forms of the adjectives in the Vocabulary. N ________ an cailn n a dearthir (dri-HAW*-ir). Use irimiil. An ________ tusa n Brian? Use lag. Is ________ Nra n a deirr (dri-FOOR). Use cramach. Nach ______ mo mhinteoir n aon mhinteoir eile? Use cinelta. Is ________ an dochtir seo n r ndochtir. Use gnthach.

N _______ sinn n sibh. Use bocht. An _______ mo chta n do line? Use rocach. Is ________ mo mhadra n mo chat. Use cliste. N _______ na saighdiiri (seye-DYOO-i-ree) seo n iad sin. Use oilte. Key: irimila (ER-i-myoo-luh), laige (LAG-e), crama (KOOR-uh-mee), cinelta (kin-AW*L-tuh), gntha (GNOH-hee), boichte (BWIK*-te), roca (ROH-kee), cliste (KLISH-te), oilte (IL-te) Note: the word dearthir means brother, and the word deirr means sister, both words being in the sense of family relationship. Saighdiir means soldier, and its plural is saighdiir. CONVERSATION Sen (shaw*n): ist! T duine ag cnagadh ar an doras. Listen! Someone is knocking at the door. Mire (MAW*-re): C h ann? (kay* hay* oun) Who is there? Sen: Nl a fhios agam, ach gheobhaidh m amach go dreach (neel is uh-GUHM, ahk* YOH-ee may* uh-MAHK* goh dee-RAHK*). I dont know, but I will nd out right away. Osclidh m an doras (oh-SKLOH-ee may* un DUH-ruhs). Il open the door.

Lesson 61 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW English has no sound comparable to Irish broad d. Pronounce it by placing the broadened tongue tip against the back of the upper front teeth, with the front of the tongue along the roof of the mouth before the hard ridge that you can feel behind the upper front teeth. This sound occurs when the nearest vowel in the word is a, o, or u. Try these: d (daw*), two; dath (dah), color; duine (DIN-e), person; doirt (dirt), pour; d (doh), to him; doras (DUH-ruhs), door; damhsa (DOU-suh), dance; dn (doon), close; dlth (dloo), compact. draein (dray*n), drain; droichead (DRUH-huhd), bridge; druid (drid, close in; pdar (POO-duhr), powder; acadamh (ah-KAHD-uhv), academy; airgead (AR-i-guhd), money; bd (baw*d), boat; duilleog (dil-YOHG), leaf; rda (ROH-dee), wayfarer. Where aspirated broad d is sounded, pronounce it like g in English goat. Examples: mo dhoras (muh GUH-ruhs), my door; mo dh dhn (muh gaw* gaw*n), my two poems. Inside a word, or at a word end, aspirated broad d usually indicates a special sound for the letter group in which it is. Examples: deireadh (DER-uh), end; moladh (MUHL-uh), praising; adhmad (EYE-muhd), timber, wood; adhain (EYE-in), kindle. GRAMMAR By now you should have some ability to form the comparative of most adjectives. There are some irregular ones, however. Some are only slightly irregular. Cir (KOH-ir), just, is one. Its comparative is cra (KOH-ruh) instead of cire. Deacair (DAK-uhr), difcult, becomes deacra (DAK-ruh). The most important of the highly irregular ones are in the vocabulary below. VOCABULARY maith (mah), good; fearr (fyaw*r), better beag (byuhg), small; l (loo), smaller mr (mohr), big; m (moh), bigger olc (uhlk), bad; measa (MAS-uh), worse te (te), hot; teo (tyoh), hotter bre (bi-RAW*), ne; bretha (bi-RAW*-huh), ner dcha (DOHK*-uh), likely; dich (DOH-hyee), more likely furasta (FU-ruhs-tuh), easy; fusa (FU-suh), easier DRILL Read these sentences aloud, putting the comparative forms in them. (olc) 1. Is olc an madra sin, ach is _ _ _ _ _ an capail n . (beag) 2. An _ _ _ _ _ an teach (tahk*) seo n r dteach? (te) 3. Nach _ _ _ _ _ an plta n an cupn? (bre) 4. N _ _ _ _ _ an l seo n an l eile. (mr) 5. Is _ _ _ _ _ an cta seo n an cta a bh ort inn (in-YAY*). (dcha) 6. Is _ _ _ _ _ an scal sin n an scal a dinis do chara dinn inn. (furasta) 7. N _ _ _ _ _ an ceacht (kyahk*t) seo n an ceacht a thug (hug) an minteoir (moo-in-TYOHR) dinn. (maith) 8. Nach _ _ _ _ _ na brga seo n iad sin? Key: 1. measa; 2. l; 3. teo; 4. breth; 5. m; 6. dich; 7. fusa; 8. fearr Translations: 1. That dog is bad, but the horse is worse. 2. Is this house smaller than ours? 3. Isnt the plate hotter than the cup? 4. This day isnt ner than the other. 5. This coat is bigger than the one you had on yesterday. 6. That story is more likely than the one your friend told us yesterday. 7. This lesson isnt easier than the one the teacher gave us. 8. Arent these shoes better than those? To put a sentence into this form of comparative in Irish, Change John is taller than Mary to Is taller John than Mary, which then easily becomes Is airde Sen n Mire. After a little practice, you will be able to dispense with this, because the adjective form will come naturally to your mind rst. CONVERSATION Sen (shaw*n): , a Shamais! Nach tusa an fear crga, a bheith amuigh inniu! (oh uh HAY*-mish. nahk* TU-suh un far KROH-guh, uh ve uhMWEE in-YOO). Oh, James! Arent you the brave man to be out today! Samas (SHAY*-muhs): Lig isteach m (lig iish-TYAHK* may*). Is fuaire an l seo n l eile ar bith a raibh m amuigh ann (is FOO-i-re un

law* shuh naw* law* EL-e er bi uh rev may* uh-MWEE oun). Let me in. This day is colder than any other I was out in. Sen: Agus is measa na bithre sa chathair n na bithre i lr na hise. (AH-guhs is MAS-uh nuh BOH-i-re suh K*AH-hir naw* nuh BOH-i-re i law*r nuh HAW*-she). And the roads in the city are worse than the roads in the center of Asia. Mire: N b i do sheasamh ag an doras oscailte. Tar isteach go tapaidh. (naw* bee i duh HAS-uhv eg un DUHR-uhs OH-skil-te. tahr ishTYAHK* goh TAHP-ee). Dont be standing at the open door. Come inside quickly.

Lesson 62 The letter f in Irish can have either a slender or broad pronunciation. If the nearest vowel in the word is e or i, the f is slender. Pronounce it with the lower lip outside, and touching, the edges of the upper front teeth. Do not start with the lower lip behind the upper front teeth. Examples: fin (fay*n), self; feicim (FEK-im), I see; ll (l), return; for (FEE-uhr), true; fear (far), man; feachtas (FAK*-tuhs), campaign; feidhm (feyem), effect, use; feabhas (fous), improvement; feall (fyoul), treachery; (fyoo), worth; fe (fyaw*), fathom; eiscn (esh-KEEN), hyphen; e (aw*), festival; i (oo), inuenza; frdn (free-DEEN), germ; freisin (FRESH-in), also; friothil (fri-HAW*-il), serving; freagra (FRAG-ruh), answer. Inside a word: difrocht (DIF-ree-uhk*t), difference; diftire (dif-TAY*R-e), diptheria; ifeacht (AY*-fuhk*t), effectiveness; gifeach (GAW*-fuhk*), dangerous; paimid (pahm-FLAY*D), pamphlet; raidhl (REYE-l), rie; taifeadn (TAF-uh-daw*n), tape recorder; teilifs (TEL-e-feesh), television. Sometimes f inside a word is pronounced (h) or omitted. The future tense is an example: feicdh m (FEK-hee may*), I shall see Aspirated slender f has no sound: mo fhear (muh AR), my man. GRAMMAR The equivalent of John is the best driver here is: Is Sen an tiomna is fearr anseo (shay* shaw*n un ti-MAW*-nee is fyaw*r un-SHUH), meaning literally, Is he John the best driver here. Some other examples to familiarize you with this way of expressing what is called the superlative in English: Is Mire an cailn is irimila sa rang (shee MAW*-re un kah-LEEN is ER-i-myool-uh suh rahng), Mary is the most intelligent girl in the class. Is sin an fear is airde san arm (shay* shin un FAR is AR-de suhn AHR-ruhm), That is the tallest man in the Army. An an bord is sle ? (un ay* un BOHRD is EESH-le ay*), Is it the lowest table? N h Brian an t-oibr is measa (TIB-ree is MAS-uh) de na pist (PAW* shtee), Brian is not the worst worker of the children. Is tusa an bdir is crama (is TU-suh un baw*-DOH-ir is KOOR-uh-mee), You are the most careful boatman. Nach seo an seomra is teo (tyoh) sa teach?, Isnt this the warmest room in the house? Note that the adjective form (for example, airde) is the same for the superlative as for the comparative. It is the difference in sentence form that indicates whether the comparative or the superlative is intended. VOCABULARY amadn, un t-amadn (AHM-uh-daw*n, un TAHM-uh-daw*n), fool (man or boy) amideach (AHM-i-dyuhk*), foolish; amaid (AHM-i-dee), more foolish aosta (AY*S-tuh), old; aosta, old bog (bohg), soft; boige (BWIG-e), softer ciallmhar (KEEL-vwuhr), sensible; ciallmhaire (KEEL-vwir-e), more sensible seal (EE-shuhl), low; sle (EESH-le), lower leathan (LA-huhn), wide; leithne (LE-ne), wider glan (gluhn), clean; glaine (GLIN-e), cleaner nata (NAY*-tuh), neat; nata, neater riachtanach (REE-uhk*-tuhn-uhk*), necessary; riachtana (REE-uhk*-tuhn-ee), more necessary DRILL Form sentences based on the patterns: Is airde Sen n Samas and Is Sen an fear is airde sa seomra, using the following word groups: amaideach, Nrian, Liam; buachaill, scoil. aosta, Nra, Diarmaid (DEER-mwid); an bhean (un van), cathair. ciallmhar, Mire, Siobhn (shi-VAW*N); banaltra, ospidal (OHS-pi-day*l). nata, Seoirse (SHOR-she), Mchel (MEE-haw*l); minteoir, ar scoil. bog, cathaoir (KAH-heer), tolg (TUHL-luhg); ceann, teach. leathan, nuachtn, leabhar; pipar, seomra. seal, bord seo, bord sin; ceann, cistin. glan, cat, madra; rud, gairdn. Key: Is amaid Brian n Liam; Is Brian an buchaill is amaid sa scoil. Is aosta Nra n Diarmaid; Is Nra an bhean is aosta sa chathair. Is ciallmhaire Mire n Siobhn; Is Mire an bhanaltra (VAHN-uhl-truh) is caillmhaire san ospidal. (Ospidal is hospital.) Is nata Seoirse n Mchel; Is Seoirse an minteoir is nata in r scoil. (in our school). Is boige an chathaoir n an tolg; Is an chathaoir an ceann is boige sa teach (the softest one in the house). Is leithne an nuachtn n an leabhar; Is an nuachtn an pipar is leithne sa seomra. Is sle an bord seo n an bord sin; Is an bord seo an ceann is sle sa chistin. Is glaine an cat n an madra; Is an cat an rud is glaine sa ghairdn (gahr-DEEN).

Lesson 63 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW In Irish, f gets its broad sound when the nearest vowel in the word is a, o or u. Begin the broad sound of f with the lower lip against the edge of the upper front teeth. Then move both lips outward as you make the (f) sound. Try: f (faw*), under; fada (FAH-duh), long; fadhb (feyeb), problem; fd (fohd), sod; foghlaim (FOU-lim), learn; folamh (FUHL-uhv), empty; foirm (FWIR-rim), form; fuar (FOO-uhr), cold. fud (fud), ar fud, all through; fuiseog (fwi-SHOHG), lark (bird); fabhra (FOU-ruh), eyelash; faobhar (FAY*-vwuhr), sharpness; faoilen (fweeLAW*N), seagull; aithiil (a-HOO-il), generous; fraoch (FRAY*-uhk*), heather; frog (frohg), frog. Note that sometimes the broad f sound may be immediately followed by a sound resembling English (w). Compare f (fee), weaving, which has a slender (f) as described in the previous lesson, with faoi (fwee), under, and its broad (f). The nal (ee) in both words is the same, but the fs differ. Fill (l), return, and fuil (fwil), blood, supply another example. Examples of broad f inside a word: marfir (mahr-FOH-ir), killer; neafais (NYA-fwish), a trie; profa (PROH-fuh), printers proof; ra (RAW*-uh), rumor; scafaire (SKAH-fuhre), a hearty man; scrofa (SHKREE-fuh), written; tafann (TAH-fuhn), barking; triuf (truf), club (cards). In the future tense and a few other instances, broad f in a word has an (h) sound: dnfaidh s (DOON-hee shay*), he will close; afraigh de (FEE-huhr-ee de), ask him. Aspirated broad f has no sound: mo fhadhb (muh eyeb), my problem. GRAMMAR The Irish verb t can also serve in comparisons, to form the equivalent of John is stronger than James. The form is: T Sen nos lidre n Samas (taw* shaw*n nees LAW*-dre naw* SHAY*-muhs). In the future tense, John will be stronger than James, The form is: Beidh Sen nos lidre n Samas. In the past tense, you can say nos lidre, too: Bh Sen nos lidre n Samas, but a slightly different way is also common: Bh Sen n ba lidre n Samas (vee shaw*n nee buh LAW*dre naw* SHAY*-muhs). The ba here is the past tense of is. You have met the present tense of is but not the past yet. You can also join the form nos lidre with other verbs. Example: ironn s nos ille gach l (eye-REE-uhn shee nees AW*-il-ye gahk* law*), she grows more beautiful each day. T can also help you to form superlatives, such as He is the strongest man here. The form is: T s ar an bhfear is lidre anseo (taw* shay* er un var is LAW*-dre un-SHUH). You are saying literally: He is on the man is best here. Another example: T Sen ar an scolire is irimila sa rang (taw* shaw*n er un skuh-LAW*-re is ER-i-myoo-luh suh rahng), John is the most intelligent student in the class. VOCABULARY ciin, ciine (KYOO-in, KYOO-in-e), quiet, quieter; gorm, goirme (GUH-ruhm, GIR-i-me), blue, bluer; rua, rua (ROO-uh) or (roh), red-haired, with redder hair; sean, sine (shan, SHIN-e), old, older; daor, daoire (day*r, DEER-e), dear, expensive; dearer, more expansive; trom, troime (truhm, TRIM-e), heavy, heavier; aib, aib (A-bee), ripe, riper; cairdiil, cairdila (kahr-DYOO-il, kahr-DYOO-luh), friendly, friendlier; dearg, deirge (DYAR-ruhg, DYER-i-ge), red, redder; saibhir, saibhre (SEYE-vir, SEYE-vir-e), rich, richer; anuraidh (uh-NOOR-ee), last year DRILL Form comparatives by using is and t with the following word groups. The rst is an example. Brian, cairdiil, a athair. Is cairdiil Brian n a athair (is kahr-DYOO-luh BREE-uhn naw* uh A-hir); t Brian nos cairdila n a athair. An cailn seo, sean, an piste sin. Na hlla seo (nuh HOOL-uh shuh), aib, na cinn sin (nuh kin shin). (ll means apple; cinn is the plural of ceann, meaning one). An rothar, ciin, mo charr. An t-ll seo, dearg, an ceann sin. An leabhar, trom, nuachtn. Key: Is sine an cailn seo n an piste sin (is SHIN-e un kah-LEEN shuh naw* un PAW*SH-te shin). T an cailn seo nos sine n an piste sin. Is aib na hlla seo n na cinn sin. T na hlla seo nos aib n na cinn sin. Is ciine an rothar n mo charr. T an rothar nos ciine n mo charr. Is deirge an t-ll seo n an ceann sin. T an t-ll seo nos deirge n an ceann sin. Is troime an leabhar n an nuachtn. T an leabhar nos troime n an nuachtn.

Lesson 64 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW The sound for slender g in English resembles the English sound for g in the words give and get, except that the Irish sound is pronounced with the point of the tongue lower in the mouth and with the sides of the tongue pressed against the upper back teeth. The slender sound occurs when the nearest vowel in the word is e or i. Examples of slender g at the beginning of a word: geit (get), a sudden start; gar (gyay*r), sharp; gearr (gyahr), short; geoin (GYOH-in), noise; gile (GIL-e), whiteness; giis (GYOO-ish), pine tree; gleic (glek), contest; gl (glay*), bright; glic (glik), clever; gleann (gloun), glen. gleacaocht (GLAK-ee-ohk*t), physical exercise; gleo (gloh), noise; glimil (GLOO-maw*-il), fumbling; gn (gnay), species; gnomhaire (GNEEV-uh-re), agent; greim (grem), a bite; grasa (GRAY*-see), shoemaker; gread (grad), thrash; grian (GREE-uhn), sun. You will notice that in some of the words above, you tend to add an additional (i) sound after the (g), as in grasa. Examples of slender g inside or at the end of a word: cigire (KIG-i-re), inspector; gir (g-YOOR), gure; ligim (LIG-im), I allow; ligear (LAY*-guhr), siege; smig (smig), chin; meirg (MER-ig), rust; oig (IF-ig), ofce; seilg (SHEL-ig), hunt. Note that the combination ng has its own sound; the (g) sound rarely follows it. Pingin, a penny, is (PING-in), not (PING-gin). When a slender g at the beginning of a word is aspirated, as in gag (GAY*-uhg), arm; mo ghag (muh YAY*-uhg), my arm, the sound is very close to English (y), but there should be a trace of (g) in it, too. Examples, some of which are difcult to pronounce at rst, are: an gh (un YAY*), the goose; ghearr s (YAHR shay*), he cut; bean ghlic (ban ylik), a clever women. If aspirated inside a word, slender g may have an (eye) sound: oighear (EYE-uhr), ice; leigheas (leyes), medicine, remedy. GRAMMAR A few nal pointers on comparative and superlative usage before we continue to other topics. The phrases nos lidre (nees LAW*-dre) and is lidre (is LAW*-dre) can serve in simple sentences to indicate that something is stronger or strongest. The form is: Feicim an fear is lidre (FEK-im un far is LAW*-dre), I see the strongest man. Tabhair dom ceann nos lidre (TOO-ir duhm kyoun nees LAW*-dre), Give me a stronger one. In the past, the forms change slightly: Chonaic s an fear ba lidre (k*uh-NIK shay* un far buh LAW*-dre), He saw the strongest man. Fuair s ceann nba lidre (FOO-ir shay* kyoun NEE-buh LAW*-dre), He got a stronger one. If an adjective begins with a vowel or f before a vowel, the past forms contain ab or nib, as in: g, young: ab ige, nb ige; (ahb OH-i-ge, neeb OH-i-ge); maith, good: ab fhearr, nb fhearr (ahb AHR, neeb AHR). Examples of sentences with these forms: Chuala s an scal ab aosta (K*OO-uh-luh shay* un shkay*l ahb AY*S-tuh), He heard the oldest story. Shuigh s ar an stl ab sle (hee shay* er un stohl ahb EESH-le), He sat on the lowest stool. Bh m ar an traein nb fhaide (vee may* er tray*n neeb A-de), I was on the longer train. Thinig s ar an l ab fhuaire (HAW*-nig shee er an law* ahb OO-i-re), She came on the coldest day. Bh duine nb oilte uainn (vee DIN-e neeb IL-te WOO-in), We wanted a more skilled person. VOCABULARY Masculine Nouns filire (FAY*-li-re), calendar; iasc (EE-uhsk). an t-iasc, sh; gn (gnoh), business; paiste (PAHSH-te), patch; sort (sohrt), sort, kind Feminine Nouns min, an mhin (MOH-in, un VWOH-in), turf, peat; litir (LI-tir), letter; pirc, an phirc (paw*rk, un faw*rk), grassy eld, park aib (A-bee), ripe; minte (MOO-in-te), polite; ceanil (kan-OO-il), loving, fond; sln (slaw*n), safe DRILL Form Irish sentences from these elements: We got: a better calendar; the best calendar. They bought: wetter turf; the wettest turf. I read (past): a longer letter; the longest letter. Did you ever see: the younger girl; the youngest girl? Where was: a dryer eld; the dryest eld? They asked him for: the ripest apple; a riper apple.

Key: Fuaireamar filire nb fhearr (FOO-ir-uh-muhr FAY*-li-re neeb ahr); fuaireamar an filire ab fhearr (ahb ahr). Cheannaigh siad min nba fhliche (HYAN-ee SHEE-uhd MOH-in NEE-buh LI-hye). Leigh m litir nb fhaide (lay* may* LI-tir neeb A-de); leigh m an litir ab fhaide (ahb A-de). An bhfaca t riamh an cailn nb ige? (un VAHK-uh too reev un kah-LEEN neeb OH-i-ge); an bhfaca t riamh an cailn ab ige? C raibh pirc n ba thirime? (kaw* rev paw*rk NEE-buh HIR-i-me); c raibh an phirc ba thirime? (un faw*rk buh HIR-i-me). Diarr siad an t-ll ab aib air (deer SHEE-uhd un tool ahb A-bee er); diarr siad ll nb aib air (ool neeb A-bee er).

Lesson 65 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW When a g is near a, o or u in an Irish word, it is called a broad g. Pronounce it like the g in the English words go and good, but try to press the sides of the tongue against the upper back teeth and use more force than with the English equivalent. Examples: g (gaw*), a need; gairdn (gahr-DEEN), garden; g (goh), a doubt; gual (GOO-uhl), coal; gabhar (GOU-uhr), goat; gire (GAW*-i-re), laughter; gadhar (GEYE-uhr), dog; gann (goun), scarce; gob (guhb), beak; glm (glaw*m), a group; glan (gluhn), clean; glaise (GLASH-e), greenness; glr (glohr), a voice; glin (GLOO-in), knee; gnth (gnaw*), usual; gn (gnoh), business; gns (gnoos), grunt; gr (graw*), love; gradam (GRAH-duhm), an honor; gr (groh), crowbar; grod (gruhd), hasty; gruaig (GROO-ig), hair. If the broad g comes just before a slender vowel, there is often a sound like English (uh) or (w) between the two. Examples: ae and ao are pronounced (ay*), so gaelach Irish or Gaelic, may sound somewhat like (GWAY*-luhk*), and gaoth wind, may resemble (gway*), but the g is nevertheless pronounced as for g. In the word goid, to steal, the o tells you that g gets its broad sound. The o is not pronounced. The word sounds slightly like (gwid), although our simplied pronunciation guide gives (gid); you must remember to give the g its broad sound. Gu, to pray, is similar. The broad g sound causes the word to resemble (gwee) somewhat, although our pronunciation guide gives (gee). With combinations like gl, gn and gr, this effect is not as apparent. Gloine (GLIN-e), glass; gnaoi (gnee), affection; gro (gree), sturdy, are examples. All have the broad g, of course. Pronounce an aspirated broad g at the beginning of a word as if it were unaspirated: gairdn (gahr-DEEN); mo ghairdn (muh gahr-DEEN). Sometimes the back of the tongue is lowered slightly to let a little air past, but this is not very noticeable in most modern pronunciation. An aspirated broad g inside a word is usually part of a letter group with a special sound which has no (g) in it: togha (TOU-uh), election; faghairt (FEYE-irt), eagerness. GRAMMAR In English, you can say either The son pays the bill or The bill is paid by the son. In Irish, you know how to say only ocann an mac an bille (EEK-uhn un MAHK un BIL-e). In Irish, this is the most common and the preferred way to express the English form. If, however, you dont want to say who pays the bill, or dont know, there is another form that can be used and is common in Irish. It is the free form or autonomous form. Examples: octar an bille (EEK-tuhr un BIL-e), the bill is paid (meaning that someone pays the bill). Dntar an doras (DOON-tuhr un DUH-ruhs), the door is closed (meaning that someone closes the door). Cloistear (KLISH-tuhr ay*), he is heard. Bailtear na nuachtin (BAHL-ee-tuhr nuh NOO-uhk*-taw*-in), the newspapers are collected (meaning that someone collects them). Feictear iad (FEK-tuhr EE-uhd), they are seen. The rule: Add tear or tar to the imperative or basic part of the verb. Tear if the nearest vowel is e or i; tar if it is a, o or u. Examples: cuir, cuirtear (kir, KIR-tuhr ay*), it is put glan, glantar (gluhn, GLUHN-tuhr ay*), it is cleaned For verbs like ceannaigh and deisigh: ceannatear (KAN-ee-tuhr ay*), it is bought deistear (DESH-ee-tuhr ay*), it is repaired For verbs like oscail and freagair: osclatear (OH-sklee-tuhr ay*), it is opened freagratear (FRAG-ree-tuhr ay*), it is answered Learn the proverb: N mar a shltear, btear (nee muhr HEEL-tuhr, BEE-tuhr). Containing two of these free forms, it means Not as it is thought, does it be, or Things are not as they seem. Btear is the free form of bonn (BEE-uhn); bm breoite (beem BROY-te) means I am ailing or I am continually ill. DRILL Cuir Gaeilge ar na h-abairt seo leanas (kir GAY*-lig-e er nuh HAH-bir-tee shuh LAN-uhs), put Irish on the following sentences: He is listened to; letters are written daily; much milk is drunk here; work is done in the other room; autos are repaired there; people come here often; Irish is spoken here; it is believed; people go there now and again. Key: istear leis (AY*SH-tuhr lesh); scrobhtar litreacha gach l (SHKREEV-tuhr LI-trahk*-uh gahk* law*); ltar mrn bainne anseo (OHLtuhr moh-RAW*N BAHN-ye un-SHUH); dantar obair sa seomra eile (DAY*N-tuhr OH-bir suh SHOHM-ruh EL-e); deistear gluaistein ann (DESH-ee-tuhr GLOOSH-taw*-in oun); tagtar anseo go minic (TAHG-tuhr un-SHUH goh MIN-ik); labhratear Gaeilge anseo (LOU-ree-tuhr

GAY*-lig-e un-SHUH); creidtear (KRED-tuhr ay*); titear ann anois agus ars (TAY-tuhr oun un-NISH AH-guhs uh-REESH). Note that in English you cannot say, It is come here often. Instead, you must use some expression such as People come here or This place is frequented, etc. The Irish free form corresponds largely to the English passive but is perhaps more useful. Note also that what you have learned in this lesson covers only the present tense. The free form for past and future differ in the word ending, as you will see.

Lesson 66 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW You should be familiar now with the difference between broad and slender sounds in Irish, especially at the start of words. You must practice pronouncing them when they are inside or at the end of words, too, if you are to develop a proper blas (blahs), or accent. Some English words will illustrate this. The word epic has a slender c, while the word epoch has a broad c. Note the difference. Now try these Irish pairs: meirg (MER-ig), rust dearg (DYAR-ruhg), red bic (bay*k), scream blaosc (blay*sk), skull lic (lay*k), a failing leac (lak), agstone big (big), a form of beag beag (byuhg), small circe (KIR-ke), of a hen Corcaigh (KOHR-kee), Cork gairid (GAH-rid), short carad (KAHR-uhd), of a friend Corcaigh tends toward (KOHR-kwee). You will hear the differences in sounds clearly in the speech of cainteoir dchais (keyen-TYOHR-ee DOOK*-ish), or native speakers of Irish. GRAMMAR Dantar anseo (DAY*N-tuhr un-SHUH ay*) means It is made here. This free form (called saorbhriathar (say*r-VREE-huhr) or free verb in Irish) can be put into the negative and question form, too, and into direct speech. In the negative: N dhantar anseo (nee YAY*N-tuhr un-SHUH ay*), It is not made here. N osclatear an siopa roimh a deich a chlog (nee OH-sklee-tuhr un SHOHP-uh rev uh de uh k*luhg), The store is not opened before ten oclock. In the negative, n aspirates the initial consonant if possible. For the question: An ndantar in irinn ? (un NAY*N-tuhr) in AY*R-in ay*), Is it made in Ireland? An ltar mrn bainne i gCeanada? (un OHL-tuhr muh-RAW*N BAHN-ye i GAN-uh-duh), Is much milk drunk in Canada? An eclipses the rst consonant of the free form, if possible. Nach and go also eclipse: Nach ndantar sa Ghearmin (nahk* NAY*N-tuhr suh YAR-maw*-in ay*), Isnt it made in Germany? Slim (SHEEL-im) go ndantar sa Ghearmin ; I think that it is made in Germany. Is dcha go ndeirtear in irinn sin (is DOHK*-uh goh NER-tuhr in AY*R-in ay* shin), Its probable that that is said in Ireland. Dirt Samas go bhfeictear go minic (DOO-irt SHAY*-muhs goh VEK-tuhr goh MIN-ik ee), James said that she is seen often. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns Meicsiceo (MEK-shi-koh), Mexico; Sasana (SAH-suh-nuh), England; Barla (BAY*R-luh), English (language) Feminine nouns an Fhrainc (un RANK), an Ghearmin (un YAR-maw*-in), Germany; Ceanada (KAN-uh-duh), Canada; an Spinn (un SPAW*-in), Spain; an Iodil (un i-DAW*-il), Italy; Albain (AHL-uh-bin), Scotland; teanga (TANG-uh), language; Fraincis, an Fhraincis (FRANK-ish, un RANK-ish), French (language); Gearminis, an Ghearminis (GAR-maw*-nish, un YAR-maw*-nish), German (language); Spinnis, an Spinnis (SPAW*nish), Spanish (language); Iodilis, an Iodilis (i-DAW*-lish), Italian (language) thar lear (huhr lar), abroad minim, ag mineadh (MOO-in-im, uh MOO-in-uh), teach, instruct craolaim, ag craoladh (KRAY*-lim, uh KRAY*-luh), broadcast clim, ag cl (KLOH-im, uh KLOH), print clnn s (klohn shay*), he prints uaireanta (OO-i-ran-tuh), sometimes, now and again de ghnth (de GNAW*), generally go hannamh (goh HAHN-uhv), rarely DRILL (Cleachtadh (KLAK*-tuh) Form questions and answers according to this example: Cn teanga a labhratear i Sicego? (kay*n TANG-uh uh LOU-ree-tuhr i shi-KAW*goh), what language is spoken in Chicago. Labhratear Barla i Sicego. An labhratear an Spinnis i Sicego? N labhratear ann (oun ee) Work with these groups: ire (AY*-re); Gaeilge (GAY*-lig-e); an Iodilis. Meicsiceo; an Spinnis; an Ghearminis. An Fhrainc; an Fhraincis; Barla. An Ghearmin; an Ghearminis; an Iodilis. An Iodil; an Iodilis; Gaeilge. Ceanada; Barla agus an Fhraincis; an Ghearminis.

KEY: Cn teanga a labhratear in irinn? (in AY*R-in); labhratear Gaeilge in irinn; an labhratear an Iodilis in irinn? n labhratear ann . Cn teanga a labhratear i Meicsiceo? labhratear an Spinnis i Meicsiceo; an labhratear an Ghearminis i Meicsiceo?; n labhratear ann . Cn teanga a labhratear sa Fhrainc? (suh RANK); labhratear an Fhraincis sa Fhrainc; an labhratear Barla sa Fhrainc?; n labhratear ann . Cn teanga a labhratear sa Ghearmin? (suh YAR-maw*-in); labhratear an Ghearminis sa Ghearmin; an labhratear an Iodilis sa Ghearmin?; n labhratear ann . Cn teanga a labhratear i gCeanada? (i GAN-uh-duh); labhratear Barla agus an Fhraincis i gCeanada; an labhratear an Ghearminis i gCeanada? n labhratear ann . Combine the words min, craol, and cligh (clitear is the free form) with the languages in the Vocabulary and with uaireanta, de ghnth, and go hannamh to form sentences containing the free form. For example: Craoltar an Ghearminis uaireanta in Albain (KRAY*Ltuhr un YAR-maw*-nish OO-i-ran-tuh in AHL-uh-bin), German is broadcast sometimes in Scotland.

Lesson 67 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW The letter l, like other Irish consonants, has two sounds. The broad sound occurs when the nearest vowel in the word is a, o, or u. The broad sound is clearest when the letter l begins the word. In pronouncing l, widen the tongue and force it against the back of the upper front teeth. The sound will differ from the English pronunciation, in which you probably touch the tongue tip to the roof of the mouth while keeping the tongue narrowed. Pronounce these words containing the broad l sound: l (law*), day; l (loh), in de l is doche, day and night; l (loo), smaller, smallest. The next sound after a broad l can be a slender (ay*) or (ee) sound, as in: lae (lay*), of a day (men lae (myaw*n lay*) is midday or noon); lu (lee), lying down. The slender l sound occurs when the nearest vowel in the word is e or i. For slender l at the beginning of a word, curl your tongue downward so that the tongue is raised to touch the upper teeth and the hard ridge behind them, while the tip touches the back of the lower front teeth. Pronounce these words with initial slender l sound: le (le), with; leat (lat), with you; lon (LEE-uhn), linen; lan (lay*n), sorrow; liom (luhm), with me; leo (loh), with them. Do not add a (y) sound to the l. Inside a word, or at a word end, l is often pronounced like English l, with the tongue narrower and touching the roof of the mouth close behind the upper front teeth. GRAMMAR We continue with the free form or saorbhriathar (say*r-VREE-huhr). The sentence Dnaim an doras (DOON-im un DUH-ruhs) means I close the door, but Dntar an doras is translated as Someone closes the door, or The door is closed by someone, or even The door gets closed by someone. This Irish sentence differs in meaning from T an doras dnta (DOON-tuh), which means that at the present time the door is closed and not open. English is not as clear in meaning in this respect as is Irish. Other forms for the saorbhriathar in the present tense: N dhntar an doras ar a seacht a chlog (nee GOON-tuhr un DUH*ruhs er uh shahk*t uh k*luhg), The door is not closed at seven, no one closes the door at seven. An ndntar go moch ? (un NOON-tuhr goh mohk* ay*), Is it closed early?, Does someone close it early? Nach ndntar an fhuinneog gach l? (nahk* NOON-tuhr un in-YOHG gahk* law*), Isnt the window closed every day?, Doesnt someone close the window every day? If the verb root ends in a slender consonant, which is one with an e or an i closest to it, the ending of the saorbhriathar is _ _ _ tear. This ending is pronounced (tuhr), but with a slender t. Min becomes mintear (MOO-in-tuhr), it is taught. With verbs like oscail or imigh or ceannaigh, the forms are: osclatear (OHSK-lee-tuhr), it is opened; imtear (IM-ee-tuhr), it is departed, people depart; ceannatear (KAN-ee-tuhr), it is bought. The saorbhriathar can combine with other phrases that you have learned. Examples: Deir s go gceannatear brga ann (der shay* goh GAN-ee-tuhr BROHG-uh oun), he says that shoes are bought there. Is digh liom nach litear (LAY*-tuhr) sa tr seo ; I think that it is not read in this country. C ndoltar iad? (kaw* NEEL-tuhr EE-uhd), Where are they sold? VOCABULARY Masculine nouns foirgneamh (FWIR-gi-nuhv), building; rasn, an t-rasn (un TAW*-ruh-saw*n), apartment building Feminine nouns monarcha, an mhonarcha (un VWOHN-uhr-huh), factory; saortharlann, an tsaortharlann (un TAY*-uhr-luhn), laboratory feictear dom (FEK-tuhr duhm), it seems to me gurb ea (GUR-ruhb a), that it is; nach ea (nahk* a), that it is not DRILL Feictear dom go bhfuil s sa scoil (goh vwil shay* suh skuhl), It seems to me that he is in school. Feictear dom gur nuachtn (gur NOO-uhk*-taw*n ay*), It seems to me that it is a newspaper.

Feictear dom gurb ea, It seems to be that it is. Feictear dom nach foirgneamh sin, It seems to me that that is not a building. Feictear dom nach ea, It seems to me that it isnt. N fheictear dom gurb ea (nee EK-tuhr duhm GUR-ruhb a), It doesnt seem to me that it is. Feictear dom go n-aontatear leis (goh NAY*N-tee-tuhr lesh), It seems to me that people agree with him. Feictear dom nach dtuigtear an t-bhar sin (nahk* DIG-tuhr un TAW*-vwuhr shin), it seems to me that that subject is not understood. Make use of feictear dom with these verbs, in the afrmative (with go) form and negative (nach) form: crochnaigh (KREE-uhk*-nee), nish; deisigh (DESH-ee), repair; clois (klish), hear; glan (gluhn), clean. Add nouns to the sentences, too, such as obair, carr or bord.

Lesson 68 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Pronounce the sound for an m which is near a, o, or u with your lips out and rounded. Practice on: m (maw*), if; mr (mohr), big; mnla (MOON-luh), a mold; muc (muk), pig; mac (mahk), son; maith (mah), good; molaim (MUHL-im), I praise; mn (muh-NAW*), women. Inside a word or at a word end: cumann (KU-muhn), a society; plms (PLAW*-maw*s), attery; cam (koum), crooked; msach (OH-moh-sahk*), respectful; bromach (BRUH-muhk*), colt; taom (tay*m), a t. When the nearest vowel in the word is e or i, pronounce the m with lips in close to the teeth and spread slightly sideways, as in a faint smile. Practice on: m (may*), I; mn (meen), smooth; meirg (MER-rig), rust; minic (MIN-ik), often. Inside a word or at a word end: bm (beem), I be; cim (kay*m), a step, degree: rimir (RAY-mir), a prex; cime (KI-me), a captive; aimsir (EYEM-sheer), season; smar (smay*r), berry GRAMMAR The free form or saorbhriathar (say*r-VREE-huhr) for t is tthar (TAW*-huhr). Here is an example to show you its use: T s ag rith (uh ri) means she is running. Tthar ag rith means Someone is running or People are running. Another example is: T siad ag lamh an leabhair (uh lay*v un LOU-wir), meaning They are reading the book. Tthar ag lamh an leabhair means The book is being read or People are reading the book. The negative for tthar is nltear (NEEL-tuhr), and an example of its use is Nltear ag sil (uh shool), meaning No one is walking. Questions can be asked by means of an bhfuiltear (un VWIL-tuhr) or nach bhfuiltear. For example, An bhfuiltear ag lamh an leabhair sin? is Are people reading that book? These forms can serve in indirect speech, too. Deir Sen go bhfuiltear ag sil is John says that people are walking. Sometimes the free form is in the rst part of a sentence like this. An example is Feictear dom go bhfuiltear ag caitheamh tobac (uh KAH-huhv toh-BAHK), which is It seems to me that people are smoking. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns eolas, an t-eolas (un TOH-luhs), knowledge of a subject or place, rather than of a fact. glas (glahs),, a lock poll eochrach (poul OHK*-ruhk*), keyhole poll na heochrach (poul nuh HOHK*-ruhk*), the keyhole Feminine nouns eochair, an eochair (un OHK*-hir), key aerg, an aerg (un ay*r-ROHG), aerial of a radio or TV set leaba (LA-buh), bed sreang, an tsreang (srang, un trang), wire caibidil, an chaibidil (un K*AH-bi-dil), chapter DRILL Make four sentences out of each of the word groups below. The example of what to do follows the rst group. Bris (brish), break; na cupin (nuh ku-PAW*-in), the cups; na plta (nuh PLAW*-tee), the plates. An mbristear (MRISH-tuhr) na cupin? N bhristear (VRISH-tuhr) iad. Nach mbristear na plti? Bristear iad. Are the cups broken? (Do people break the cups?) They are not. Arent the plates broken? (Dont people break the plates?) They are. Dol (DEE-uhl), sell; bainne anseo (BAHN-ye un-SHUH), milk here; caife anseo (KAHF-e un-SHUH), coffee here. Min (MOO-in), teach; an Fhraincis ann (un RANK-ish oun), French there; an Iodilis ann (un i-DAW*-lish oun), Italian there. l (ohl), drink; beoir anseo (BYOH-ir un-SHUH), beer here; tae amhin anseo (tay* uh-WOYN un-SHUH). Mnigh (MEEN-ee), explain; an ceacht go soilir (un kyahk*t goh suh-LAY*R), the lesson clearly; an chaibidil sin go maith (goh MAH), that chapter well.

Oscail (OH-skil), open; an chad dhoras ar maidin (un hyay*d GUH-ruhs er MAH-din), the rst door in the morning; an dara doras tar is sin (un DUH-ruh DUH-ruhs tuhr-AY*SH shin), the second door after that. Key to 2. to 6. above: An ndoltar bainne anseo? N dholtar anseo . Nach ndoltar caife anseo? Doltar anseo . An mintear an Fhraincis ann? N mhintear ann . Nach mintear an Iodilis ann? Mintear ann . An ltar beoir anseo? N ltar anseo . Nach n-ltar tae amhin anseo? ltar anseo . An mnitear go soilir . Nach mnitear an chaibidil sin go maith? Mnitear go maith . An osclatear (un OH-sklee-tuhr) an chad dhoras ar maidin? N osclatear . Nach n-osclatear an dara doras tar is sin? Osclatear tar is sin . Notes: Usually when you change to the free form, a word follows the free form. The word may be the original noun, such as bainne or an Fhraincis, or it may be a pronoun, such as , , or iad. Adverbs and other words may be repeated, too, or left out, depending on the meaning that you want to convey and on how briey you wish to express yourself. Remember that an and nach eclipse the rst consonant of the next verbal form where possible, and that nach causes an n to precede a vowel starting the next word, as in nach n-ltar.

Lesson 69 When n starts a word and the nearest vowel in the word is a, o or u, pronounce this n by spreading the tongue and pressing it against the upper front teeth. Practice this broad n sound in: n, n, nuair (NOO-ir), nach, nocht. If n begins a word but the nearest vowel is e or i, pronounce the n with the tongue tip on the hard rim behind the upper front teeth. You will often hear a faint (y) sound as you continue pronouncing the rest of the word. Practice this sound in: nad (nay*d) or (nyay*d), n, nead (nyad), neimh (nev), neodrach (NYOH-druhk*). If the n is inside or at the end of a word, pronounce it as you do in English. Practice on: ln, rn, anuas (uh-NOO-uhs), min (MOH-in), lean (lan), glanaim. If a double n inside a word is near an e or i, pronounce it (ny). Examples: bainne (BAHN-ye), tinneas (TIN-yuhs). Double n at a word end following i may get a (n) or (ny) sound, the latter being close to (ng). Examples: linn (lin) or (liny); lainn (AW*-lin) or (AW*-liny). The (ny) sound makes a combination like lainn sound (AW*-lin yay*). REFLEX EXPRESSIONS Learn these expressions for quick use in thought and speech: Card faoi? (kay*rd fwee), What about it? Card ftsa? (kay*rd FOOT-suh), What about you? Card fthu? (kay*rd FOO-huh), What about them? Tamall shin (TAH-muhl oh hin), a while ago. Is duitse seo (is DIT-she ay* shuh), This is for you. COMHR (KOH-raw*), CONVERSATION In this weeks long conversation, we will break up the sentences into phrases by hyphenation, to give you practice in working by phrases, something which is important in learning Irish. Go over each sentence in Irish until you can say it easily and understand what is meant, making use of the English translation if needed. Do not translate into English. Next, cover the Irish and try to express the English in Irish. You do not need to get the exact wording of the original Irish, only the sense of it. Blthnaid (BLAW*-nid): A Phil (uh FOH-il), bonn rud beag -- do mo bhodhr (duhm VOU-roo) -- le tamall anois (le TAH-muhl uh-NISH). Blathnaid: Paul, theres a small thing bothering me for a while now. Pl (pohl): Card sin? (kay*rd ay* shin) Airgead, an ea? (AR-i-guhd un a) Paul: Whats that? Money, is it? Blthnaid: , n hea. T gach rud -- go han-mhaith (goh HAHN-uh VWAH) -- maidir leis an airgead (MAH-dir lesh un AR-i-guhd). Oh, its not. Everything is very good in the matter of money. Pl: , t thas orm (taw* AW*-huhs OH-ruhm) -- sin a chloisteil (ay* shin uh K*LISH-taw*-il). Norbh fhidir liom (NEE-ruhv AY*-dir luhm) -- mrn cabhrach (moh-RAW*N KOU-rahk*) -- a thabairt duit (uh HOO-irt dit) -- sa chs sin (suh k*aw*s shin). Oh, Im happy to hear that. I wouldnt be able to give you much help in that case. Blthnaid: Creidim th (KRED-im hoo), -- ach is fadhb bheag (feyeb vee-UHG) -- an fhadhb (eyeb) at agam anois. Bonn buairt orm (BOOirt OH-ruhm) -- le pictir na teilifse (le PIK-tyoor nuh TEL-i-feesh-e). N bhonn s soilir (suh-LAY*R) -- chor ar bith (K*UHR er i). Agus preabann s (PRAB-uhn shay*) -- go minic. I believe you, but the problem I have now is a small problem. I have trouble with the televisions picture. Its not clear at all. And it jumps often. Pl: Rinne an fear (RIN-ye un far) -- a chuir isteach -- botn, bfhidir (buh-TOON, BAY*-dir). An bhfuil an leabhairn treorach (LOU-uhr-een TROHR-rahk*) -- agat? The man who installed it made a mistake, perhaps. Do you have the instruction booklet? Blthnaid: T an t-dh leat (un TAW* lat). Choinnigh m (K*IN-ee may* ay*). Seo dhuit (shuh GIT ay*). Youre in luck. I kept it. Here it is for you. Pl: Hmm. Mrn larid ann (moh-RAW*N lay*r-AW*-dee oun). , feach anseo! Treorach faoin aerg (TROHR-rahk* fween ay*r-ROHG). Hmm. A lot of diagrams there. Oh, look here! Instructions on the aerial. Slim go bhfuil an trioblid (trib-LOH-id) -- san aerg. Feictear dom -- go bhfuil an aerg seo againn (uh-GIN) -- ro-ghearr (roh YAHR). T aerg nos faide (nees FAD-ye) -- ag teastil uainn (uh TAS-taw*-il WOO-in) -- go soilir. I think that the trouble is in the aerial. It seems to me that this aerial of ours is too short. We need a longer aerial, clearly. Blthnaid: Cad ba cheart dinn (kahd buh hyart DOO-in) -- a dhanamh anois -- ms ea? (maw* sha) What should we do now, then. Pl: T orainn (OH-rin) -- sreang mhiotail a fhil (srang VI-til uh AW*-il) -- agus a chur -- an fhuinneog amach (un in-YOHG uh-MAHK*). Bainimis triail as sin (BWIN-i-meesh TREE-il as shin). We must get a metal wire and put it out the window. Lets try that.

Lesson 70 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW If the nearest vowel to the letter p in a word is a, o, or u, pronounce the letter p with lips protruded and rounded. Practice on: p, pl, paidir (PAHD-ir), pg, post (pohst), pca, puth (pu), puinn (pwin). Inside a word or at a word end: stopaim (STOHP-im), iompair (UM-pir), leapa, ceap (kyap), rap (rahp). To pronounce a p when the nearest vowel in the word is e or i, bring the lips in close to the teeth and spread the lips slightly, as in a faint smile. Try: p (pay*), pic (pik), pian (PEE-uhn), pist (pay*sht), Peadar (PAD-uhr), peann (pyoun). Inside a word or at a word end: impire (IM-pir-e), teipim (TEP-im), scaip (skahp), sclip (shklay*p). Finally, practice on these two words that have both broad and slender p, until you can say the word easily and naturally: popa (PEEP-uh), pipar (paw*-PAY*-uhr). GRAMMAR In Lesson 69, the Comhr (KOH-raw*) contained the sentence Bonn rud beag do mo bhodhr (duhm VOU-roo). This means literally There is a little thing to my bothering (or annoying). Ag bodhr is the verbal noun for the verb bodhram (BOU-reem), I bother. The English word bother may have come from this. The word also means to deafen, and bodhar (BOU-uhr or BOH-uhr) means deaf. John is bothering you becomes: T Sen do do bhodhr (duhd VOU-roo). John is striking you is: T Sen do do bhualadh (duhd VOOluh), literally John is to your striking. Here is the entire system for this: T an fear do mo bhualadh; the man is striking me. T an fear do do bhualadh; striking you. T an fear bhualadh (aw* VOO-luh); striking him. T an fear bualadh (aw* BOO-luh); striking her. T an fear dr mbualadh (daw*r MOO-luh); striking us. T an fear do bhur mbualadh (duh vwoor MOO-luh); striking you (plural). T an fear mbualadh; striking them. He is praising himself is T s a mholadh fin (aw* VWUHL-uh fay*n). They were washing themselves is Bh siad n fin. COMHR(KOH-raw*) (Blthnaid and Pl continue attempts to improve television reception.) Blthnaid (BLAW*-nid): Cn fad an tsreang at uait? (un trang uh-TAW* oo-it) Nl sreang nos faide (FAD-ye) n che troigh againn (naw* FI-hye tree uh-GIN). How long is the wire that you want? We dont have a wire longer than twenty feet. Pl (pohl): Slim go ndanfaidh s sin (goh NYA*N-hee shay* shin) an gn. Caithdh m (KAH-hee may*) an drimire, mo chasr, agus uirlis eile a fhil (un DRAY*M-i-re, muh k*ah-SOOR, AH-guhs IR-li-shee EL-e uh AW*-il). I think that that will work. I must get the ladder, my hammer, and other tools. Blthnaid: B cramach (KOOR-uh-mahk*). Be careful. Pl: , tim (TAW*-im) nos oilte (IL-te) anois n anuraidh (uh-NOOR-ee). B cinnte faoi sin (bee KIN-tye fwee shin). Oh, I am more skilled now than last year. Be sure of that. Blthnaid: C leagfaimid (LAK-hi-mid) an tsreang? Bfhidir trd an mballa (BAY*-dir treed un MAHL-uh) in aice an teilifsein (in AK-e un TEL-i-fee-shaw*-in) agus ansin an spir (spay*r) chuig an rasn (hig un AW*-ruh-saw*n) os r gcomhair (ohs aw*r GOH-ir). Where will we run the wire? Perhaps through the wall near the television set, and then in the air to the apartment building opposite us. Pl: Nl s sin ceadaithe (KAD-i-he) dinn. Ach t smaoineamh eile agam (SMWEEN-uhv EL-e uh-GUHM). Leagaimis an tsreang tr pholl na heochrach (tree foul nuh HOHK*-ruhk*) sa doras. Beimid balta (BE-mid AW*-buhl-tuh) an tsreang a chrochadh (K*ROHK*-uh) ar an mballa lasmuigh (lahs-MWEE) den teach. We are not allowed to do that. But I have another idea. Lets run the wire through the keyhole in the door. We will be able to hang the wire on the wall outside the house. Blthnaid: Ach norbh fhidir linn (NEE-ruhv AY*-dir lin) an eochair a sh (un OHK*-hir uh haw*) isteach sa pholl. Conas a bheimid balta an doras a chur faoi ghlas? (fwee glahs). But we wouldnt be able to stick the key into the hole. How will we be able to lock the door? Pl: T an ceart agat. Cuirfaidh m poll eile trd an doras le mo dhruilire limhe (GRIL-i-re LAW*-i-ve). Seasfaidh (SHAS-hee may*) ar an drimire agus beidh m ag obair ann. Youre right. I will put another hole through the door with my hand drill. Ill stand on the ladder and Ill be working there. Blthnaid: Beidh m i mo sheasamh (i muh HAS-uhv) cois an drimire (kish un DRAY*M-i-re) agus coinneoidh (kin-YOH-ee) m greim docht (grem dohk*t) ar an drimire ar eagla (AH-gluh) go sleamhnidh t (shlou-NOH-ee too). Ill be standing next to the ladder, and Ill keep a rm grip on the ladder for fear that you will slip.

Lesson 71 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW In Irish, any r beginning a word gets the broad sound. Roll this r by placing the tongue tip near the hard ridge behind the upper front teeth as you pronounce r. The tongue should vibrate during the sound. Practice on: r (ray*), r (raw*), r, rs, rn, rn (roon), rud (ruhd), reatha (RAhuh), raca (RAHK-uh), reic (rek). If an r is inside or at the end of a word, and if the nearest vowel is a, o, or u, the r sound may be closer to the English sound. Examples: ordg (ohr-DOHG), daor (day*r), port (pohrt), srid (SRAW*-id). In other cases, the r is rolled to varying degree. Examples: orm (OHruhm), crua (KROO-uh), doras (DUH-ruhs). Pronounce rr near an a, o, or u with the rolled sound, as in carr (kahr), carraig (KAHR-rig), tarraing (TAHR-ring). When an r is inside or at a word end and the nearest vowel is e or i, pronounce the r with its slender sound. Although this is a difcult sound to describe, you have heard it from Irish persons and, on radio and television, from performers seeking to imitate Irish accents. You should be able to recognize it when you have it correctly. One way of forming the sound is to make a shallow pocket in the tongue tip, curling the tongue and placing the tongue tip near the top rear of your upper front teeth. Pronounce r, and you should feel air blow down against your lower lip as your tongue drops. Do not let the tongue tip go forward as it drops, or you will make a sound like English th. Practice rst on English where, Mary, and were here, pronouncing these with the Irish slender r. Then try: r (r), fir (fay*r), firn (fay*r-EEN), prachn (pray*-K*AW*N), pire (PAY*R-e). If a slender r follows a consonant, a sound like (i) may come between the consonants. For example, bre may sound like (bir-RAW*), and preab may sound like (pir-RAB). GRAMMAR The saorbhriathar (say*r-VREE-huhr) or free form exists in all tenses. We will study the past tense of it now. In Irish, It was put on the table is Cuireadh (KIR-uh) ar an mbord . The negative is Nor (NEE-uhr) cuireadh ar an mbord , meaning it was not put on the table. The questions are: Ar (er) cuireadh ar an mbord ?; Was it put on the table? Nr (naw*r) cuireadh ar an mbord ?; Wasnt it put on the table? For many verbs, form the past-tense saorbhriathar by adding _ _ _ adh or _ _ _ eadh to the root, which is the singular imperative. For tg, it becomes Tgadh (TOHG-uh ay*), meaning It was taken. Other examples: briseadh (BRISH-uh ay*); it was broken nor briseadh ; it was not broken ar briseadh ; was it broken? tuigeadh (TIG-uh ay*); it was understood nor tuigeadh ; it was not understood nr tuigeadh ; wasnt it understood? Notice that in this form there is no aspiration by ar, nor, or nr. The two-syllable second-conjugation verbs, such as ceannaigh (KAN-ee), cosain (KUH-sin), oscail (OH-skil), and freagair (FRAG-ir), form the past-tense saorbhriathar a little differently. Learn these examples: ceannaodh (KAN-ee-ohk* ay*), it was bought cosnaodh (KUHS-nee-ohk* ay*), it was defended osclaodh (OHSK-lee-ohk* ay*), it was opened freagraodh (FRAG-ree-ohk* ay*), it was answered DRILL Go through a progressive drill with the saorbhriathar of these verbs and words: dn (doon), an doras; close, the door cas (KAHS), an cinne (KOON-ye); turn, the corner stop (stohp), carr; stop, car creid (kred), an scal; believe, the story mnigh (MEEN-ee), an cheist (hyesht); explain, the question Examples: Ar dnadh an doras? Nor dnadh an doras. Nr dnadh an doras? Dnadh an doras. When you have nished, check your sentences against these key words: casadh, stopadh, creideadh, mnodh (MEEN-ee-ohk*). COMHR (KOH-raw*) (The effort to improve television reception continues.)

Pl (pohl): N bodh eagla ort (naw* BEE-ohk* AH-gluh OH-ruht). Oibreoidh m an-chramach (ib-ROH-ee may* AHN-k*oor-uh-mahk*). Dont be afraid. I will work very carefully. Blthnaid (BLAW*-nid): Suas leat, mar sin. T sil agam -- go bhfuil gach rud i gceart. Up with you then. I hope that everything is in order. Pl: Is fusa an obair seo -- n an druileil (DRIL-aw*-il) a rinne m (RIN-ye may*) -- ar an gcldoras (GOOL-duh-ruhs) -- anuraidh (uh-NOORee). Nl an t-adhmad seo (TEYE-muhd shuh) chomh crua (hoh KROO-uh) -- agus a bh an t-adhmad sa chldoras. This work is easier than the drilling I did on the back door last year. This wood isnt as hard as the wood in the back door. Blthnaid: N sleamhnaigh, mar sin fin (naw* SHLOU-nee, mahr shin fay*n). Nl mrn rachais (AW*-ruh-k*ish) agam ort. Dont slip, just the same. I dont have much insurance on you.

Lesson 72 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Pronounce an s near a, o or u like the American sound, with lips relaxed. This is the broad s sound. Do not tense the lips as in the English sound. Practice on: s, s, s, saor (say*r), saoi (see), samhradh (SOU-ruh), saibhir (SEYE-vir), sac (sahk), sabhil (suh-VWAW*-il), slat (slaht), sml (smaw*l), smaoineamh (SMWEEN-uhv), smuta (SMUT-uh), snas (snahs), sprt (spohrt), Spinn (SPAW*-in), spraoi (spree), stad (stahd), strapa (STRAHpuh), str (stroh). Pronounce an Irish s as (sh) when it is next to an e or an i, and also when sc, sl, sn, and st are next to the e or i. Examples: s, s, sean (shan), seift (sheft), sin, scal (shkay*l), sl (shlee), sneachta (SHNAHK*-tuh), stl (shteel), leisce (LESH-ke), uaisle (WISH-le), misniil (mish-NYOO-il), isteacht (AY*SH-tyahk*t). If the combinations sm, sp, sr, or str are next to e or i, pronounce the s as (s), the broad sound described above. Memorize these examples: smig (smig), chin; spir (spay*r), sky; srian (SREE-uhn), bridle; stroc (streek), streak, stripe. is is an exception, too. Pronounce it (is), never (ish) or (iz). Irish has no (z) sound. GRAMMAR In the future tense, the (say*r-VREE-huhr) or free form expresses ideas such as It will be put on the table or Someone will put it on the table. In Irish, this is: Cuirfear ar an mbord (KIR-fuhr er un MOHRD ay*). Note that the f is pronounced (f) here. In other future forms, you pronounce it (h), as in Cuirdh m (KIR-hee may*) ar an mbord ; I will place it on the table. The rest of the saorbhriathar forms in the future are: N chuirfear (K*IR-fuhr) ar an mbord . An gcuirfear (un GIR-fuhr) ar an mbord ? Nach gcuirfear (nach* GIR-fuhr) ar an mbord ? N aspirates here, and an and nach eclipse. For a two-syllabled second-conjunction verb, such as ceannaigh (KAN-ee), buy, the future forms are: Ceannfar (kan-OH-fuhr ay*), it will be bought. N cheannfar (nee hyan-OH-fuhr ay*), it will not be bought. An gceannfar ? (un gyan-OH-fuhr ay*), will it be bought? Nach gceannfar ? (nahk* gyan-OH-fuhr ay*), wont someone buy it? Others from this group: Osclfar (ohsk-LOH-fuhr ay*), someone will open it. Cosnfar (kuhs-NOH-fuhr ay*), it will be defended. Freagrfar (frag-ROH-fuhr ay*), someone will answer it. Baileofar (bahl-YOH-fuhr ay*), someone will collect it. Inseofar d (in-SHOH-fuhr doh ay*), it will be told to him. Notice that an extra e is inserted sometimes. This makes spelling consistent, so that you know whether a letter gets its broad or slender sound. For example, without the e to help, you would not know whether insfar was (in-SOH-fuhr) or (in-SHOH-fuhr). DRILL With the examples: An gcuirfear an mla sa charr? (un GIR-fuhr un MAW*-lah suh K*AHR), Will the bag be put into the car? N chuirfear an mla sa charr, The bag wont be put into the car. Nach gcuirfear an mla sa charr? Cuirfear an mla sa charr. Go through progressive drills with these word groups: Bris (brish), break; an cupn ar an urlr, the cup on the oor. Feic (fek), see; an cailn sin amrach (uh-MAW*-rahk*), that girl tomorrow. Ps (pohs), marry; Sen le Sle (SHEE-luh). Crochnaigh (KREE-uhk*-nee), nish; an obair seo, this work. Mnigh (MEEN-ee), explain; an fhadhb (eyeb), the problem. Key: An mbrisfear an cupn ar an urlr? N bhrisfear ----. Nach mbrisfearr ----? Brisfear ----. An bhfeicfear (VEK-fuhr) ----? N fheicfear (nee EK-fuhr) ----. Nach bhfeicfear ----? Feicfear ----. An gcrochnfar (greek*-NOH-fuhr) ----? N chrochnfar ----. Nach gcrochnfar ----? Crochnfar ----. An mneofar ----? N mhneofar (veen-YOH-fuhr) ----. Nach mneofar ----? Mneofar ----. COMHR (KOH-raw*)

(Success appears imminent, as the modied aerial is emplaced.) Blthnaid (BLAW*-nid): Cuirfear an poll trd an doras go luath (KIR-fuhr un poul treed un DUH-ruhs goh LOO-uh). The hole will be put through the door soon. Pl (pohl): T s crochnaithe anois (KREE-uhk*-nuh-he uh-NISH). Its nished now. Tabhair dom an tsreang mhiotail (TOO-ir duhm un trang VI-til), ms do thoil (MAW* shay* duh HIL ay*). Give me the metal wire, please. Blthnaid: Seo dhuit, a Phil (shuh git, uh FOH-il). Sigh amach tr pholl an dorais (SAW*-ee uh-MAHK* ee tree foul un DUH-rish). Here it is, Paul. Stick it out through the door-hole. Pl: Anois, t orainn -- an tsreang a chrochadh -- ar thaobh an fhoirgnimh seo (uh-NISH, taw* OH-rin un trang uh K*ROHK*-uh er HAY*V un IR-gi-niv shuh). Now, we have to hang the wire on the side of this building. Blthnaid: Buochas le Dia. Craolfar (KRAY*L-fuhr) clr lainn anocht (klaw*r AW*-lin uh-NOHK*T). Thank heaven. A beautiful program will be broadcast tonight.

Lesson 73 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Pronounce the letter t: near a, o, or u, with its broad sound. For this, place the tongue so that it lies along or close to the hard part of the roof of the mouth behind the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip touching the back of the upper front teeth. Make sure that the tongue is relaxed and spread out, not contracted and pointed. Pronounce the t, practicing on: tl (taw*l), tg, t, tobar (TOH-buhr), tachtadh (TAHK*-tuh), talamh (TAH-luhv), tille (TAW*-il-ye), tl (tloo), tnth (tnoo), traein (tray*n), troid (trid). Pronounce a broad t inside or at the end of a word in the same way: giota (GI-tuh), eachtra (AHK*-truh), leat (lat), bocht (bohk*t). Pronounce a t near an e or i with the tongue tip against the hard ridge behind the upper front teeth. Let the tip slide forward and down as you pronounce the sound, which will have a faint (y) sound at the end of it. Examples of this slender sound: te, tirim (TIR-im), tr (teer), teip (tep), teach (tahk*), tamh (tay*v), tis (tyoos), tr (tree), trir (troor). Inside or at the end of a word, slender t has the same sound: litir, feictear (FEK-tyuhr), geit (get), it (aw*t). Sometimes the slender t may resemble the English (ch) sound, but do not consciously imitate the (ch) sound. To see this, pronounce it as (aw*) and (t), with a faint (i) sound in between. Then pronounce it (oy) and (ch), and you will hear the difference. GRAMMAR For the irregular verbs, the saorbhriathar (say*r-VREE-huhr) or free form is regular in appearance for the present tense. Learn these: tagtar (TAHG-tuhr), people come titear (TAY*-tyuhr) people go cloistear (KLISH-tyuhr), people hear feictear (FEK-tyuhr), people see, it seems dantar (DAY*N-tuhr), people make or do tugtar (TUG-tuhr), people give beirtear air (BER-tyuhr er), it is seized faightear (FEYE-tyuhr), people get deirtear (DER-tyuhr), people say itear (I-tyuhr), people eat In the negative, n (nee) aspirates all these except deirtear, which becomes n deirtear. In the questions, both an and nach eclipse all these, as in nach bhfaightear anseo iad? (nahk* VWEYE-tyuhr un-SHUH EE-uhd), arent they gotten here?, dont people get them here? DRILL Go through progressive drills with the forms above, with four sentences in each drill, according to this pattern: Cuir; hata sa seomra suite (SI-tye); hata sa chistin. An gcuirtear hata sa seomra suite? N chuirtear hata sa seomra suite. Nach gcuirtear hata sa seomra suite? Cuirtear hata sa chistin. Tar; Chorcaigh (K*OHR-kee); Bhaile tha Cliath (vlaw*-KLEE-uh). Tigh; go Gaillimh; go Sligeach (SHLIG-ahk*). Clois; an traein; an t-eitlen (un TET-i-law*n), the airplane. Feic; an clr sin; that program; an cluiche (KLI-hye), the game. Dan; anseo iad; i Siceg iad (i shi-KAW*-goh EE-uhd), in Chicago. Tabhair (TOO-ir); an t-airgead d (un TAR-i-guhd doh), the money to him; an t-airgead do Mhire. Beir; ar an ngada (er ung AH-dee), the thief; ar na fr eile. Faigh; an t-adhmad (TEYE-muhd), wood; an phint (fay*nt), paint. Abair; go bhfuil; nach bhfuil. Ith; an fheoil (OH-il), meat; na prta (PRAW*-tee), potatoes. COMHR (KOH-raw*) (The results of the change in the television aerial prove excellent.) Pl (pohl): T gach rud ridh anois (ray* uh-NISH). Lasc ann an glas (lahsk oun un GLAY*-uhs). Everything is ready now. Turn the set on. Blthnaid (BLAW*-nid): T m brdil asat (broh-DOO-il A-suht). Sin an obair is fearr (fahr) -- a rinne (RIN-ye) t le tamall fada anuas (uhNOO-uhs). I am proud of you. Thats the best work that you have done for a long time. Pl: Suigh sos os comhair an teilifsen (TEL-i-fee-shaw*-in). Nach compordach (kuhm-POHR-dahk*) an chathaoir (K*AH-heer) sin? Sit down before the television set. Isnt that chair a comfortable one? Blthnaid: Is compordach, gan amhras (OU-ruhs). Agus t m ar mo shimhn s (HAW*-veen soh), freisin. It is, without a doubt. And I feel comfortable too. Pl: T feabhas (fous) mr ar an omh (EE-vwaw*). Timid ag fil (FAW*-il) pictir cuosach mhaith (KWEE-sahk* vwah).

Theres a big improvement in the image. We are getting a fairly good picture. Blthnaid: T an fhuaim (oo-IM) nos fearr anois n a bh s riamh. Ceartaigh na dathanna (KYART-ee nuh DAH-huh-nuh), mas do thoil (MAW* shay* duh HIL ay*). Nach bhfuil an dath dearg rthran? (dah DYAR-ruhg roh-HYRAY*N). The sound is better now than it ever was. Adjust the colors, please. Isnt the red color too intense? Pl: Danfar i gcpla nimad sin. T orm mo bhia a fhil (VEE-uh uh AW*-il). That will be done in a couple of minutes. I have to get my food. Note: A chair is compordach to sit in, but for a person, T s ar a shimhn s, or T s smasach (SOH-muhs-ahk*), he is comfortable.

Lesson 74 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW The letter a has several sounds in Irish. If the a has a sneadh (SHEEN-uh) over it -- -- pronounce it like the vowel in the English word tot, but sound it for a longer time. The sound will be between an English (aw) in paw and an English (ah) in ma. Make sure that you open the mouth wide and place the tip of the tongue just below the lower teeth. The lips should be spread to the sides more than for English aw. Practice on: l, dh (aw*), r, b, c, d, f, blth (blaw*), arn (uh-RAW*N). We use the letter group (aw*) for this sound, indicating that it is similar to but not exactly like English aw. In many cases where the a has no sneadh but is alone in the accented syllable, the sound is more likely to resemble English (ah) in ma. Examples: mac (mahk), capall (KAH-puhl), cad (kahd), fada (FAH-duh), cara (KAH-ruh). It will be easier for you to give it this sound at rst rather than a short (aw*) sound, which is actually what it gets in most of Ireland. Later, you can gradually switch to the more correct sound, as you hear Irish speakers use it. An a in an unaccented syllable often sounds like (uh) in English uh-huh or love. Examples: fada (FAH-duh), anos (uh-NEES), capall (KAH-puhl). When other vowels, such as e or i, or aspirated consonants, such as bh, dh, gh, mh are next to a, the pronunciation of the letter group may differ from (aw*), (ah), or (uh). we will review this next week. GRAMMAR For the irregular verbs, the past-tense saorbhriathar (say*r-VREE-huhr), or free form, is fairly irregular. Learn these four this week: thngthas (HAW*NG-uh-huhs), people come nor thngthas (NEE0uhr HAW*NG-uh-huhs), people didnt come ar thngthas? (r HAW*NG-uh-huhs), did people come? nr thngthas (naw*r HAW*NG-uh-huhs), didnt people come? chuathas (K*OO-uh-huhs), people went n dheachthas (nee YAK*-huhs), people didnt go an ndeachthas? (un NYAK*-huhs), did people go? nach (nahk*) ndeachthas?, didnt people go? chualathas (K*OOL-uh-huhs), it was heard nor chualathas, it was not heard ar chualathas?, was it heard? nr chualathas?, wasnt it heard? chonacthas (K*UHN-uhk-huhs), it was seen n fhacthas (nee AHK-huhs), it was not seen an bhfachthas? (un VWAHK-uhs), was it seen? nach bhfacthas?, wasnt it seen? VOCABULARY To make conversation easier, you need words that reduce or increase the force of adjectives. For example, it helps to be able to say that something is fairly good or that weather is very cold. One way to do this is by addition of a prex. An - (ahn) means very. It aspirates all consonants except d, t, s. Examples: an-bheag (AHN-vyuhg), very small an-chiin (AHN-HYOO-in), very quiet an-deas (AHN-dyas), very pretty an-tirim (AHN-TIR-im), very dry an-saibhir (AHN-SEYE-vir), very rich R (roh) means too. It aspirates all consonants. Examples: rbhaolach (roh-VWAY*-luhk*), too dangerous rchaol (roh-K*AY*L), too narrow rdheacair (roh-YAK-ir), too difcult rthirim (roh-HIR-im), too dry Separate words: cuosach (KWEE-sahk*), fairly cinel (KIN-aw*l), somewhat rasnta (ray*-SOON-tuh), fairly, reasonably ____ go hiomln (goh HUM-law*n), quite, entirely measartha (MAS-uhr-huh), fairly, moderately ____ ar fad (er FAHD), quite, entirely

There are other and longer expressions for some of these meanings that are in better style and are more Irish, but they are more difcult, and we will not take them up here. An example is Is beag nach bhfuil m marbh, meaning, I am almost dead, literally It is little that I am not dead. COMHR (KOH-raw*) Pdraig: Dia dhuit, a Liam. Hello, William. Liam: Dias Muire dhuit, a Phdraig. Conas t t inni? Hello, Patrick. How are you today? Pdraig: , tim cuosach maith. Conas t t fin? Oh, Im fairly well. How are you? Liam: Beagnach marbh leis an obair. Agus t an aimsir an-te (AHN-te). Nearly dead with the work. And the weathers very hot. Pdraig: Ach nl s rothirim, ar aon chuma (er AY*N K*U-muh). But its not too dry, anyway. Liam: Bh s cinel tais (KIN-aw*l tash) inn. It was somewhat damp yesterday. Pdraig: Tais ar fad. Beidh (be) s measartha fuar i gceann tamaill. Quite damp. It will be fairly cold in a while. Liam: T orainn bheith (ve) an-churamach in aimsir mar sin. We must be very careful in weather like that. Pdraig: T an ceart (kyart) agat. Bh an-slaghdn (AHN-sleye-DAW*N) orm ag an am seo anuraidh (eg un oum shuh uh-NOOR-ee). You are right. I had a terrible cold this time last year. Note: An - can precede a noun, too, and give it an intensied meaning. An-slaghdn means an outstanding or bad cold. An-scolire (AHN-skuh-LAW*-re) is an outstanding or excellent student.

Lesson 75 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW If the letter e in Irish has a sneadh (SHEEN-uh) over it -- -- pronounce it like the rst part of the vowel sound in English may. Do not add the (ee) sound; say may very slowly, and you will hear it. Our pronunciation guide symbol for is (ay*), in which the asterisk tells you that the sound resembles the English ay but has an audible difference. In pronouncing , hold the sound for a longer time than you would the English sound (ay). Compare Irish m fin (may* fay*n) with English may feign. Practice on these words: s (shay*); bal (bay*l); dan; f; cl; rim (ray*m); spir (spay*r). If the letter has no sneadh over it, and if it is at a word end or followed by an i, pronounce it like the e in English let. Examples: eile (EL-e); eire (E-re); eitilt (E-tilt); beir (ber); leid (led); creid (kred). Do not lengthen this sound as you do the sound. If precedes other vowels, it may get no sound, or the vowels together may have a particular sound of their own. For example, in the word me, the e is unsounded and merely tells you to give the m its slender sound, with lips near the teeth: (myaw*), differing from m (maw*) with lips protruded. In words like fear (far), the ea combination has its own sound, resembling the a in English at. GRAMMAR We continue with the saorbhriathar (say*r-VREE-huhr), or free form, of the irregular verbs in the past tense. Here are four more: dradh (DOO-ruh), it was said n dradh, it was not said an ndradh? (un NOO-ruh), was it said? nach ndradh?, wasnt it said? rinneadh (RIN-yuh), it was done, it was made n dhearnadh (YAHR-nuh), it wasnt done, it wasnt made an ndearnadh? (NYAHR-nuh), was it done?, was it made? nach ndearnadh?, wasnt it done?, wasnt it made? tugadh (TUG-uh), it was given nor tugadh (NEE-uhr TUG-uh), it wasnt given ar tugadh?, was it given? nr (naw*r) tugadh?, wasnt it given? fuarthas (FOO-uhr-huhs), it was found, it was gotten n bhfuarthas (nee VOOR-uhr-huhs), it wasnt found, it wasnt gotten an bhfuarthas?, was it found?, was it gotten? nach bhfuarthas?, wasnt it found?, wasnt it gotten? VOCABULARY Masculine nouns bun (bun), bottom barr (baw*r), top toitn (tuh-TYEEN), cigarette cipn (ki-PEEN), match Feminine nouns cuileog, an chuileog (kwil-YOHG, un k*wil-YOHG), a y fadhb, an fhadhb (feyeb, eyeb), problem doirtim, ag doirteadh (DIRT-im, uh DIRT-uh), pour goidim, ag goid (GID-im, uh GID), steal geallaim, ag gealladh (GAL-im, uh GAL-uh), promise geallaim duit , I promise it to you DRILL A progressive drill on the saorbhriathra of the eight irregular verbs of this lesson and Lesson 74 will help x these forms in your mind. The example: With the words thngthas (HAW*NG-uh-huhs); go dt an teach (goh DEE un TAHK*); chuig an gcathair (hig un GAH-hir). to the city; go through this drill: Ar thngthas go dt an teach?; nor thngthas go dt an teach; nr thngthas chuig an gcathair?; thngthas chuig an gcathair. The meaning is: Did people come to the house?, etc.

Continue with: Chuathas (K*OO-uh-huhs); amach; isteach. Did people go?, etc. Chualathas (K*OOL-uh-huhs); an madra; an cat. Was the dog heard?, etc. Chonacthas (K*UHN-uhk-huhs); Sen; Seoirse. Was John seen?, etc. Dradh (DOO-ruh); leis ; an scal leo. Was it told to him?, etc. Rinneadh (RIN-yuh); anseo ; in irinn . Was it made here?, etc. Tugadh (TUG-uh); an cta do Shen; an line do Shamas. Was the coat given to John?, etc. Fuarthas (FOOR-uhr-huhs); an leabhar ann; an leabhar eile istigh. Was the book found there?, etc. READING EXERCISE Gealladh (GAL-uh) dom , ach n bhfuair m . An bhfacthas duit go ndearnadh an obair in am? Nor goideadh rud ar bith ach r gclog. Nach ndoirtear amach tar is an dinnir? Lasfar an solas ar a seacht a chlog. Aontaodh (AY*N-tee-ohk*) leat. Key: It was promised to me, but I didnt get it. Did it seem to you that the work was done in time? Nothing at all was stolen but our clock. Isnt it poured out after dinner? The light will be lit at seven oclock. People agreed with you. Notes: Aontam leat (AY*N-teem lat) means I agree with you. Aontaonn s liom means He agrees with me. This is a second-conjugation verb, with its imperative or command, Aontaigh! (AY*N-tee), meaning Agree! The past saorbhriathar becomes aontaodh.

Lesson 76 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Pronounce in Irish like ee in English she, but with the tongue tip down against the back of the lower front teeth. Do not bring the center of the tongue so close to the roof of the mouth as to cause hissing. Hold the sound for a longer time than the sound in English she. Practice on: (ee); s (shee); l; nl; bl; dol (DEE-uhl); sl (shlee); buoch (BWEE-uhk*). Without the sneadh (SHEEN-uh), Irish i has a shorter sound which may be a short (ee) or a sound closer to that in English pin, although it never is exactly that. Clear examples of the short (ee) sound are: bia (BEE-uh); lia (LEE-uh) Words in which the (ee) nature of the sound is not as evident are: smig (smig); smid (smid); sin (shin); cic (kik) Nevertheless, do not pronounce any of these exactly as if they were English words. Keep the tongue down against the back of the lower front teeth as you pronounce the i. Try sn (sheen), then sin (shin) several times. Often an i next to a broad vowel, a, o, u, gets no sound but merely indicates that the consonant after or before the i has its slender sound. Examples: fuar (FOO-uhr), fuair (FOO-ir); ln (law*n), lin (lyaw*n); balla (BAHL-uh), baile (BAHL-e); bs (baw*s), bis (BAW*-ish). The last word may sound somewhat like (boysh) to you. GRAMMAR Here are the saorbhriathra (say*r-VREE-uh-ruh), or free forms, for the last two irregular verbs in the past tense: rugadh air (RUG-uh er), he was seized nor (NEE-uhr) rugadh air, he wasnt seized ar (er) rugadh air?, was he seized? nr (naw*r) rugadh air?, wasnt he seized? itheadh (I-huh), it was eaten nor itheadh, it wasnt eaten ar itheadh?, was it eaten? nr itheadh?, wasnt it eaten? Notice that ith is regular in the past, resembling verbs like l, with its ladh (OHL-uh), nor ladh, ar ladh, nr ladh forms. VOCABULARY Masculine nouns radharc (RYE-uhrk), view, sight glaoch (GLAY*-uhk*), call, phone call Feminine nouns stoirm (STUHR-im), storm bisteach, an bhisteach (BAW*SH-tuhk*, un VWAW*SH-tuhk*), rain measaim, ag measadh (MAS-im, uh MAS-uh), think druidim, ag druidim (DRID-im, uh DRID-im), draw close REFLEX EXPRESSIONS Learn these for quick use in conversation. Nach lainn an radharc ! (nahk* AW*-lin un REYE-uhrk ay*), Isnt it a beautiful sight! Nach lainn an radharc t! Arent you a bautiful sight (or terrible sight). Gan bhun gan bharr (gahn VWUN gahn VWAW*R), No head or tail to it (literally without top or bottom). Druidim isteach leat. Come closer. Druidig isteach libh (liv). Come in closer (you plural). DRILL From basic words: l; bainne; caife (KAHF-e); make sentences of the form here: Nr ladh bainne? N ltar bainne. lfar caife. Wasnt milk drunk? Milk is not drunk. Coffee will be drunk. Do this for these groups of words: Glaoch; air go minic; air amarach. Meas; go raibh s; go mbeidh s.

Doirt; an t-uisce; an bainne sa phota. Min; an Iodilis ann; an Fhraincis an bhliain seo chugainn (un VLEE-in shuh K*OO-ing), next year. Craol (kray*l); an chad chlr (un hyay*d k*law*r), the rst program; D Luain seo chugainn (dyay* LOO-in shuh K*OO-ing), next Monday, . Cligh; an leabhar seo anseo; an leabhar mr sin in irinn. Key and notes: Nr glaodh (GLAY*-uhk*) air go minic?; wasnt he called often? N ghlaoitear (GLEE-tyuhr) air go minic. Glaofar air amrach (GLAY*-fuhr er uh-MAW*-rahk*), he will be called tomorrow. Nr measadh (MAS-uh) go raibh s?, wasnt it thought that he was? N mheastar go raibh s. Measfar go mbeidh (me) s. Nr doirteadh an t-uisce?, wasnt the water poured? N dhoirtear (GIRT-tyuhr) an t-uisce. Doirtfear an bainne sa phota. Nr mineadh an Iodilis (i-DAW*-lish) ann?, wasnt Italian taught there? N mhintear an Iodilis ann. Minfear an Fhraincis (un RANK-ish) an bhlian seo chugainn. Nr craoladh an chad chlr?, wasnt the rst program broadcast? N chraoltear an chad chlr. Craolfar D Luain seo chugainn , it will be broadcast next Monday. Nr cldh (klohk*) an leabhar (LOU-uhr) seo anseo? Wasnt this book printed here? N chlitear (K*LOH-tyuhr) an leabhar seo anseo. Clfar an leabhar mr sin in irinn (AY*R-ing). Notes: Glaoigh (glee), call, like cligh (KLOH-ee), print, is slightly different from the general run of verbs. Thus, glaonn (glay*n) s air is the form for She calls him. An bhliain seo chugainn means this year toward us, which is next year. An tseachtain (TAHK*T-in) seo chugainn is next week. Tomorrow is amrach.

Lesson 77 Pronounce the letter o in Irish as a single vowel sound, with lips rounded but not protruded. Do not spread the lips at the beginning of the sound or you will get a faint (ay) sound before the o. Do not contract the lips at the end of the sound or you will get an (oo) sound after the (oh). When the o has a sneadh (SHEEN-uh) over it, hold the sound for a longer time than you would in English. If the o has no sneadh, pronounce it in the same way but do not hold the sound as long. Compare the English word loan and Irish ln (lohn). Watch your lips in a mirror as you say loan very slowly, and you will see them contract for a slight (oo) sound after the (oh). Then say Irish ln, holding the (oh) sound and going directly to the (n). Practice on: l, g, n, r, b, mr, ns, bbg (bah-BOHG), psta (POHS-tuh), gnthach (GNOH-huhk*). For the shorter sound, practice on: gob, obair(OH-bir), loch (lohk*), ordg (ohr-DOHG), corin (koh-ROH-in), focal (FOH-kuhl). Sometimes an o next to an i and without a sneadh is not sounded but merely indicates that the consonant beside the o gets its broad sound. Examples: coill (kwil), poibl (PWIB-lee). Other combinations of o with vowels have various sounds that we will review later. GRAMMAR The irregular verbs are not entirely irregular in the saorbhriathra (say*r-VREE-uh-ruh), free form, in the future. These are they: tiocfar (TYUHK-fuhr), people will come rachfar (RAHK*-fuhr), people will go cloisfear (KLISH-fuhr), people will hear, it will be heard feicfear (FEK-fuhr), it will be seen danfar (DAY*N-fuhr), it will be done tabharfar (TOOR-fuhr), it will be given barfar air (BAY*R-fuhr er), it will be seized gheofar (YOH-fuhr), it will be gotten, found darfar (DAY*R-fuhr), it will be said osfar (EES-fuhr), it will be eaten The negative form: n thiocfar ( nee HUHK-fuhr), people wont come n rachfar, people wont go n chloisfear (K*LISH-fuhr), people wont hear, it wont be heard n fheicfear (EK-fuhr), it wont be seen n dhanfar (YAY*N-fuhr), it wont be done n thabharfar (HOOR-fuhr), it wont be given n bharfar air (VAY*R-fuhr), it wont be seized n bhfaighfear (VWEYE-fuhr), it wont be said n osfar, it wont be eaten In the question, an and nach eclipse the rst consonant of the free form. With an, the forms are: an dtiocfar? (un DUHK-fuhr), will people come? an rachfar? will people go? an gcloisfear? (GLISH-fuhr), will it be heard? an bhfeicfear? (VEK-fuhr), will it be seen? an ndanfar? (NAY*N-fuhr) will it be done? an dtabharfar? (DOOR-fuhr), will it be given? an mbarfar air? (MAY*R-fuhr), will it be seized? an bhfaighfear? (VWEYE-fuhr), will it be gotten, found? an ndarfar? (NYAY*R-fuhr), will it be said? an osfar?, will it be eaten? DRILL With these three word groups: tiocfar; abhaile (uh VWAHL-e); go hirinn (goh HAY*R-in), go through this drill: Nach dtiocfar abhaile? N thiocfar abhaile. An dtiocfar go hirinn? Tiocfar go hirinn. Go through the same pattern of drill for: Rachfar; go dt an chathair (goh DEE un K*AH-hir), to the city; chuig na slibhte (hig nuh SHLAY*-te), to the mountains. Cloisfear; an t-amhrna (un tou-RAW*N-ee), the singer; an banna ceoil (un BAHN-uh KYOH-il), the band. Feicfear; an scannn (skah-NAW*N), movie; an drma (DRAW*-muh), play.

Danfar; an obair seo; an obair sin. Tabharfar; dom ; do Shen . Barfar; ar an ngada (er ung AH-dee), the thief; ar an bhfear eile (er un VAR EL-e), the other man. Gheofar; an ceann sin (un kyoun shin), that one; an dara (DUH-ruh) ceann, the second one. Darfar; leis an gcailn ; liom . osfar; an mhairteoil (vwahrt-YOH-il), beef; an mhuiceoil (vwik-YOH-il), pork. CONVERSATION Ciarn (keer-AW*N): Tanam (TYAY*N-uhm) isteach anois, a Chit (K*AW*-it). T s ag ir nos fuaire (eg EYE-ree nees FOO-i-re). Kieran: Lets go in now, Kate. Its becoming colder. Cit: Is fuaire at s anois n a bh s inn. Kate: Its colder now than it was yesterday. Ciarn: Feictear dom go bhfeicmid sneachta go luath (goh VEK-hi-mid SHNAHK*-tuh goh LOO-uh). Kieran: It appears to me that we will see snow soon. Cit: Nach rachfar chuig n slibhte ansin? Kate: Wont people go to the mountains then? Ciarn: Rachfar, le sciil (le SHKEE-aw*-il). Kieran: They will, to ski.

Lesson 78 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Pronounce Irish u like English (oo) in food or tool when a sneadh (SHEEN-uh) is over the letter . Protrude the lips farther than in the English sound, however, and hold the sound longer. Examples: ll (ool), min (MOO-in), br, l, al (AY*-loo). If the u has no sneadh, pronounce it the same way, but do not hold the sound as long. It will resemble the (u) in English put or foot. Examples: rug (rug), puball (PU-buhl), guth (gu). When next to an a, a u may be pronounced (oo), as in: buail (BOO-il), nua (NOO-uh). GRAMMAR The saorbhriathra (say*r-VREE-uh-ruh), free forms, for t in the past are: bhothas (VEE-huhs), people were, etc. n rabhthas (nee ROU-huhs), people werent, etc. an rabhthas?, were people, etc? nach rabhthas?, werent people, etc? Examples: Bhothas ag dul go dt na pictiir; people were going to the movies. Nach rabhthas ag lamh an leabhair sin? (uh LAY*-uhv un LOU-wir shin); werent people reading that book?, wasnt that book being read? In the future tense, the forms are: beifear (BE-fuhr), people will be, etc. n bheifear (nee VE-fuhr), people will not be, etc. an mbeifear? (un ME-fuhr), will people be, etc? nach mbeifear?, wont people be, etc? Examples: Beifear ag caitheamh tobac ars (uh KAH-huhv toh-BAHK uh-REESH), people will be smoking again. An mbeifear ag teacht isteach go luath? (uh TYAHK*T ish-TYAHK* goh LOO-uh), will people be coming inside soon? VOCABULARY ag l bainne (eg OHL BAHN-ye), drinking milk ag l tae (tay*), drinking tea ag l beorach (BYOH-ruhk*), drinking beer ag l leanna (LAN-uh), drinking ale ag ithe lin (eg I-he LOH-in), eating lunch ag l caife (KAHF-e), drinking coffee ag l uisce (ISH-ke), drinking water ag l fona (FEEN-uh), drinking wine ag l uisce beatha (ISH-ke BA-huh), drinking whiskey ag ithe mo lin, eating my lunch Notes on vocabulary: Forms likeag l bainne mean literally at drinking milk, and the word bainne is in the genative or possessive case, as mentioned in Lesson 20. Often this case form is similar to the nominative case, which is the form that you have been learning. Sometimes there is more change, as in beoir (BYOH-ir), beer. It becomes beorach (BYOH-ruhk*), of beer, in the genitive. The nouns can be grouped in dependence on how their genitive case and plurals are formed. We will be doing some of this in the next lessons, using phrases as much as possible. You will learn how to work out what the forms should be for many nouns. CONVERSATION Mchel (MEE-haw*l): Card a thabharfaidh (HOOR-hee) t dom ---- le h-aghaidh an dhinnir (le HEYE-ee uh yin-YAY*R) ---- anocht? Michael: What will you give me for dinner tonight? Risn (roh-SHEEN): Bfhidir (BAY*-dir) go dtabharfaidh (DOOR-hee) m duit mairteoil (mahrt-YOH-il), a Mhchil (uh VEE-hil). Rose: Perhaps I will give you beef, Michael. Mchel: Beidh m ag l caife, freisin (eg OHL KAHF-e, FRESH-in). I will be drinking coffee, too. Risn: Nl fhios agam faoi sin fs (NEEL is uh-GUHM fwee shin fohs). I dont know about that yet. Mchel: T an caife ag ir (eg EYE-ree) nos saoire (nees SEE-i-re) na laethanta seo (LAY*-uhn-tuh shuh). Tthar ag l a thuilleadh (uh HILuh) caife. Coffee is getting cheaper these days. People are drinking more coffee. Risn: lfar tae agus uisce ---- sa teaghlach seo (suh TEYE-luhk* shuh). Bfidir go gcuirfear braon (BRAY*N) bainne ---- ar an tae, ach n fheicfear mrn (muh-RAW*N) caife anseo go ceann tamaill (goh kyoun TAH-mil). Tea and water will be drunk in this household. Perhaps a

drop of milk will be put into the tea, but not much coffee will be seen here for a while. Mchel: Dlamar beoir ---- lenr ndinnar (LEN-aw*r nin-YAY*R) ---- cpla bliain shin (KOOP-luh BLEE-in oh HIN) ---- ach ansin thosaomar (hohs-EE-uh-muhr) ag l fona (FEEN-uh). We drank beer with our dinner a few years ago, but then we began to drink wine. Risn: Is for sin, ach t an saol athr (un SAY*L aw* AH-roo), ar ndigh (er NOH-ee). Cn fth nach mbeidh (me) tae maith go leor duit? That is true, but the world is changing, of course. Why wont tea be good enough for you? Mchel: Beidh (be) s maith go leor, mar shin. Beifear ag l beorach agus fona ag an teach tbhairne (tahk* TAW*R-ne) ---- ar aon chuma (er ay*n K*UM-uh). Caithimid dul ann (KAH-i-mid duhl oun) ---- anocht. It will be all right, then. People will be drinking beer and wine at the tavern, anyway. We must go there tonight. Risn: Bfhearr liom (bahr luhm) bheith ag fachaint ar an teilifs sa bhaile. Craolfar (KRAY*L-fuhr) a ln clr maith anocht. I would prefer to be watching television at home. Many good programs will be broadcast tonight. Mchel: Fanfaidh (FAHN-hee) m istigh, mar sin. T sil agam nach mbeidh ceoldrma gallna iontu (KYOHL-DRAW*M-ee gahl-OON-ee IN-tuh). I will stay inside, then. I hope they will not be soap operas. Risn: N bodh imn ort (naw* BEE-ohk* IM-nee OH-ruht). Drma den chad scoth (HYAY*-uhd skoh) ---- a bheidh ar bhealach a tr (ve er VAL-uhk* uh tree). Dont be worried. Its a play of the rst quality that will be on Channel Three. Mchel: Agus cluiche peile, freisin? (KLI-hye PEL-e, FRESH-in). And a football game, too?

Lesson 79 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW When accented at the beginning of a word, the group ai may get any of three sounds. An (a) sound, as in English hat, is one. Examples: ainm (A-nim), name; ait (at), strange; aingeal (ANG-uhl), angel. In an initial syllable, the ai can receive the (a) sound, too, if the letters d, l, n, r, s, t precede the ai. Examples: daingean (DANG-uhn), fortress laige(LAG-e), weakness naipcn (nap-KEEN), napkin raic (rak), quarrel saineolas (san-oh-luhs), expert knowledge tais (tash), damp If the letters b, c, f, g, m, p precede the ai in an initial syllable, the ai has an (ah) sound, which is actually a shortened (aw*) sound. Examples: baile (BAHL-e), home caislen (kahsh-LAW*N), castle faisean (FAHSH-uhn), fashion gaineamh (GAHN-uhv), sand maith (mah), good pailm (PAHL-im), palm If the ai is followed by dh, gh, ll, nt or a few other letter combinations, it can receive an (eye) sound, as in English my. Examples: Taidhg (teyeg), a name (genitive case of Tadhg) maighdean (MEYE-duhn), maiden aimsir (EYEM-sheer), season, weather aill (eyel), cliff caill (keyel), lose caint (keyent), talk saibhir (SEYE-vir), rich, also pronounced (SEV-ir) GRAMMAR We will now take a closer look at how Irish nouns change in the plural and possessive or genitive forms; in other words, how you change table to tables or of the table. These changes follow several general patterns, depending on the noun. On the basis of the patterns, nouns can be grouped into what are called declensions. There are ve of these. Most of the nouns in ordinary use are in the rst two declensions, but all ve declensions include common words. We will start with the largest declension, the rst. All rst-declension nouns are masculine, and all end in a broad consonant in the basic form. A broad consonant is one in which the nearest vowel is a, o, or u. Examples: bord, mac, ll (ool). For the sons shoe, the Irish is brg an mhic (brohg uh vik). For the head of the table, the Irish is ceann an bhoird (kyoun uh vwird). after the an, meaning of the, an initial consonant is usually aspirated. The word in the possessive or genitive comes after what is owned or is part of the other. Therefore, when forming your thoughts in Irish, remember to change phrases such as the sons shoe to shoe of the son in Irish. Read these examples to familiarize yourself with this form: madra an fhir (MAH-druh uhn IR), dog of the man, the mans dog dath an bhid (dah uh VWAW*-id), color of the boat, the boats color ainm an chait (AN-im uh K*IT), name of the cat, the cats name barr an chnoic (bahr uh K*NIK), top of the hill, the hilltop praghas an leabhair (preyes uh LOU-wir), price of the book, the books price You can leave out the the, as in a horses head or head of a horse. In Irish, this is ceann capaill (kyoun KAH-pil). Notice that the word capaill, meaning of a horse, does not have its rst consonant aspirated in this form, where the phrase indicates part of a person, animal, or thing. Another example is lmh r (law*v FIR), hand of a man, a mans hand. There are other rules determining when you should aspirate the rst consonant of the second word when the an is omitted. We will learn these rules gradually. In the meantime, do not worry about this. Aspirate the rst consonant or not, as you wish, until you learn the rules for this.

DRILL Practice with these words and phrases, repeating them until you can say them quickly. bd, an bd, fear an bhid (baw*d, un BAW*D), far uh VWAW*-id); boat, the boat, the boatman cat, an cat, ceann an chait (kaht, un KAHT, kyoun uh K*IT), cat, the cat, the cats head leabhar, an leabhar, cldach an leabhair (LOU-wuhr, un LOU-wuhr, KLOO-dahk* uh LOU-wir); book, the book, the books cover post, an post, fear an phoist (pohst, un pohst, far uh FWISHT); mail, the mail, the mailman Two of the many common and useful Irish expressions involving the genitive case are: fear an t (far uh tee), man of the house, householder, or even master of ceremonies at an entertainment bean an t (ban uh tee), woman of the house, housewife In these two expressions, the word t is the genitive of teach (tahk*), house. A householder is fear t, and a housewife is bean t. Notice that the t in t is not aspirated in fear an t. This is also the case with d as initial letter; a common Irish expression to help you remember this is: deoch an dorais (dyohk* uh DUH-rish), drink at the door, for which the English equivalent is stirrup cup, a last drink taken before starting on the road -- one for the road. Notice that the usual pronunciation in this genitive form slurs the n in an. The n is sounded, however, if the second word, in the genitive, starts with a vowel. Example: ceann an in (kyoun un AY*-in), the birds head.

Lesson 80 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Pronounce the letter group ae (ay*) as if it were . The reason for this group is to allow a broad consonant to precede it. Examples: lae (lay*), of day, the genitive form of l tae (tay*), tea traen (tray*n), train Gael (gway*l), Gael Note that a slender consonant before an would give a different sound to the word above: l would differ from lae, for which the broad l imparts a trace of (uh) sound between the l and ae t vs tae tran vs traen gill vs Gael and its faint (uh) or (wuh) sound between the g and ae GRAMMER Continuing with the rst declension of nouns, we now take up other aspects of formation of the possessive or genitive case. If a rst-declension noun begins with a vowel, the vowel remains unchanged in the genitive, but the last consonant or sound will change to a slender one. Examples: adhmad, praghas an adhmaid (EYE-muhd, preyes un EYE-mwid); timber, the timbers price ll, blas an ill (ool, blahs un OO-il); apple, the apples taste aonach, l an aonaigh (AY*-nuhk*, law* un AY*-nee), fair, the day of the fair If the word to be put into the genitive case begins with s, a t will be placed before it and eclipse the sound of the s, if the s is followed by a vowel or by l, n, r. Learn these examples before trying to memorize the rule: samhradh, l an tsamhraidh (SOU-ruh, law* uh TOU-ree), summer, the summer day sagart, teach an tsagairt (SAH-guhrt, tahk* uh TAH-girt), priest, the priests house The genitive case follows many compound prepositions (having two words) in Irish. For example, in aice (in A-ke), means near, and near the house is in aice an t (in A-kuh TEE). Other examples: tar is (tahr AY*SH), after; tar is an amhrin (tahr AY*SH un ou-RAW*-in), after the song le linn (le ling), during; le linn an dinnir (le LING uh din-YAY*R) Several simple prepositions, too, take the genitive. Two of these are: chun (k*un), to; chun an aonaigh (k*un un AY*N-nee), to the fair timpeall (TIM-puhl), around; timpeall an chnoic (TIM-puhl uh K*NIK), around the hill VOCABULARY From now on, we will give the genitive singular and the plural for all nouns. Learn all the forms of each. For this lesson, the list will contain only rst-declension nouns, all masculine. urlr (oor-LAW*R), an t-urlr, an urlir (un oor-LAW*-ir), na hurlir; oor, the oor, of the oor, the oors leabhar (LOU-wuhr), an leabhar, an leabhair (un LOU-wir), na leabhair; book, etc. bord, an bord, an bhoird (un VWIRD), na boird (nuh BWIRD); table, etc. casr (kas-SOOR), an casr, an chasir (un k*ah-SOO-ir), na casir; hammer, etc. ln (lohn), an ln, an lin (un LOH-in), na lnta (nuh LOHN-tuh); lunch, etc. fear (far), an fear, an fhir (un IR), na r; man, the man, of the man, the men corcn (kohr-KAW*N), an corcn, an corcin, na corcin; pot, etc. doras, an doras, an dorais (un DUH-rish), na doirse (DIR-she); door, etc. mac, an mac, an mhic (un VIK), na mic (nuh MIK); son, etc. dinnar (din-YAY*R), an dinnar, an dinnir (un din-YAY*R), na dinnir; dinner, etc. arn (uh-RAW*N), an t-arn, an arin (un uh-RAW*-in), na harin; bread, etc. os cionn (ohs KYOON), above (with the genitive) os comhair (ohs KOH-ir), in front of (with the genitive) DRILL In the following word groups, say the noun and then combine it with the preposition taking the genitive. Example: for ln, le linn, say an ln, le linn an lin. dinnar, tar is bord, os comhair casr, in aice

teach, chun leabhar, timpeall samhradh, tar is COMHR Deasn (dya-SOON): Fach! (FAY*-ahk*) T fear an phoist (FWISHT) ag teacht -- timpeall an chinne (K*OON-ye). Desmond: Look! The mailman is coming around the corner. Cristn (krish-TEEN): Feicim (FEK-im ay*). Tagann s -- le linn an lin -- i gcna. Cristine: I see him. He always comes during lunch. Deasn: N bac leis (naw* bahk lesh). Sin litir in aice an dorais. Suigh sos in aice an bhoird (VWIRD) -- ars (uh REESH). C bhfuil an t-arn? (un tuh-RAW*N) Dont worry about it. Theres a letter next to the door. Sit down next to the table again. Where is the bread? Cristn: Os comhair an phlta (FLAW*-tuh). Cuir chugam posa de, ms do thoil . (kir HOO-uhm PEES-uh de, MAW* shay* duh HIL ay*). In front of the plate. Pass me a piece of it please. Key to the drill: an dinnar, tar is an dinnir; an bord, os comhair an bhoird; an casr, in aice an chasir; an teach, chun an t; an leabhar, timpeall an leabhair; an samhradh, tar is an tsamhraidh (uh TOU-ree).

Lesson 81 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Pronounce the combinations adh and agh as (eye) when they are in accented or initial syllables. Examples: adharc (EYE-uhrk), horn; radharc (REYE-uhrk), view; fadhb (feyeb), problem; aghaidh (EYE-ee), face; laghad (LEYE-uhd), smallness; saghas (seyes), sort. If an i or e follows the adh or agh, an i will be needed between the a and the adh or agh; the spelling becomes aidh or aigh. The (eye) sound is retained. Examples: taighde (TEYE-de), research; aighneas (EYE-nuhs), dispute; caighden (keye-DAW*N), standard; saighdiir (seye-DYOO-ir), soldier. The i is added, too, if a consonant after the adh or agh is to have its slender sound. Examples: aidhm (eyem), aim; maidhm (meyem), explosion. Make sure that the broad m sound in adhmad differs from the slender m sound in aidhm. If the adh, aidh or aigh is at a word end and unaccented, the sound may be either (uh) or (ee). Examples: samhradh (SOU-ruh), summer; samhraidh (SOU-ree), of summer; ceannaigh (KAN-ee), buy. The group agh is rare at the end of a word. Where it occurs in misspelled Irish place names, it usually should be ach. For all the above rules, memorize the examples, not the rules. GRAMMAR First-declension nouns are all masculine and end in a broad consonant, with a, o, u before the consonant. The plural form of these nouns often is the same as the genitive singular that we have studied in the last two lessons. Examples are: bd (baw*d), an bhid (uh VWAW*-id), na bid (nuh BAW*-id); boat, of the boat, the boats. cuntas (KOON-tuhs), an chuntais (uh K*OON-tish), na cuntais (nuh KOON-tish), account, of the account, the accounts. Here, na means the in the plural. Use the plural forms given above in sentences like: Tann (TAY*-uhn) na bid amach; the boats go out. Tann bid amach; boats go out. Feiceann s (FEK-uhn shay*) na bid; he sees the boats Feiceann s bid; he sees boats. Note that this plural form is the same whether the word is the subject or the object. Other rst-declension nouns form the plural differently. Here are examples: ll (ool), apple; becomes lla (OOL-uh), apples, and na hlla (nuh HOOL-uh), the apples. Note that an h is added here in front of the vowel. dn (daw*n), poem; becomes dnta (DAW*N-tuh), poems, and na dnta, the poems. bealach (BAL-uhk*), road; becomes beala (BAL-ee), roads, and na beala, the roads. carr (kahr), car; becomes carranna (KAHR-uh-nuh), cars, and na carranna, the cars. Learn the plural for each new noun in the vocabulary lists. VOCABULARY Here are more rst declension nouns. Learn the genitive singular and the plural for each: Cupn (ku-PAW*N), an cupn, an chupin (uh k*u-PAW*-in), na cupin; cup, the cup, of the cup, the cups. cisen (kish-AW*N), an cisen, chisein (uh hyish-AW*-in), na cisein; basket, etc. rothar (ROH-huhr), an rothar, an rothair (uh ROH-hir), na rothair; bicycle, etc. airgead (AR-i-guhd), an t-airgead, an airgid (uhn AR-i-gid), na hairgid; money, etc. ceann (kyoun), an ceann, an chinn (uh hyin), na cinn (nuh kin); head, one of anything, etc. lasn (luh-SAW*N), an lasn, an lasin (uh luh-SAW*-in), na lasin; match (inammable), etc. bthar (BOH-uhr), an bthar, an bhthair (uh VWOH-ir), na bithre (nuh BOH-i-re); road, the road, of the road, the roads. pipar (paw*-PAY*R), an pipar, an phipir (uh faw*-PAY*-ir), na pipir; paper, etc. solas (SUH-luhs), an solas, an tsolais (uh TUH-lish), na soilse (nuh SEYEL-she); light, etc amhrn (ou-RAW*N), an t-amhrn, an amhrin (uhn ou-RAW*-in), na hamhrin; song, etc.

droichead (DRUH-huhd), an droichead, an droichid (uh DRUH-hid), na droichid; bridge, etc. ticad (ti-KAY*D), an ticad, an ticid (uh ti-KAY*D), na ticid; ticket, etc. i gcionn (i GYOON) at the end of (with genitive) i lthair (i LAW*-hir) in the presence of (with genitive) ar chl (er K*OOL), behind (with genitive) de bharr (de VWAHR), on account of (with genitive) DRILL Form phrases, with the genitive, from the following word groups. As an example: ag dnadh: an doras; ag dnadh an dorais. solas; an rothar dath; an pipar os cionn (ohs KYOON); an lasn praghas (preyes); an cisen ag lamh; an leabhar ag cailleadh (KEYE-luh); an t-airgead ar chl; an cupn tar is; an t-amhrn os comhair (ohs KOH-wir); an droichead in aice (in AK-e); an bthar ag briseadh; an cupn in aice; an ceann eile le linn (le LIN); an ln See the Key after the comhr to verify your answers. COMHR (KOH-raw*); conversation Sen (shaw*n): Nach uafsach an aimsir , a Shamais? (nahk* woo-FAW*S-uhk* un EYEM-sheer ee, uh HAY*-mish) John: Isnt the weather terrible, James? Samas (SHAY*-muhs): T s nos dona n anuraidh (nees DUH-nuh naw* uh-NOOR-ee). N raibh m amuigh le linn an lae (le LIN uh LAY*). Its worse than last year. I wasnt out during the day. Sen: T m ag danamh oibre (uh DAY*N-uh IB-re) ag baile inniu. Beidh an bhisteach anseo i gcpla uair (be un VWAW*SH-tuhk* uhnSHUH i GOOP-luh OO-ir). I am doing work at home today. The rain will be here in a couple of hours. Samas: Beidh s ag cur bist go luath (uh KUR BAW*SH-tee goh LOO-uh). Rachaidh m abhaile (RAHK*-hee may* uh-VWAHL-e), agus beidh m ag lamh mo nuachtin (NOO-uhk*-TAW*-in) tar is an dinnir (tuhr AY*SH uh din-YAY*R). It will be raining soon (putting of rain). I shall go home, and I will be reading my newspaper after dinner. Note: Obair, work, is a feminine noun, and its genitive singular is oibre, of work. Bisteach, too, is feminine, so that the rain is an bhisteach. Key to drill: Solas an rothair (uh RUH-hir), the bicycles light; dath an pipir, the papers color; os cionn an lasin, above the match; praghas an chisein, price of the basket; ag lamh an leabhair, reading the book; ag cailleadh an airgid, losing the money; ar chl an chupin, behind the cup; tar is an amhrin, after the song; os comhair an droichid, in front of the bridge; in aice an bhthair, beside the road; ag briseadh an chupin, breaking the cup; in aice an chinn eile (uh HYIN EL-e), beside the other one; le linn an lin, during the lunch.

Lesson 82 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Review the letter groups amh and eamh this week. When these groups are in the rst syllable of a two-syllable word, pronounce them usually as (ou). Examples: amhrn (ou-RAW*N), song; amharc (OU-uhrk), sight; Samhain (SOU-in), November; samhradh (SOU-ruh), summer; damhsa (DOU-suh), dancing; deamhan (DYOU-uhn), demon; sleamhain (SHLOU-in), slippery. The letter group amh in a one syllable word can be (ahv), as in damh (dahv), ox; amh (ahv), raw. Pronounce the letter group eamh in a onesyllable word as (av): leamh (lav), tasteless; neamh (nyav), heaven. At the end of a two-syllable word, amh and eamh can be (uhv), as in the verbal nouns danamh, doing, and caitheamh, throwing, wearing, spending. For the letter groups mh and imh, the (aw*) is the predominant sound. In a one-syllable word mh is (aw*v) and is nasalized. Examples: lmh (law*v), hand; smh (saw*v), tranquil. Do not nasalize the sound in a two-syllable word such as lmha (LAW*V-uh). Pronounce imh as (AW*-iv), which will resemble (oyv) when said quickly. Limhe (LAW*-i-ve), of a hand; simhn (saw*-i-VEEN), rest, quiet. Do not mistake the group amh for the above groups. Always pronounce amh as (ay*v): lamh (lay*v), reading; amh (ay*v), crying. GRAMMAR Personal names can be in the genitive case, too. For Johns son, the Irish is mac Shein (mahk HYAW*-in), son of John. James book is leabhar Shamais (LOU-uhr HAY*-mish). Where possible, aspirate an initial consonant in a name used in this way. With all masculine names except Liam (LEE-uhm), make a nal consonant in the genitive case slender. To show the need for a slender sound in pronunciation, write an i before the nal consonant. With feminine names, merely aspirate the initial consonant where possible. Learn these as examples that you can readily recall in working with new names: bd Shamais (baw*d HAY*-mish), James boat seoladh Mhire (SHOH-luh VWAW*-re), Marys address Nearly all feminine names end in a slender consonant or a vowel, and so the ending does not usually change. Brd is one that does change. Leabhar Bhrde (VREED-e) is Bridgets book. To say a book of Johns or one of Johns books, the form is leabhar le Sen, literally book with John. Here, the persons name does not change. VOCABULARY Here are more rst-declension nouns, all masculine and all ending in a broad consonant, which is one preceded by a, o, or u. buicad (bwi-KAY*D), an buicad, an bhuicid (uh vwi-KAY*D), na buicid; bucket, the bucket, of the bucket, the buckets. fmhar (FOH-uhr), an fmhar, an fhmhair (un OH-ir), na fmhair; autumn, etc. buidal (bwi-DAY*L), an buidal, an bhuidil (uh vwi-DAY*L), na buidil; bottle, etc. scal (shkay*l), an scal, an scil (uh SHKAY*L), na scalta (SHKAY*L-tuh); story, etc. silar (shee-LAY*R), an silar, an tsilair (uh tee-LAY*R), na silir; cellar, etc. ostn (ohs-TAW*N), an t-ostn, an ostin (un ohs-TAW*-in), na hostin; hotel, etc. glas (glahs), an glas, an ghlais (glahsh), na glais; lock, etc. peann, (pyoun), an peann, an phinn (uh FING), na pinn; pen, etc. oilen (IL-aw*n), an t-oilen, an oilein (un IL-aw*-in), na hoilein (nuh HIL-aw*-in; island, etc. rialtas (REE-uhl-tuhs), an rialtas, an rialtais (uh REE-uhl-tish), na rialtais; government, etc. rabhadh (ROU-uh), an rabhadh, an rabhaidh (uh ROU-wee), na rabhaidh; warning, etc. parls (PAHR-lus), an parls, an pharlis (uh FAHR-lush), na parlis; parlor, etc. i measc (mask), in the middle of (with the genitive) lon, (LEE-uhn), lonaim, ag lonadh (LEE-uh-nuh), ll, I ll, lling gar (gay*r), sharp, sour DRILL We continue with practice on use of the genitive in the rst declension. Here is an example of the drill to be gone through: Combine: ag lonadh; an buicad, using the genitive. The result is: ag lonadh an bhuicid (uh LEE-uh-nuh uh vwi-KAY*D), lling the bucket. le linn; an fmhar tar is; an rabhadh ag briseadh; an buidal ar chl; an rialtas timpeall; an t-ostn de bharr; an peann os comhair; an glas in aice; an silar chun; an t-oilen ag lamh; an scal ag ceannach; an buicad

ag glanadh; an parls Do the same drill with the following, but translate into Irish rst: above the boat after the story the postman reading the book around the oor the sons hat next to the match cleaning the table the boatman closing the door after the dinner the islands boat Key to the drill phrases: le linn an fhmhair; tar is an rabhaidh; ag briseadh an buidil; ar chl an rialtais; timpeall an ostin; de bharr an phinn; os comhair an ghlais; in aice an tsilir; chun an oilein; ag lamh an scil; ag ceannach an bhuicid; ag glanadh an pharlis. Os cionn an bhid (ohs KYOON uh VWAW*-id); tar is an scil (tahr AY*SH uh SHKAY*L); fear an phoist (far uh FWISHT); ag lamh an leabhair (uh LAY*V un LOU-wir); timpeall an urlir (TIM-puhl un oor-LAW*-ir); hata uh mhic (HAH-tuhn VIK); in aice an lasin (in A-kuhn luh-SAW*-in); ag glanadh an bhoird (uh GLUHN-uhn VWIRD); fear an bhid (far uh VWAW*-id); ag dnadh an dorais (uh DOON-uhn DUHrish); tar is an dinnir (tahr AY*SH uh din-YAY*R); bd an oilein (baw*d un IL-aw*-in).

Lesson 83 The letter group ei gets various pronunciations, depending on whether it is in an accented syllable, what letters follow it, and what part of Ireland the speaker is from. Often it has an (e) sound, as in creidim, I believe. With a sneadh fada (SHEEN-uh) over the e, the sound is usually (ay*), as in fin, self, or ire (AY*-re), but sometimes the pronunciation is (eye), as in irigh (EYE-ree), rise. This word is pronounced (AY*-ree) in parts of Ireland. Ei before bh, dh, gh or mh in an accented syllable may be (eye), as in: Eibhln (EYE-leen), Eileen eidhnen (EYE-naw*n), ivy leigheas (LEYE-uhs), cure; resembling (leyes) in parts of Ireland deimhin (DEYE-in), certain In parts of Ireland, eibh and eimh in these words may be (ev): Eibhln (EV-e-leen), Evelyn deimhin (DEV-in), certain The word geimhreadh, meaning winter, may be pronounced (GEE-ruh), (GEYE-ruh), or (GEV-roo), depending on the speakers origin. This may sound confusing, but we have parallels in the United States, where right may be (reyet), (raht), (rat), or even (royt). And of course either can be (EE-thur) or (EYE-thur). We will continue to give you one pronunciation, but we will add occasional explanation of variations. GRAMMAR The genitive plural of a noun is the form you need if you wish to say, for example, house of the men, the mens house in Irish. In the rst declension, consisting of nouns that are masculine and end in a broad consonant, the genitive plural is usually the basic word that you have learned. Mens is fear (far). House of the men is teach na bhfear (TAHK* nuh VAR). The word na here means of the, and it causes eclipsis wherever possible. Review the cases for the rst declension: man fear (far) the man an fear (un far) of the man, the mans an fhir (un IR) a mans r or fhir men r the men na r of the men, the mens na bhfear of men, mens fear or fhear (ar) The genitive plural is the same as the basic noun for all the rst-declension nouns whose nominative plural is formed by: slenderizing the broad consonant, or adding a to the basic word. Examples are: fear; na r leabhar; na leabhair ll; na hlla bord; na boird (bwird) ireannach; na hireannaigh ceart; na cearta Next to the books is in aice na leabhar (in A-ke nuh LOU-uhr). Color of the apples is dath na n-ll (dah nuh NOOL). Note that an n precedes a vowel in the genetive plural. For plurals that end in ta, tha, , or anna, the genitive plural is the same as the nominative plural that you have been learning in the last three lessons. For example: dn (daw*n), poem; na dnta, the poems; ag lamh na ndnta, reading the poems; ag lamh dnta, reading poems. bealach (BAL-uhk*), road, way; na beala (nuh BAL-ee), the roads; ag dnadh na mbeala (uh DOON-uh nuh MAL-ee); ag dnadh beala This subject of plurals and the genitive case seems puzzling at rst, but we will be drilling on it in the next few weeks to give you a good understanding of it. You will be surprised at the progress you make, provided that you do the drills and exercises faithfully. DRILL Form these word groups into the genitive (singular or plural as indicated), as shown by the following example: praghas; an ticad becomes praghas an ticid (preyes uh ti-KAY*D).

ar chl; na crainn (nuh krin) i measc; na froganna os cionn; na hrasin (nuh HAW*-ruh-saw*-in) hata; na Meiricenaigh (nuh mer-i-KAW*-nee) ag danamh; arn (uh-RAW*N) ag oscailt; an bal (un BAY*L) barr; an ceann (un kyoun) polasa; an rialtas (un REE-uhl-tuhs) ag ceannach; na lasin (nuh luh-SAW*-in) chun; na droichid (k*un; nuh DRUH-hid) barr; an buidal (un bwi-DAY*L) ag lasadh; an solas (SUH-luhs) timpeall; an carr le linn; na lnta KEY TO THE DRILL ar chl na gcrann (er K*OOL nuh groun), in back of the trees. i measc na bhfroganna (i mask nuh VROHG-uh-nuh), in the midst of the frogs. os cionn na n-rasn (ohs KYOON nuh NAW*-ruh-saw*n), above the apartments. hata na Meiricenach (HAH-tee nuh mer-i-KAW*-nuhk*), the Americans hats. ag danamh arin (uh DAY*N-uhv uh-RAW*-in), making bread. ag oscailt an bhil (eg OH-skilt uh VAY*L), opening the mouth. barr an chinn (bahr uh HYIN), top the head. polasa an rialtais (POH-luh-see uh REE-uhl-tish), the governments policy. ag ceannach na lasn (uh KAN-uhk* nuh luh-SAW*N), buying the matches. chun na ndroichead (k*un nuh NRUH-huhd), to the bridges. barr an bhuidil (bahr uh vwi-DAY*L), top of the bottle. ag lasadh an tsolais (uh LAHS-uh uh TUH-lish), lighting the light. timpeall an chairr (TIM-puhl uh K*AHR), around the car. le linn na lnta (le LIN nuh LOHN-tuh), during the lunches.

Lesson 84 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW If eo begins a word, pronounce it (oh). Some examples: eolas (OH-luhs), knowledge; eorna (OHR-nuh), barley; Eochaill (OHK*-hil), Youghal, an Irish seaport. The e is not sounded in this case, but it often is sounded like English (y) when a consonant precedes the eo. Examples: ceo (kyoh), mist; beo (byoh), alive; fuinneog (fwin-YOHG), window. The (y) sound practically disappears when l, r, or s precedes the eo. Such words as leo (loh), with them; leor (lohr), enough; and especially bileog (bil-YOHG), sheet of paper, have a trace of this after the slender l, but gleo (gi-LOH), tumult, does not. In a few words, such as deoch (dyuhk*), a drink; seo (shuh), this; and anseo (un-SHUH), the eo has a short (oh) sound that is closer to (uh) in English. PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Read these words aloud, phrase by phrase. Do not try to get the meaning. Then look at the key directly under the exercise to verify your pronunciation. Go direach roimh thionl na comhairle -- cuireadh a thuilleadh postanna ar fil -- agus i ndiaidh srian a chur le hollmhairi earra. Chomh maith leis sin -- t crsa go dona faoi lthair -- go hirithe tr oibri an chiste. Sa chad dul sos -- beidh a fhoins fin teacht isteach aige -- le gnomhaochta a shr. Idir lucht talmhaochta agus tionscail a laghd -- an amhlaidh nach bhfuil a fhios ag an gcntasir. Key: (goh dee-RAHK* rev hin-OHL nuh KOHR-le -- KIR-uh uh HIL-uh POHS tuh-nuh er FAW*-il -- AH-guhs in-YEE-uh SREE-uhn uh K*UR le houl-VWAHR-oo AH-ree. hoh MAH lesh shin -- taw* KOOR-see goh DUH-nuh fwee LAW*-hir -- goh HAW*-ri-he tree IB-roo uh HYISH-te. suh hyay*d duhl SHEES -- be uh IN-shee fay*n tahk*t ish-TYAHK* e-GE -- le GNEEV-ee-uhk*-tee uh HAW*-roo. ID-ir luk*t TAHL-vweeuhk*-tuh AH-guhs TIN-skil uh LEYE-doo -- un OU-lee nahk* vwil is eg un GOON-tuh-soh-ir) GRAMMAR The words for my, your, his, etc, can appear with the genitive or possessive case. Examples for the rst declension, a group of nouns all of which are masculine, are: leabhar mo mhic (LOU-uhr muh VIK), my sons book (the sons book would be leabhar an mhic (uh VIK). ceann r mboird (kyoun aw*r MWIRD), head of our table (head of the table would be ceann an bhoird(uh VWIRD). The words mo, do, and a meaning his, all aspirate initial consonants in the following word. The word a meaning hers does not change the initial consonant in the following word, but causes h to go before an initial vowel. The words r; bhur (vwoor), your (plural); a meaning theirs, all eclipse initial consonants in the following word, and cause n to precede an initial consonant. With a term like os comhair (ohs KOH-ir), before, in front of, an expression like: os comhair an chairr (uh K*AHR), in front of the car, is easy to understand. If you wish to say in front of me in Irish, however, you must say: os mo chomhair (ohs muh K*OH-ir). In this, the word for my modies the noun comhair. This form is necessary because Irish has no word for of me or mine, only for my. Other examples of this:os r gcionn (ohs aw*r GYOON), above us i maice (i-MAK-e), near me inr n-aice (in aw*r NAK-e), near us ina lthair (in uh LAW*-hir), in their presence (also in his presence and in her presence; the context or other words in the sentence tell you which is the meaning) in bhur measc (in vwoor MASK), in your midst VOCABULARY These words are all from the rst declension and therefore are masculine and end in a broad consonant in the basic form, which is the nominative singular. uachtarn, an t-uachtarn (un TOO-uhk*-tuhr-aw*n), an uachtarin (un uhk*-tuhr-aw*-in), na huachtarin; president, the president, of the president, the presidents ollamh, an t-ollamh (un TUHL-uhv), an ollaimh (un UHL-iv), na hollna (nuh huh-LOON-uh), proffesor, etc. gearn, an gearn (un gyar-AW*N), an ghearin (uh yar-AW*-in), na gearin; complaint, etc. ciorcal, an ciorcal (un KEER-kuhl), an chiorcail (uh HYEER-kil), na ciorcail (nuh KEER-kil); circle, etc. suochn, an suochn (un see-K*AW*N), an tsuochin (uh tee-K*AW*N), na suochin; chair, seat, etc. margadh, an margadh (uh MAHR-uh-guh), an mhargaidh (un VWAHR-uh-gee), na marga (nuh MAHR-uh-gee); market, the market, of the market, the markets turas, an turas (un TOOR-uhs), an turais (uh TOOR-ish), na turais; trip, etc. praghas, an praghas (un PREYES), an phraghais (uh FREYESH), na praghsanna (PREYES-uh-nuh); price, etc. geall, an geall (un GYOUL), an ghill (uh YIL), na geallta (nuh GYOUL-tuh); promise, bet, etc. nimid, an nimid (un NOH-may*d), an nimid (uh NOH-may*d), na nimid; minute, etc. muileann, an muileann (un MWIL-uhn), an mhuilinn (uh VWIL-in), na muilte (nuh MWIL-te); mill, etc. slipar, an slipar (un shli-PAY*R), an tslipir (uh tli-PAY*R), na slipir; slipper, etc.

DRILL Cuir Gaeilge orthu seo (OHR-huh shuh): During the trip; during my trip; during our trip. In front of me; in front of the professor; in front of my professor; in front of our professor. He is nishing the circle; he is nishing my circle; he is nishing their circle. Key: Le linn an turais (le LIN uh TOOR-ish): le linn mo thurais (muh HOOR-ish); le linn r dturais (aw*r DOOR-ish). Os mo chomhair (ohs muh K*OH-ir); os chomhair an ollaimh (un UHL-iv); os chomhair mollaimh (MUHL-iv); os chomhair r n-ollaimh (aw*r NUHL-iv). T s ag crochn an chiorcail (uh KREE-uhk*-noo uh HYEER-kil); t s ag crochn mo chiorcail; t s ag crochn a gciorcail (uh GEER-kil).

Lesson 85 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW In the letter group io, the i is often the letter pronounced, the o merely indicating that the next consonant has its broad sound. Some examples: os (s), knowledge; crios (kris), belt; giota (GI-tuh), piece; bior (beer), point; ciorcal (KEER-kuhl), circle; sol (sheel), seed. In other cases, the o is pronounced instead of the i. Examples: siopa (SHOP-uh), store; liom (luhm), with me; pioc (pyuhk), a bit. This occurs when the io is in an accented syllable and is followed by c, g, ng, b, p, f, m. If the i has a sineadh over it, then the o group receives the (ee) sound, as in: for (FEE-uhr), true; boma (BEE-muh), a beam. PRONUNCIATION Read this aloud, phrase by phrase. Do not try to get the meaning. After reading it, look at the key directly following the exercise to verify your pronunciation. Bh cna ar roinnt teaghlach ansin -- le linn an chornaithe. Thadh Sen timpeall -- go dt na tithe sa chomharsanacht -- agus is minic daoine ag afra conas a tharla sin. Nuair a thug s cuairt uirthi -- dfhan an don ar an sipal -- tar is bun na scoileanna mra. An tsl ar sheasadar leis an teanga Ghaeilge -- tr dhnta ardchaighdein a chumadh inti. Key: vee KOHN-ee er rint TEYE-luhk* un-SHIN -- le ling uh k*uh-ROHN-uh-hee. HAY*-uhk* shaw*n TIM-puhl -- goh DEE nuh TEE-huh suh K*OH-uhr-suhn-uhk*t -- AH-guhs is MIN-ik DEEN-uh uh FEE-uhr-ee KUN-uhs uh HAHR-luh ay* shin. NOO-ir uh HUG shay* KOOirt IR-ee -- DAHN un DEE-uhn er un SHAY*-pay*l -- tahr AY*SH BUN-oo nuh SKUHL-uh-nuh MOR-uh. un TLEE er HAS-uh-duhr lesh un TANG-uh GAY*-lig-e -- tree GAW*N-tuh AHRD-heye-DAW*-in uh K*UM-uh IN-tee. GRAMMAR To show that a person owns something, we use forms like carr Shein (kahr HYAW*-in), Johns car. To show a less close connection, similar to Dublin harbor or harbor of Dublin, the form is cuan Bhaile tha Cliath (KOO-uhn vlaw* KLEE-uh). The initial consonant in the second word is usually aspirated, if it can be. Other examples: muintir Shamais (MWIN-teer HAY*-mish), Jamess people. oibrithe Dhoire (IB-ri-he GER-e), Derry workers. srideanna Chorca (SRAW*D-yuh-nuh K*OHR-kee), Corks streets. To say the mailmans hat, the Irish form is hata fhear an phoist (HAH-tuh ar uh FWISHT), which is literally hat of the man of the mail. The boatmans house becomes teach fhear an bhid (TAHK* ar uh VWAW*-id). Notice that the word fear in these expressions stays in the nominative form instead of changing to r, the genitive form. The compound prepositions can take similar forms. An example: os comhair dhoras an tsipil (ohs KOH-ir GUH-ruhs uh TAY*-pay*l), in front of the chapel door. Another example: in aice leabhar Shein (in AK-e LOU-uhr HYAW*-in), near Johns book. VOCABULARY These are rst-declension nouns, all ending in broad consonant and all masculine. ll, an t-ll (un TOOL), an ill (un-OO-il), na hlla; apple, the apple, of the apple, the apples. frog, an frog (un FROHG), an fhroig (un RIG), na froganna (nuh FROHG-uh-nuh); frog, etc. sort, an sort (un SOHRT), an tsoirt (uh TOH-irt), na soirt; sort, etc. muinel, an muinel (un MWIN-aw*l), an mhuinl (uh VWIN-eel), na muinl; neck, etc. oigheann, an t-oigheann (un TEYE-uhn), an oighinn (un EYE-in), na hoighinn; oven, etc. maracn, an maracn (un MAY*R-uh-kaw*n), an mharacin (uh VAY*R-uh-kaw*-in), na maracin; thimble, etc. poll, an poll (un POUL), an phoill (un FWIL), na poill (nuh PWIL); hole, the hole, of the hole, the holes. samhradh, an samhradh (un SOU-ruh), an tsamhraidh (uh TOU-ree), na samhra (nuh SOU-ree); summer, etc. iarann, an t-iarann (un TEER-uhn), an iarainn (un EER-in), na hiarainn; iron, etc. glr, an glr (un GLOHR), an ghlir (uh GLOH-ir), na glrtha (nuh GLOHR-huh); voice, etc. gual, an gual (un GOO-uhl), an ghuail (uh GOO-il), ; coal, etc. taobh, an taobh (un TAY*V), an taoibh (uh TEEV), na taobhanna (nuh TAY*V-uh-nuh); side, etc. DRILL Cuir Gaeilge ar na habairtn seo leanas (hah-bir-TEEN-ee shuh LAN-uhs), put Irish on these phrases following: lling the hole, lling a hole listening to the mans voice the coal bucket; lling the coal bucket the summers day the door key; near the door key collecting the thimbles eating an apple; eating my apple; eating our apples drive the car; driving the car; driving the cars

a kind of frog; a kind of oven; what kind of man? Key to the above: ag lonadh an phoill (uh LEE-uhn-uh uh FWIL); ag lonadh poill (PWIL) ag isteacht le glr an fhir (eg AY*SH-tyahk*t le GLOHR un IR) buicad an ghuail (bwi-KAY*D uh GOO-il); ag lonadh buicad an ghuail l an tsamhraidh eochair an dorais (OHK*-hir uh DUH-rish); in aice eochair an dorais. ag baili na maracn ag ithe ill (eg I-he OO-il); ag ithe mo ill; ag ithe r n-ll (aw*r NOOL) tiomin an carr (ti-MAW*-in un KAHR); ag tiomint an chairr (uh ti-MAW*NT uh K*AHR); ag tiomint na gcarranna (nuh GAHR-uh-nuh) sort froig; sort oighinn; cn sort fhir? Note: of our apples is r n-ll:, but of the cars is na gcarranna. ll in the plural ends in ----a, so the genitive plural is the same as the nominative singular. Carr ends in ----anna in the plural, so its genitive plural ending is the same: ----anna.

Lesson 86 In this lesson and several succeeding lessons, we will review the grammar and vocabulary that you have learned up to now. The review will be through conversation. The translations, in the right column, are literal, not quite as you would speak in English. This is done here to make the Irish forms more understandable from the viewpoint of grammar. The sentences are broken into phrases by dashes. Read and pronounce phrase by phrase at rst, until you can repeat the entire sentence. It will help if you have someone to speak with, of course. COMHR (KOH*-raw*), conversation Dnall (DOHN-uhl): Dia dhuit, a Bhreandin (uh vren-DAW*-in) Hello, Brendan. Breandn (bren-DAW*N): Dias Muire dhuit, a Dhnaill (DEE-uhs MWIR-uh git, uh GOHN-il). Conas t t inniu? Hello, Donald. How are you today? Dnall: , tim cuosach maith (KWEE-sahk* mah) inniu. Conas t t fin - ar an l bre seo? (er un law* bi-RAW* shuh) Oh, I am fairly well today. How are you yourself on this ne day? Breandn: Ar fheabhas (er OUS). Nach maith leat an aimsir seo? (nahk* MAH lat un EYEM-sheer shuh) Excellent. Dont you like this weather? Dnall: Is maith liom (luhm ee), ach is fearr liom an t-earrach (ahk* is fahr luhm un tahr-UHK*). Is fearr an t-earrach n an fmhar (naw* un FOH-uhr), I like it, but I prefer the spring. The spring is better than the fall. Breandn: T an ceart agat (taw* un KYART uh-GUHT). T an t-earrach nos (nees) fearr n an fmhar. Bonn na laethanta nos fuaire anois (BEE-uhn nuh LAY*-uhn-tuh nees FOO-i-re uh-NISH). You are right (you have right). The spring is better than the fall. The days be colder now. Dnall: An gceapann t (un GYAP-uhn too) go mbeidh s ag cur sneachta (goh ME shay* uh kur SHNAHK*-tuh) go luath? (goh LOO-uh). T amhras ormsa (taw* OU-ruhs OH-ruhm-suh). Do you think that it will be putting snow soon? I myself doubt it. Breandn: Nl fhios agam (NEEL is uh-GUHM). Chuala m go mbeidh an aimsir naltach anocht (K*OO-uh-luh may* goh ME un EYEMsheer NAY*L-tuhk* uh-NOHK*T). I dont know. I heard that the weather will be cloudy tonight. Dnall: N chloisim (nee K*LISH-im) - faisnis na haimsire (FASH-nay*sh nuh HEYEM-sheer-e) - go minic (goh MIN-ik). I dont hear the weather report often. Cn t-am (kay*n TOUM) - a bhonn s ar an raidi? (er un RAH-dee-oh). What time does it be on the radio? Breandn: Cloistear beagnach gach uair (KLISH-tyuhr BYUHG-nahk* gahk* OO-ir ay*). It is heard nearly every hour. Dnall: Ar chualathas arir (er K*OOL-uh-huhs uh-RAY*R) - timpeall a hocht a chlog ? (TIM-puhl uh HOHK*T uh K*LUHG ay*). Was it heard last night about eight oclock? Breandn: Chualathas ag an am sin , go deimhin (K*OOL-uh-huhs eg un OUM shin ay*, goh DEYE-in). It was heard at that time, certainly. Dnall: Nor (NEE-uhr) chualathas i mo theach fin . N raibh m (nee REV may*) - ag isteacht leis an raidi (eg AY*SH-tyahk*t lesh un RAH-dee-oh). N istim (nee AY*SH-tim) - go minic leis an raidi. It wasnt heard in my house. I wasnt listening to the radio. I dont listen to the radio often. Breandn: M istdh t (maw* AY*SHT-hee too) - leis an raidi anocht (uh-NOHK*T) - cloisdh t (KLISH-hee too) faisnis na haimsire. If you listen to the radio tonight, you will hear the weather report. Dnall: Cloismid (KLISH-hi-mid ee), m istimid li (maw* AY*SH-ti-mid lay*). istdh mise li (AY*SHT-hee MISH-e lay*) - ar a laghad (er uh LEYE*uhd). We will hear it, if we listen to it. I will listen to it, at least. Breandn: Dla an scil (DAW*-luhn SHKAY*-il), ar ist sibh (er AY*SHT shiv) - leis an gceolchoirm (lesh un GYOHL-k*uhr-im) - inn? (inYAY) By the way, did you listen to the concert yesterday? Dnall: Disteamar le cuid di (DAY*SH-tuh-muhr le KWID dee), ach ansin (ahk* un-SHIN) - bh orm (vee OH-ruhm) - dul chuig an siopa (duhl hig un SHOHP-uh). N raibh ar mo bhean (er muh VAN) - dul in ineacht liom (duhl in AY*N-ahk*t luhm) - agus dfhad s (DAY*-uhd shee) - a isteacht li. We listened to part of it, but then I had to go to the store. My wife didnt have to go with me, and she was able to listen to it. Breandn: Chuala m - go raibh ceolchoirm eile - arir. I heard that there was another concert last night. Dnall: Cn saghas (kay*n SEYES) ceolchoirme - a bh ann? (uh vee oun) What kind of concert was it? Breandn: Ceolchoirm na gcat (nuh GAHT). Bh siad ag biceadh (vee SHEE-uhd uh BAY*K-uh) - am an tsuipir (oh OUM uh tu-PAY*-ir) - go men-oche (goh myaw*n EE-hye). Concert of the cats. They were howling from suppertime until midnight. Dnall: Beidh siad ullamh (BE SHEE-uhd UL-luhv) - don chlr mr (duhn k*lahr mohr) - ar an raidi, mar sin. They will be ready for the big program on the radio, then.

Notes: Na cait is the cats, but na gcat is of the cats. Cat is a rst-declension noun, ending in a broad consonant. Aimsir, weather, is feminine, and of the weather is na haimsire. The formation of the genitive case for feminine nouns such as this differs from the method in the rst declension. We will take this up in a short time, but for now merely learn the phrases, such as faisnis na haimsire. Laethanta, the plural of l, is a violation of the spelling rule you have learned (broad to broad and slender to slender), but in this case there is no ambiguity in the pronunciation clues. The ae is (ay*), equal to ; the a is necessary to show that the l is broad. The transition to the unaccented than- is easily done.

Lesson 87 We continue the review of grammar and vocabulary through conversation. The sentences are broken up by dashes into phrases. Read and pronounce phrase by phrase at rst, until you can repeat the entire sentence. Try to form variant sentences as you read over the conversation. Begin with negative forms, then change the person of the verbs, or add a phrase such as Dirt s (DOO-irt shay*), he said, to put the sentence into direct speech. COMHR(KOH*-raw*), conversation Fionnuala* (n-OO-luh): Dia dhuit, a Shinad (DEE-uh git, uh hin-AY*D). *Fionnuala, literally fair shoulders: Hello, Janet. Sinad (shin-AY*D): Dias Muire dhuit (DEE-uhs MWIR-e git), a Fhionnuala (uh in-OO-luh). Conas t t inniu? Hello, Fionnuala. How are you today? Fionnuala: T m go maith inniu, agus conas t t fin? (fay*n) I am well, and how are you yourself? Sinad: T m go maith freisin (FRESH-in). N fhaca m t - Nollaig (nee AHK-uh may* too oh NUHL-ig). Ach chonaic m dinon - cpla l shin - san ollmhargadh (ahk* k*uh-NIK may* din-EEN KOOP-luh law* oh HIN suhn oul-VWAHR-uh-guh). I am well too. I didnt see you since Christmas. But I saw your daughter a couple of days ago in the supermarket. Fionnuala: Bh slaghdn uafsach orm - le dh sheachtain - ach t biseach orm anois (vee sleye-DAW*N woo-FAW*S-uhk* OH-ruhm le gaw* HAHK*T-in, ahk* taw* BI-shahk* OH-ruhm uh-NISH). I had a terrible cold for two weeks, but there is improvement on me now. Sinad: Is maith liom - sin a chloisteil (is MAH luhm ay* shin uh K*LISH-taw*-il). Bonn an oiread sin daoine tinn - na laethanta seo - nach fidir liom - iad a chomhaireamh (BEE-uhn un IR-uhd shin DEEN-e tin nuh LAY*-uhn-tuh shuh nahk* FAY*-dir luhm EE-uhd uh K*OH-iruhv). I am glad to hear that. There be so many people sick these days that I cant count them. Fionnuala: , t an ceart agat (oh, taw* un KART uh-GUHT). Nl aon leigheas - ar an slaghdn - fs (neel ay*n LEYE-uhs er un sleye-DAW*N fohs). Oh, youre right. There is no cure for the cold yet. Sinad: Feicim do mhthair - ar an srid - uaireanta (FEK-im duh VWAHW*-hir er un SRAW*D OO-i-ran-tuh). I see your mother on the street sometimes. Chonaiceamar ag fachaint ar fhuinneoga na siopa inn (k*uh-NIK-uh-muhr ee uh FAY*-uhk*-int er in-YOHG-uh nuh SHOHP-ee in-YAY*). Bh s ina seasamh - lasmuigh an siopa mr - d thall (vee shee IN-uh SHAS-uhv lahs-MWEE un SHOHP-uh mohr ood houl). We saw her looking at the store windows yesterday. She was standing outside the big store over yonder. Fionnuala: Chuala m - go raibh s amuigh - ag siopadireacht (K*OO-uh-luh may* goh rev shee uh-MWEE uh shohp-uh-DOH-i-rahk*t). Tabharfaidh m cuairt uirthi - i gceann tamaill (TOOR-hee may* KOO-irt IR-ee i gyoun TAH-mil.) Nl m balta - dhanamh sin - direach anois (neel may* AW*-buhl-tuh aw* YAY*-uhv shin dee-RAHK* uh-NISH). I heard that she was out shopping. I will visit her in a while. I am not able to do that just now. Sinad: Agus conas t dathair? (KUN-uhs taw* DA-hir) An bhfaca t - ar na mallaibh ? (un VWAHK-uh too er nuh MAHL-iv ay*) And how is your father? Did you see him recently? Fionnuala: Thinig s - chuig r dteach - deireadh na seachtaine seo caite. (HAW*-nig shay* hig aw*r DAHK* DER-uh nuh SHAHK*T-in-e shuh KAH-tye). T s ina shlinte fs, freisin (taw* shay* IN-uh HLAW*-in-tye fohs, FRESH-in). He came to our house last weekend. He is in his good health still, too. Sinad: Feicdh m mathair amrach (FEK-hee may MA-hir uh-MAW*-rahk*). I will see my father tomorrow. Rachaimid chuig an gcathair - le chile (RAHK*-hi-mid hig un GAH-hir le HYAY*-le. T mrn nithe le danamh agam ann (taw* mohRAW*N NI-he le DAY*N-uh uh-GUHM oun). We will go to the city together. There are many things that I have to do there. Fionnuala: Tim go dt an chathair - anois agus ars (TAY*-im goh DYEE un K*AH-hir uh-NISH AH-guhs uh-REESH). Fillimid abhaile - ar an traein (FIL-i-mid uh-VWAHL-e er un TRAY*N). I go to the city now and again (occasionally). We return home on the train. Sinad: N maith liom an traein (nee MAH luhm un TRAY*N). Is fearr liom an bus (is FAHR luhm un BUS). N thiominimid chuig an gcathair anois (nee hi-MAW*N-i-mid hig un GAH-hir uh-NISH). Bonn s chomh deacair it phaircala a fhil (BEE-uhn shay* hoh DAK-uhr aw*t faw*rk-AW*L-uh uh AW*-il). I dont like the train. I prefer the bus. We dont drive to the city now. It is so difcult to get a parking place. Fionnuala: Bonn an iomarca carranna ann na laethanta seo (BEE-uhn un OOM-uhr-kuh KAHR-uh-nuh oun nuh LAY*-uhn-tuh shuh). There are too many cars these days. Notes: Ollmhargadh means a giant market, the equivalent of a supermarket in the United States. Ina seasamh means in her standing; this is said instead of ag seasamh. Ina sheasamh (in uh HAS-uhv), means in his standing. You give a visit, rather than simply visit someone, in Irish; thug s cuairt orm means he visited me.

Lesson 88 Here is more review of grammar and vocabulary through conversation. Read and pronounce each sentence phrase by phrase until you can say the entire sentence without hesitation or error. Again, try to form variations of the sentences after you have learned them thoroughly. Start with the negative forms, then change the person and number of the verb; for example, from I to we or they. COMHR (KOH-raw*), conversation Cormac (KOHR-muhk): Dia dhuit, a na (DEE-uh git, uh OON-uh). Hello, Una. na: Dias Muire dhuit, a Chormaic (DEE-uhs MWIR-e git, uh K*OHR-mwik). Conas t t inni? (in-YOO) Hello, Cormac. How are you today? Cormac: T m go maith (taw* may* goh MAH). Conas t t fin (fay*n), agus cad t t a dhanamh inniu? (uh YAY*N-uhv in-YOO) I am well. How are you yourself, and what are you doing today? na: T m ag siopadireacht - mhaidin (taw* may* uh shohp-uh-DOH-i-rahk*t oh VWAH-din). Fuair m airgead - n mbanc - agus ansin - chuaigh m - isteach i siopa troscin (FOO-ir may* AR-i-guhd ohn mahnk, AH-guhs un-SHIN K*OO-ee may* ish-TYAHK* i SHOHP-uh trohs-KAW*-in) I am shopping since morning. I got money from the bank, and then I went into a furniture store. Cormac: Troscn at ag teastil uaibh? (trohs-KAW*N taw* uh TAS-taw*-il WOO-iv) Ba mhaith liomsa cathaoir chompordach nua (buh VWAH LUHM-suh KAH-heer k*uhm-pohr-dahk* NOO-uh). Is it furniture that you want? I myself would like a comfortable new chair. na: T g againn - le cuid troscin (taw* gaw* uh-GIN le kwid trohs-KAW*-in). Faighim ball troscin - anois agus ars (FEYE-im boul trohsKAW*-in uh-NISH AH-guhs uh-REESH). We need some furniture. I get a piece of furniture every now and then. Ceannamid cuid de ar cairde - ach ocaimid an t-airgead ar an mball - le haghaidh na coda eile de (kan-EE-mid kwid de er KAHR-de ahk* EEKi-mid un TAR-i-guhd er un MOUL le HEYE-ee nuh KOH-duh EL-e de). We buy some of it on credit, but we pay cash for the rest of it. Cormac: Danaimid an rud canna (DAY*N-i-mid un ruhd KAY*-uh-nuh). Dantar go minic (DAY*N-tuhr goh MIN-ik ay*). We do the same thing. Its done often. Cn saghas troscin - a cheannaonn t? (kay*n seyes trohs-KAW*-in uh hyan-EE-uhn too) What sort of furniture do you buy? na: Cheannaigh m foireann troscin - le haghaidh seomra an bhia - an tseachtain seo caite (HYAN-ee may* FWIR-uhn trohs-KAW*-in le HEYE-ee SHOHM-ruh uh VEE-uh un TYAHK*T-in shuh KAHT-ye). I bought a suite of furniture for the dining room last week. Cormac: Nach saibhir an teaghlach sibh anois? (nahk* SEYE-vir un TEYE-luhk* shiv un-NISH) Shl m go bhfuair sibh ceann anuraidh (HEEL may* goh VOO-ir shiv kyoun uh-NOOR-uh). Arent you the rich family, now? I thought that you got one last year. na: N bhfuaireamar - ar chor ar bith (nee VOO-ir-uh-muhr er HUHR er bi). We didnt at all. N bhfuarthas mrn anuraidh - le haghaidh r dt (nee VOO-uhr-huhs muh-RAW*N uh-NOOR-ee le HEYE-ee aw*r DEE). Not much was gotten last year for our house. Fuarthas aon leaba amhin agus cuireadh sa seomra beag leapa (FOO-uhr-huhs ay*n LA-buh uh-WAW*-in AHguhs KIR-uh suh SHOHM-ruh byuhg LA-puh ee). Only one bed was gotten, and it was put in the small bedroom. Cormac: An gceannfar brat urlir - i mbliana? (un gan-OH-fuhr braht oor-LAW*-ir im LEE-uh-nuh) Will a carpet be bought this year? na: N cheannimid a leithid sin (nee hyan-OH-i-mid uh LE-hay*d shin). We wont buy the likes of that. T r sean-bhrait urlir - chomh maith agus a bh siad riamh (taw* aw*r shan VRAHT oor-LAW*-ir hoh MAH AH-guhs vee SHEE-uhd reev). Cuirtn agus taipis - sin iad na ruda at ag teastil go gar uainn (koor-TEEN-ee AH-guhs ta-PAY*SH-ee - shin EE-uhd nuh RUHD-ee taw* uh TAS-taw*-il goh GAY*r WOO-in). Our old carpets are as good as they ever were. Curtains and drapes - those are the things that we need urgently. Cormac: Tthar ndoladh - ag praghsanna an-sle - sa siopa ilranna sin ar Srid Liam (TAW*-huhr aw* NEEL-uh eg PREYE-suh-nuh AHNEESH-le suh SHOHP-uh il-RAHN-uh shin ar sraw*d LEE-uhm). They are being sold at very low prices in that department store on William Street. na: N fheictear dom - gur doladh go saor aon rud san it sin riamh (nee EK-tyuhr duhm gur DEE-luh goh SAY*R ay*n ruhd suhn aw*t shin reev). It doesnt seem to me that anything was ever sold cheaply in that place. Cormac: N habair sin (naw* HAH-bir ay* shin). Gheobhaidh m culaith adaigh - agus cta mr ann - i gcpla m (YOH-ee may* KU-luh AY*-dee AH-guhs KOH-tuh mohr oun i GOOP-luh mee). Dont say that. I am going to get a suit and an overcoat there in a few months. Gheofar adach ann an-saor - de bhr na saor-reiceanna - tar is na laethanta saoire (YOH-fahr AY*-duhk* oun AHN-say*r - de vree nuh say*r REK-uhn-nuh - tuhr AY*SH nuh LAY*-uhn-tuh SEE-i-re). Clothes will be gotten very cheaply there because of the sales after the holidays. Notes: Ball means member, article place, or spot, so airgead ar an mball is money on the spot or spot cash. Cairde means credit, and selling on credit would be doladh ar cairde. Teaghlach is family in the sense of household rather than solely relationship or genealogy. Le haghaidh, meaning for or for the purpose of, is a compound preposition taking the genitive. For an chuid, meaning the part, the genitive is na coda.

Lesson 89 The review of grammar and vocabulary through conversation continues in this lesson. Work by phrase at rst, saying each out loud until you can repeat the entire sentence. Cover the English translation until you have read all the Irish at least once and have obtained a good idea of what it means. COMHR (KOH-raw*), conversation Niall (NEE-uhl): Dia dhuit, a Chaitrona (uh k*ah-TREE-nuh). Neil: Hello, Catherine. Caitrona: Dias Muire dhuit, a Niaill (DEE-uhs MWIR-e git, uh NEE-il). Conas t t anois? (KUN-uhs taw* too uh-NISH) Hello, Neil. How are you now? Niall: Tim go maith - agus conas t t fin? (fay*n) I am well, and how are you? Caitrona: T m go maith, leis (lesh). Tim ag danamh deifre - chuig an busras (TAW*-im uh DAY*N-uhv DEF-re hig un BUS-aw*-ruhs). I am well, too. I am hurrying to the bus station. Niall: Nach n-oibronn t - in oig an eolais ann? (nahk* NIB-ree-uhn too in IF-ig un OH-lish oun) Dont you work in the information ofce there? Caitrona: Oibrm ann, cinnte. (IB-reem oun, KIN-tye). T an-eolas agam - ar gach bealach bus - agus ar a gclir ama (taw* AHN-oh-luhs uhGUHM er gahk* BAL-uhk* bus AH-guhs er uh GLAW*-ir AH-muh). I work there, certainly. I have excellent knowledge of every bus route and of their schedules. Niall: Maith an cailn th! (mah un kah-LEEN hoo). An fidir leat a insint dom - cathain a imonn an bus deireanach - go hth Luain inni? (un FAY*-dir lat IN-shint duhm CAH-hin uh im-EE-uhn un bus DER-i-nuhk* goh haw* LOO-in in-YOO) Good girl! Can you tell me when the last bus leaves for Athlone today? Caitrona: Is sin bus che a seacht (SHAY* shin bus FI-hye uh SHAHK*T). Imeofar ar deich nmad tar is a haon dag anocht (im-YOHfuhr er de NOH-may*d tahr AY*SH uh HAY*N day*-uhg uh-NOHK*T). Thats bus number 27. Departure will be at 10 minutes past 11 tonight. Niall: Cad mar gheall ar mo mhla taistil? (kahd mahr YOUL er muh VWAH*-luh TASH-til) What about my suitcase? Caitrona: Cuir sa raca bagiste - agus cuir do shicn ar dhon an bhus (kir suh RAH-kuh buh-GAW*SH-te ay* AH-guhs kir duh hi-KEEN-ee er YEE-uhn uh VWUS). Put it in the baggage rack, and put your chickens on the roof of the bus. Niall: N b ag magadh fm anois (naw* bee uh MAH-guh foom uh-NISH). Rud tbhachtach is ea seo (rud TOU-uhk*-tuhk* sha ay* shuh). Dont be making fun of me now. Its an important matter that this is. Caitrona: , gabh mo leithscal (oh, gou muh LE-shkay*l). Ach is an riail is tbhachta i leabhar na rialacha - an riail faoi shicn (ahk* shee un REE-il is TOU-uhk*-tee i LOU-uhr nuh REEL-uhk*-uh un REE-il fwee hi-KEEN-ee). Oh, excuse me. But the most important rule in the book of rules is the rule on chickens. Niall: C mhad sicn a thann amach? (kay* vay*d shi-KEEN-ee HAY*-uhn uh-MAHK*) How many chickens go out? Caitrona: Thinig slua mr dobh isteach anuraidh - ach n dheachaigh mrn dobh amach (HAW*-nig SLOO-uh mohr DEE-uhv ishTYAHK* uh-NOOR-ee, ahk* nee YAK*-hee muh-RAW*N DEE-uhv uh-MAHK*. Fiafraigh den bhistir cad a tharla dibh (FEE-uh-ree den vwoosh-TAY*R kahd uh HAHR-luh DOH-iv). A great many of them came in last year, but not many went out. Ask the butcher what happened to them. Niall: Agus ar dhon an bhus - a thagann siad - agus a thann siad, an ea? (AH-guhs er YEE-uhn uh VWUS uh HAHG-uhn SHEE-uhd AH-guhs a HAY*-uhn SHEE-uhd, un A). And on the top of the bus they come and go, is it? Caitrona: , n hea. Ar trucail - a thaistealaonn an chuid is m dobh (er TRU-kil uh hash-TAL-ee-uhn un K*WID is moh DEE-uhv). Nl luach ticad bus acu (neel LOO-ahk* ti-KAY*D bus ah-KUH). Oh, its not. By truck most of them travel. They dont have the price of a bus ticket. Notes: An-eolas, with stress on the an, means excellent knowledge. Ama is the genitive form of am, time, and a clr ama is a table or list of time, which is a schedule. Th is the word t, you, with the rst sound aspirated or changed to (h). This aspiration is common in some words; dia dhuit is an example. The sentence Is Sle an minteoir means Sheila is the teacher. Is an riail is tbhachta an riail , in the conversation above is a longer example of this type of sentence. Riail is feminine, requiring the . Faoi can mean either under or about.

Lesson 90 To this continuation of the general review of grammar and vocabulary through conversation, we will begin to add a more complete review of certain elements, such as verbs. COMHR(KOH-raw*), conversation Tadhg (teyeg): Dia dhuit, a Airt (DEE-uh git, uh AHRT). Hello, Art. Art (ahrt): Dias Muire dhuit, a Thaidhg (DEE-uhs MWIR-e git, uh heyeg). Cn chaoi bhfuil t? (KAY-hee VWIL too) Hello, Tadhg. How are you today? Tadhg: Go han-mhaith, go raibh maith agat (goh HAN-VWAH, gur-uh MAH huh-GUHT). Conas t t fin? (KUN-uhs taw* too fay*n) Very well, thank you. How are you yourself? Art: T m go maith leis (TAW* may* goh MAH lesh). Nach bhfuil t ag obair inniu? (nahk* VWIL too eg OH-bir in-YOO) I am well, too. Arent you working today? Tadhg: Nlim (NEEL-im). Chuamar ar stailc - an tseachtain seo caite (K*OO-uh-muhr er STEYELK un TYAHK*T-in shuh KAH-tye). N dhanaim rud ar bith anois - ach fanacht le socr na stailce (nee YAY*N-im ruhd er BI uh-NISH ahk* FAHN-uhk*t le SOHK-roo nuh STEYELK-e). I am not. We went on strike last week. I dont do a thing now but wait for settlement of the strike. Art: Cn fth ar chuaigh sibh ar stailc? (kay*n faw* er K*OO-ee shiv er STEYELK) Why did you go on strike? Tadhg: Mad p a bh ag teastil uainn (MAY*-doo paw* vee uh TAS-taw*-il WOO-ing). N bhfuaireamar ach aon mhad le linn dh bhliain (nee VOO-ir-uh-muhr ahk* ay*n VAY*-doo le ling gaw* VLEE-in). A pay raise was what we wanted. We didnt get but one increase during two years. Art: Is an bolgadh an fth (shay* un BOH-luh-guh un FAW*). An sneoidh na hniri - agus na stailceoir - conradh nua go luath? (un sheenYOH-ee nuh hoo-NAY*R-ee AH-guhs nuh steyel-KYOH-i-ree KOHN-ruh NOO-uh goh LOO-uh) The ination is the reason. Will the owners and the strikers sign a new contract soon? Tadhg: C bhos domsa? (KAW* vis DUHM-suh) Aontfar le rud igin, - sin n dnfar an mhonarcha (ay*n-TOH-fuhr le ruhd AY*-gin, shin noh DOON-fuhr un VWOHN-uhr-huh). How do I know? Something will be agreed upon, that or the factory will be closed. Art: Nr dnadh anuraidh ? (naw*r DOON-uh uh-NOOR-ee ee) Didnt they close it last year? Tadhg: Dnadh (DOON-uh ee). Bh s dnta cpla m (VEE shee DOON-tuh KOOP-luh mee). N bhfuarthas mrn orduithe - le linn na bliana (nee VOO-uhr-huhs muh-RAW*N OHRD-i-he le ling nuh BLEE-uh-nuh). They did. It was closed for a couple of months. Not many orders were received during the year. Art: Bonn a ln daoine dfhostaithe anois (BEE-uhn uh LAW*N DEEN-uh dee-OHS-ti-he uh-NISH). Bfhidir go bhfaighfear orduithe nua - i gceann tamaill (BAY*-dir goh VWEYE-fuhr OHRD-i-he NOO-uh i GYOUN TAHM-il). Many persons are unemployed now. Perhaps new orders will be received in a while. Tadhg: Dradh go raibh an ceardchumann - agus an bainisteoir - ag dul i gcomhairle - le chile - le linn an tsamhraidh go lir (DOO-ruh goh REV un kard-K*U-muhn AH-guhs un bwin-ish-TYOH-ir uh duhl i GOH-ir-le le HYAY*-le le ling uh TOU-ree goh LAY*R). It was said that the union and the manager were conferring (going in conference) with each other during the entire summer. Art: Nl toradh ar bith air - p scal (neel TOHR-uh er BI er, pay* SHKAY*L ay*). Is maith an rud an fost (is mah un RUHD ay* un FOHS-too). Cad a tharlidh do na hoibritheoir- m dhnfar an mhonarcha? (kahd uh hahr-LOH-ee duh nuh hib-ri-HOH-i-ree maw* GOONfuhr un VWOHN-uhr-huh) Theres no result on it, anyway. Employment is a good thing. What will happen to the workers if the plant will be closed? Art: Gheofar poist eile, is digh liom (YOH-fuhr pwist EL-e, is DOH-ee luhm). Other jobs will be found, I suppose. Notes: Cn chaoi bhfuil t? is another way to ask How are you? It means What condition or manner are you in? Fuair can mean get, receive, nd. Ceardchumann combines the words ceard, a trade or craft, and cumann, a society, to give a word meaning trade union or union. GRAMMAR REVIEW Begin with the verb mol (muhl), meaning praise. Say the present tense aloud: I praise the work, you praise the work, etc. Then say the negative: I dont praise the work, etc. Then the questions: Do I praise the work, etc. and Dont I praise the work, etc. See the key below to check your work. Next come the free forms: Someone praises the work; someone doesnt praise the work; Does someone praise the work?; doesnt someone praise the work?. Repeat this for the past tense and the future tense. Then review the verbal noun: He is praising the man (an fhir), he is praising me, he is praising you, etc. Change these to past and future tenses to nish the review.

Key: Molaim an obair (MUHL-im un OH-bir), molann t an obair, molaimid ; n mholaim (nee VWUHL-im) ; an molaim nach molaim . Moltar an obair; n mholtar an obair; an moltar ; nach moltar Mhol m (VWUHL may*) , mholamar ; nor mhol m ; nr mhol m Moladh an obair; nor moladh; ar moladh ; nr moladh Molfaidh m (MUHL-hee may*), molfaimid ; n mholfaidh m ; an molfaidh m ; nach molfaidh m Molfar (MUHL-fuhr) an obair; n mholfar ; an molfar ; nach molfar T s ag moladh an fhir; t s do mo mholadh; t s do do mholadh; t s a mholadh; t s a moladh; t s dr moladh; t s do bhur moladh (duh vwoor MUHL-uh); t s moladh. Bh s Beidh s

Lesson 91 The review of grammar by conversation continues. Read each sentence out loud, phrase by phrase, until you can repeat it without looking at it. Then cover the Irish and give the Irish for each sentence in turn. COMHR (KOH-raw*), Conversation Cathal (KAH-hul): A ita, gabh i leith ms do thoil (uh EE-tuh, GOU i le, MAW* shay* duh HIL-ay*). Ita, come here, please. Ita (EE-tuh): Cad is ea, a Chathal? (kahd sha, uh K*AH-hil) An bhfuil rud igin cearr sa tsrid? (un VWIL ruhd AY*-gin kyahr suh TRAW*D) What is it, Cathal? Is something wrong in the street? Cathal: Rug na piln ar fhear anois beag (rug nuh poh-LEEN-ee er ar uh-NISH byuhg). The police just seized a man. Ita: Gada, an ea? (GAH-dee, un a) A thief, is it? Cathal: Is ea. Beireann na piln orthu go minic (BER-uhn nuh poh-LEEN-ee OHR-huh goh MIN-ik). It is. The police seize them often. Ita: Cathain a bharfaidh (VAY*R-hee) siad ar an ngada (er ung AH-dee) ar rug greim (grem) ar mo mhla? When will they catch the thief who grabbed (seized hold of) my bag? Cathal: Sin scal eile (shin shkay*l EL-e). Na bac leis. Thats another story. Dont worry about it. Ita: N habair liom sin. N thabharfaidh (HOOR-hee) s sin misneach dom (MISH-nahk* duhm). Dont tell me that. That wont cheer me up (give courage to me). Cathal: Ceannaigh ceann eile, ms mian leat (KAN-ee kyoun EL-e, maw*s MEE-uhn lat). Buy another one, if you want. Ita: Ach card faoi mo chrtai cairde? (ahk* kay*rd fwee muh K*AW*R-tee KAHR-de) T siad caillte agam anois (taw* SHEE-uhd KEYEL-te uh-GUHM uh-NISH). But what about my credit cards? I have lost them now. Cathal: N mr an cailleadh dom sin (nee mohr un KEYEL-uh duhm ay* shin). Ach, fach! T na poh-LEEN-ee ag cuardach an ghada (uh KOO-uhr-dahk* un GAH-dee) agus a mhala mhoir (uh VWAW*-luh VWOH-ir). Nach bhfuil do mhala ann (oun), i mbarr an chairn? (i MAHR uh K*AHRN). Thats not a big loss for me. But look! The police are searching the thief and his big bag. Isnt your bag there, on top of the heap? Ita: , t an ceart agat! Buochas le Dia (BWEE-uhk*-huhs le DYEE-uh). Caithdh m rith amach agus iad a fhil (KAH-hee may* ri uhMAHK* AH-guhs EE-uhd uh AW*-il). Oh, youre right! Thanks be to God. I will have to run out and get them. Cathal: Iad, an ea? Is docha gurb fhearr leat na crta cairde n an mla (is DOHK*-uh GUR-ruhb ahr lat nuh KAW*R-tee naw* un MAW*luh). Them, is it? Its likely that you prefer the credit cards to the bag. Ita: Gach aoinne is a chram fin air (gahk* AY*N-yuh is uh K*OOR-uhm fay*n er). Ach cn fth gur thug s na crta leis? (ahk* kay*n FAW* gur HUG shay* nuh KAW*R-tee lesh). Everyone has his own troubles. But why did he carry the cards with him? Cathal: Shl s gurb fhearr bheith a cheannach ar cairde n bheith a ghoid (HEEL shay* GUR-ruhv ahr ve uh HYAN-uhk* er KAHR-de naw* ve uh gwid). He thought it would be better to be buying on credit than to be stealing. Ita: N b ag magadh fm anois (naw* be uh MAHG-uh foom uh-NISH). Dont be making fun of me now. Notes on the conversation: In Ireland, the police are the Garda Siochna (GAHR-dee shee-K*AWN-uh), but in the United States, police can be called pln. Mla mr is a big bag, but when you speak of searching (of) a big bag, then the words mla mr are put into the genitive case. For mla, this is simple, since it does not change, but for the adjective following the word mla, it is necessary to aspirate the initial consonant and slenderize the last consonant. This is why mr becomes mhir. The change in pronunciation is usually not extensive, so that you will readily understand the spoken word here. You will need some practice before you can make the change easily yourself. GRAMMAR REVIEW Take the verb bris (brish), meaning :break and go through the present tense aloud: I break the glass, you break the glass, etc. Gloine: (GLIN-e), glass, is feminine, an ghloine is the glass. Go through the negative, the questions, and the negative questions. Then verify your work against the key below. The free form is next: someone breaks the glass, etc. The past tense begins, I broke the glass, etc. The future tense starts with I will break the glass. Verify these tenses with the key. go then to the verbal noun: He is breaking the glass; T s ag briseadh na gloine. Past and future tenses come next. Key: Brisim an ghloine (un GLIN-e), briseann t an ghloine. brisimid an ghloine ; n bhrisim ; an mbrisim ; nach mbrisim ?, etc. Bristear an ghloine; n bhristear ; an mbristear ?; nach mbristear ? Bhris m an ghloine, bhris t an ghloine, bhriseamar an ghloine, etc; nor bhris m an ghloine, etc; ar bhris m an ? etc; nr bhris m an ghloine?

etc. Briseadh an ghloine; nor bhris m an ghloine, ar briseadh an ghloine?; nr briseadh an ghloine? Brisfeadh m an ghloine, brismid an ghloine, etc; n brisdh m an ghloine, etc; anmbrisdh m an ghloine? etc; nach mbrisidh m an ghloine? etc. Brisfear an ghloine; n bhrisfear an ghloine; an mbrisfear ?; nach mbrisfear ? T s ag briseadh na gloine; bh s ag briseadh na gloine beidh s ag briseadh na gloine.

Lesson 92 We will return now to work on pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Here are several sentences that are written in the form of the pronunciation guide. Read them aloud, or have someone read them to you. As you hear them, form a mental picture of the meaning. Do not translate them word for word. After you have nished, look at the Key at lesson end to verify your understanding. neel uh EYEM-sheer hoh mah AH-guhs uh vee shee in-YAY*, ahk* TAW*-im uh duhl uh-MAHK* hig un SHOHP-uh, pay* shkay*l ay*. k*uh-NIK may* un YREE-uhn eg EYE-ree er MAH-din, AH-guhs vee NAY*L-tuh DOOV-uh oun FRESH-in. BAY*dir goh GIR-hee shay* SHNAHK*-tuh rev EE-hye. GRAMMAR With nouns like mac and bord, the form of the noun changes when you put the noun into an expression like the sons hat or the head of the table. Hata an mhic (HAHT-uh VIK) and ceann an bhoird (KYOUN uh VWIRD) are the Irish expressions. The words an mhic and an bhoird are in the genitive or possessive case and show ownership or the larger combination to which some element belongs. Mac and bord are rst declension nouns, all masculine and all ending in a broad consonant one preceded by a, o, or u. In the second declension, nearly all nouns are feminine, and all end in a consonant. Some of the ending consonants are slender (preceded by e or i), and some are broad (preceded by a, o, or u). Their plurals form in several ways, and you must learn them as you learn the noun. Before we begin intensive work on this declension, learn the following groups of words that will be examples of how second-declension nouns change. grian, an ghrian, solas na grine (GREE-uhn, un YREE-uhn, SUHL-uhs nuh GRAY*N-e); sun, the sun, light of the sun or sunlight. brg, an bhrg, sil na brige (brohg, un VROHG, SAW*-il nuh BROH-i-ge); shoe, the shoe, heel of the shoe or the shoe heel. suil, an tsil, dath na suile (SOO-il, un TOO-il, dah nuh SOO-i-le); eye, the eye, color of the eye. it, an it, ainm na hite (aw*t, an AW*T, AN-im nuh HAW*-tye); place, the place, name of the place or the places name. You can see from this that feminine nouns are preceded by na in the genitive. This na does not change the noun except that it causes an h to be put before the initial vowel, as in: na hite; the place. na heaglaise (nuh HAHG-lish-e); of the church. na hinne (nuh hi-NEEN-e); of the daughter. Most second-declension nouns end in ___ e in the genitive singular, as you can see from the examples. Second-declension nouns whose basic forms ends in ___ ach change their ending to __ in the genitive singular. An example is: bisteach, an bhisteach, na baist (BAW*SH-tuhk*, un VWAW*SH-tuhk*, nuh BAW*SH-tee); rain, the rain, of the rain. Usage of my, your, his, etc., with these second-declension nouns is similar to that with rst-declension nouns. For example: mo chos, barr mo choise (muh K*UHS, bahr muh K*ISH-e); my foot, top of my foot. Usage of the compound prepositions with these nouns is also similar to that with rst-declension nouns. For example: os comhair na hite (ohs KOH-ir nuh HAW*-tye); in front of the place. VOCABULARY (All these nouns are second-declension.) grian, an ghrian, na grine, na grianta (GREE-uhn, un YREE-uhn, nuh GRAY*N-e, nuh GREE-uhn-tuh); sun, the sun, of the sun, the suns. ceist, an cheist, na ceiste, na ceisteanna (kesht, un yesht, nuh KESH-te, nuh KESH-tuh-nuh); question, the question, of the question, the questions. lmh, an lmh, na limhe, na lmha (law*v, un LAW*V, nuh LAW*-i-ve, nuh LAW*V-uh); hand, the hand, of the hand, the hands. brg, an bhrg, na brige, na brga (brohg, un VROHG, nuh BROH-i-ge, nuh BROHG-uh); shoe, the shoe, of the shoe, the shoes. leadg, an leadg, na leadige, --- (la-DOHG, un la-DOHG, nuh la-DOH-i-ge); tennis, the tennis, of the tennis. aicd, an aicd, na hacde, na haicd (A-keed, un A-keed, nuh HA-keed-e, nuh HA-keed-ee); disease, the disease, of the disease, the diseases. seachtain, an tseachtain, na seachtaine, na seachtain (SHAHK*T-in, un TYAHK*T-in, nuh SHAHK*T-in-e, nuh SHAHK*T-in-ee); week, the week, of the week, the weeks. fadhb, an fhadhb, na faidhbe, na fadhbanna (feyeb, un EYEB, nuh FEYE-be, nuh FEYEB-uh-nuh); problem, the problem, of the problem, the problems. cos, an chos, na coise, na cosa (kuhs, an K*UHS, nuh KISH-e, nuh KUHS-uh). gealach, an ghealach, na geala, na gealacha (GAL-uhk*, un YAL-uhk*, nuh GAL-ee, nuh GAL-uh-huh); moon, the moon, of the moon, the moons. Key to the pronunciation exercise:

Nl an aimsir chomh maith agus a bh s inn, ach tim ag dul amach chuig an siopa, p scal . Chonaic m an ghrian ag ir ar maidin, agus bh nalta dubha ann freisin. Bfhidir go gcuirdh s sneachta roimh oche. The weather is not as good as it was yesterday, but I am going out to the store, anyway. I saw the sun rising this morning and there were dark clouds there, too. Perhaps it will snow before night. If your rst effort at listening to speech was not very successful, dont be discouraged. All beginners in languages experience this. We will have these pronunciation exercises at intervals in future lessons, and you will become more procient.

Lesson 93 PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE Here are sentences written in the form of the pronunciation guide. Read them aloud, or have someone read them to you. As you hear them, form a mental picture of the meaning and the situation. Do not translate the sentences word for word. After you have nished, look at the Key at lesson end to verify your understanding. DEE-uh git, uh HYAW*-in. Dee-uhs MWIR-e git, a VREE-in. KUN-uhs TAW* too in-YOO? TAW* may* goh MAH. AH-guhs KUN-uhs TAW* too fay*n? TAW*-im goh MAH un-NISH, FRESH-in. vee sleye-DAW*N OH-ruhm un TYAHK*T-in shuh KAH-tye, ahk* taw* BIshahk* OH-ruhm le TAH-muhl. nee AHK-uh may* too er un TRAW*-id. taw*n KART uh-GUHT. DAHN may* uh-VWAHL-e in-YAY*. shin ee an AW*T is FAHR duh AR ting. AY*N-teem lat. SLAW*N uh-GUHT uh-NISH, uh VREE-in. SLAW*N lat, uh HYAW*-in. VOCABULARY (All these nouns are second-declension..) obair, an obair, na hoibre, na hoibreacha (OH-bir, un OH-bir, nuh HIB-re, nuh HIB-rahk*uh); work, the work, of the work, the works. dealbh, an dealbh, na deilbhe, na dealbha (DYAL-uhv, un DYAL-uhv, nuh DYEL-i-ve, nuh DYAL-uhv-uh); statue, the statue, of the statue, the statues. scoil, an scoil, na scoile, na scoileanna (skuhl, an skuhl, nuh SKUHL-e, nuh SKUHL-uh-nuh); school, the school, of the school, the schools. maidin, an mhaidin, na maidine, na maidineacha (MAH-din, un VWAH-din, nuh MAHD-ne, nuh MAH-din-AHK*-uh); morning, the morning, of the morning, the mornings. paidir, an phaidir, na paidre, na paidreacha (PAH-dir, un FAH-dir, nuh PAH-dre, nuh PAHD-rahk*-uh); prayer, the prayer, of the prayer, the prayers. cailc, an chailc, na cailce, na cailceanna (keyelk, un K*EYELK, nuh KEYELK-e, nuh KEYELK-uh-nuh); chalk, the chalk, of the chalk, the chalks. tr, an tr, na tre, na tortha (teer, un TEER, nuh TEER-e, nuh TEER-huh); country, the country, of the country, the countries. abairt, an abairt, na habairte, na habairt (AH-birt, un AH-birt, nuh HAH-birt-e, nuh HAH-birt-ee); sentence, the sentence, of the sentence, the sentences. eaglais, an eaglais, na heaglaise, na heaglais (AH-glish, uh AH-glish, nuh HAH-glish-e, nuh HAH-glish-ee); church, the church, of the church, the churches. inon, an inon, na hinne, na hinonacha (in-EEN, un in-EEN, nuh hi-NEEN-e, nuh hi-NEEN-uh-huh); daughter, the daughter, of the daughter, the daughters. uirlis, , un uirlis, na na huirlise, na huirlis (IR-lish, un IR-lish, nuh HIR-lish-e, nuh HUR-lish-ee); tool, the tool, of the tool, the tools. fasg, an fasg, na fasige, na fasga (fay*-SOHG, un ay*-SOHG, nuh fay*-SOH-i-ge, nuh fay*-SOHG-uh); beard, the beard, of the beard, the beards. brilln, an bhrilln, na brillne, na brilln (braw*-LEEN, un vraw*-LEEN, nuh braw*-LEEN-e, nuh braw*-LEEN-ee); sheet, the sheet, of the sheet, the sheets (bed sheet is meant here; bileog (bil-YOHG) is a sheet of paper. liathrid, an liathrid, na liathrida, na liathrid (lee-HROH-id, un lee-HROH-id, nuh lee-HROH-id-e, nuh lee-HROH-id-ee); ball, the ball, of the ball, the balls. reilig, an reilig, na reilige, na reilig (REL-ig, un REL-ig, nuh REL-ig-e, nuh REL-ig-ee); cemetery, the cemetery, of the cemetery, the cemeteries. girseach, an ghirseach, na girs, na girseacha (GIR-shahk*, un YIR-shahk*, nuh GIR-shee, nuh GIR-shahk*-uh); girl, the girl, of the girl, the girls. Compound prepositions which are followed by the genitive case: de rir (duh RAY*R), according to. i lthair (i LAW*-hir), in the presence of. in aice (in AK-e), near. in aghaidh ( in EYE-ee), against (in the sense of opposed to) DRILL Cuir Gaeilge air seo; During the work; after the question; in the presence of the daughter; on account of the beard. Behind the cemetery; according to the girl; in front of the school; above the statue. Putting the sheet on the bed; doing the work; getting the chalk; saying the prayer. Reading the sentence; breaking the chalk; losing the ball; washing the hand. Key to Drill: le linn na hoibre (le LING nuh HIB-re); tar is na ceiste (tahr AY*SH nuh KESH-te); i lthair na hinnne (i LAW*-hir nuh hi-NEEN-e); de bharr na fasige (de VWAHR nuh fay*-SOH-ig-e). Ar chl na reilige (er K*OOL nuh REL-i-ge); de rir na girs (duh RAY*R nuh GIR-shee); os comhair na scoile (ohs KOH-ir nuh SKUHL-e); os cionn na deilbhe (ohs KYOON nuh DEL-i-ve). Ag cur na brillne ar an leaba (uh KUR nuh braw*-LEEN-e er un LA-buh; ag danamh na hoibre (uh DAY*N-uhv nuh HIB-re); ag fil na calce (uh FAW*-il nuh KEYELK-e); ag cailleadh na liathride (uh KEYEL-uh nuh lee-HROH-id-e); ag n na limhe (uh NEE nuh LAW*-iv-e). Key to the pronunciation exercise: Dia, dhuit, a Shein. Dias Muire dhuit, a Bhriain. Conas t t inniu? T m go maith. Agus conas t t fin? Tim go maith anois, freisin. Bh slaghdn orm an tseachtain seo caite, ach t biseach orm le tamall. N fhaca m ar an tsrid. T an ceart agat. Dfhan m abhaile inn. Sin an it

is fearr do fhear tinn. Aontam leat. Sln agat anois, a Bhriain. Slan leat, a Shein. Hello, John. Hello, Brian. How are you today? I am well. And how are you? I am well now, too. There was a cold on me last week, but I have been improving for a while. I didnt see you on the street. You are right. I stayed home yesterday. Thats the place that is best for a sick man. I agree with you. Good-bye now, Brian. Good-bye, John.

Lesson 94 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW The sentences below are written in the form of the pronunciation guide. Read them aloud, or have someone read them to you. Ass you hear them, form a mental picture of the meaning and the situation. Do not translate the sentences word for word. After you have nished, look at the Key at lesson end to verify your understanding. Dee-uh git, uh HAY*-mish. DEE-uhs MWIR-e git, uh VWAW*-re. nee AHK-uh may* too le FAH-duh oh HIN. KUN-uhs taw* too in-YOO? oh, er OUS. law* SEER-e uh-GUHM. shin ay* un FAW* goh vwil AW*-huhs OH-ruhm. ahk* KUN-uhs taw* too fay*n? taw* may* goh MAH, FRESH-in. is DOHK*-uh goh vwil too uh duhl uh-VWAHL-e uh-NISH. NEEL-im. vee may* uh SHOOL TIM-puhl un K*OON-ye k*un NOOuhk*-taw*n uh AW*-il. neel ay*n shkay*l NOO-uh uh-GUHM-suh, ahk** BAY*-dir goh vwil shkay*l NOO-uh suh NOO-uhk*-taw*n. taw* SOO-il uh-GUHM goh me. ahk* taw* OH-ruhm DE-r uh YAY*N-uhv. taw* shay* eg EYE-ree DAY*N-uhk*. slaw*n uh-GUHT, uh HAY*mish. slaw*n lat, uh VWAW*-re. HEE-hee may* too uh-REESH goh LOO-uh. GRAMMAR We will look at the genitive plural in Irish in this lesson. An expression like the mens hats in English takes the form of hats of the men in Irish. The words for of the men will be in the genitive plural. Very often the genitive plural in Irish is the same as the nominative plural, which is the plural form that you have been learning in the Vocabularies in recent lessons. In other cases, the genitive plural is like the simplest and rst form of the noun, the nominative singular. It is not difcult to select the right form. In nearly all words, if the plural adds two or more letters to the singular, or if the plural ends in ___ , then the genitive plural is the same as the nominative plural. Examples: scoil, na scoileanna (skuhl, nuh SKUHL-uh-nuh), school, the schools; the plural is long, so the genitive plural is scoileanna, and closing the schools is ag dnadh na scoileanna, closing of the schools. margadh, na marga (MAHR-uh-guh, nuh MAHR-uh-gee), market, the markets; the plural ends in __ , so the genitive plural is marga, and opening the markets is ag oscailt na marga, opening of the markets. In nouns that merely slenderize the last consonant or only add __a, to form the plural, the genitive plural will be the same as the simplest form of the noun, the nominative singular. Examples: bd, na bid (baw*d, nuh BAW*-id), boat, the boats; here the d at the word end is slenderized, and consequently the genitive plural is bd the same as the nominative singular, the basic form that you have learned. Buying boats is ceannach bd buying of boats. brg, na brga (brohg, nuh BROHG-uh), shoe, the shoes; here the plural merely adds __ a, so the genitive plural is brg, the same as the nominative singular. Selling shoes, is, ag dol brg, selling of shoes. The genitive plural changes in its rst consonant when it follows the words for my, your, and his, just like other noun forms in Irish. Examples: Buying my shoes is literally buying of my shoes, ag ceannach mo bhrg (uh KAN-uhk* muh VROHG). Reading his words is ag lamh a fhocal (uh LAY*V uh OH-kuhl). In front of your copies is os comhair do chipeanna (ohs KOH-ir duh K*OH-ip-uh-nuh). Eclipsis is also found here, when the words na, meaning of the, and r (aw*r), cur; bhur (vwoor), your (plural); a (uh), their, come before the genitive plural. Examples: Reading our copies is ag lamh r gcipeanna. Buying their shoes is ag ceannach a mbrg. Closing the roads is ag dnadh na mbithre. At rst, you will have to pay close attention to the word forms in reading to detect the genitive plural, but a little practice will help. REFLEX EXPRESSIONS Learn these expressions for quick use in conversation. Cad is ainm duit? (kahd is A-nim dit), What is your name? ____ is ainm dom ( ___ is A-nim duhm), ___ is my name. T gach rud i gceart (taw* gahk* ruhd i GYAHRT), Everything is all right. DRILL Here is some practice with the genitive plurals. Fear (far) is man; r (r) is men. The plural merely slenderizes the nal consonant, so the genitive plural must be the same as the nominative singular. What is hats of the men? Answer: hata na bhfear (HAH-tee nuh VAR). The na, meaning of the in the plural, causes eclipsis, and bh eclipses f. Dealbh (DYAL-uhv) is statue; dealbha is statues. This plural is formed by merely adding a, so what is cleaning the statues? Answer: ag glanadh na ndealabh (uh GLUHN-uh NYAL-uhv).

We will continue with drilling on the genitive forms next week. Key to the pronunciation exercise: Dia dhuit, a Shamais. Dias Muire dhuit, a Mhire. N fhaca m t le fada shoin. Conas t t inniu? , ar fheasbhas. L saoire agam. Sin an fth go bhfuil thas orm. Ach conas t t fin? T m go maith, freisin. Is dcha go bhfuil t ag dul abhaile anois. Nlim. Bh m ag sil timpeall an chinne chun nuachtn a fhil. Nl aon scal nua agamsa, ach bfhidir go bhfuil scal nua sa nuachtn. T sil agam go mbeidh. Ach t orm deir a dhanamh. t s ag ir danach. Sln agat, a Shamais. Sln leat, a Mhire. Chdh m t ars go luath. Hello, James. Hello, Mary. I havent seen you for a long time. How are you today? Oh, excellent. I have a holiday. Thats the reason that I am glad. But how are you yourself? I am well, too. I suppose that you are going home now. Im not. I was walking around the corner to get a newspaper. I hope there will be one. But I must hurry. Its getting late. Good-by, James. Good-by, Mary. I will see you again soon.

Lesson 95 PRONUNCIATION REVIEW The individual questions below are written in the form of the pronunciation guide. Read them aloud, or have someone read them to you. As you hear them, try to make up simple answers to them. If you are not sure of the meanings, look at the Key at lesson end. Specimen answers are given there, too. KUN-uhs taw* too in-YOO? KAW* vwil duh K*OH-tuh? NAHK* rev shaw*n suh TAHK*? kay* hay* SHIN er un MOH-uhr? WHERE YOU STAND You have learned the basic elements of the rst two declensions, or groups of nouns. We will continue with practice and drilling on these to make you more familiar with the various forms and to allow you to recognize them in reading and listening. It will probably take a little time before you begin to use the genitive form in your own speech and writing, but you will do so more quickly if you make a conscious effort to do this. Start rst by using the compound prepositions, such as os comhair (ohs KOH-ir), in front of, whenever you can. These prepositions take the genitive, and they have the advantage of word order similar to that in English: in front of the school is os comhair na scoile (nuh SKUHL-e). During the day is le linn an lae (le lin un LAY*). The next step for you will be use of the genitive with the verbal noun. For example, playing tennis is ag imirt leadige (eg IM-irt la-DOH-ige). Finally, after more practice, you will begin to introduce expressions like minteoir na scoile seo (moo-in-TYOHR-ee nuh SKUHL-e shuh), teachers of this school, easily into your conversation. GRAMMAR We will look at the third declension of nouns in this lesson. This declension is a group of nouns, masculine and feminine, all of which end in -a in the genitive singular. The nominative singular ends in a consonant. For example, rs (raws) means race. The day of the race is l an rsa (law* un RAW*S-uh). Min (MOH-in) means peat or turf. The Turf Board is Bord na Mna (bohrd nuh MOHN-uh). Notice that the i disappears in the genitive of min. This is because the nal a makes the n broad, and an i cannot be next to a broad consonant. The third declension contains many nouns that mean occupations or trades. Example: dochtir (dohk*-TOO-ir), doctor; hata an dochtra (HAHT un dohk*-TOO-ruh), the doctors hat. minteoir (moo-in-TYOHR), teacher; in aice an mhinteora (in AK-uh vwoo-in-TYOHR-uh), next to the teacher. Many third-declension nouns are feminine. Min (MOH-in), an mhin (un VWOH-in) is an example. The turfs color is dath na mna (dah nuh MOH-nuh). Plurals of third declension nouns All of the occupational or job nouns are masculine, and all add __ to form the plural. Bdir (baw*-DOH-ir), boatman, becomes bdir (baw*-doh-ir-ee). Other nouns in this declension form plurals variously, often by the addition of -a or -anna, or -acha. VOCABULARY ceacht (kyahk*t), an ceacht, an cheachta, na ceachtanna, lesson, the lesson, of the lesson, the lessons. rud (rud), an rud, an ruda, na ruda (RUD-ee), thing, the thing, of the thing, the things. loch (lohk*), an loch, an locha, na lochanna, lake, the lake, of the lake, the lakes. am (oum), an t-am (un TOUM), an ama (un AH-muh), na hamanna (nuh HAH-muh-nuh), time, etc. minteoir, an minteoir, an mhinteora (un vwoo-in-TYOH-ruh), na minteoir, teacher, the teacher, of the teacher, the teachers. pintir (PAY*N-tay*r), an pintir, an phintara (un FAY*N-tay*r-uh), na pintir, painter, etc. dochtir, an dochtir, an dochtra, na dochtir, doctor, etc. Feminine nouns min (MOH-in), an mhin (un VWOH-in), na mna (nuh MOH-nuh), na minte (nuh MOH-in-te), turf (or peat), the turf, of the turf, the turfs. bliain (BLEE-in), an bhliain (un VLEE-in), na bliana (nuh BLEE-uh-nuh), na blianta (nuh BLEE-uhn-tuh), year, the year, of the year, the years. feoil (FYOH-il), an fheoil (un OH-il), na feola (nuh FYOH-luh), na feolta, meat, the meat, of the meat, the meats. Cisc (kaw*shk), an Chisc (un K*AW*SHK), na Csca (nuh KAW*S-kuh), Easter, the Easter, of Easter. dil (DAW*il), an dil, na dla (nuh DAW*-luh), na dla (nuh DAW*-lee), assembly, the assembly, etc. poblacht (POH-blahk*t), an phoblacht, na poblachta, na poblachta, republic, etc. Nearly all third declension nouns have strong plural forms, and their genitive or possessive plural form is the same as the nominative plural.

Examples: The teachers contract is conradh na minteoir (KOHN-ruh). The lakes water is uisce na lochanna. (ISH-ke). Some common expressions or terms with third-declension nouns: am codlata (oum KUHL-uh-tuh), bedtime, from: an codladh (KUHL-uh), an chodlata (un K*UHL-uh-tuh), sleep. Bal an tha (bay*l un AW*), Ballina, town in Maigh Eo; from bal, mouth, and th, an t-th, na hthanna, ford; mouth of the ford. tinneas droma, backache, from droim (drim), an droim, an droma (DROHM-uh), back. ir Amach na Csca (EYE-ree uh-MAHK* nuh KAW*S-kuh), The Easter Rising.

Lesson 96 THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS AND PRACTICE A declension is nothing more than a group of nouns that have some common grammatical characteristics, usually concerning the way of forming plurals and the genitive case. For the third declension, the characteristic is the __ a ending in the genitive (possessive) singular. An example: ceacht (kyahk*t), a lesson; ciall an cheachta (keel un HYAHK*T-uh), meaning of the lesson. Here are some important nouns from this declension, each with a phrase including the noun. The purpose of the phrase is to help you remember the noun and its forms, and also to give you some useful short expressions. VOCABULARY Masculine (Firinscneach) cos (kees), an chosa, na cosanna; rent, of the rent, the rents; ag baili an chosa, collecting the rent. gleann (gloun), an ghleanna (un YLAN-uh), na gleannta (nuh GLOUN-tuh); glen, of the glen, the glens. (The genitive of this word is pronounced like a shortened version of un yuh-LAN-uh. Run the yuh and LAN together after a few trials of pronouncing it (un yuh-LAN-uh). cinas an ghleanna (KYOO-nuhs un YLAN-uh), the quiet of the glen. rang (rahng), an ranga, na ranganna; class, of the class, the classes; baill an ranga (beyel un RAHNG-uh), members of the class. isteoir (ay*sh-TYOH-ir), an t-isteoir, an isteora, na histeoir; listener, the listener, of the listener, the listeners. ceist an isteora (kesht un ay*sh-TYOH-ruh), the listeners question. dath (dah), an dath, an datha (DAH-huh), na dathanna (nuh DAH-huh-nuh); color, the color, of the color, the colors. ag toghadh an datha (uh TOH-uh), selecting the color. cith (ki), an cith, an cheatha (un HYA-huh), na ceathanna (nuh KA-uh-nuh); shower, the shower, of the shower, the showers. nl ann ach cith, its only a shower; an tuar ceatha (TOO-uhr), the rainbow. droim (drim), an droma (DROHM-uh), na dromanna; back, of the back, the backs. tinneas droma; backache. ceoltir, an cealtir (kyohl-TOH-ir), an cheoltra, na ceoltir; musician, the musician, of the musician, the musicians. uirlis an cheoltra (IR-lish un hyohl-TOH-ruh); the musicians instrument. crios (kris), an crios, an chreasa (un HYRAS-uh), na criosanna; belt, the belt, of the belt, the belts. ag lorg mo chreasa (uh LOHR-uhg muh HYRAS-uh); looking for my belt. blth, an blth (blaw*), an bhltha (un VLAW*-uh) na blthanna (nuh BLAW*-uh-nuh); ower, the ower, of the ower, the owers. illeacht an bhltha (AW*-il-ahk*t un VLAW*-uh); the owers beauty. scth, an scth (skaw*), an sctha (un SKAW*-uh), na scthanna (nuh SKAW*-uh-nuh); shadow, the shadow, of the shadow, the shadows. in aice an sctha ( in A-ke); next to the shadow. bainisteoir bwin-ish-TYOH-ir), an bainisteoir, an bhainisteora (un vwin-ish-TYOH-ruh), na bainisteoir; manager, etc. oig an bhainisteora (IF-ig); the managers ofce. Feminine (Baininscneach) altir (ahl-TOH-ir), an altir, na haltra, na haltir; altar, etc. os comhair na haltra (ohs KOH-ir); in front of the altar. mil, an mhil, (mil, un VIL), na meala (nuh MAL-uh); honey, etc. m na meala (mee); month of honey, or honeymoon. iarracht, an iarracht (EER-ahk*t), na hiarrachta, na hiarrachta (nuh HEER-ahk*t-ee); attempt, try. ag danamh na hiarrachta (uh DAY*N-uhv nuh HEER-ahk*t-uh); making the attempt. casacht, an chasacht (KAHS-uhk*t, un K*AHS-uhk*t-uh), na casachta; cough, the cough, of the cough ( no plural). ag leigheas na casachta (uh LEYE-uhs); curing the cough. fuil, an fhuil (fwil un IL), na fola, na fola (nuh FOHL-uh); blood, etc. Domhnach na Fola (DOH-nahk* nuh FOHL-uh); Bloody Sunday. VERBS scrobh, ag scrobh (shkreev), write; scrobhann s, he writes; scrobhaidh s (SHKREEF-hee shay*), he will write. teip, ag teip (tep), fail; teipeann s, he fails; teipdh s (TEP-hee), he will fail. mol, ag moladh (muhl, uh MUHL-uh), praise; molann s, he praises; molfaidh s (MUHL-hee), he will praise. CONVERSATION Aodn (AY*-daw*n): Dia dhuit, a Aisling (ASH-ling). Aisling: Dias Muire dhuit, a Aodin (AY*-daw*-in). Conas t t inniu? Aodn: T biseach orm inniu. Bh tinneas droma orm le tamall anois. (Im getting better today. I had a backache for a while now) Aisling: Bh casacht orm n Domhnach. Chuaigh m go oig an bhainisteora sa cheap rasn chun an cos a oc, agus ansin shiil m tr na gleannta. Chonaic m illeacht na mblthanna sa ghleann, lena ndathanna. (I had a cough since Sunday. I went to the managers ofce in the apartment house to pay the rent, and then I walked through the glens. I saw the beauty of the owers in the glen, with their colors.) Aodn: Caithdh m (KAH-hee may*) iarracht eile a dhanamh chun dul ann amrach tar is mo ranga. Anois, feicim na ceolteoir ag gabhil

siar an bthar (uh guh-VWAW*-il SHEE-uhr un BOH-uhr), n-ullmh don chil, is dcha (aw* NUL-vwoo dohn HYAY*-lee is DOHK*-uh). ( I must try again to go there tomorrow after my class. Now, I see the musicians going west along the road, getting themselves ready for the cil, probably.) Aisling: Mhol gach isteoir iad an tseachtain seo caite. Bh siad go hiontach (HOON-tuhk*). (Every listener praised them last week. They were wonderful.)

Lesson 97 THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS AND PRACTICE Remember that in this group of nouns, the genitive singular ends in -a. Plurals form in various ways, so that each noun must be learned separately. VOCABULARY Masculine (rinscneach) Nouns rs (raw*s), an rs, an rsa, na rsa; race, the race, of the race, the races. anam (AH-nuhm), an t-anam, an anama (AH-nuh-muh), na hanamacha (HAH-nuh-mahk*-uh); soul, etc. conradh (KOHN-ruh), an conradh, an chonartha (K*OHN-uhr-huh), na conartha (KOHN-uhr-hee),; contract, etc. This word also means league, and Conradh na Gaeilge is The Gaelic League; ag sni an chonartha (SHEEN-yoo); signing the contract. feirmeoir (fer-im-OH-ir), an feirmeoir, an fheirmeora, na feirmeoir; farmer, etc. Feminine (bainiscneach) Nouns locht, (FIL-ee-ohk*t), an fhilocht, na lochta, (no plural); poetry, etc.; ag foghlaim lochta, learning poetry. tabhacht (TOU-uhk*t), an tabhacht, na tabhachta, (no plural); importance, etc. milseacht (MIL-shahk*t), an mhilseacht (VIL-shahk*t), na milseachta, (no plural); sweetness; ag blaiseadh na milseachta (BLASH-uh), tasting the sweetness. illeacht (AW*-il-ahk*t), an illeacht, na hilleachta, (no plural); beauty, etc.; ag moladh a hilleachta, praising her beauty; caighden na hilleachta (keye-DAW*N), the standard of beauty. bochtaineacht (BOHK*T-in-ahk*t), an bhochtaineacht, na bochtaineachta, (no plural); poverty, etc.; ualach na bochtaineachta (OO-uh-lahk*), the burden of poverty. crifeacht (KRAW*-fahk*t), an chrifeacht, na crifeachta, (no plural); piety, devotion; ag cleachtadh crifeachta ((KLAK*-tuh), practicing piety. VERBS lean, ag leanint (lan-OO-int), follow; leanann s, he follows; leanfaidh s (LAN-hee), he will follow; ag leanint an bhainisteora, following the manager. ordaigh (OHR-dee), ag ord, order; ordaonn s (ohr-DEE-uhn), he orders; ordidh s (ohr-DOH-ee), he will order; dordaigh s leabhar dom, he ordered a book for me. ritigh (RAY*-tee), ag riteach (uh RAY*-tyahk*), solve; ritonn s (ray*-TEE-uhn), he solves; riteoidh s (ray*-TYOH-ee), he will solve; ag riteach na faidhbe (FEYE-be), solving the problem. (ritigh also means smooth out, unravel, set in order; ritigh s an teach, he set the house in order; riteoidh m an bord, I will set the table). COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS WITH THE GENITIVE i lr (i LAW*R), in the middle of; i lr an tseomra (TOHM-ruh), in the middle of the room. i rith (i RI), during; i rith an cheachta (HYAHK*T-uh), during the lesson. ADJECTIVES beo (byoh), alive marbh (MAHR-ruhv), dead Adjectives derived from some of the words in this lesson are: tbhachtach (TOU-uhk*-tuhk*), important; nos tbhachtta (nees TOU-uhk*-tee), more important. anamil (AH-nuh-MOO-il), lively, spirited; nos anamla, livelier. crifeach (KRAW*-fahk*), devout; nos crif (KRAW*-fee), more devout. By pacing prexes in front of adjectives, the meaning of the adjective can be changed, as in English. The prex m- is an example. It is equivalent to un- or dis- in English. Examples: macnta (mah-KAW*N-tuh), honest, becomes, mmhacnta (mee-vuh-KAW*N-tuh), dishonest. compordach becomes mchompordach (mee-k*ohm-POHR-dahk*), uncomfortable. ssta; mshsta (mee-HAW*S-tuh); satised, dissatised. dlis; mdhlis (mee-YEE-lish); loyal, disloyal. M always causes aspiration of a consonant, if the consonant can be aspirated. M cannot be added to every adjective. For example: daor (day*r), expensive, and saor (say*r), cheap or free, are opposites, but m cannot be added to either. CONVERSATION (COMHR) Deirdre (DIR-dre): Dia dhuit, A Fheilim. Feilim (FEL-im): Dias Muire dhuit, a Dheirdre (YIR-dre). Cn chaoi (KAY*-hee) bhfuil t inniu? Deirdre: T m go maith anois. Agus conas t t fin?

Feilim: Nos fearr n a bh m inn. Beagnach marbh (BYUHG-nahk* MAHR-ruhv) a bh m, le slaghdn (sleye-DAW*N). Bh abhras (FEEvruhs) orm, freisin, agus dfhan m sa leaba mhaidin go trthnna. Deirdre: Ar cuireadh os ar an dochtir? Feilim: Cuireadh, go cinnte. Dordaigh s m fanint sa leaba. Deirdre: Ar thinig s go dt do theach, mar sin (HAW*-nig)? Feilim: Nor thinig. Labhair m leis ar an guthn, agus t orm bheith ssta leis sin. Translation: Deirdre: Hello, Feilim. Feilim: Hello, Deirdre. How are you today? Deirdre: I am well now. And how are you? Feilim: Better than I was yesterday. Nearly dead I was, with a cold. I had a temperature (fever), too, and I stayed in bed from morning to evening. Deirdre: Was the doctor sent for? Feilim: He was, certainly. He ordered me to stay in bed. Deirdre: Did he come to your house, then? Feilim: He didnt. I spoke with him on the phone, and I have to be satised with that.

Lesson 98 THE FOURTH DECLENSION OF NOUNS This group of nouns is the simplest in one respect: the genitive or possessive form is the same as the basic or nominative form. An example: bosca (BOHSK-uh), an bosca, an bhosca, na bosca (BOHSK-ee); box, the box, of the box, the boxes. The word bosca is masculine. A feminine noun of this declension is banaltra (BAHN-uhl-truh), an bhanaltra, na banaltra, na banaltra (nuh BAHN-uhl-tree); nurse, the nurse, of the nurse, the nurses. There are several plural endings in this declension. One common one is an - (ee) added to nouns ending in -a Examples: Masculine babhta (BOU-tuh), an babhta, an bhabhta (VWOU-tuh), na babhta; bout, etc. crta (KAW*R-tuh), an crta, an chrta, na crta; card, etc. fgra (FOHG-ruh), an fgra, an fhgra (OHG-ruh), na fgra; notice, advertisement, etc. Feminine bearna (BAR-nuh), an bhearna (VAR-nuh), na bearna, na bearna; gap, blank space in a questionnaire, etc. eala (AH-luh), an eala, na heala, na heala; swan, etc. mala (MAHL-uh), an mhala (VWAHL-uh), na mala, na mala; eyebrow, etc. Not all fourth-declension nouns ending in -a form their plural in this way. Another way: Most masculine fourth-declension nouns ending in -n (een) add - for the plural. Examples: cailn, an cailn, an chailn, na cailn; girl, etc. toitn (ti-TYEEN), an toitn, an toitn, na toitn; cigarette, etc. gairdn (gahr-DEEN), an gairdn, an ghairdn, na gairdn; garden, etc. Here are some phrases that contain some fourth-declension nouns in various forms: ar eagla na heagla (ah-gluh); in fear of fear, meaning just in case, to be on the safe side. l an dreoiln (droh-LEEN); wren day. duine na diche (DOO-i-he); a person of the district. ar shl na rinne (er hlee nuh FEER-in-ye); (literally: on the way of the truth), gone to eternal reward, dead. VOCABULARY OF FOURTH DECLENSION NOUNS Masculine (rinscneach) hata (HAH-tuh), an hata, an hata, na hata; hat, etc. piste (PAW*SH-te), an piste, an phiste (FAW*SH-te), na pist; child, etc. prta (PRAW*-tuh), an prta, an phrta, na prta; potato, etc. nia (NEE-uh), an nia, an nia, na nianna; nephew, etc. seomra, an seomra, an tseomra, na seomra; room, etc. cta, an cta, an chta, na cta; coat, etc. cil (KAY*-lee), an cil, an chil, na cilithe (KAY*-li-he); dance, etc. balla (BAHL-uh), an balla, an bhalla (VWAHL-uh), na balla; wall, etc. gloine (GLIN-e), an gloine, na ghloine, na gloin; glass, etc. gna (GOON-uh), an gna, an ghna, na gna; dress, etc. Feminine (baininscneach) b (BAW*), an bh (VWAW*), na b, na bnna; bay, etc. eorna (OHR-nuh), an eorna, na heorna, (no plural); barley, etc. oche (EE-he), an oche, na hoche, na hocheanta (HEE-huhn-tuh); night, etc. line (LAY*-ne), an line, na line, na linte; shirt, etc. saoirse (SEER-she), an tsaoirse (un TEER-she), na saoirse, (no plural); freedom, etc. ADJECTIVES lainn (AW*-lin) is beautiful, but dathil (dah-HOO-il) is handsome:, na madra dathla (MAH-dree dah-HOO-luh), the handsome dogs. Is dathla Sen n Bran; Sen is handsomer than Brian. oirinach (ir-OON-ahk*), suitable. Seomra oirinach, seomra oirinacha; a suitable room, suitable rooms. T Grinne nos oirina don phost n Treasa (GRAW*N-ye; ir-OON-ee; fohst; TRAS-uh); Grinne is more suitable for the job than is Treasa. cliteach (KLOO-tyahk*), famous; l cliteacha, famous poets. Is clit Grinne n Eils; Grinne is more famous than Eils. ceomhar (KYOH-wuhr), foggy; ceomhaire, foggier deonach (DYOHN-ahk*), voluntary, volunteer; oibritheoir deonach (ib-ri-HOH-ir), a volunteer worker. A Volunteer in the Irish Republican Army is glach (OHG-lahk*), an t-glach, an glaigh (OHG-lee), na hglaigh; Volunteer, the Volunteer, of the Volunteer, the Volunteers.

Sean-glach is a former or veteran Volunteer. DICTIONARIES By now, you have enough Irish grammar to need many more words than these lessons can give you. You are also meeting new Irish words and forms of speech that you have not seen in these lessons. Dictionaries, grammars, and manuals will be helpful to you now. Here are some of the materials available: Foclir (foh-KLOH-ir-ee) Foclir Gaeilge-Barla (Irish-English dictionary), ed. Niall Dnaill. This is the largest and most modern one. It superseded that of an t-Athair Duinnn (Dineens dictionary). English-Irish Dictionary, ed. Toms de Bhaldraithe. This is the leading one, offering many examples of good style and alternative expressions. The book requires patience and care by the beginner, because of its comprehensiveness. There are smaller dictionaries, too. The Learners Irish-English and English-Irish Dictionaries are examples. The two have been bound together into a single small volume printed by Talbot Press. Simple grammars include the familiar Progress in Irish. For those who have nished this, the Rchrsa Gramada, by Brian Mac Giolla Phdraig, is a next step. It is almost entirely in Irish, and it has countless examples of usage, extensive word lists, and paradigms or form changes for verbs and nouns. Anois is Ars is a language manual and practice book for the RT language programs on television in Ireland. The authors, Donall Baoill and amon Tuathail, have oriented the program and book toward situations, and you will be able to understand and benet from the book,

Lesson 99 PRACTICE WITH FOURTH DECLENSION NOUNS Although the fourth declension does not include as many nouns as the rst declension, its nouns are ones frequently heard and seen. This lesson gives you some of them. In most of the list, only the basic singular and plural forms are offered. For ainmfhocail fhirinscneacha (AN-im-OH-kil IR-inshk-nahk*-uh), or masculine nouns, remember that the genitive or possessive case has an aspirated rst consonant (except for d and t, which are unchanged, and s, whose sound is replaced by t, prexed to the word). Examples of the exceptions are: L an Dreoiln, Wren Day; blas an tae, taste of the tea; i lr an tseomra (i law*r uh TOHM-ruh), in the middle of the room. Ainmfhocail fhirinscneacha caipn, (KAH-peen), an caipn, na caipn; cap, etc. finne (FAW*N-ye), na finn (FAW*N-yee); ring, the rings. madra (MAH-druh), na madra (MAH-dree); dog, the dogs. siopa (SHOHP-uh), na siopa; store, the stores. ainm (AN-im), an t-ainm, an ainm, na hainmneacha (HAN-im-NAHK*-uh); name, the name, of the name, the names. uisce (ISH-ke), na huisc; water, the waters. mla (MAW*-luh), na mla; bag, the bags. gariste (guh-RAW*SH-te), na garist; garage, the garages. geata (GA-tuh), na geata; gate, the gates. plta (PLAW*-tuh), na plta; plate, the plates. cirnn (kay*r-NEEN), na cirnn; record, the records (for music). bisn (baw*-SHEEN), na bisn; basin, the basins. posa (PEES-uh), na posa; piece, the pieces. bna (BOH-nuh), na bna; collar, the collars. dta (DAW*-tuh), na dta; date, the dates (calendar term). stoca (STOHK-uh), na stoca; stocking, the stockings. seomra (SHOHM-ruh), na seomra; room, the rooms. damhsa (DOU-suh), na damhsa; dance, the dances. rince (RINK-e), na rinc; dance, the dances. cste (KEESH-te), na cst; cake, the cakes. pire (PAY*R-e), na pir; pair, the pairs. sneachta (SHNAHK*-tuh), an sneachta, na tsneachta (TNAHK*-tuh), (no plural); snow, the snow, of the snow. tae, an tae, an tae, (no plural); tea, the tea, of the tea. bile (BAY*L-uh), na bil; meal, the meals. ceapaire (KYAP-uh-re), na ceapair; sandwich, the sandwiches. staighre (STEYE-re), an staighre, an staighre, na staighr; stair, the stair, of the stair, the stairs. The singular form is generally employed. In the genitive, the t sound does not replace the s, because the combination of tst could not be pronounced easily. brste (BREESH-te), na brst; trousers, the trousers. The singular form means a pair of trousers in English. caife (KAH-fe), (no plural); coffee. duine (DIN-e), na daoine (DEEN-e); person, the person or people. contae (KOHN-tay*), na contaetha (KOHN-tay*-huh); county, the counties. rna (ROON-hee), na rnaithe (ROON-i-he); secretary, the secretaries. rotha (ROH-hee), na rothaithe (ROH-hi-he); cyclist, the cyclists. tiomna (ti-MAW*-nee), na tiomnaithe (ti-MAW*-ni-he); driver, the drivers. Ainmfhocail bhaininscneacha (feminine nouns) In these, the genitive or possessive case is preceded by na for the, and an h is prexed to a noun beginning with a vowel in the genitive case. lne (LEEN-uh), an lne, na lne, na lnte; line, the line, of the line, the lines. file (FAY*-le), fhile (AY*-le), na file, na filt; feastday, the feastday, of the feastday, the feastdays. ide (AY*-de), na hid; uniform, the uniforms. tine (TIN-e), na tinte; re, the res (in replace or hearth). tille (TAW*-il-ye), na till; fee, toll, the fees, the tolls. timpiste (TIM-pish-te), na timpist; accident, the accidents. rogha (ROU-uh), na roghanna (ROU-uh-nuh); choice, the choices. frinne (FEER-in-ye), na frinn (FEER-in-yee); truth, the truths. eagla (AH-gluh), no plural); fear. beatha (BA-huh), na beatha (BA-hee); life. saoire (SEE-i-re), an tsaoire (TEE-i-re), na saoire, (no plural); vacation, the vacation, of the vacation. farraige (FAH-rig-e), na farraig; sea, the seas. teanga (TANG-uh), na teangacha (TANG-uh-huh); tongue, the tongues, also language, the languages. coinne (KIN-ye), na coinn; appointment, the appointment. Cuir Gaeilge orthu seo: The rings color. Washing their dogs. Drinking the water. Above the other bag. Throwing the cap in the air. Washing his dog. Writing the names. Next to the garage. Her rings color. The storekeeper (man of the store). A storekeeper. Above the line. Next to the re. Paying his fees. Making my choice. After that feastday. During their vacation. The day of my appointment. Mak-

ing those appointments. Buying the uniform. Buying her uniform. Key: dath an fhinne. Ag n a madra. Ag l an uisce. Os cionn an mhla eile. Ag caitheamh an chaipn san aer. Ag n a mhadra. Ag scrobh na nainmneacha. In aice an ghraiste. Dath a finne. Fear an tsiopa (TYOH-puh), Fear siopa. Os cionn na lne. In aice na tine. Ag oc a bhill. Ag danamh mo rogha. Tar is an fhile sin. Le linn a saoire. L mo choinne. Ag danamh na gcoinn sin. Ag ceannach a ide. Ag ceannach a hide.

Lesson 100 PRACTICE WITH FOURTH DECLENSION NOUNS In this declension, the genitive (possessive) form has the same ending as the basic form. Plurals of the nouns form in several ways, so that you must learn them noun by noun. Review of changes in the noun in the singular. First masculine nouns: ao (ee), an t-ao, an ao, na haonna (HEE-uh-nuh); guest, the guest, of the guest, the guests. The word begins with a vowel, a here, so a t precedes it in the guest. Because the noun starts with a vowel, the genitive has no letter prexed. Phrases with the word ao: Is ao ; she is a guest. Dimigh an t-ao; the guest left. C bhfuil (vwil) seomra an ao?; where is the guests room? osfaidh (EES-hee) na haonna; the guests will eat. Ghlan siad seomra na n-aonna; they cleaned the guest room. Coiste (KISH-te), an coiste, an choiste (K*ISH-te), na coist; committee, the committee, of the committee, the committees. In the genitive, the initial c becomes aspirated. Phrases with the word coiste: Chuir s coiste ann; he put a committee there. Molann siad an coiste; they praised the committee. Dfhg (daw*g) m bord an choiste amuigh (ah-MWEE); I left the committees table outside. Gheobhaidh (YOH-ee) s na coist; he will get the committees. Ag mni (MEEN-yoo) na gcoist; explaining the committees. In the genitive plural, eclipsis occurs after na, so a g sound replaces the c sound here. seic (shek), an seic, an tseic (tek), na seiceanna; check, the check, of the check, the checks (banking term). In the genitive singular, a t sound replaces (eclipses) the s sound. Phrases with the word seic: Fuair m seic eile; I got another check. Scrobhaidh (SHKREEF-hee) s an seic; he will write the check. Ag baili (BAHL-yoo) an tseic; collecting the check. Chuir s na seiceanna sa bhanc; he put the checks in the bank. Ag milleadh (MIL-uh) na seiceanna; destroying the checks. If the masculine noun begins with sl, sn, or sr, the genitive singular prexes a t sound after the word an, meaning of the. The t sound eclipses the sound of the s. Examples: sloinne (SLIN-ye), family name; lucht an tsloinne (TLIN-ye), people of the name. sneachta (SHNAHK*-tuh), snow; dath an tsneachta (TNAHK*-tuh), the snows color. sraithchste (srah-HYEESH-te), layer cake; ag bcil an tsraithchste (uh baw*-KAW*-il un trah-HYEESH-te), baking the layer cake. If the masculine noun begins with sc, sm, or st, however, then the genitive singular stays unchanged, even after an, of the. Examples: scla (SKAW*-luh), scale; ar chl an scla, behind the scale. smitn (smi-TYEEN), sharp blow, tap; i ndiaidh an smitn sin (in YEE-uhn smi-TYEEN shin), after that sharp blow. spca (SPOH-kuh), spoke; ag gearradh an spca (uh GYAHR-uhn SPOH-kuh), cutting the spoke. stbla (STAW*B-luh), stable; in aice an stbla (in AK-uhn STAW*B-luh), next to the stable. Reviewing feminine nouns in the fourth declension: ola (OH-luh), an ola, na hola, na hola: oil, the oil, of the oil, the oils. The word begins with a vowel, o so an h is prexed to it after na, of the. Phrases with the word ola: ceannidh m ola; I will buy oil. sheiceil (hek-AW*-il) s an ola; he checked the oil. in aice na hola; next to the oil. Chonaic (k*uh-NIK) siad na hola; they saw the oils. Ag meascadh (MASK-uh) na n-ola; mixing the oils. b (baw*), an bh (vwaw*), na b, na bnna; bay, the bay, of the bay, the bays. Aspiration of the initial b occurs in the basic form after an, the, but not in the genitive singular. Phrases with the word b.

feicim (FEK-im) b; I see a bay. is sin an bh; thats the bay. Ar thaobh (HAYV) eile na b; on the other side of the bay. Bh na bnna tana (TAH-nee); the bays were shallow. Os comhair (KOH-ir) na mbnna (MAW*-nuh); in front of the bays. Phrases with the word sl: sl (shlee), an tsl (tlee), na sl, na slite (SHLI-te); way (road), the way, of the way, the ways. Fuaireamar sl; we found a way. Tar an tsl seo; come this way. Ag fil na sl; nding the way. T na slite dorcha (DUHR-uh-huh); the roads are dark. Ag foghlaim na slite; learning the roads. Feminine nouns beginning with sn or sr also have a t that eclipses the initial s in the basic form: sn (shnee), an tsn (tuh-NEE), na sn, (no plural); ow or pouring. sruthlne (sru-LEEN-e), an tsruthlne (tru-LEEN-e), na sruthlne, na sruthlnte; streamline, etc. Feminine nouns beginning with sc, sm, or st do not undergo this eclipsis: scige, an scige (SHKIG-e); mockery, the mockery. smearaithne, an smearaithne (smar-AN-uh); slight acquaintance, etc. sple, an sple (splaw*); dependence, the dependence. sttchairde, an sttchairde (staw*t-K*AHRD-e); moratorium, etc.

Lesson 101 REVIEW OF NOUN GROUPS Here is a short review of noun groups (declensions) before we explain how to express conditions - sentences with if or if not in them. 1st declension (most numerous). Masculine, end in a broad consonant (one that follows a, o or u. All form the genitive singular by slenderizing the last consonant. Most form the basic plural in that way, too, and for nearly all those the genitive plural is the same as the basic singular form. Example: an bd (baw*d), boat; an bhid, of the boat; na bid, the boats; na mbd, of the boats. 2nd declension (second most numerous). Feminine and ending in either a broad or slender consonant. The genitive singular ends in e or i. There are various ways of forming the plural. Example: an bhrg, the shoe; na brige, of the shoe; na brga, the shoes; na mbrg, of the shoes. 3rd declension. Masculine and feminine. For all, the genitive singular ends in a. There are various ways of forming the plural. This declension includes many occupations, all with plural ending in . Example: an dochtir, the doctor; an dochtra, of the doctor; na dochtir, the doctors; na ndochtir, of the doctors. 4th declension. Masculine and feminine. For all, the genitive singular is the same as the basic form. There are various ways of forming the plural. Example: an bh, the bay; na b, of the bay; na bnna, the bays; na mbnna, of the bays. A few other nouns, some important, are grouped together in a 5th declension that has several distinct ways of forming the genitive and plural. Finally, there are a dozen or so of irregular nouns not tting into any declension. You already know some forms for most of them. IF SENTENCES (THE CONDITIONAL) In English, the sentences If it is here, she is glad, and If it is not here, she is sad tell us that whenever a certain pre-condition exists, a result follows. The word when could replace if in the sentences, because the pre-condition is entirely possible and can easily happen. In Irish, these two sentences become: M t s anseo, t thas uirthi (IR-ee). Mura bhfuil s anseo, t brn uirthi. Memorize these two sentences and their meaning. In the past, the sentences become: M bh s anseo, bh thas uirthi; if it was here, she was glad. Mura raibh (rev) s anseo, bh brn uirthi; if it was not here, she was sad. In the future, the sentences become: M bheidh (ve) s anseo, beidh thas uirthi; if it is here, she will be glad. Mura mbeidh (me) s anseo, beidh brn uirthi; if it is not here, she will be sad. M (maw*) causes aspiration in an initial aspirable consonant except with t and deir. Mura (MUR-ruh) causes eclipsis, and the dependent form of the verb follows it, such as raibh and ???fuil???. If the pre-condition is impossible or unlikely, the English sentences become: If it were here, she would be glad. If it were not here, she would be sad. If remains unchanged, but the verb form is changes to were, so that we will know that the pre-condition is impossible or unlikely. In Irish, too, the verb form changes, and the word for if also changes - to d (daw*). Memorize these two sentences and their meaning: D mbeadh s anseo, bheadh thas uirthi (daw* me-YUHK* shay un-SHUH ve-YUHK* AW*-huhs IR-ee); if it were here, she would be glad. Mura mbeadh (MUR-ruh me-YUHK*) s anseo, bheadh brn uirthi; if it were not here, she would be sad. Unlike English, the same verb form serves all tenses in Irish. To indicate that the unlikely condition was in the past or will be the future, words must be added. For example: English If it had been here, she would have been glad is D mbeadh s anseo inn, bheadh thas uirthi. Remember to add a word or phrase indicating the past or future in these if sentences. Examples of such words or phrases: inn, yesterday; ansin, then; anuraidh (uh-NOOR-ee), last year; amrach, tomorrow; an bhlian seo chugainn (un VLEE-in shuh HOO-in), next year. There are forms in addition to bheadh, such as bhfe (VE-faw*), meaning you would be, but in this lesson we will practice solely with bheadh, in the third singular person, he or she or it. Read these sentences out loud and get their meaning: D mbeadh s anseo, bheadh airgead (AR-i-guhd) agam. Mura mbeadh Sen sa bhaile, bheadh an minteoir anseo. Bheadh Mire san oig inn, d mbeadh an aimsir (EYEM-sheer) go maith. Bheadh an bus mall amrach, mura mbeadh an bthar oscailte. Key: If she were here, I would have money. If Sen werent at home, the teacher would be here. Mire would have been in the ofce yesterday, if the weather had been good. The bus would be late tomorrow if the road should not be open (or: isnt open, in more usual speech). Note that the d, (if) part, can be rst or second in order. Other forms of bheadh are: N bheadh s; it wouldnt be

An mbeadh s?; would it be? Nach mbeadh s?; wouldnt it be? Practice with these sentences, going from Irish to English and then from English to Irish again: D mbeadh an bord sa chistin, n bheadh aon rud eile ann. B mbeadh carr agat, an mbeadh eagla ort? Mura mbeadh s ag foghlaim (FOU-lim) na Gaeilge, nach mbeadh s sa bhaile anocht? N bheadh Samas ag an doras, mura mbeadh an aimsir chomh dona seo. An mbeadh na doirse oscailte anocht, d mbeadh na pist ann? Key: If the table were in the kitchen, nothing else would be there. If you had a car, would you be afraid? If she werent studying Irish, wouldnt she be home tonight? Samas wouldnt be at the door, if the weather werent this bad. Would the doors be open tonight, if the children were there?

Lesson 102 IF SENTENCES WITH d and mura There are other forms for t in addition to: bheadh s (ve-YUHK* shay*); he would be n bheadh s (nee ve-YUHK* shay*); he wouldnt be an mbeadh s? (un me-YUHK* shay*); would he be? nach mbeadh s? (nahk* me-YUHK* shay*); wouldnt he be? d mbeadh s (daw* me-YUHK* shay*); if he were mura mbeadh s (MUR-ruh me-YUHK* shay*); if he werent These other forms are for you, they, I, and so on. Learn these rst for I would be, you would be, etc. bheinn (ven); I would be bheife (VE-faw*); you would be bheadh s (ve-YUHK* shay*); he would be bheadh s (ve-YUHK* shee); she would be bheimis (VE-mish); we would be bheadh sibh (ve-YUHK* shiv); you (plural) would be bheids (VE-deesh); they would be bheif (VE-fee); people would be For the negative: N bheinn (nee ven); I would not be, etc. For questions: An mbeinn? (un men); Would I be?, etc. Negative questions: nach mbeinn? (nahk* men); wouldnt I be?, etc. For if; D mbeinn (daw* men); If I were, etc. For if not: Mura mbeinn (MUR-ruh men); If I werent, etc. Go through each of the six series here out loud several times before reading any of the practice sentences. Review the conditional with t: Bheinn in irinn, d mbeadh mathair ann (ven in AY*R-in daw* me-YUHK* MAH-ir oun). D mbeife tinn, bheadh imn orm (daw* VE-faw* tin, ve-YUHK* IM-nee OH-ruhm). Mura mbeimis sa cathair, an mbeids leatsa? (MUR-ruh ME-mish suh K*AH-hir, an ME-deesh LAT-suh). N bheids (nee VE-deesh). Nach mbeadh Samas agus Nra ag baile, d mbeadh sibh ag teacht isteach anocht? D mbeadh Brian ag dul abhaile anuraidh, an mbeife cois farraige? (uh-NOOR-ee; kish FAH-rig-e). N bheinn. Key: I would be in Ireland, if my father were there. If you were sick, I would be worried. If we werent in the city, would they be with you? They would be. Wouldnt Samas and Nra be at home, if you were coming in tonight? If Brian had been going home last year, would you have been at the seashore? I wouldnt have been. REPETITIVE DRILL WITH THE CONDITIONAL Go through a repetitive drill, aloud of course, for the conditional: An mbeinn anseo, mura mbeadh Sen sa bhaile? N bheinn anseo, mura mbeadh Sen sa bhaile. Bheife anseo, mura mbeadh Sen sa bhaile. An mbeife anseo, mura mbeadh Sen sa bhaile? N bheife anseo, mura mbeadh Sen sa bhaile. Bheidh s anseo, mura mbeadh Sen sa bhaile. Continue with s, bheimis, bheadh sibh, and bheids. The last sentence will be: Bheinn anseo, mura mbeadh Sen sa bhaile. ANOTHER REPETITIVE DRILL Nach mbeinn i gCorcaigh, d mbeadh airgead agam? N bheinn i gCorcaigh, d mbeadh airgead agam. Bheife i gCorcaigh, d mbeadh airgead agam. Nach bheife i gCorcaigh, d mbeadh airgead agam? Continue with s, s, bheimis, bheadh sibh, and bheids. The last sentence will be: Bheinn i gCorcaigh, d mbeadh airgead agam. INSINT NEAMHDHIREACH (IN-shint nyav-yi-RAHK*); indirect speech Go mbeadh and nach mbeadh are typical forms. Read these sentences aloud and picture their meaning.

Deir Cormac go mbeadh thas air, d mbeadh biseach ar a mhadra (AW*-huhs; BI-shahk*). Deirim leat nach mbeinn ar an mbd mura mbeids ann. Dirt Mire liom go mbeadh s ar an eitlen roimh a tr a chlog san iarnin, d mbeadh cead aici imeacht (ET-i-law*n; eer-NOH-in). Key: Cormac says that he would be happy if his dog were feeling better. I tell you that I wouldnt be on the boat if they werent there. Mire told me that she would be on the airplane before three oclock in the afternoon, if she had permission to leave. Another purpose of the conditional in indirect speech in the past tense is to indicate that the speaker was talking about the future. An example: Dirt m li go mbeidh amonn i Nua Eabhrac ar ball (DOO-irt may* lay* goh me-YUHK* AY*-muhn i NOO-uh OU-ruhk er boul); I told her that amonn would be in New York presently. This means that the speakers actual words to her were: amonn will be in New York presently. Sometimes you must be careful in wording when telling what someone said would happen in the future. An example of this: Suppose that Nra has said to Sle (SHEE-luh); Beimid i nGaillimh i gceann tamaill; We will be in Galway in a little while. At the present time, Nra should say: Dirt m le Sle go mbeimis i nGaillimh i gceann tamaill. If Sle were speaking at the present time, however, she would say: Dirt s liom go mbeadh mise agus sise i nGaillimh i gceann tamaill, or: Dirt s liom go mbeids i nGaillimh i gceann tamaill; she told me that they would be in Galway in a little while. The choice would depend on whether Sle had been among the original we. (She might have been merely a friend to whom Nra was telling that she (Nra) and another friend would be in Galway.)

Lesson 103 CLEACHTADH (KLAK*-tuh); PRACTICE WITH IF SENTENCES Some of these sentences do not have two parts or clauses, but the meaning should be clear to you. Irish usage is fairly close to English in most situations calling for the conditional (an modh coinnollach). Mura mbeadh mo mhla ann, cn it an mbeadh s ann? Dirt Ciaran liom go mbeadh biseach air fin. Bfhidir nach mbeids i Siceg. Bfhidir nach mbeids i Siceg, d mbeimis ann rompu (ROHM-pu). Nach mbeadh sibh ssta, mura mbeinn ag obair amrach? Dfhiafraigh s dom an mbeinn ag dul abhaile tar is an cheachta (HYAHK*-tuh). Dirt m leis nach mbeinn balta bheith (AW*-buhl-tuh ve) in oig an phoist roimh (rev) a naoi a chlog. Bheadh brga nua agam, d mbeadh am go leor (oum goh lohr) inniu chun iad a cheannach. Mura mbeife tar is bheith breoite, bheadh Sen balta cuairt a thabhairt ort (KOO-ahrt uh HOO-irt OH-ruht) inn. Key: If my bag werent there, where would it be? Ciaran told me that he would get better. Perhaps they wouldnt be in Chicago. Perhaps they wouldnt be in Chicago, if we were there before them. Wouldnt you-all be satised if I werent at work tomorrow? He asked me would I be going home after the lesson. I told him that I wouldnt be able to be in the post ofce before nine oclock. I would have new shoes if I had time enough today to buy them. If you werent after being sick (hadnt been sick previously), Sen would have been able to visit you yesterday. Before beginning with the conditional forms for the other verbs beside t, go through this practice for t: Cuir Gaeilge ar: I would be. If she were. Wouldnt they be? We would be. If you werent. You-all wouldnt be. If I were. Would we be? If he had money. He wouldnt have money. They would be afraid. If you werent afraid. Key: Bheinn. D mbeadh s. Nach mbeids? Bheimis. Mura mbeife. N bheadh sibh. D mbeinn. An mbeimis? D mbeadh airgead aige. N bheadh airgead aige. Bheadh eagla orthu. Mura mbeadh eagla ort. Remember that each one of the above sentences is usually accompanied by another one, such as in: I would be, if you were here. Or: If you were here, I would be. IF SENTENCES WITH REGULAR VERBS All verbs can express conditions. The rules are the same as for t. With m, meaning if, and mura, meaning if not, the condition is one that is possible. An example: M chuireann s an nuachtn ar an staighre, feicim (maw* K*IR-uhn shay* un NOO-uhk*taw*n er un STEYE-re FEK-im ay*); If he puts the newspaper on the stairs, I see it. The word m causes aspiration of the rst consonant of the following verb, but mura causes eclipsis. An example: Mura gcuireann s an nuachtn ar an staighre, n fheicim ; If he doesnt put the newspaper on the stairs, I dont see it. Several examples with m and mura for regular verbs: M bhriseann t , ocfaidh t as; if you break it, you will pay for it. M n-l s , n fhaca m ; if he drank it, I didnt see it. Mura rithimid abhaile, n fheicmid dathair; if we dont run home, we wont see your father. M deir s sin, creidim ; if he says that, I believe him. Note that m does not aspirate the d in deir and dirt. It causes an n sound to precede a verb beginning with a vowel, a, e, i, o, u. With the second conjugation - verbs like imigh - the usage is similar. For example: M n-imm ar a s a chlog, feicim mo chara; if I depart at six oclock, I see my friend. Mura mbailimid an bruscar, cuirimid sa chistin ; if we dont collect the trash, we put it in the kitchen. D and MURA WITH REGULAR VERBS When a condition is not possible, d (or mura) with the modh coinnollach express the meaning. Learn these forms rst: chuirnn (K*IR-hin), I would put chuirfe (K*IR-faw*), you would put chuirfeadh s (K*IR-huhk* shay*), he would put

chuirfeadh s (shee), she would put chuirmis (K*IR-hi-mish), we would put chuirfeadh sibh (shiv), you-all would put chuirds (K*IR-hi-deesh), they would put chuirf (K*IR-fee), people would put Note that the f in the forms is given its usual sound in only two cases, for you would put and for people would put. Learn these forms for cas now: chasfainn (K*AHS-hin), I would turn chasf (K*AHS-faw*), you would turn chasfadh s (K*AHS-huhk* shay*), he would turn chasfadh s (K*AHS-huhk* shee), she would turn chasaimis (K*AHS-hi-mish), we would turn chasfadh sibh (shiv), you-all would turn chasfaids (K*AHS-hi-deesh), they would turn chasfa (K*AHS-fwee), people would turn Try these practice sentences now: Chasfainn anseo, d mbeadh a fhios agam c bhfuil s. Mura mbeadh airgead aige, chuirnn amach . Key: I would turn here, if I knew where she was. If he didnt have money, I would put him out.

Lesson 104 D AND MURA WITH REGULAR VERBS (CONTINUED) Last week, the forms for I would put, you would put, etc., were given. The negative, the question, the negative question, the d, and the mura forms are similar, but the initial consonant may be eclipsed instead of aspirated. This resembles the change system for t. First, for the negative: n chuirnn (K*IR-hin), I wouldnt put n chuirfe (K*IR-faw*), you wouldnt put n chuirfeadh s (K*IR-huhk* shay*), he wouldnt put n chuirfeadh s, she wouldnt put n chuirmis (K*IR-hi-mish), we wouldnt put n chuirfeadh sibh, you-all wouldnt put n chuirds (K*IR-hi-deesh), they wouldnt put n chuirf (K*IR-fee), people wouldnt put For verbs ending in a broad consonant, cas is an example: n chasfainn (K*AHS-hin), I wouldnt turn n chasf (K*AHS-faw*), you wouldnt turn n chasfadh s (K*AHS-huhk* shay*), he wouldnt turn n chasfadh s, she wouldnt turn n chasfaimis (K*AHS-hi-mish), we wouldnt turn n chasfadh sibh, you-all wouldnt turn n chasfaids (K*AHS-hi-deesh), they wouldnt turn n chasfa (K*AHS-fwee), people wouldnt turn Example: n chasfa anseo, mura mbeadh solas ar an mballa; people wouldnt turn here, if there werent a light on the wall. For the questions, for d and for mura, eclipsis occurs if the verb begins with a consonant that can be eclipsed. The simple questions are: an gcuirnn? (GIR-hin), would I put? an gcuirfe? (GIR-faw*), would you put? an gcuirfeadh s? (GIR-huhk*), would he put? an gcuirfeadh s?, would she put? an gcuirmis? (GIR-hi-mish), would we put? an gcuirfeadh sibh?, would you-all put? an gcuirds? (GIR-hi-deesh), would they put? an gcuirf? (GIR-fee), would people put? For the verb cas: an gcasfainn? (GAHS-hin), would I turn? an gcasf? (GAHS-faw*), would you turn? an gcasfadh s? (GAHS-huhk*), would he turn? an gcasfadh s?, would she turn? an gcasfaimis? (GAHS-hi-mish), would we turn? an gcasfadh sibh?, would you-all turn? an gcasfaids? (GAHS-hi-deesh), would they turn? an gcasfa? (GAHS-fwee), would people turn? Example: An gcuirfe an t-airgead sa bhanc, d mbeadh am go leor agat?; Would you put the money in the bank, if you had (enough) time? The negative question is: Nach gcuirnn? Nach gcuirfe? Nach gcuirfeadh s? Nach gcuirfeadh s? Wouldnt I put?, wouldnt you put?, etc. Nach gcuirmis? Nach gcuirfeadh sibh? Nach gcuirds? Nach gcuirf? Wouldnt we put?, wouldnt you-all put? wouldnt they put?, wouldnt people put? For cas, the negative question is: Nach gcasfainn? Nach gcasf? Nach gcasfadh s? Nach gcasfa? Wouldnt I turn?, wouldnt you turn?, wouldnt he turn? wouldnt people turn? D and mura also cause eclipsis: D gcuirnn (daw* GIR-hin), if I should put, etc. D gcasfainn (daw* GAHS-hin), if I should turn, etc.

Mura gcuirnn, if I were not to put, etc. Mura gcasfainn, if I were not to turn, etc. If the verb begins with a vowel, such as a, e, i, o, u, minor differences occur. Examples, with which you will become familiar during later exercises, are: Dlfadh s (DOHL-huhk* shay* ay*), he would drink it. Nach n-lfadh s?, wouldnt he drink? D n-lfadh s, if he were to drink. Mura nlfadh s, if he werent to drink. If the verb begins with an f, a d precedes it in the declarative, which is the simplest form: Dfhgfainn (DAW*K-hin ay*), I would leave it. Dfheicfeadh s (DEK-huhk* shay* ay*), he would see it. RECOGNITION DRILL FOR IF AND IF NOT SENTENCES Visualize the verb meaning and who the subject is (I, you, Ciaran, etc.) for these phrases: M bhris s . Chreidfe . Mura n-lfaids (NOHL-hi-deesh) . D bpgfainn (BOHK-hin) . Mura mbeimid ann. N stadfadh (STAHT-huh) Samas. An scuabfaidh (SKOOP-hee) sibh ? Nach lonf ? Mura gcuireann Mairsile (MAHR-shil-e) sa chistin (HYISH-tin) . D mbearrfaimis (MYAHR-hi-mish) sinn fin. Key: If he broke it. You would believe him. If they werent to drink it. If I were to kiss her. If we wont be there. Samas wouldnt stop. Will you-all brush it? Wouldnt you ll it? If Mairsile doesnt put it in the kitchen. If we were to shave (ourselves). Each of the phrases is one-half of a complete condition and result, such as: Mura n-lfaids , bheadh tart orthu; if they werent to drink it, they would be thirsty. Up to now, the many forms for the conditional have called for heavy repetitive drilling. The conditional form or mood is very important in Irish, however, and must be mastered if you are to be able to express yourself accurately, understand others, and get the meaning from what you read. You still need to learn the second conjugations conditional, and the conditional for is and for some of the irregular verbs. After that, there will be intensive conversations and reading exercises to help you become uent in the modh coinnollach.

Lesson 105 PRONUNCIATION These lessons pronunciation of -inn at a word end was at rst given as (ing) and then interspersed with (in). The pronunciation guides symbol for the sound is logically (ny), but because the beginner might be confused by this, the actual pronunciation has been deferred. Practice pronouncing (nnn-yuh) and then shorten the (yuh) until it nearly disappears. Practice with words: sinn, binn, linn, rinn, tinn. All are one-syllable words, each with a trace of the (yuh) at the end. Then try: seinn, thagainn, dfheicinn. The sound is there even in Sinn Fin, pronounced slightly differently from sin fin. The lessons will still give (n) as pronunciation for -inn at word end, so you must remember to add the trace of (yuh). RECOGNITION DRILL WITH THE MODH COINNOLLACH Read these sentences aloud to get their sense and to visualize the subject (whether it is I, you, he, etc.): Cheapf sin, d bhfeicfa a athair (daw* VEK-faw* uh A-hir). N dhanfaimis (YAY*N-hi-mish) an obair, mura nglanfa an gariste ar dts (MU-rung LUHN-fwee un guh-RAW*SH-te er doos). D ndolfadh Diarmuid a bhd, n fhanfadh a dhearthir (nee AHN-huhk* uh yri-HAW*-ir) anseo. Thitnn (HIT-hin) san uisce, d ngearrf an tad (daw*ng YAHR-faw* un tay*d). D bhfgfadh (VWAW*K-huhk*) Mire a rothar (ROH-huhr) amuigh, nach ngoidf (nahk* uhng IT-fee ay*)? An ligds (LIK-hi-deesh) dom dul abhaile, mura mbeadh mo cheacht crochnaithe (muh hyahk*t KREE-uhk*-nuh-he)? Mura mbeids anseo, n chreidnn t (nee HYRET-hin too). Key: You would think that, if you were to see his father. We wouldnt do the work, if the garage werent cleaned rst. If Diarmuid were to sell his boat, his brother wouldnt stay here. I would fall into the water if you were to cut the rope. If Maire were to leave her bicycle outside, wouldnt it be stolen? Would they let me go home if my lesson werent nished? If they werent here, I wouldnt believe you. Notice that there are two of the irregular verbs above: feic and dan. Both are regular in the modh coinnollach, however. DRILL WITH VERBS BEGINNING WITH A VOWEL OR F M lann t , beidh t tinn. Mura n-isteann t liom, n thuigeann t na focail. M fhilleann s abhaile, nach bhfanann s ann? D n-lfainn , an lf ? Mura n-istds liom, dlfaids an t-uisce. Key: If you drink it, you will be sick. If you dont listen to me, you dont understand the words. If he returns home, doesnt he stay there? If I were to drink it, would you drink it? If they wouldnt listen to me, they would drink the water. THE SECOND CONJUGATION WITH D AND MURA Verbs such as imigh and ceannaigh, which are in the second conjugation, also have different forms in the modh coinnollach. The forms resemble the future tense, but word endings differ from those of the future tense. Learn these forms by repeating them aloud until you can say them without hesitation. For each one, visualize the action and the subject: cheanninn (hyan-OH-in), I would buy cheannf (hyan-OH-faw*), you would buy cheanndh s (hyan-OHK* shay*), he would buy cheanndh s, she would buy cheannimis (hyan-OH-i-mish), we would buy cheanndh sibh (hyan-OHK* shiv), you-all would buy cheannids (hyan-OH-i-deesh), they would buy cheannfa (hyan-OH-fwee), people would buy For the negative, n (nee) precedes these forms. For example, n cheanndh s means he wouldnt buy it. Other forms, with an, nach, d, mura before them, have the initial consonant aspirated if it can be. Learn these forms for d with ceannaigh: d gceanninn (daw* gyan-OH-in), if I were to buy d gceannf (daw* gyan-OH-faw*), if you were to buy d gceanndh s (daw* gyan-OHK* shay*), if he were to buy d gceanndh s, if she were to buy d gceannimis (daw* gyan-OH-i-mish), if we were to buy d gceanndh sibh (daw* gyan-OHK* shiv), if you-all were to buy d gceannids (daw* gyan-OH-i-deesh), if they were to buy

d gceannfa (daw* gyan-OH-fwee), if people were to buy Samples of other forms: An gceannf ? Would you buy it? Nach gceannids teach? (Wouldnt they buy a house?) Mura gceanndh s cta, If she werent to buy a coat. If the second-conjugation verb ends in -igh instead of -aigh, there is a slight difference in pronunciation and spelling. The example here is bailigh. I would collect, etc. becomes: bhaileoinn (vwahl-YOH-in), I would collect bhaileof (vwahl-YOH-faw*), you would collect bhaileodh s (vwahl-YOHK* shay*), he would collect bhaileodh s, she would collect bhaileoimis (vwahl-YOH-i-mish), we would collect bhaileodh sibh, you-all would collect bhaileoids (vwahl-YOH-i-deesh), they would collect The other forms are similar in their relation to those for ceannaigh. For example: n bhaileoinn, I wouldnt collect; an mbaileof?, would you collect?; nach mbaileoimis?, wouldnt we collect?; mura mbaileofa, if people werent to collect; d mbaileoinn, if I were to collect. RECOGNITION DRILL FOR THE SECOND CONJUGATION WITH THE MODH COINNOLLACH Chrochninn (hyreek*-NOH-in ay*). An labhrf Gearminis (un lou-ROH-faw* GYAR-maw*-nish)? N mhneoids (nee veen-YOH-ideesh ay*). D n-imeoimis (daw* nim-YOH-i-mish). N ullmhdh s (nee UL-vwohk* shee ay*). Mura n-imreodh Sen (MU-ruh NIM-rohk* shaw*n). Key: I would nish it. Would you speak German? They wouldnt explain it. If we were to depart. She wouldnt prepare it. If Sen wouldnt play. Note that verbs ending in -ir or -air, such as imir or labhair, drop out a syllable. Instead of labhaireodh s, we say labhrdh s for he would speak. This occurs in other tenses, as well, and is called syncopation. It is not the usual meaning of the word syncopation that you know in music.

Lesson 106 RECOGNITION DRILL WITH AN MODH COINNOLACH for second-declension verbs Dfhoghlaimeoinn (DOU-lim-oh-in ay*), d mbeadh mo leabhar agam. Nach n-imeof (nim-YOH-faw*), mura mbeadh na siopa oscailte? D ndeiseodh (NESH-ohk*) s an bord, docfainn (DEEK-hin) an bille le hthas. N shocrdh Caitln ar chuairt, mura mbeimis sa bhaile (nee HOHK-rohk* kaht-LEEN er K*OO-ahrt MU-rah ME-mish suh VWAHL-uh). An aontdh sibh (AY*N-tohk* shiv) liom, d gcuirnn (GIR-hin) an cheist sin roimh na daoine eile? Thosfa air, mura mbeids as lathair. Key: I would study it, if I had my book. Wouldnt you leave, if the stores werent open? If he were to repair the table, I would gladly pay the bill. Caitln wouldnt decide on a visit, if we werent at home. Would you-all agree with me, if I were to put that question before the other people? I would start on it, if they werent here. CONVERSATION Cormac: Dia dhaoibh (DEE-uh geev), a Shle agus a Phil (FOH-il). Sle (SHEEL-uh): Dias Muire dhaoibh, a Chormaic agus a na. Conas t sibh inniu? na: Timid go han-mhaith, agus cn chaoi a bhfuil sibh fin? (KAY*-hee vwil shiv fay*n). Pl: Bheimis i bhfad nb fhearr (i VWAHD neeb AHR), d ngthimis an chad duais i gcrannchur an Stit (daw*ng OH-hoh-mish un HYAY*uhd DOO-ish i GROUN-k*ur un STAW*-it). Sle: N raibh an uimhir cheart againn riamh, ach c bhos duit? (nee rev un IV-ir hyart uh-GIN reev ahk* kaw* vis dit?) Mura n-imreof duimhir idh gach seachtain gan teip, theipfeadh ort (MU-ruh nim-ROH-faw* DIV-ir AW*-ee gahk* SHAHK*T-in guhn tep, HEP-huhk* OHruht). Cormac: N bheadh an duais de caoga dollar buaite againn anuraidh mura mbeadh ticad ceannaithe sa chrannchur againn. na: Bhain s an duais, go deimhin (DEYE-in), ach d gcuirmis an t-airgead inr gcuntas bainc (bwink), bheimis saibhir, beagnach (VE-mish SEYE-vir BYUHG-nahk*). Pl: Abair ! Cn uimhir an uimhir bhuaite inn? na: Cad a dhanf leis airgead, a Shle, d mbainfe an chad duais? Sle: Cheanninn carr nua ar dts, agus ansin thriallfaimis trd an Iarthar (EER-huhr). Cormac: Ach cuir i gcs nach mbainfeadh sibh ach cad dollar n mar sin. Pl: Sa chs sin, bfhearr liom coscharr a fhil (bahr luhm KEES-k*ahr uh AW*il) agus tiomin timpeall na cathrach (ti-MAW*-in TIM-puhl nuh KAH-uh-rahk*). Key: Cormac: Hello, Sle and Pl. Sle: Hello, Cormac and na. How are you-all today? na: We are very well, and how are you-all yourselves? Pl: We would be far better if we were to win the rst prize in the state lottery. Sle: We never had the right number, but how would you know? If you werent to play your lucky number every day, you would fail. Cormac: We wouldnt have won the fty-dollar prize last year if we hadnt bought a ticket in the lottery. na: He won the prize, certainly, but if we put the money in our bank account we would be rich, almost. Pl: Right! What number was the winning number yesterday? na: What would you do with the money, Sle, if you were to win the rst prize? Sle: I would buy a new car rst, and then we would travel through the west. Cormac: But suppose that you-all werent to win but a hundred dollars or so? Pl: In that case, I would prefer to get a rental car and drive around the city. VOCABULARY Masculine cuntas, (KOON-tuhs), an cuntas, an chuntais (K*OON-tish), na cuntais; account. Cuntas bainc; bank account. An cuntas bhainc, the bank account. banc, an banc (bahnk), an bhainc (vwink), na bainc; bank. bille (BIL-e), an bille, an bhille, na bill; bill. coscharr (KEES-k*ahr), an coscharr, an choschairr, na coscharranna; rented car. (Cos means rent.)

Feminine duais (DOO-ish), an duais. na duaise, na duaiseanna; prize cathair (KAH-hir), an chathair, na cathrach (KAH-uh-rahk*), na cathracha (KAH-hir-ahk*-uh); city VERBS gnthaigh (GNOH-hee) ag gnth, work, win (a prize). Gntham (GNOH-heem), I win; gnthaonn t, you win; gnthidh s (GNOH-hoh-ee shay*), he will win; gnthaithe (GNOH-huh-he), won. buaigh (BOO-ee), win, ag buachan (BOO-uhk*-uhn), win. Buaim, I win; buann t, you win; buafaidh s (BOO-hee shay*), he will win; buaite, won. ceistigh, ag ceisti, question. Ceistm, I question; ceistonn t, you question; ceisteoidh s, he will question; ceistithe, questioned. ADJECTIVES mharach (AW*-vwuhr-ahk*), lucky; m-mharach, unlucky saibhir (SEYE-vir), rich macnta (muh-KAW*N-tuh), honest; mmhacnta (MEE-vwuh-KAW*N-tuh), dishonest srmhaith (SAW*R-vwah), excellent dodhanta (duh-YAY*N-tuh), impossible luachmhar (LOO-uhk*-vwuhr), valuable, precious

Lesson 107 RECOGNITION DRILL FOR AN MODH COINNOLACH in rst and second conjugations Form a picture in your mind of the meaning of these verbs and of the subject (whether I, you, he, etc): Dordf . Lasfaimis . N cheanndh s . D ndolfainn . Nach slds ? An inseodh s ? N throidfe. Mura gcasfadh sibh . D mbrisfeadh s . An ngoidf ? Nach n-lf ? Mura mbeadh s anseo. Chreidmis . Key: You would order it. We would light it. He wouldnt buy it. If I were to sell it. Wouldnt they think it? Would she tell it? You wouldnt ght. If you-all werent to turn it. If he were to break it. Would it be stolen? Wouldnt you drink it? If he werent here. We would believe it. THE IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE MODH COINNOLACH For all the irregular verbs ( briathra neamhrialta), the basic or root form for the conditional resembles that for the future. Endings are similar to those for regular verbs of the rst conjugation, such as cuir and cas of the rst conjugation. Learn these ve verbs rst. Go through each aloud, forming a picture of the activity and subject for each phrase. Tar, come, is: tiocfaidh m (TYUHK-hee may*), I will come, in the ordinary future. In the modh coinnollach: thiocfainn (HUHK-hin), I would come. thiocf (HUHK-faw*), you would come. thiocfadh s (HUHK-huhk* shay*), he would come. thiocfadh s, she would come. thiocfaimis (HUHK-hi-mish), we would come. thiocfadh sibh, you-all would come. thiocfaids (HUHK-hi-deesh), they would come. thiocfa (HUHK-fwee), people would come. Go through the other forms for tar. These are the rst phrases for each group: n thiocfainn (nee HUHK-hin), I wouldnt come. an dtiocfainn ( un DYUHK-hin), would I come? nach dtiocfainn, wouldnt I come? d dtiocfainn, if I were to come. mura dtiocfainn, if I were not to come. Tigh (tay*), go, with rachfaidh m (RAHK*-hee may*) for I will go, has its conditional as: rachainn (RAHK*-hin), I would go. rachf (RAHK*-faw*) you would go. rachadh s (RAHK*-huhk* shay*), he would go. rachadh s, she would go. rachaimis (RAHK*-hi-mish), we would go. rachadh sibh, you-all would go. rachaids (RAHK*-hi-deesh), they would go. rachfa (RAHK*-fwee), people would go. Go through the other forms for tigh. The rst phrases in each group are: N rachainn. An rachainn? Nach rachainn? D rachainn. Mura rachainn. Feic (fek) means see. Its future forms begin with: feicdh m (FEK-hee may*). In the modh coinnollach, a d must precede the f. dfheicnn (DEK-hin), I would see. dfheicfe (DEK-faw*), you would see. dfheicfeadh s (DEK-huhk* shay*), he would see. dfheicfeadh s, she would see. dfheicmis (DEK-hi-mish), we would see. dfheicds (DEK-hi-deesh), they would see. dfheicf (DEK-fee), people would see. The rst phrases in each of the other groups are: N fheicnn (nee EK-hin), I wouldnt see. An bhfeicnn? (un VEK-hin), would you see? Nach bhfeicinn? (nahk* VEK-hin), wouldnt I see? D bhfeicnn, if I were to see. Mura bhfeicnn, if I werent to see. Clois (klish) means hear. The future forms begin with: Cloisdh m (KLISH-hee may*). The conditional is: chloisnn (K*LISH-hinn), I would hear.

chloisfe (K*LISH-faw*), you would hear. chloisfeadh s (K*LISH-huhk* shay*), he would hear. chloisfeadh s, she would hear. chloismis (K*LISH-hi-mish), we would hear. chloisfeadh sibh, you-all would hear. chloisds (K*LISH-hi-deesh), they would hear. chloisf (K*LISH-fee), people would hear. The rst phrases in the other forms are: N chloisnn, I wouldnt hear. An gcloisnn? (un GLISH-hin), would I hear? Nach gcloisnn? (nahk* GLISH-hin), wouldnt I hear? D gcloisnn, if I were to hear. Mura gcloisnn, if I werent to hear. Abair (AH-bir), meaning say, has: darfaidh m (DYAY*R-hee may*) for I will say. The modh coinnollach begins: darfainn (DYAY*R-hin), I would say. darf (DYAY*R-faw*), you would say. darfadh s (DYAY*R-huhk* shay*), he would say. darfadh s, she would say. darfaimis (DYAY*R-hi-mish), we would say. darfadh sibh, you-all would say. darfaids (DYAY*R-hi-deesh), they would say. darfa (DYAY*R-fwee), people would say. There is no aspiration of the rst consonant in this verb. The other groups begin: N darfainn, I wouldnt say. An ndarfainn? (un NYAY*R-hin), would I say? Nach ndarfainn? (nahk* NYAY*R-hin), wouldnt I say? D ndarfainn, if I were to say. Mura ndarfainn, if I werent to say.

Lesson 108 RECOGNITION DRILL FOR AN MODH COINNOLACH WITH IRREGULAR VERBS Form a picture in your mind of the phrases meaning and of the subject (whether I, you, he, etc.) as you say these phrases aloud: Thiocfainn (HUHK-hin). N fheicmis (nee EK-hi-mish ee). An ndarfadh sibh sin? (un NYAY*R-huhk shiv ay* shin). Nach rachf liom? (nahk* RAHK*-faw* luhm). D gcloisds (daw* GLISH-hi-deesh). Mura bhfeicfeadh s th. D dtiocfaimis libh. Chloisfeadh s sinn. An rachaids li? N darf sin. Nach dtiocfadh s linn? Key: I would come. We wouldnt see her. Would you-all say that? Wouldnt you go with me? If they were to hear. If she werent to see you. If we came with you-all. He would hear us. Would they go with her? You wouldnt say that. Wouldnt she come with us? IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE CONDITIONAL MOOD Here are the rest of the irregular verbs. Say all forms out loud, repeating them until you are familiar with them and can picture in your mind the meaning of each phrase. Dan (day*n), do or make, has a future form: danfaidh m (DAY*N-hee may*), I will do. The conditional is: dhanfainn (YAY*N-hin), I would do dhanf (YAY*N-faw*), you would do dhanfadh s (YAY*N-huhk* shay*), he would do dhanfadh s, she would do dhanfaimis (YAY*N-hi-mish), we would do dhanadh sibh, you-all would do dhanfaids (YAY*N-hi-deesh) they would do dhanta (YAY*N-tee), people would do The rest of the forms for dan have these rst elements: N dhanfainn, I would not do. An ndanfainn? (un NAY*N-hin), would I do? Nach ndanfainn?, wouldnt I do D ndanfainn, if I were to do. Mura ndanfainn, if I werent to do. The verb ith (i), eat, is irregular only in the future tense and the conditional mood. osfaidh m (EES-hee may*) is I will eat. The conditional is: dosfainn (DEES-hin), I would eat dosf (DEES-faw*), you would eat dosfadh s (DEES-huhk* shay*), he would eat dosfadh s, she would eat dosfaimis (DEES-hi-mish), we would eat dosfadh sibh, you-all would eat dosfaids (DEES-hi-deesh), they would eat dosfa (DEES-fwee), people would eat The rest of the forms of the conditional begin with: N osfainn, I would not eat. An osfainn?, would I eat? Nach n-osfainn?, wouldnt I eat? D n-osfainn, if I were to eat. Mura n-osfainn, if I were not to eat. The verb tabhair (TOO-ir), give, becomes tabharfaidh m (TOOR-hee may*), I will give, in the future tense. The conditional is therefore: thabharfainn (HOOR-hin), I would give thabharf (HOOR-faw*), you would give thabharfadh s (HOOR-huhk* shay*), he would give thabharfadh s, she would give thabharfaimis (HOOR-hi-mish), we would give thabharfadh sibh, you-all would give thabharfaids (HOOR-hi-deesh), they would give thabharfa (HOOR-fwee), people would give Other forms in the modh coinnollach begin with: N tharfainn, I would not give. An dtabharfainn? (un DOOR-hin), would I give? Nach dtabharfainn?, wouldnt I give? D dtabharfainn, if I were to give. Mura dtabharfainn, if I were not to give. Beir air (ber er), seize it or grab it, has barfaidh m air (BAY*R-hee may* ar) for the future, and the conditional is: bharfainn (VAY*R-hin) air, I would seize it bharf (VAY*R-faw*) air, you would seize it bharfadh (VAY*R-huhk*) s air, he would seize it bharfadh s air, she would seize it

bharfaimis air, we would seize it bharfadh sibh air, you-all would seize it bharfaids air (VAY*R-hi-deesh er), they would seize it bharfa (VAY*R- fwee) air, people would seize it Na foirmeacha eile: N bharfainn air, I would not seize it. An mbharfainn air? (un MAY*R-hin er), would I seize it? Nach mbharfainn air?, wouldnt I seize it? D mbharfainn air, if I were to seize it. Mura mbharfainn air, if I werent to seize it. The irregular verb most extensively changed in the modh coinnollach is faigh (faye), get. An aimsir fhistineach: gheobhainn (YOH-in), I would get gheof (YOH-faw*), you would get gheobhadh s (YOH-uhk* shay*), he would get gheobhadh s, she would get gheobhaimis (YOH-i-mish), we would get gheobhadh sibh, you-all would get gheobhaids (YOH-i-deesh), they would get gheofa (YOH-fwee), people would get The other forms are similar to the negative n bhfaighidh m, etc: n bhfaighinn (nee VWEYE-in), I wouldnt get n bhfaighfe (nee VWEYE-faw*), you wouldnt get n bhfaigheadh s (nee VWEYE-uhk* shay*), he wouldnt get n bhfaigheadh s, she wouldnt get n bhfaighimis (nee VWEYE-i-mish), we wouldnt get n bhfaigheadh sibh, you-all wouldnt get n bhfaighf (nee VWEYE-fee), people wouldnt get Related forms begin with: An bhfaighinn?, would I get? Nach bhfaighinn?, wouldnt I get? D bhfaighinn, if I were to get. Mura bhfaighinn, if I were not to get. In the next lesson, we will look at ways to make use of the conditional easier for conversation.

Lesson 109 RECOGNITION DRILL WITH AN MODH COINNOLACH Read these phrases aloud; for each, form a mental picture of the activity and the subject of the verb (I, you, he people): N oscldh s an doras. Chuirnn amach . D bhfeicmis . An imeoids amrach? Mura mbuailfe iad. Nach mbearfa air? Dimreoinn sa chloiche. An gcasfadh sibh ann? N chloismis . Nach gceannfa ? D ndanfadh s . Mura mbeife sa bhaile. M t Sen anseo. Key: She wouldnt open the door. I would put him out. If we were to see him. Would they leave tomorrow? If you werent to strike them. Wouldnt he be caught? I would play in the game. Would you-all turn there? We wouldnt hear them. Wouldnt it be bought? If she were to do it. If you werent at home. If Sen is here. AN MODH COINNOLACH IN CONVERSATION The entry to prociency and uency in the conditional in conversation is its use as a single clause, with the second clause omitted. A single clause can be easily formed in the mind at rst, without need to stop and ponder over a second conditional clause. One example of this is the conditional as a substitute for the imperative in asking a person to do something. In English, you might say: Would you put the bag on the table? instead of : Put the bag on the table. In Irish you can say: An gcuirfe (GIR-faw*) an mla ar an mbord? The response to a question-form command like this should be in the future tense: Cuirdh m (KIR-hee may*, or N chuirdh m. Other sentences illustrating this: Would you go outside now? Would you-all read that again? Would you wash the car tomorrow? Key: An rachf (un RAHK*-faw*) amach anois? An lifeadh (LAY*-huhk*) sibh ars sin? An nfe (NEE-faw*) an carr amrach? Another way of expressing a singular conditional in a sentence is the equivalent of English: You would think that or I would think that . In Irish : Cheapf (HYAP-faw*) go bhfuil s anseo; you would think that he is here. Cheapfainn (HYAP-hin) go raibh s sa bhaile; I would think that he was at home. The next step in becoming uent in the conditional is a pattern with a t clause rst, followed by a clause with another verb. Examples of the rst clause are: D mbeadh (me-YUHK*) s anseo; if he were here D mbeife (ME-faw*) tinn; if you were sick M t siad ar scoil; if they are at school M t airgead agat; if you have money Mura mbeimis (ME-mish) ann; if we werent there Mura bhfuil siad i gCeanada; if they are not in Canada It is simple to add another clause to this one, with t or any other verb in it. Try these examples: If you had money, would you go to Ireland? If he is here, I will see him. If he were here, would you see him? If I were afraid, I would not stay here. If we didnt have a car, we would leave early. If they are not happy, we will buy another one. Key: D mbeadh (me-YUHK*) airgead agat (AR-i-guhd uh-GUHT), an rachf (RAHK*-faw*) go hirinn? M t s anseo, feicdh (FEK-hee) m . D mbeadh s anseo, an bhfeicfe (VEK-faw*) ? D mbeadh eagla (AH-gluh) orm, n fhanfainn (AHN-hin) anseo. Mura mbeadh carr againn, dimeoimis go moch (dim-YOH-i-mish goh mohk*). Mura bhfuil thas orthu, ceannimid ceann (kyoun) eile. VOCABULARY This short list of words concerns buildings and dwellings. Ainmfhocail fhirinscneacha (AN-im-OH-kil IR-insh-knahk*-uh) Masculine nouns an teach, an t, na tithe (tyahk*, un tee, nuh TI-he), the house, of the house, the houses (irregular). Fear an t; bean an t; the man of the house, the woman of the house. an foirgneamh, an fhoirgnimh, na foirgnimh (un FWIR-gi-nuhv, un IR-gi-niv, nuh FWIR-gi-niv); the building, of the building, the buildings (1st declension). rasn, an t-rasn, an rasin, na hrasin (AW*-ruh-saw*n, un TAW*-ruh-saw*n, un AW*-ruh-saw*-in, nuh HAW*-ruh-saw*-in); apartment, the apartment, of the apartment, the apartments. Uimhir (IV-ir) an rasin; the apartments number. (rasn is 1st declension.) an ceap (kyap) rasn, apartment building, block of apartments.

an stisin, an stisiin, na stisiin (un STAW*-shoon, un STAW*-shoo-in, nuh STAW*-shoo-in), the station, of the station, the stations. (1st declension). an busras, an bhusrais, na busrais (un BUS-aw*-ruhs, un VWUS-aw*-rish, nuh BUS-aw*-rish); the bus terminal, of the bus terminal, the bus terminals. (1st declension). an seomra, an tseomra, na seomra (un SHOHM-ruh, un TOHM-ruh, nuh SHOHM-ree); the room, of the room, the rooms, (4th declension). an seomra bia (BEE-uh); the dining room. an seomra leapa (LA-puh); the bedroom. Another word for this: an seomra codlata (KUHL-uh-tuh); the bedroom. an seomra folctha (FOHLK-huh); the bathroom. Ainmfhocail bhaininscneacha (VWIN-insh-knahk*-huh) feminine nouns fuinneog, an fhuinneog, na fuinneoige, na fuinneoga (fwin-YOHG, un in-YOHG, nuh fwin-YOH-ige, nuh fwin-YOHG-uh); window, the window, of the window, the windows. (2nd declension). cistin, an chistin, na cistine, na cistineacha (KISH-tin, un HYISH-tin, nuh KISH-tin-e, nuh KISH-tin-ahk*-uh), kitchen, the kitchen, of the kitchen, the kitchens. (2nd declension). sleil, an tsleil, na slela, na slelacha (SHEEL-aw*-il, un TEEL-aw*-il, nuh SHEEL-aw*luh, nuh SHEEL-aw*-luhk*-huh); ceiling, the ceiling, of the ceiling, the ceilings (3rd declension). Go over these words carefully. They will be in a practice exercise and conversation next lesson.

Lesson 110 COMPREHENSION FOR AN MODH COINNOLACH If you are studying with someone who knows the pronunciation guide for these lessons, take turns with that person in reading the following aloud to each other as practice in understanding the conditional mood in spoken Irish. If you study alone, read the sentences aloud and picture the meaning and subject of each clause. - (daw* ME-faw* un-shuh, DEK-faw* ay*.) - (K*LISH-hin EE-uhd, daw* ME-deesh uh VWAHL-e.) - (nee K*ROHK-hin muh K*OH-tuh suh SHOHM-ruh shin, MU-ruh men lesh-KYOO-il.) - (nahk* nim-YOHK* shay*, daw* me-YUHK* un tray*n in oum.) - (DIL-hi-mish er uh shay* uh K*LOHG, daw* me-YUHK* un EYEM-sheer nees fahr.) - (un EES-hi-deesh nuh KYAP-uh-ree, daw* GIR-hi-mish er un mohrd mohr suh HYISH-tin EE-uhd.) - (DOO-irt shay* nahk* GLISH-huhk* shay* ay* MU-ruh GNAHK-huhk* shay* er un DUH-ruhs.) - (day*n-TOHK* shee lat, daw* me-YUHK* shee i LAW*-hir.) - (nee ve-YUHK* AH-gluh OHR-ruhm, MU-ruh men er un traw*d GUHR-uh-huh.) Key: If you were here, you would see him. I would hear them, if they were home. I wouldnt hang my coat in that room, if I werent lazy. Wouldnt he depart if the train were on time? We would return at six oclock, if the weather were better. Would they eat the sandwiches, if we were to put them on the big table in the kitchen? He said that he wouldnt hear him, if he werent to knock on the door. She would agree with you, if she were here. ( The verb is aontaigh) I wouldnt be afraid, if I werent on the dark street. Is in sentences with if Special forms, some of which you already know, allow you to say: If you wish, or if he wouldnt prefer. For m and mura with is in the present, learn these examples: Ms mian leat (maw*s MEE-uhn lat), if you wish. Ms arn (maw*s uh-RAW*N ay*), if it is bread. Mura (MU-ruh) mian leat, if you dont wish. Ms do thoil (maw* shay* duh HIL ay*), if you please. Ms (maw* shee) Nra , if it is Nora. Mura maith leo an siopa, if they dont like the store. Murab Ciarn (MU-ruhb ay* keer-AW*N ay*), if it isnt Ciaran. Murab arn maith (MU-ruhb uh-RAW*N mah ay*), if it isnt good bread. For m and mura with is in the past tense, learn these examples: M ba mhian leat (maw* buh VEE-uhn lat), if you wished. M barn (maw* buh-RAW*N ay*), if it was bread. Murar mhaith leat, if you didnt like it. M ba (maw* bay*) Pdraig , if it was Pdraig. M ba (bee) Nra , if it was Nra. Murarbh (MUR-erv) Sen , if it wasnt Sen. Murarbh fhidir (MUR-erv AY*-dir) leat, if you couldnt. COMHR (KOH-raw*) Sle (SHEEL-uh): Nach bhfuil duine igin ag cnagadh ar an doras?? Brian (BREE-uhn): Dosclinn an doras, d gcloisnn (GLISH-hin) . Lig isteach , ms fidir leat. Sle: An osclf an doras, a Bhrain? T t i bhfad nos giorra don doras n mise. Brian: Danfaidh m sin. - A Nirn agus Sheoirse (HYOHR-she)! Dia dhaoibh. Tagaig isteach. Nirn: Dias Muire dhaoibh, a Shle (HEEL-uh) agus a Bhriain. Bhomar sa chomharsanacht (K*OH-uhr-suhn-uhk*t) chun fachaint ar cheap rasn nua. Sle: An aistreodh (ASH-trohk*) sibh, d mbeadh seans agaibh? Seoirse: N maith linn an foirgneamh ina bhfuilimid anois. Brian: C mhid sheomra ar maith libh?

Nirn: Ceithre sheomra at ag teastil uainn, ar a laghad, Brian: Nach gceanndh sibh teach, d mbeadh an ceann ceart ar fil? (nahk* gyan-OHK* shiv tyahk*, daw* me-YUHK* un kyoun kyart er FAW*-il). Seoirse: Ms fidir linn teach a cheannach, danfaimid . Ach bheadh eagla orm, d mbeadh orainn teach mr a ghlanadh agus a phinteil. Nirn: Bheadh rasn le cistin, agus dh sheomra leapa ag teastail uainn, d bhfaighimis . Brian: An maith libh seomra bia? Sle: Is fearr (fahr) liom an seomra folctha bheith athchirithe (ah-K*OHR-i-he) n seomra mar parls n seomra bia bheith ann. Seoirse: Thitfeadh an tsleil inr seomra folctha, mura mbeadh clir curtha fuithi agam anuraidh. Key: Sle:Isnt there someone knocking at the door? Brian: I would open the door, if I heard it. Let him in, if you can. Sle: Would you open the door, Brian? You are far closer to the door than I am. Brian: Ill do that. - Nirn and Seoirse! Hello. Come in. Nirn: Hello, Sle and Brian. We were in the neighborhood to look at a new apartment building. Sle: Would you move if you had the chance? (Aistrigh! means move as well as translate. Aistrim, aistronn t, daistrigh m, ag aistri, are elements of this verb). Seoirse: We dont like the building we are in now. Brian: How many rooms would you like? Nirn: Four rooms we are wanting, at least. Brian: Wouldnt you buy a house, if the right one were available? Seoirse: If we can buy a house, we will do it. But I would be afraid if we had to clean and paint a big house. Nirn: We would be wanting an apartment with a kitchen and two bedrooms if we got it. Brian: Do you like a dining room? Sle: I prefer that the bathroom be renovated rather than have rooms like a parlor or dining room. Seoirse: The ceiling would fall in our bathroom if I hadnt put boards under it last year.

Lesson 111 COMPREHENSION OF SPOKEN IRISH Read aloud the following sentences, or have someone who is familiar with the pronunciation guide for these lessons read them to you. Try to picture the meaning of each phrase and sentence as you listen. Do not look at the Key in English or Irish until you understand the meaning of all the sentences or until you have listened to them at least three times. Several tenses are represented in the narrative type of passage: HAW*-nig may* uh-VWAHL-e goh mohk* in-YAY*. DOO-irt muh K*AH-ruh luhm nahk* me-YUHK* far uh FWISHT uh tyahk*t uhREESH rev un law* nuh YEE-uh shin. nee VOO-ir may* nuh LI-trahk*-uh uh rev SOO-il uh-GUHM loh. MU-ruh me shee-uhd un-SHUH rev i VWAHD, neel is uh-GUHM kahd is FAY*-dir luhm uh YAY*N-uhv. SHKREEF-hee may* hig un REE-uhl-tuhs uh-REESH, ahk* neel is uh-GUHM un NYAY*N-huhk* shin ay*n vwah. Key (Barla): I came home early yesterday. My friend told me that the postman wouldnt be coming again before the next day. I didnt get the letters that I had been expecting. If they are not here before long, I dont know what I can do. I will write to the government again, but I dont know if that would do any good. Key (Irish): Thinig m abhaile go moch inn. Dirt mo chara liom nach mbeadh fear an phoist ag teacht ars roimh an l ina dhiaidh sin. N bhfuair m na litreacha a raibh sil agam leo. Mura mbeidh siad anseo roimh i bhfad, nl a fhios agam cad is fidir liom a dhanamh. Scrobhfaidh m chuig an rialtas ars, ach nl a fhios agam an ndanfadh sin aon mhaith. is in sentences with if To say if it were a boat (as contrasted with if it is a boat, mas bd ), the form is: D mba bhd (daw* muh vwaw*d ay*). It would be a boat is b bhd , and placing of d before the phrase causes eclipsis of the b sound in ba. This is the modh coinnollach, or conditional, with is. Change I would like a newspaper to If I wanted a newspaper, I would get it. D mba mhaith liom nuachtn, gheobhainn (daw* muh vwah luhm NOO-uhk-taw*n, YOH-in ay*) Other examples: D mba do hata (daw* may* duh HAH-tuh ay*); if it were your hat. D mba Sle , thabharfainn di na nta (daw* mee SHEEL-uh ee, HOOR-hin di nuh NOH-tee); if it were Sle, I would give her the notes. D mbfhear macnta Eoghan, chreidnn (daw* mar muh-KAW*N-tuh OH-uhn, HYRET-hin ay*); if Eoghan were an honest man, I would believe him. In the last sentence, the mba runs into the noun fear. This is also the case in a sentence like D mbfhiu dom , dhanfainn (daw* myoo duhm ay*, YAY*N-hin ay*); if it were worth my while, I would do it. Is u dom (is fyoo duhm ay*) means it is worth my while. For another common example of this: D mbfhidir liom a dhanamh, rachainn ann (daw* MAY*-dir luhm ay* uh YAY*N-uhv, RAHK*-in oun),if I could do it, I would go there. To say if it were not a boat: Murar bhd (MU-ruhr vwaw*d ay*). If the next word after murar begins with an vowel or f followed by a vowel, a bh (v* sound is added. Examples of this: Murarbh Feilim , n chreidnn (MUR-erv ay* FEL-im ay*, nee HYRET-hin ay*), if it werent Feilim, I wouldnt believe him. Murarbh fhidir leat (MUR-erv AY*dir lat) an obair a dhanamh, gheobhainn duine eile; if you werent able to do the work, I would get someone else. This completes almost the entire basic structure of the modh coinnollach, except for the indirect speech forms with is, which will be explained next week. MURACH A USEFUL WORD Resembling mura is the word murach, which is a short and convenient way to express at least two ideas. It can convey the idea of except and also if it werent for. Read these examples carefully several times to understand the form: Rachainn, murach (MU-rahk*) an aimsir the (he); I would go if it werent for the hot weather, or, I would go but for the hot weather. Bheadh thas orm, murach an scrd, I would be happy if it werent for the examination. Bhodar anseo, murach Sen; they were here, except for Sean.

Bhaileoimis an t-airgead inn, murach go raibh an aimsir chomh dona (vwahl-YOH-i-mish un TAR-i-guhd in-YAY* MU-rahk* goh rev un EYEM-sheer hoh DUH-nuh), we would have collected the money yesterday, if the weather hadnt been so bad. Notice that the conditional and the regular, or indicative, verb forms are in the same sentence in the last example. This is allowable in many instances in Irish, but at the beginning you should always put both clauses in a conditional sentence in either the conditional mood or in the regular tense. Say d mbeadh chuirnn , for example, or m t feiceann VOCABULARY FOR VERBS iompar (UM-pir), ag iompar (eg UM-puhr), iompraonn s (um-PREE-uhn shay*), iompridh s (um-PROH-ee shay*); carry, carrying, he carries, he will carry. comhair (KOH-ir), ag comhaireamh (uh KOH-ir-uhv), comhaireann s, comhairdh s (KOH-ir-hee shay*); count, counting, he counts, he will count. suigh (si), ina shu (IN-uh hee), suonn s (SEE-uhn shay*), suidh s (SI-hee shay*); sit, sitting (in his sitting), he sits, he will sit. luigh (li), ina lu (IN-uh lee), luonn s (LEE-uhn shay*), luidh s (LI-hee shay*); lie, lying (in his lying), he lies, he will lie; this means lie in the sense of recline or lie down.

Lesson 112 RECOGNITION DRILL FOR VERBS Without translating directly, form a mental picture of the meaning of the following sentences, which include all tenses that you have learned so far: Coimedfaidh m an t-arn sa bhosca in aice an oighinn. M fheiceann sibh an madra, coimedaig amuigh n mbia , ach coimedaig an cat bocht istigh. Choimedfaids an cruinni ar sil go brch, mura gcuirf isteach air. T tosaithe agam cheana. Tosaodh ar an bhfoirgneamh sin anuraidh. Tos maith - sin leath na hoibre. D dtosfr go luath ar an obair, choimedfa an gn sa tir seo. Tosaonn na cainteanna ar a deich a chlog gach l. Nor ordaomar cathaoir chomh daor sin. Bh ceann eile ordaithe againn tamall fada roimhe sin. Thinig an t-ord n uachtarn nua. N hordaigh brga samhraidh n siopa sin. Cuirfear na hordaithe eile ar na leabhair chuntais. Key to pronunication of some of the above: (kim-AW*T-hee) (EYE-in) (HAN-uh) (er un WVIR-gi-nuhv) (REV-e shin) (ohn OO-uhk*tuhraw*n) Key: I will keep the bread in the box next to the oven. If you see the dog, keep him out away from the food, but keep the poor cat inside. They would keep the meeting going forever, if it werent interrupted. I have begun already. That building was started on last year. A good beginning is half the work. If the work were to be started on early, the business would be kept in this country. The talks begin at ten oclock every day. We didnt order a chair as expensive as that. We had orderd another one a long time before that. The order came from the new president. Dont order summer shoes from that store. The other orders will be put in the account books. VOCABULARY These terms relate to furniture and house furnishings. You know a few words for this already, such as bord and cisen. troscn, an troscin (trohs-KAW*N) (un trohs-KAW*-in), furniture, of the furniture (rst declension). Ball (boul) troscin, a piece of furniture. Foireann (FWIR-uhn) troscin, a suite of furniture. cathaoir, an chathaoir, na cathaoireach, na cathaoireacha (KAH-heer, un K*AH-heer, nuh KAH-heer-ahk*, nuh KAH-heer-ahk*-uh); chair, the chair, of the chair, the chairs (fth declension). Cathaoir uilleach (IL-ahk*), armchair. tolg, an toilg, na toilg (TUHL-uhg, un TUL-ig, nuh TIL-ig), sofa, of the sofa, the sofas (rst declension). bord ocide (oh-KAW*-i-de), occasional table, side table. bord cistine (KISH-tin-e), kitchen table. Leaba, na leapa, na leapacha (LA-buh, nuh LA-puh, nuh LA-puh-huh), bed, of the bed, the beds (an irregular noun). Leaba shingilte (HING-ilte), single bed. Leaba dhbalta (GOO-buhl-tuh), double bed. In aice na leapa, next to the bed. ruga, an ruga, na ruga (RU-guh, nuh RU-gee), rug, of the rug, the rugs (fourth declension). Ruga urlir, oor rug. An ruga urlir is the oor rug. brat urlir, an brat urlir, an bhrat (un vrit) urlir, na brait (brit) urlir; a oor carpet, the oor carpet, of the oor carpet, the oor carpets. Os comhair an bhrait urlir is in front of the oor carpet. deasc, an deasc, na deisce, na deasca (dyask, un dyask, nuh DYESH-ke, nuh DYASK-uh); desk, the desk, of the desk, the desks (second declension). pipar balla; wallpaper; an pipar balla; the wallpaper. cfra tarraicen (KOH-fruh TAHR-uh-kaw*n) chest of drawers; an cfra tarraicen; the chest of drawers. leabhragn, an leabhragn, an leabhragin, na leabhragin (LOU-ruh-gaw*n, un LOU-ruh-gaw*n, un LOU-ruh-gaw*n-in); bookcase, the bookcase, of the bookcase, the bookcases (rst declension). sorn, an tsoirn, na soirn (SOHR-ruhn, uh TIR-in, nuh SIR-in); stove, the stove, of the stove, the stoves (rst declension). Sorn gis (SOHR-ruhn gaw*-ish); gas stove. An sorn gis, the gas stove. VERBS tarraing, (TAHR-ring), ag tarraingt (uh TAHR-ringt), tarraingthe (TAHR-ring-he), tarraingonn s (TAHR-ring-EE-uhn shay*), tarraingeoidh s (TAHR-ring-OH-ee shay*); pull, pulling, pulled, he pulls, he will pull. brigh (BROO-ee), ag br (uh BROO), brite (BROO-tye), brnn s (broon shay*), brfaidh s (BROO-hee shay*); push, pushing, pushed, he pushes, he will push.

COMHR amann (AY-muhn): Sa deireadh! Timid ag an teach ceart. Tiomin an trucail isteach sa chls, in aice an dorais tosaigh. Tgfaimid an troscn sos den trucail agus iomprimid isteach sa teach ad. Michel: Fach! T bean an t ag teacht amach. - Dia dhuit, a Phdraign. Timid sroichthe le gach ach an sorn gis. Pdraigin: Dias Muire dhaoibh, a fheara. Card a chuir moill (mwil) oraibh? Tim ag feithimh (FE-hiv) oraibh mhaidin.

amann: Bheadh sroicthe (SRIK-he) againn i bhfad roimhe seo murach an pld trachta ar na bithre. Pdraign: Leithscal (le-SHKAY*L) an-mhaith sin. Ach anois, ba cheart dhaoibh an troscn a iompar sa teach. Tosaig leis an tolg. Michel: Sin an rud is troime (TRIM-e) san ualach (OO-uh-lahk*). Key: amann: At last! We are at the right house. Drive the truck into the yard, next to the front door. We will take the furniture down from the truck and carry it into the house. Michel: Look! The woman of the house is coming out. - Hello, Patricia. Weve arrived with everything but the gas stove. Pdraign: Hello, men. What delayed you? I am expecting you since morning. amann: We would have arrived long before this but for the trafc jam on the roads. Pdraign: A very good excuse that. But now, you should carry the furniture into the house. Start with the sofa. Michel: Thats the heaviest thing in the load.

Lesson 113 Cleachtadh tuisceana Ghaeilge labhartha (KLAK*-tuh TISH-kuh-nuh GAY*-lig-e LOU-uhr-huh); Comprehension drill for spoken Irish Read aloud the following sentences, or have someone who is familiar with the pronunciation guide for these lessons read them to you. Read or listen to the sentences at least three times to get the sense. Then look at the key in English and, after that, the key in Irish. The verbs are the irregular ones. nee VOO-ir may* ay*n ruhd ohn SHOHP-uh shin, ahk* k*uh-NIK MAW*-re KOOP-luh RUHD-ee uh vee uh TAS-taw*-il WU-hee le FAH-duh uh-NISH. nee AHK-uh-muhr aw*r GAH-ruh, SHEE-luh, oun. TYUHK-hee shee hig aw*r dyahk* uh-NOHK*T, AW*-fuhk*. RAHK*-i-mish hig uh tyahk* MU-rahk* nahk* me-YUHK* oum goh lohr uh-GIN. DOO-irt NOH-ruh luhm in-YAY* go NYAY*N-huhk* shee tay* AH-guhs BAY*L-uh DOO-in tahr AY*SH tyahk*t uh-VWAHL-e DOO-in. hug shee DOO-in tay*, kyahrt goh lohr, AH-guhs DI-huh-muhr aw*r SHAY*-ruh er uh shahk*t uh k*luhg. nee VWEYE-faw* BAY*L-uh moh-RAW*N nees fahr naw* ay shin. taw* OH-rin ruhd AY*-gin dyas uh AW*-il di NOO-ir uh HOOR-i-mid KOO-ahrt hig un K*AH-hir uh-REESH. Key (Bearla): I didnt get anything from that store, but Mire saw a couple of things that she was wanting for a long time now. We didnt see our friend, Sle, there. She will come to our house tonight, however. We would go to her house, except that we wouldnt have enough time. Nora told me yesterday that she would make tea and a meal for us after we had come home. She gave us tea, sure enough, and we ate our supper at seven oclock. You wouldnt get a meal much better than that. We must get something nice for her when we visit the city again. Key (Gaeilge): N bhfuair m aon rud on siopa sin, ach chonaic Mire cpla ruda a bh ag teastil uaithi le fada anois. N fhacamar r gcara, Sle, ann. Tiocfaidh s chuig r dteach anocht, fach. Rachaimis chuig a teach murach nach mbeadh am go leor againn. Dirt Nra liom inn go ndanfadh s tae agus bile dinn, tar is teacht abhaile dinn. Thug s dinn tae, ceart go leor, agus ditheamar r sire ar a seacht a chlog. N bhfaighfe bile mrn nos fearr n sin. T orainn igin deas a fhil di nuair a thabharfaimid cuairt chuig an chathair ars. GRAMMAR Indirect speech with is and an modh coinnollach The equivalent of You say that you would like a boat is: Deir t gur (gur) mhaith leat bd. For You say that you wouldnt like a boat: Deir t nr (naw*r) mhaith leat bd. Memorize these two sentences as a guide. Gur and nr, which must always be in the sentence to connect the two clauses, cause aspiration of the rst consonant in the next word. Other examples of usage: Cloisdh (KLISH-hee) sibh gur mhaith le Sen bheith (ve) sa bhaile; you-all will hear that Sen would like to be home. Shlnn (HEEL-hin) gur bhd mr sin; I would think that that would be a large boat. Cheap s nr mhian leo ceann eile a cheannach; he thought that they wouldnt wish to buy another one. If the word following gur or nr begins with a vowel or f followed by a vowel, then: gur becomes gurbh (GU-ruhv); nr becomes nrbh (NAW*R-ruhv) Examples of this: Deir s gurbh Siobhn (shi-VAW*N) ; he says that it would be Siobhn. Darfainn leo nrbh sin an bord ceart; I would tell them that that would not be the right table. Chuala (K*OO-luh Samas gurbh fhearr (GU-ruhv AHR) le Brian an traein luais (LOO-ish); Samas heard that Brian would prefer the express train (train of speed). Sleann s nrbh fhi (NAW*R-uhv YOO) di clr; she thinks it wouldnt be worth her while to register. Slim gurbh fhi na brga sin a cheannach; I think that it would be worth my while to buy those shoes.

The forms for this are the same as for the past tense of is in indirect speech. When doubt could arise whether the past tense (was) or the conditional (would) is intended, an extra clause can follow the rst two. Examples: Dirt m gurbh Sen a bh ann; I said that it was Sen who was there. Dirt m gurbh Sen a bheadh ann; I said that it would be Sen, who would be there. CLEACHTADH Dradh gurbh fhi do gach Meiricenach teach a cheannach; it was said that it would be worth the while of every American to buy a house. Nr shl t gurbh fhearr duit fanacht sa bhaile go dtiocfadh an dochtir?; didnt you think it best for you to wait at home until the doctor would come? VOCABULARY Cruinn (krin) is a useful adjective. Its most important meaning is round, but it can mean exact, too. Bord cruinn is a round table, and na boird chruinne are the round tables. Eolas cruinn is exact knowledge. This book is more accurate than that is: Is cruinne an leabhar seo n an ceann sin. Mchruinn (mee-K*RIN) and neamhchruinn (nyav-K*RIN) mean inaccurate and can also mean out of round or not round. Cearnach (KYAR-nahk*) is square. Mle cearnach is a square mile, and cinn (KOON-yee) cearnacha are square corners. A square in a city is a cearng (kyar-NOHG); an chearng, na cearnige, na cearnga; the square, of the square, the squares (2nd declension, feminine).

Lesson 114 CLEACHTADH AITHEANTAIS (A-huhn-tish); recognition drill Direoinn nos moiche maidin amrach, d mbeadh orm bheith ag obair. (deye-ROH-in; MWI-he). Ghoidf dairgead, mura gcuirfe in it shbhilte . (huh-VWAW*-il-te). Deir s go bhfreagridh s an cheist tar is an chruinni. Beidh an leanbh ina lu roimh a s a chlog. Nach n-ullmhatear an bia amuigh sa chistin? Is sin an crta a chaill m anuraidh. Key: I would get up earlier tomorrow morning if I had to be at work. Your money would be stolen if you didnt put it in a safe place. He says that he will answer the question after the meeting. The child will be in bed before six oclock. Isnt the food prepared out in the kitchen? Thats the card I lost last year. GRAMMAR In English, there is a readily understood difference between I closed the window and I used to close the window. The former sentence indicates a single specic action. The latter sentence tells us that there was a series of closings over a time span - the closings were repeated or habitual. In English, some other verb must precede close to tell the listener that the action was repeated or habitual. Used to or wont to are two of these auxiliary verbs. In Irish, on the other hand, each verb has its own forms to express the past habitual or gnthchaite (gnaw*-K*AH-tye). These forms resemble an modh coinnollach, so care is necessary in pronouncing them and understanding them in speech. Read this series over carefully, picturing the action and who is doing it in each sentence: dol (deel), sell dholainn (YEEL-in), I used to sell dholt (YEEL-taw*), you used to sell dholadh s (YEEL-UHK* shay), he used to sell dholadh s, she used to sell dholaimis (YEEL-i-mish), we used to sell dholadh sibh (shiv), you-all used to sell dholaids (YEEL-i-deesh), they used to sell dholta (YEEL-tee), it used to be sold, people used to sell it The negative forms for this begin with: n dholainn, I didnt used to sell For questions, the forms begin with: an ndolainn? (un neel-in), did I used to sell? and for the negative question: nach ndolainn? (nahk* neel-in), didnt I used to sell? To familiarize yourself with this tense, say aloud all 32 forms for each of these verbs: dan, do; and las, light. Note that dan, although irregular in many tenses, is regular in the past habitual. The rst and eighth forms for each are: dhanainn (YAY*N-in), dhanta (YAY*N-tee); lasainn (LAHS-in), lasta (LAHS-tee). Dol, dan, and las all end in a broad consonant. If a verb ends in a slender consonant, the spelling and pronunciation of the nal syllable can change slightly. An example: Chuirinn (K*IR-in), I used to put, chuirte, chuireadh s, chuireadh s, chuirimis, chuireadh sibh, chuirids, chuirt. If the verb begins with a vowel or an f, then d preceded the declarative form: dlainn (DOH-lin), dlt ; ending with dlta, people used to drink. distinn (DAY*SH-tin), diste ; ending with dist, people used to listen. dfhanainn (DAHN-in), dfhant ; ending with dfhanta, people used to wait. If the verb begins with a vowel, the negative question in the past habitual begins with nach n_ , as in : nach n-lainn? (nahk* NOH-lin), didnt I used to drink? , and ending with nach n-lta? nach n-istinn?, nach n-iste? , and ending with nach n-ist, didnt people used to listen. CLEACHTADH The following Irish sentences have either the past habitual or the conditional form of the verb. Picture in your mind whether the action actually used to occur in the past or is only an imagined condition. Limeadh s trasna an chlis. Chloisnn . Mholaimis na leana (LAN-ee). Dhoirtids an bainne amach. Chrochadh s a cta suas. Chnagfainn

(K*NAHK-hin) ar an doras. Dhnta an geata ar a deich a chlog. Dlf . N cheapaimis sin. Mhint anseo sin. Nach mbrisf ? Key: He used to jump across the yard. I would hear him. We used to praise the children. They used to pour out the milk. She used to hang up her coat. I would knock on the door. The gate used to be closed at ten oclock. You would drink it. We didnt used to think that. That used to be taught here. Wouldnt it be broken? VOCABULARY Here are more adjectives: leictreach (LEK-trahk*), electric. Solas leictreach; electric light. breise (BRESH-e), extra. Cip bhreise, an extra copy; ceann breise, an extra one. tais (tash), damp. Seomra tais, a damp room; urlir thaise, damp oors. mharach (AW*-vwuhr-ahk*), lucky. Daoine mharacha, lucky persons. m-mharach (mee-AW*-vwuhr-ahk*), unlucky. Capall m-mharach, an unlucky horse. cng (koong), narrow. Bithre cnga, narrow roads.

Lesson 115 CLEACHTADH AITHEANTAIS (A-huhn-tish); recognition drill Chleachtaimis an pian. Chrochta ar an doras . N laimis mrn bainne. Nach stadadh an traein ag an stisin seo? Dfheiceadh s na pist ag teacht abhaile. Dfhreagrinn Sen d mbeadh am go leor agam. Nach scrobht chuici? An nglant do shlear sa samradh? Nach n-iste leis an gclr seo? All of the sentences above are in the aimsir ghnthchaite (gnaw*-HAH-tye), past habitual tense, except for one. Key: We used to practice (on) the piano. It used to be hung on the door. Didnt the train used to stop at this station? She used to see the children coming home. I would answer Sen if I had enough time. Didnt you used to write to her? Did you used to clean your cellar in the summer? Didnt you used to listen to this program? GRAMMAR For the second conjugation of verbs, such as bailigh or ceannaigh, the past habitual is slightly different. Read this series over several times: bhailnn (VWAHL-een), I used to gather bhailte (vwahl-EE-taw*), you used to gather bhailodh (VWAHL-ee-ohk*) s, he used to gather bhailodh s, she used to gather bhailmis (VWAHL-ee-mish), we used to gather bhailodh sibh (shiv), you-all used to gather bhailds (VWAHL-ee-deesh), they used to gather bhailt (VWAHL-ee-tee), people used to gather The forms resemble those for the rst conjugation (verbs such as dn and bris) but have a more emphasized (ee) sound in the verb. The forms also somewhat resemble the modh coinnolach, too, except for the absence of the (h) sound directly after the basic part of the verb. For example, I would gather is bhaileoinn, but I used to gather is bhailnn. The negative forms begin with: n bhailnn, I didnt used to gather. For questions, start with: an mbailnn? (un MAHL-een), did I used to gather? The negative questions begin with: nach mbailnn?, didnt I used to gather? Now go through the 32 forms with the verb deisigh, repair or mend. The rst forms will be: dheisnn n dheisnn an ndeisnn nach ndeisnn. If the second conjugation verb has a broad consonant before the nal syllable, such as ceannaigh or ordaigh, there is no change in pronunciation or spelling of the word endings, but the a remains before the ending: cheannann (HYAN-een), I used to buy; cheannate (hyan-EE-taw*), you used to buy, and so on. If the verb begins with a vowel, a d precedes the declarative form: dordann (DOHRD-een), I used to order dirnn (DEYE-reen), I used to get up Also, in the negative question, the particle nach causes an (n) sound to precede the verb form. An example: nach n-ordat ? didnt it used to be ordered? With the verbs that are syncopated or slightly compressed in sound, the forms resemble the others except for the effects of the syncopation. One such verb is imir, play. Dimrnn (DIM-reen), I used to play; dimrte (dim-REE-taw*), you used to play. Another of these is freagair (FRAG-ir), answer. Dfhreagann (DRAG-reen), I used to answer; dfhreagrate (drag-REE-taw*), you used to answer. Cleachtadh leis an aimsir ghnthchaite: Read these sentences over aloud or, better still, have someone who is familiar with the pronunciation read them to you. Picture the activity and the person or persons doing it. Several future-tense sentences and modh coinnollach sentences are included. An mnte na fadhbanna? (FEYEB-uh-nuh). Cheanndh sibh . Ghoidds rothair. Nach n-aontads leat? Dordamis sin. An mbailt an bruscar? Nach n-imrodh s peil? Dheisnn gluaistein. Nach n-llmhat an bia gach l? Lonfaidh Sen an citeal. Key: Did you used to explain the problems? You-all would buy it. They used to steal bicycles. Didnt they used to agree with you? We used to order that. Did the trash used to be collected? Didnt he used to play football? I used to repair autos. Didnt the food used to be prepared everyday? Sen will ll the kettle.

Focail nua: Several double prepositions in Irish are followed by the genitive or possessive. An example that you have already seen in these lessons is os cionn, meaning above. Os cionn an bhoird (ohs kyuhn uh VWIRD) means above the table. Three others are: go ceann (goh KYOUN); to the end of or for the duration of. Examples: go ceann na cuairte (nuh KOO-ahrt-ye), for the duration of the visit; go ceann na mosa (MEES-uh) seo, to the end of this month; go ceann an chogaidh (K*UHG-ee), for the duration of the war. It can also mean to the top of, as in : go ceann an chnoic, to the top of the hill. i gceann (i GYOUN), at the end of (one meaning). For example: i gceann coicse (KEYE-kee-shuh), at the end of a fortnight, in two weeks time. i gcionn (i GYUN) means this also. ar feadh (er fa), during or along. An example: ar feadh an bhthair is along the road. Sentences: Beidh m ann go ceann mosa, I will be there for a month. Beidh m sa bhaile i gceann mosa, I will be home at the end of a month. Chonaic m Nra ar feadh an lae sin, I saw Nora during that day. Fuair m mo ln ar feadh na sride sin, I got my lunch along that street.

Lesson 116 GRAMMAR An aimsir ghnthchaite (EYEM-sheer gnaw*-K*AH-tye), or past habitual tense, for t To express I used to be, you used to be, etc., in Irish, these are the forms: bhnn (veen), I used to be bhte (VEE-taw*), you used to be bhodh s (VEE-ohk* shay*), he used to be bhodh s, she used to be bhmis (VEE-mish), we used to be bhodh sibh, you-all used to be bhds (VEE-deesh), they used to be bht (EE-tee), people used to be Repeat this series several times, until you have thoroughly memorized it. Now review the modh coinnolach for t: bheinn (ven), bheife (VE-faw*), bheadh s, s, (ve-YUHK*), bheimis (VE-mish), bheadh sibh, bheids (VE-deesh), bheif (VE-fee). Note that the forms somewhat resemble the ones for the aimsir ghnthchaite. At rst, you will have to stop and think to avoid confusing the two tenses. Remember that the aimsir ghnthchaite has a (vee) sound at the beginning of each form, but the conditional has a (ve) sound. The negative forms for the past habitual (I didnt used to be, etc.) begin with: n bhnn (nee veen). Say all eight forms aloud, putting (nee) before each declarative form already learned in this lesson. For questions (did I used to be?, or; didnt I used to be?), the series begins with: an mbnn? (un meen), did I used to be?; nach mbnn? (nahk* meen), didnt I used to be? The last forms are: An mbt (un MEE-tee), did people used to be?; nach mbt?, didnt people used to be? Indirect speech with an aimsir ghnthchaite Go and nach are the connecting words, and must always be there. Examples: Deir ine (AW*-ne) go mbodh a hathair ag obair roimh (rev) a seacht a chlog; ine says that her father used to be working before seven oclock. Dirt an dochtir nach mbds chomh (hoh) lidir sin; the doctor said that they didnt used to be that strong. With other verbs besides t: Darfainn (DER-hin) go n-ladh na pist uisce in it bainne; I would say that the children used to drink water instead of milk. Chualamar (K*OO-uh-luh-muhr) go gceannata troscn sa siopa sin; we heard that you used to buy furniture in that store. Sleann Samas go ndnta na doirse (DIR-she) tar is na ranganna; Samas thinks that the doors used to be closed after the classes. COMHR A return to the three associates of Lesson 112, who are one in their purpose of moving furniture into a dwelling. amann: Cn t-urlr at a teastil (TAS-taw*-il) uait don tolg seo, a Phdraign? Pdraign: Cuirig sa seomra suite , i lr an tseomra. Ba cheart dinn an seantolg a chaitheamh (K*AH-huhv) amach gan mhoil, ach fanfaimid go ceann tamaill. Mchel: Cuir mata ar thaobh an toilg, sin n scrobfaimid ag gabhil (uh guh-VWAW*-il) trd an doras. Pdraign: Danta anois. Suas an staighre libh anois. amann: Tarraing, a Mhchel. Nlim in ann an mechan (MYAW*K*-huhn) iomln (UM-law*n) a thgil. Mchel: Tim ag danamh mo dhichill (YEE-hil). Brigh ar an gcos dheiridh (YER-i), agus tarraingeoidh m. Beimid trd an doras gan str. Pdraign: N tarraingig trasna an urlir ! T m direach tar is cir (kay*r) a chuir air. Milldh sibh an snas. amann: N b buartha, a Phdraign. Timid an-chramach.

Mchel: Cas ar chl (hlay*) ar thaobh eile den chad doras eile, a amainn. Ansin lig an tolg sos go curamach. amann: Sin ! Cad an chad rud eile anois? An leabhragn, bfhidir? N an cfra tarraicen? Pdraign: Thug m isteach liom an deasc agus sibhse ag danamh sorchainte faoin mball troscin beag sin. Michel: Ach nl ann ach cpla maid adroma, cosil le troscn go lir inniu. Key: amann: What oor do you want for this sofa, Pdraign? Pdraign: Put it in the sitting room, in the middle of the room. We should throw out the old sofa right away, but we will wait a while. Michel: Put a mat on the side of the sofa, or else we will scratch it going through the door. Pdraign: Its done now. Up the stairs with you now. amann: Pull, Michel. I cant lift the entire weight. Michel: Im doing my best. Push on the back leg, and I will pull. Well be through the door without effort. Pdraign: Dont pull it across the oor! I have just waxed it. Youll ruin the polish. amann: Dont worry, Pdraign. We are very careful. Michel: Turn to the left on the other side of the next door, amann. Then let down the sofa carefully. amann: Thats it. Whats the next thing now? The bookcase, maybe? Or the chest of drawers? Pdraign: I brought in the desk while you were talking on and on about that little piece of furniture. Michel: But thats only a couple of light sticks, like all the furniture today. Notes: Irish often tends to use a verb and a noun instead of a verb alone. Examples are cuir snas air and cuir cir air for English polish it and wax it. cir, an chir, na carach, na caracha, are the forms for wax. Cirnn means a record, which was of wax many years ago.

Lesson 117 The last part of the aimsir ghnthchaite or past habitual tense concerns the irregular verbs. In every one of these, the aimsir ghnthchaite derives directly from the present tense, with the changes you are familiar with for rst conjugation verbs, such as dn or caith. For example: Tar has tagaim for I come. I used to come is thagainn. The rest of the forms are: thagt, thagadh s, s, thagaimis, thagadh sibh, thagads, thagta. The negative begins with; n thagainn. The questions begin with: an dtagainn? nach dtagainn? For the other briathra neamhrialta: Tim, I go. Thinn (HAY*-in), I used to go,; thit, people used to go. Feicim, I see. Dfheicinn (DEK-in), I used to see, dfheict, people used to see. Cloisim, I hear. Chloisinn (K*LISH-in), I used to hear, chloist, people used to hear. Deirim, I say. Deirinn (DER-in), I used to say, deirt, people used to say. Danim, I do. Dhanainn (YAY*N-in), I used to do, dhanta, people used to do. Beirim air, I seize him. Bheirinn air, I used to seize him, bheirt air, people used to seize him. faighim, I get. Dfhaighainn (DEYE-in), I used to get, dfhaight (DEYE-tee), people used to get. Tugaim, I give. Thugainn, (HUG-in), I used to give, thugta, people used to give. Ithim (i-him), I eat. Dithinn (di-hin), I used to eat, dit, people used to eat. Cleachtadh leis an aimsir ghnthchaite Ligh na habairt seo leanas (LAN-uhs) agus cum pictir i dintinn faoin ghnomh agus faoin ghnomhaire. Read the following sentences and form a picture in your mind of the action and of the agent. Slim go dtit ann sa samhradh. N bhfaighinn airgead roimh (rev) an Aoine. Thagadh s abhaile tar is an chluiche (K*LI-he). Nach n-ithids asc? An dtugadh sibh seanleabhair don ospidal? Chloist go minic sin. Cloisim go bhfeicte an minteoir ar an traein. Deireadh s a paidreacha roimh a naoi a chlog. Dhanamis bbga sa mhonarcha sin. Key: I think that people used to go there in the summer. I didnt used to get money before Friday. He used to come home after the game. Didnt they used to eat sh? Did you-all used to give old books to the hospital? That used to be heard often. I hear that you used to see the teacher on the train. She used to say her prayers before nine oclock. We used to make dolls in that factory. Special expressions; cora cainte (KOH-ruh KEYEN-te) or idioms In Irish, as in every language, there are special ways of expressing ideas that employ prepositions. For example, in English, relying on someone may become counting on him. Or a person may live off someone else. Ar (er) means on most of the time, but it has other meanings. Here are some examples of idiomatic use. Several you may have met already. T thas (AW*-huhs) orm, I am happy. Cloisim go mbodh thas ar Shen, I hear that Sen used to be happy. T fearg (FAR-ruhg) air, he is angry. Bheadh fearg ar Mhire, d mbeadh an bus mall, Mary would be angry if the bus were late. T brn air, he is sad. Beidh brn ar Shen, Sen will be sad. T nire (NAW*-re) air, he is ashamed. Bh nire ar a inon, his daughter was ashamed. T amhras (OU-ruhs) air, he is doubtful. Bonn amhras ar mo mhthair, my mother is always doubtful. T ionadh (OON-uh) air, he is surprised. Bheadh ionadh ar r n-athair d bhfeicfeadh s seo, our father would be surprised if he saw this. Often, the reason for the emotion must be added, to tell what has caused it. With the expressions above, except for fearg, the word faoi (fwee), meaning under follows. Examples: T thas orm faoin mbronntanas seo, I am happy about this present. An bhfuil brn ort faoi do mhadra?, are you sad about your dog? Bheadh amhras orm faoin droichead sin, I used to be doubtful about that bridge, I used to have doubts about that bridge. An mbeidh ionadh ort faoin bpraghas (breyes)?, will you be surprised at the price? With fearg, a person is angry with something or someone. For example: Bh fearg orm le Nra, I was angry at (with) Nra. To speak about fear, this is the form: T eagla (AH-gluh) orm. Another form is: T faitos (FWAH-tees) orm. In Irish, one is afraid before rather than at. T eagla orm roimh (rev) an mbus, I am afraid of the bus, the bus frightens me. T eagla orthu roimhe (REV-e). They are afraid of him. The forms for roimh with the pronouns are: romham (ROH-uhm), before me romhat (ROH-uht), before you roimhe (REV-e), before him roimpi (REM-pee), before her

romhainn (ROH-in), before us romhaibh (ROH-iv), before you-all rompu (ROHM-puh), before them When more explanation is needed, a sentence such as: T eagla orm go bhfuil an doras dnta, Im afraid that the door is closed, is typical. Not as close to English are: T brd orm as mo mhac, I am proud of my son. In Irish, you are proud out of, rather than of. For jealousy, the difference is even greater. T ad orm leat, I am jealous of you. Bhodh ad air le Samas, he used to be jealous of Samas. Cleachtadh leis na ramhfhocail (RAY*V-oh-kil) (prepositions) Feictear dom go bhfuil amhras ar an ndochtir faoin othar (OH-huhr) sin. It seems to me that the doctor has doubts about that patient. Bheadh thas ar gach duine faoin aimsir, d mbeadh an ghrian amuigh. Everyone would be happy about the weather if the sun were out. Beidh nire ort faoi do mhadra, you will be ashamed of your dog. Nach mbodh eagla ort roimh eitilt (E-tilt)? Didnt you used to be afraid of ying? Bh brn ar na histeoir faoi bhs an cheoltra sin. The listeners were sad over the death of that musician. T fearg orm le Dirn. Chuirfeadh s fearg ar dhuine ar bith. I am angry at Drn. She would make anyone angry (put anger on anyone).

Lesson 118 Cleachtadh le briathra Learn these verbs and nouns, and then read the sentences following the lists: VERBS: cabhraigh (KOU-ree) le, ag cabhr (KOU-roo), cabhraithe (KOU-ruh-he), cabhraonn s (KOU-ree-uhn shay*) le, cabhridh (KOU-roh-ee) s le; help, helping, helped, he helps, he will help. This verb is followed by le, as in Cabhram le Miris (MWIR-ish), I help Maurice. bic (bay*k), ag biceadh (BAY*K-uh), bicthe (BAY*K-he), biceann s, bicdh (BAY*K-hee) s; yell, shout shouting, shouted, he shouts, he will shout. Bhic s dom (VAY*K shay* duhm), he shouted to me. eitil (E-til), ag eitilt (eg E-tilt), eitilte, eitlonn s, eitleoidh s (et-LOH-ee shay*); y, ying, own, he ies, he will y. adhain (EYE-in), ag adhaint, adhanta (EYE-uhn-tuh), adhnann s (EYE-nuhn shay*), adhanfaidh s (EYE-uhn-hee shay*); kindle or light, lighting, lit, he lights, he will light. digh (DOH-ee), ag d, dite (DOH-i-te), dnn s (dohn shay*), dfaidh s (DOH-hee shay*); burn, scorch, burning, burnt, he burns, he will burn. NOUNS: adhmad (EYE-muhd), an t-adhmad, an adhmaid (un EYE-mwid); wood, timber, the wood, of the wood. 1st declension, masculine. ordg (ohr-DOHG), an ordg, na hordige (hohr-DOH-i-ge), na hordga; thumb. 2nd declension, feminine. mar (may*r), an mhar (vay*r), na mire (nuh MAY*R-e), na mara; nger. 2nd declension, feminine. lmhainn (LAW*-vwin), an lmhainn, na lmhainne (LAW*-vwin-ye), na lmhainn (LAW*-vwin-yee); glove. 2nd declension, feminine. gs (gaw*s), an gs, an ghis (GAW*sh); gas, the gas, of the gas. 1st declension, masculine. iascaire (EES-kuh-re), an t-iascaire, an iascaire, na hiscair; sherman, the sherman, of the sherman, the shermen. 3rd declension, masculine. iasc (EE-uhsk), an t-iasc, an isc (AY*shk), na hisc; sh, the sh, of the sh, the sh. 1st declension, masculine. Read the following sentences, forming a mental picture of the activity and the agent, without actually translating word for word: Cabhridh Sen liom, m bheidh s ann amrach. Bhiceadh s suas an staighre d mhac. D ndf an t-iasc, n bheadh rud ar bith le n-ithe againn. Deitlomar ar an eitlen (ET-i-law*n) is m sa domhan (DOH-wuhn). ileoimid os cionn (ohs KYUN) an t dhite. Dim gs sa teach seo, ach dhmar gual anuraidh (uh-NOOR-e). Dadhnainn an tine ar a s a chlog, ach anois bonn an aimsir r-the. Dhigh s a mhar ar an sorn. Chabhrinn leat d dtiocf thart anseo. Key: Sen will help me if he is here tomorrow. He used to shout upstairs to his son. If you were to burn the sh, we wouldnt have anything to eat. We ew on the largest airplane in the world. We will y over the burned house. I burn gas in this house, but we burned coal last year. I used to light the re at six oclock, but now the weather is too hot. He burned his nger on the stove. I would help you if you came over here. Notes on the new words: Another way of saying help in Irish is tabhair cabhair dom, meaning give me help. This is another example of how Irish often expresses an idea with a verb and a noun, as well as a special verb alone. Cabhair belongs to a small group of nouns called the fth declension. Its forms: cabhair (KOU-ir), an chabhair, na cabhrach (KOU-rahk*), na cabhracha; help, the help, of the help, the helps. You have probably seen the name An Cumann Cabhrach, which means The Society of Help, or The Aid Society. Digh is a rst conjugation verb, like dn and bris, but in the present tense digh is slightly different. dim (DOH-im), I burn, dnn t (dohn too), you burn, dnn s, s, dimid (DOH-i-mid), we burn, dnn sibh, dnn siad, ditear (DOH-i-tyuhr), it is burned. A few other verbs resemble digh. Cligh (KLOH-ee), means print. Clitear anseo ; it is printed here. Reoigh (ROH-ee), means freeze. Reofaigh s (ROH-hee shay*) an t-iasc, he will freeze the sh. Do not use adhmaid for a clump of trees, which is a coill (kwil), a wood in English. An bord adhmaid (EYE-mwid) is a wooden table. Lmhainn comes from the word for hand, lmh. The English word glove is also derived from words for hand, but the derivation is not as apparent. Eitilt is one of a family of words relating to aerial ight. Eite means wing, and eitlen, an t-eitlen (un TET-i-law*n), na heitlein (nuh HET-ilaw*-in); airplane, the airplane, the airplanes, is a derived word. Iascaire is one of a few 4th declension words ending in -e and signifying occupation or job descriptions. Scolire is another, and cigire (KIG-i-re) means inspector; na scolir and na cigir are the plurals. GRAIMIR The preposition ar can give other meanings to verbs that it follows. For example, lig ar means to pretend. Lig s air nach bhfaca s an madra; he pretended that he didnt see the dog.

Lig ort nach bhfuil t anseo; pretend that you are not here. This differds from cuir i gcs, which means suppose, as in Cuir i gcs go bhfuil t ar an ngealach (er uhng AL-uhk*), suppose that you are on the moon. Cuir isteach ar means to interfere with someone. Chuir s isteach orm, he interrupted me, he broke in on what I was doing. RECOGNITION DRILL FOR VERBS Ddh an sipal. Dadhanfainn an tine d mbeadh cipn agam. Chabhrodh Brian le fear an phoist. Bicdh sibh nuair a fheicdh sibh an bd nua. Deitil s amach trasna na farraige. Ligeadh Samas air go mbodh s breoite. T s ag adhaint na tine anois. Nor chuir s sin isteach orm gur shroich m an chathair. Key: The church was burned. I would light the re if I had a match. Brian used to help the postman. You will shout when you see the new boat. She ew out across the sea. Samas used to pretend that he was sick. He is lighting the re now. That man didnt interrupt me until I reached the city.

Lesson 119 CLEACHTADH LE BRIATHRA; practice with verbs Cuir Gaeilge ar na sraitheanna seo: I believe. I believed. I used to believe. I will believe. I would believe. I y. I ew. I used to y. I will y. I would y. I see. I saw. I used to see. I will see. I would see. You dont read. You didnt read. You didnt used to read. You wont read. You wouldnt read. Does he collect? Did he collect? Did he used to collect? Will he collect? Would he collect? Key: Creidim. Chreid m (hyred may*). Chreidinn. Creiddh m (KRET-hee may*). Chreidnn (HYRET-hin). Eitlm (ET-i-leem). Deitil m. Deitlnn (DET-leen). Eitleoidh m (et-LOH-ee may*). Deitleoinn (det-LOH-in). Feicim. Chonaic m. Dfheicinn. Feicdh m. Dfheicnn (DEK-hin). N lann (LAY*-uhn) t. Nor ligh t. N lite. N lidh (LAY*-hee) t. N life (LAY*-faw*). An mbailonn s? Ar bhailigh s? An mbailodh (MAHL-ee-ohk*) s? An mbaileoidh (mahl-YOH-ee) s? An mbaileodh (mahl-YOHK*) s? Cuir Barla ar an focail seo leanas (LAN-uhs): Nr cheannaigh t ? Nach n-istdh t leo? An ithimis iad? Dimomar linn. Limfeadh s. Nach ndnadh sibh ? Key: Didnt you buy it? Wont you listen to them? Did we used to eat them? We departed (took ourselves off). He would jump. Didnt you-all used to close it? Ramhfhocail (RAY*V-ohk-il); prepositions More uses for the word ar, meaning generally on: When an indenite location is meant, ar does not cause aspiration of the word after it. Learn these examples: ar bord; on board (a ship, train, or generally present). ar muir (er MWIR); at sea; ar farraige; at sea. ar talamh (er TAH-luhv); on land. ar bthar; on the road, traveling. ar cruinni; meeting, in session. Examples: Nl Sen ar bord fs; Sens not on board yet. Is deas t bheith ar bord againn; good to have you on board. Bh an long ar muir le tamall fada; the ship was at sea for a long time. Is fearr leis an gcat bheith ar talamh; the cat prefers to be on land. Bhnn (veen) ar bthar le linn na mosa go lir; I used to be on the road the whole month. An bhfuil an t-uachtarn agus na minteoir ar cruinni fs?; are the president and the teachers still meeting? To describe certain actions or conditions, ar may be followed by a verbal noun or other kind of noun. Learn these phrases: ar uchadh (FYOOK*-huh); boiling ar mire (MIR-e); very angry, also ar buile (BWIL-e) ar fil; available ar meisce; intoxicated ar sil (shool); going on, happening ar seilbh (SHEL-iv); in the possession of ar seachrn (SHAHK*-raw*n); astray, in error ar iasacht (EE-sahk*t); on loan, borrowed Examples: T an t-uisce ar uchadh; the water is boiling. Bh an cat ar mire; the cat was very angry, wild with rage. Nl an t-airgead ar fil anois; the money is not to be had now. An bhfuil s ar meisce?; is he drunk? Cad t ar sil ann?; what is happening there? Beidh m ar seilbh an t go luath; I will be in possession of the house soon. T Sen ar seachrn ar an gcnoc; Sen is wandering astray on the hill. Fuair m an leabhar ar iasacht; I borrowed the book. GRAMMAR The subjunctive, an modh fshuiteach (foh-HI-tahk*) san aimsir lithreach Irish has a separate form for expressing the equivalent of I hope that __ , or May it __, or It should __ . This is called the present tense of the subjunctive mood. It is simple to form and use. Here are several examples to memorize before looking at the rules for forming the mood and tense:

go dtaga do rocht (REE-ohk*t); may Thy kingdom come go maire t (MAH-re too); may you live, long life to you. go mbeanna Dia dhuit (goh MAN-ee DEE-uh git); may God bless you. go raibh maith agat; thank you (may you have good). The negative form is introduced by nr (naw*r) and is usually imprecation or wish for unfavorable outcome or for punishment, although a few exceptions are found: Nr agr Dia air ; may God not punish him for it. Nr laga Dia a lmh; may God not weaken his hand. For rst-conjugation verbs (such as dn or mol) ending in a broad consonant, the basic forms end in a: go dna, go mola, go n-la. For rst-conjugation verbs ending in a slender consonant, such as caith or bris, the basic forms end in e; go gcaithe, go mbrise, go n-iste. For second-conjugation verbs, such as bailigh or ceannaigh, is the ending: go mbail, go gceanna. A complete listing, to be read aloud several times: go ndna m (goh NOON-uh may*), may I close. go ndna t; go ndna s; go ndna s. go ndnaimid, may we close; go ndna sibh; go ndna siad. go ndntar , may it be closed. nr dhna m (naw*r GOON-uh may*), may I not close. nr dhna t; nr dhna s; nr dhna s. nr dhnaimid, may we not close; nr dhna sibh; nr dhna siad. nr dhntar , may it not be closed. For cuir, the rst form is: go gcuire m (goh GIR-e may*). For imigh, the rst form is: go n-im m (goh NIM-ee may*). For the irregular verbs, this tense is based on the present tense and is entirely regular, as you can see from these: go dtaga m, go dt m, go bhfeice m, go ndeire m, go gcloise m, go ndana m, go bhfaighe m, go dtuga m, go mbeire m air, go n-ithe m.

Lesson 120 GRAMMAR The present subjunctive for the second conjugation has all forms except two ending in __ . An example: go gceanna (goh GAN-ee) m, I hope that I buy go gceanna t, I hope that you buy go gceanna s, s; I hope that he, she buys go gceannamid, I hope that we buy go gceanna sibh, I hope that you-all buy go gceanna siad, I hope that they buy go gceannatear (goh GAN-ee-tuhr) , I hope that it is bought The negative forms begin with: nr cheanna (naw*r HYAN-ee) m, I hope that I dont buy; the nal one is: nr cheannatear . There is a small group of second-conjugation verbs, ending in -il, -in, -is, and -ir that contract slightly (as they do in other tenses) in the modh foshuiteach or subjunctive. The letter i drops out, as in these examples. Oscail, open go n-oscla m, may I open go n-osclamid (goh NOHSK-lee-mid), may we open go n-osclatear (goh NOHSK-lee-tuhr) , may it be opened nr oscla m, may I not open nr osclamid, may we not open nr osclatear , may it not be opened Cosain (KUH-sin), defend go gcosna (goh GUHS-nee) m, I hope that I defend go gcosnamid, I hope that we defend go gcosnatear , I hope that it is defended nr chosna (naw*r K*UHS-nee) m, I hope that I dont defend nr chosnamid, I hope that we dont defend nr chosnatear , I hope that it is not defended Imir, play go n-imr m, may I play go n-imrmid (goh NIM-ree-mid), may we play go n-imrtear (goh NIM-ree-tuhr) , may it be played nr imr m, may I not play nr imrmid, may we not play nr imrtear, may it not be played Inis (IN-ish), tell, relate go n-ins m, may I tell go n-insmid, may we tell go n-instear , may it be told nr ins m, may I not tell nr insmid, may we not tell nr instear , may it not be told An modh foshuiteach le t With this verb, the word raibh (rev) is the main one for the present subjunctive: go raibh m, I hope that I am, may I be go raibh t, go raibh s, go raibh s go rabhaimid (goh ROU-uh-mid), I hope that we are, may we be go raibh sibh, go raibh siad go rabhthar (ROU-huhr), I hope that it is ___ n raibh m (naw* rev), I hope that I am not, may I not be n raibh t, n raibh s, n raibh s n rabhaimid, I hope that we are not, may we not be n raibh sibh, n raibh siad n rabhthar (naw* ROU-huhr), I hope that it is not ___ Before practice to illustrate how this modh foshuiteach serves in communicating ideas, here are some words for expressing wishes: VERBS fir (FOH-ir), ag firithint (uh FOH-ri-hint), firthe (FOH-ir-he), fireann s, firdh s; save, saving, saved, he saves, he will save (usually with ar)

agair (AH-gir), ag agairt, agartha (AH-gahr-huh), agraonn s, agridh s; avenge or take retribution for, avenging, avenged, he avenges, he will avenge (with ar for on) beannaigh (BAN-ee), ag beann (uh BAN-oo), beannaithe (BAN-uh-he), beannaonn s, beannidh s; bless or greet, blessing, blessed, he blesses, he will bless ( with do) maire (MAH-re), ag maireachtil (uh MAHR-ahk*-taw*-il), martha (MAHR-huh), maireann s, mairdh s; live, living, lived, he lives, he will live alaigh (AY*-lee), ag al (eg AY*-loo), alaithe (AY*-luh-he), alaonn s, alidh s; escape, escaping, escaped, he escapes, he will escape NOUNS eilint (EL-i-nt), an eilint, na heilinte, na heilnt; elephant, the elephant, of the elephant, the elephants gluaisten (GLOOSH-tyaw*n), an gluaisten, an ghluaistein, na gluaisten; automobile, the auto, of the auto, the autos trcaire, an trcaire, na trcaire; mercy, the mercy, of the mercy COMHR Cruinnonn r gcairde chun ruda tabhachtacha a phl Deasn: Go mbeanna Dia dhuit, a Bhrd. Brd: Go mbeanna Dia is Muire dhuit, a Dheasin. Pl: Cheannaigh mo bheann gna nua, a Mhire. Mire: Go maire s agus go gcaithe s . Samas: Thiomin m mo ghluaisten trasna do chlis, a Nra. Nra: Go lime eilint alaithe in airde ar do ghluaisten, a Shamais. Pdraig: Anois, t cara liom i bpriosn (i bri-SOON), a Eibhln. Eibhln: Go n-ala s go luath. Sen: Chaill (k*eyel) m dfhinne, a Bhlthnaid. Blthnaid: Go bhfire Dia ort, a Shein. Seoirse (SHOHR-she): Mhraigh mo mhac do chat, a Chaitln. Caitln: Nr agra Dia air . Key: Our friends gather to discuss important things. Deasn: May God bless you (Hello), Brd. Brd: Hello, Deasn. Pl; My wife bought a new dress, Mary. Mary: May she live and wear it. Samas: I drove my car across your yard, Nra. Nra: May an escaped elephant jump up on your car, Samas. Pdraig: Now, a friend of mine is in prison, Eibhln. Eibhlin: I hope he escapes soon. Sen: I lost your ring, Blthnaid. Blthnaid: May God help you, Sen. Seoirse: My son killed your cat, Citln. Citln: I hope that God doesnt punish him for it.

Lesson 121 CLEACHTADH BRIATHRA: practice with verbs Read the following sentences aloud, or have someone who is familiar with the pronunciation guide of these lessons read them to you. Do not translate them in your mind. Instead, form a mental picture of, and perhaps an emotion concerning, the idea and the agent. Ullmhamid bia le haghaidh an lin. Nor ullmhaomar an fheoil inn. Nach n-ullmhamid an t-iasc roimh an fheoil? An ullmhimid dinnar roimh teacht do mhic? Dullmhimis ceann eile, d mbeimis in ann an fheoil a fhil. Deisodh an seandroichead tar is na timpiste. Dantar pinn nos fearr n iad sin. Cheapf go mbeids gan mhaith ar bith. Ghoidf , d bhfgf (VWAWK-faw*) ar an tsrid . Key: We prepare food for the lunch. We didnt prepare the meat yesterday. Dont we prepare the sh before the meat? Will we prepare dinner before the coming of your son? We would prepare another one, if we were able to get the meat. The old bridge was repaired after the accident. Better pens than those are made. You would think that they were no good at all. It would be stolen, if you were to leave it on the street. Notes: Teacht is a verbal noun and can serve as an ordinary noun. GRAMMAR The verb is has its own modh foshuiteach, aimsir lithreach, or subjunctive, present tense. It is very simple: gura (GU-ruh) and nra (NAW*Ruh) are the forms before words beginning with any consonant, including f. Before words beginning with a vowel, the form becomes gurab (GUR-uhb) and nrab (NAW*R-uhb). These four forms generally occur only in certain expressions, such as the examples here: Gura sln an scala (SHKAY*L-ee); good luck to the story teller. Nra mhaith an mhaise (VWAH-shuh) d ; I hope its no good to him. Gurab amhlaidh (OU-lee) duit; May it be the same to you. This is the reply to Nollaigh shona dhuit, Merry Christmas, etc. Nrab olc an mhaise d ; I hope that he will benet from it. Foirmeacha le ar To ask another person to describe something, say, Cuir sos air. Literally, this means, Put down on it. Send for him is: Cuir os air; put knowledge on him. To ask someone to force another person to do something, say Tabhair air a dhanamh (YAY*N-uhv). Socraigh air means Decide on it. Cleachtadh leo seo: Cuirnn sos ar an teach, d mbeife anseo; I would describe the house, if you were here. Cuireadh os ar an ndochtir; the doctor was sent for. Nr chuire t sos ar an timpiste; I hope you wont describe the accident. Chuirnn os ar minon; I used to send for my daughter. Thug s orm an carr a fhil; he made me get the car. Thabharfadh s ar a mhthair a bhricfeasta a ullmh, d mbeadh s sa bhaile; he would make his mother get (prepare) his breakfast, if she were home. Socraonn siad ar chruinni go tapaidh (TAHP-ee); they decide on a meeting quickly. Shocraomar ar bhrat urlir arir; we decided on a rug last night. Liosta focal briathra scaip (skahp), ag scaipeadh ( uh SKAHP-uh), scaipthe, scaipeann s, scaipidh s; scatter, scattering scattered, he scatters, he will scatter. ceistigh (KESH-tee), ag ceisti (KESHT-yoo), ceistithe, ceistonn s, ceisteoidh s; question, questioning, questioned, he questions, he will question. nigh (ni), ag n, nite (NI-te), nonn s, ndh (NEE-hee) s; wash, washing, washed, he washes, he will wash. croith (kri), ag croitheadh, croite (KRI-te), croitheann s, croitdh s; shake, shaking, shaken, he shakes, he will shake. maraigh (MAHR-ee), ag mar, maraithe, maraonn s, maridh s; kill, killing, killed, he kills, he will kill. Ainmfocail (AN-im-OH-kil) bruscar (BRUS-kuhr), an bruscar, an bhruscair; refuse, rubbish, the refuse, of the refuse; 1st declension. cosamar (KOHS-uh-muhr), an cosamar, an chosamair; garbage; 1st declension. frog (frohg), an frog, an fhroig (un rig), na froganna; frog, the frog, of the frog, the frogs; 1st declension. mara (MAY*R-uh), an mara, an mhara, na mara; mayor, the mayor, of the mayor, the mayors; 3rd declension COMHR Leanann r gcairde lena ngntha an-tabhachtacha; our friends continue with their important affairs: Diarmuid: Chuireamar r mbruscar amach arir. Siobhn: Go mbailtear do bhruscar roimh a scaiptear .

Breandn: Phs minon , phg s , ach t s ina fhrog fs. Risn: Go ndana Dia trocaire orthu beirt. Daith: Bh m amuigh go mall arir. Robhca (REEV-kuh) (Rebecca): Nr cheist dathair th. Donall: Chroith m fein agus an mara lmh le chile ar maidin. Fionnuala: Nr nitear do lmh go brch. Niall: Fuaireamar an t-airgead agus an talamh (TAH-luhv). Pdraign: Nr chaillimid go deo iad. Peadar: Bh an cat ag lorg na luch. Eithne: Go mara s gach luch. Key: Diarmuid: We put our trash out last night. Siobhn: May your trash be collected before it is scattered. Breandn: My daughter married him, she kissed him, but hes still a frog. Risn: May God have mercy on the two of them. Daith: I was out late last night. Robhca: I hope your father doesnt question you. Donall: Myself and the mayor shook hands this morning. Fionnuala: May your hand never be washed. Niall: we got the money and the land. Pdraign: May we never lose them. Peadar: The cat was looking for the mice. Eithne: May he catch every mouse. Nta: He questioned me can be either Chuir s ceist orm or cheistigh s m. Beirt, two persons, can precede or follow the compound prepositions. Beirt agaibh means two of you, and orthu beirt means on two of them or on both of them.

Lesson 122 Cleachtadh leis an gclaoninsint (GLAY*-uhn-IN-shint); practice with indirect speech Read the following sentences aloud. Do not translate them word for word, but instead form a mental picture of the action and the agents. Deir s go mbeidh s ag cur sneachta roimh i bhfad. Chualamar nr fhill s ar scoil anuraidh. Dirt Mchel liom gan glaoch ar a dhochtir. Dfheicfe go bhfuil an bus in aice an stisiin, d mbeife lasmuigh den oig. Nor cheapamar go gcloisfe an chad traein eile. Darfaidh m le Ramonn gan teacht anseo amrach. Daradh Brian liom dul abhaile ach gan an doras tosaigh a ligint oscailte. Dirt Sle liom gur cheannaodh s troscn sa siopa ilranna sin. Ghuomar gan na saighdiir a fhilleadh. Diarrfaidh m air an leabhar a cheannach dom. Key: He says that it will be snowing before long. We heard that she didnt return to school last year. Mchel told me not to call (telephone) his doctor. You would see that the bus is next to the station, if you were outside the ofce. We didnt think that you would hear the next train. I will tell Ramonn not to come here tomorrow. Brian would tell me to go home but not to leave the front door open. Sle told me that she used to buy furniture in that department store. We prayed that the soldiers would not return. I will ask him to buy the book for me. Nta: Lasmuigh (lahs-MWEE) de means outside of; laistigh (lahsh-TEE) de is inside of. Ilranna means many departments or sections, from roinn, a share or part of. Nr fhille na saighdiir were the words actually spoken in connection with the next to the last sentence. GRAMMAR An modh ordaitheach (un moh OHRD-i-hahk*); the imperative mood Orders or commands in Irish are given in several ways beside the simple forms for speaking directly to one or several persons. Las an solas means that you want one person, the person being spoken to, to light the light. Lasaig an solas is an order to two or more persons. If you want someone else to light the light, you would say in English Let him light the light or Have him light the light. In Irish, there is a special form for this in every verb: Lasadh s an solas Other examples: Oladh s an tae; let him drink the tea. Ritheadh s abhaile; have her run home. Ceannaodh (KAN-ee-ohk*) s an tolg (TUHLluhg); have him buy the sofa. Imodh (IM-ee-ohk*) s le; have her depart. For Have them ___ , the forms are: lasaids an solas; have them light the light. Olaids an tae; rithids abhaile; ceannads an tolg; imds leo. For ordering ourselves to do something, which is the equivalent of the English Let us ___ , the Irish forms are: Lasaimis (LAHS-uh-mish) an solas; laimis an tae; rithimis abhaile; ceannamis (KAN-ee-mish) an tolg; immis linn. There is even a form for ordering ones self to do something, although it is not common. It is the same as the present tense, Lasaim an solas, which means approximately Let me light the light or I am going to light the light. It is more common in a few negative forms, such as N cloisim sin; Dont let me hear that, I dont want to hear that. Finally, there is an imperative for the free form, an fhoirm shaor: Lastar an solas; have someone light the light, let the light be lit. This form is often a prohibition. For example, the equivalent of No smoking or smoking prohibited is N caitear tobac. Read these complete lists aloud and picture the effect of each command: lasaim las lasadh s lasadh s lasaimis lasaig lasaids lastar

bailm bailigh bailodh s bailodh s bailmis bailg bailds bailtear For orders to refrain from an action, which is the negative command, add, n (naw*) before the forms above: N cuirim, n cuir, n cuireadh s, n cuireadh s, n cuirimis, n cuirig, n cuirids, n cuirtear . If the verb begins with a vowel, prex an h to it: N hl an deoch sin; n hladh s an t-uisce, dont let her drink the water, make sure she doesnt drink the water. Examples of usage for an modh ordaitheach: Timis abhaile; lets go home. Fanimis anseo; lets stay here. N seastar anseo; no standing here. For t, the forms are: bm, b, bodh s, bodh s, bmis, bg, bds, btear For the regular verbs, the imperative forms are nearly all regular. Tar; come, has: tagaim, tar, tagadh s, tagadh s, tagaimis, tagaig, tagaids, tagtar. Tabhair; give, has: tugaim, tabhair, tugadh s, tugadh s, tugaimis, tugaig, tugaids, tugtar. Abair; say, has: abraim, abair, abradh s, abradh s, abraimis, abraig, abraids, abairtear. In Irish, to have makes use of t with ag. Emotions and illnesses need t with ar. The imperative, as well as the subjunctive for wishing, must have a form of t in these instances. Examples: Bodh arn agat; have some bread. Bodh ceann eile agat; have another one. Bodh plta ag Samas; let Samas have a plate. Bodh thas ort; be happy. N bodh eagla ort; dont be afraid. N bodh ad ort; dont be jealous. Go raibh thas ort; may you be happy. Go raibh biseach air; may he recover. Go raibh saol fada agat; may you have a long life. N raibh diten dea leithead sin agat; I hope you dont have a re like that.

Lesson 123 CLEACHTADH BRIATHRA; practice on verbs Below are several sentences. Read them aloud or have someone familiar with the pronunciation of Irish read them to you, phrase by phrase. Do not translate them in your mind. Instead, form a mental picture of the action and of who or what is doing it. Also, try to form an emotion, such as sympathy, disappointment, hunger, surprise, joy, etc., about the activity. If you dont understand at the rst reading or hearing, wait a few seconds and then try again. You will probably retain a few words of the sentence, and a second reading or hearing will give you more. Only if you fail after four or ve tries should you look at the key under the sentences. Dhn na r doirse tar is an chil. Bheadh s ina lu roimh a ln, mura mbeife ann. N ordidh m rud ar bith as catalg ord phoist. An mbrist mrn soillse sride nuair a bh t i dige, a athair? N bailtear airgead ag an gcruinni seo. Nach gcnagfaidh t ar an bhfuinneog ar thaobh eile an t? Coimedaig na ceapair sin, agus gheobhaidh m buidal bainne. Darfainn go mbeadh an fmhar chomh te agus a bh s riamh. Key: The men closed the doors after the cil. He would be lying down before his lunch, if you werent there. I wont order anything out of a mail-order catalog. Were many street lights broken when you were young, father? No money is to be collected at this meeting (Dont let money be collected ). Wont you knock on the window on the other side of the house? Keep those sandwiches, and I will get a bottle of milk. I would say that the autumn would be as hot as it ever was. The word catalg should be obvious to you. It is a direct borrowing from English. The following word, ord, should be close enough to order in English to cause you to connect it with catalg and think of a mail-order catalog, even if you can not immediately work out the grammar details. GRAMMAR Nearly the last important area of Irish that these lessons have not yet covered is the grouping of sentences or clauses together in ways that are slightly more complicated than merely saying and or but to join two sentences. Up to now, these lessons have encouraged you to speak, and to write and think, in short sentences. This was done to help you speak and write without overly long deliberation. By now, you should be able to reply to someone with an answer that is relevant to some degree, even if only Abair ars sin, ms do thoil . The relative clause form of which: Chonaic m an buachaill a dimigh abhaile ar maidin; I saw the boy who departed for home this morning, is an example, improves your style in Irish, allowing you to speak and write better Irish. Read these examples over, out loud of course, several times to understand what is called the nominative case. Do not bother to learn the grammatical terms for this, however. Merely learn how to use the form. isteann s leis an minteoir at sa rang eile; he listens to the teacher who is in the other class. Chuir m ar an mbord an leabhar a thit ar an urlr; I put on the table the book that fell on the oor. Tiomnann Mire an bus a bhuail a seanathair; Mary drives the bus that hit her grandfather. Is sin an fear a dl an cupn tae tamall shin; thats the man who drank a cup of tea a while ago. Is seo an cailn a dhanfaidh an obair; This is the girl who will do the work. Lim na daoine a bh ann thar an mballa; The people who were there jumped over the wall. This should give you a sense of how to form the relative. The small word (called a particle) that means who or that in English is a. It causes aspiration in the verb after it. The child who cries is: An piste a ghoileann. In the present and future tenses, the particle a is followed by the ordinary form of the verb, with initial letter aspirated if possible: an bhean a itheann feoil; the woman who eats meat an fear a cheapann sin; the man who thinks that an dochtir a dhanann an obair; the doctor who does the work an traein at anseo; the train that is here na daoine a lfaidh fon; the people who will drink wine an ceoltir a chasfaidh an t-amhrn; the musician who will sing the song In the past, past habitual, and conditional tenses or moods, the particle a is followed by the form of the verb that you have already learned, with the d preceding vowels and f. Here are examples: an fear a chaith an liathrid; the man who threw the ball an bhean an dl an tae; the woman who drank the tea an dochtir a dfhg an scian san oig; the doctor who left the knife in the ofce na cailn a chaitheadh toitn; the girls who used to smoke cigarettes an madra a dladh beoir; the dog that used to drink beer an t-iascaire a dfhilleadh abhaile go luath; the sherman who used to return home early

an pintir a gheallfadh sin; the painter who would promise that an cat a dlfadh an t-uisce salach; the cat who would drink the dirty water an bus a dfhanfadh sa stisin; the bus that would remain in the station Then, with t, some examples are: an t-uachtarn at breoite; the president who is sick an samhradh a bh te; the summer that was hot an loch a bhodh fuar; the lake that used to be cold an bd a bheidh ann; the boat that will be there an line a bheadh saor; the shirt that would be cheap We will begin practice with this in the next lesson, but in the meantime try to use this form in your thinking, speaking, and writing of Irish. Do not worry about making mistakes in usage. Merely try to be clear and follow your developing linguistic instinct.

Lesson 124 RELATIVE CLAUSES In sentences with relative clauses of the type in which the word who or what is in the nominative case, such as: I saw the man who collects newspapers; chonaic m an fear a bhailonn nuachtin, you often need to express the negative. In the sentence above, this would be: Chonaic m an fear nach mbailonn nuachtin; I saw the man who doesnt collect newspapers. Nach (nahk*) connects the clauses for the negative, for all tenses except the past, where nr (naw*r) takes its place. Even in the past tense, however, the irregular verbs dan, abair, tigh, feic, faigh, t are preceded by nach. Read aloud the following examples of nach or nr usage with the nominative relative structure. Try to develop a general sense of how the relative clause is formed, so that you will be ready for the practice at the end of this lesson: An aimsir lithreach; the present tense Seo an buachaill nach mbearrann s fs fin; this is the boy who does not shave (himself) yet. Cuirim sa bhosca na posa arin nach bhfuil ite; I put into the box the pieces of bread that are not eaten. Tugann s do Mhire staidir mhargaidh (STAH-day*r VWAHR-uh-gee) nach n-ordaonn s; he gives Mire marketing surveys that she doesnt order. An aimsir chaite (K*AHT-ye); the past tense Faighim (FEYE-im) leabhair nr thinig trd an bpost; I get books that didnt come through the mail. Darfaidh m sin leis an gcigire nr scrobh litir ar bith chugam (HOO-uhm); I will say that to the inspector who didnt write any letter to me. N dol an bh nr ith a far; dont sell the cow that didnt eat its grass. For the few irregular verbs that take nach in the past tense: Labhridh Sen leis an bhfear nach ndearna an obair i gceart; Sen will talk with the man who didnt do the work properly. Ghlan m na fuinneoga nach raibh briste; I cleaned the windows that werent broken. Imeoidh Blthnaid ar eitilt nach ndeachaigh fs chuig Boston; Blthnaid will leave on a ight that didnt go to Boston yet. An aimsir ghnthcaite; the past habitual tense Labhram gach l le minteoir nach bhfoghlaimodh an Iodilis; I talk every day with a teacher who didnt used to study Italian. Is sin an bus nach dtadh ar an ardbhthar; thats the bus that didnt used to go on the highway. Fuair m na hainmneacha de na pist nach n-ladh bainne; I got the names of the children who didnt used to drink milk. An aimsir fhistineach; the future tense Taispein dom an duine nach mbeidh ann amrach; show me the person who wont be here tomorrow. Disteamar leis an amhrna nach n-imeoidh roimh an samhradh seo chugainn (rev-uh SOU-ruh shuh HOO-in); we listened to the singer who will not leave before next summer. An modh coinnollach; the conditional mood Dirt s sin le daoine nach gcreidfeadh ; he told that to people who wouldnt believe it. Sin an t-iascaire nach rachadh amach tar is men-lae; that is the sherman who wouldnt go out after noon. CLEACHTADH Cuir Gaeilge ar na habairt seo leanas; Translate these following sentences into Irish: I put out the cat that howled (bic) all night. I gave milk to the cat that didnt howl all night. I will see the woman who lost the ring. I would see the woman who didnt lose the expensive ring. Key: Chuir m amach an cat a bhic an oche go lir. Thug m bainne don chat nr bhic an oche go lir. Feicdh m an bhean a chaill an finne. Feicdh m an bhean nr chaill an finne daor ( or costasach). Notice that tenses can be mixed in this sentence forming. For example, I saw who will or He would give that was . The accusative case with the relative

This apparently formidable subject becomes simple when the everyday meaning of it is explained by illustration: I prepared the lunch that Sen ate; dullmhaigh m an ln a dith Sen. He will sell the boat that he bought last year; dolfaidh s an bd a cheannaigh s anuraidh. The rule for nach and nr hold here, too. Sampla: Dfhill s ar an doras nr oscail an minteoir; he returned to the door that the teacher didnt open. Chuir mo mhthair ar an mbord an gloine nach bhfaca m; my mother put on the table the glass that I didnt see. The danger of ambiguity or misunderstanding can arise here, however. Obviously, in the sentences just preceding, there is no mistaking who or what is doing or receiving the action in the second clause. For example, a door does not open a teacher, nor does a boat buy a person. In other situations, however, the meaning may not be clear: Sin an fear a thuigeann Sen, This could be either That is the man who understands Sen or That is the man whom Sen understands. To avoid the ambiguity, follow this pattern: Sin an fear a dtuigeann Sen ; that is the man whom Sean understands; and keep the meaning of Sin an fear a thuigeann Sen as That is the man who understands Sen. The a relative word in this usage eclipses instead of aspirating. In the past tense, ar and nr serve, with an , , or iad at the sentence end. The six irregular verbs: dan, abair, tigh, feic, faigh, t are preceded by a and nach in the past, with eclipses occurring. Examples: Chonaic m an fear a bhuaileann mn; I saw the man who strikes women. Chonaic m an fear nach mbuaileann mn; I saw the man who doesnt strike women. Chonaic m an fear a mbuaileann mn ; I saw the man whom women strike. Chonaic m an fear nach mbuaileann mn ; I saw the man whom women dont strike. Chonaic m an fear ar bhuail mn. Chonaic m an fear ar bhuail mn . Chonaic m an fear a fhuair Sen. Chonaic m an fear a bhfuair Sen .

Lesson 125 Graimar: an forainm coibhneasta (fohr-AN-im KIV-nas-tuh) This, the relative pronoun, may serve in several ways beside the ones you have learned. In English, an example would be: I saw the child to whom I gave the money. In less stilted form, although not as pleasing to grammarians, it is: I saw the child that I gave the money to. The second form is close to the Irish equivalent: Chonaic m an piste a dtugaim an t-airgead d. To say: I saw the child that I dont give the money to, the Irish equivalent is: Chonaic m an piste nach dtugaim an t-airgead d. A and nach here both cause eclipsis when they introduce the relative clause for this type of sentence, in all tenses except the past tense, and even there several of the irregular verbs are preceded by a and nach. With all except tigh, dan, abair, feic, faigh, t, the words to introduce the relative clause in the past tense are ar and nr, and they cause aspiration, as usual. An example of the past tense: I saw the girl that I gave the newspaper to; Chonaic m an ghirseach ar thug m an nuachtn di. Note that because girseach is baininscneach (feminine), the last word must be di, to her. CLEACHTADH; practice Here are some sentences to help you learn an tuiseal tabharthach (TUSH-uhl TOO-uhr-hahk*), or dative case, with relative clauses. Read each sentence out loud, get the meaning by mental picture (not by translation), and then substitute the noun following the sentence for the words in italics. Change the end word when necessary. Chuala m an t-amhrna a ndirt t leis. The woman. Bhris Caitrona an fhuinneog ar thinig m trthi. The windows. Baileoidh sibh na cupin nach bhfuil caife iontu. The bottle. Dfheicf an carr nr cuireadh an bosca faoi. The chair. Feicdh siad an chathair ar fhill Samas uaithi. The countries. Is seo an leabhar a bhfuair s an scal uaidh. The girl. Cheannaigh an rialtas an gariste a ndearna Niall na plta ann. The farm. Key: I heard the singer that you spoke to. an bhean li. Caitrona broke the window that I came through. na fuinneoga trothu. You-all will collect the cups that dont have coffee in them. an buidal ann. You would see the car that didnt have the box put under it (under which the box was not put), an chathaoir fuith. They will see the city that Samas returned from. na tortha uathu. This is the book that she got the story from. Is seo an ghirseach uaithi. The government bought the garage that Niall made the plates in. an fheirm inti. Follow the word order and form given above, with the preposition last, when you speak or write. After you have had sufcient practice, you will be ready for an alternative form for several (but not all) prepositions: Just as in English, in which you can say either I see the box that I place the letter in or I see the box in which I place the letter, it is possible in Irish to say either: Feicim an bosca a gcuirim an litir ann; or: Feicim an bosca ina gcuirim an litir. In the past tense, this alternative becomes: Feicim an bosca ar chuir m an litir ann; or: Feicim an bosca inar chuir m an litir. The prepositions that allow this choice are: i; in, with forms: ina, inar do; to, for, with forms: d, dr

de; off, also with forms: d. dr faoi; with forms: faoina, faoinar ; from, with forms: na, nar tr; through; trna, trnar The forms ending in r are for the past tense only and cause aspiration of the verb following them. Here are examples: Dhol Diarmaid an leabhar ina raibh an litir. Dfhill Nra ar an siopa ina bhfuair s na hlla. Chonaic m an teach ina bhfanfaidh s. Is sin an minteoir d dtugaim mo cheacht baile (home lesson, homework). Phg s an cailn dr thug s an finne. Chonaic m an droichead d limeann s (the bridge from which he jumps). Dimigh m n gcnoc dr thit s; I left the hill from which he fell. Tgfaimid (TOHK-hi-mid) an t-rlar faoina gcuireadh Sen na prta; We will raise the oor under which Sen used to put the potatoes. Is sin an t-ord faoina bhfuaireamar an cos; thats the order under which we got the rent. Faigh an ceann faoinar chuireamar na bosca; get the one under which we put the boxes. Glaoigh ar an duine na gcloiseann t sin; call the person from whom you hear that. Rachaidh s isteach sa teach nar thinig s; he will go into the house that he came from. Dnfar an bthar trna dtiomnfadh an bus; the road through which the bus would drive will be closed. Tthar ag dnadh an fhuinneog trnar shigh s a cheann; the window through which he stuck his head is being closed. Ceisteanna sa tuiseal tabharthach; questions in the dative case To ask the question: To whom did you give the money?; C d ar thug t an t-airgead? ((kay* goh) is the usual pronunciation.) The answer to this could be: Thug m do Shen . Other examples: C leis a ndirt s?; with whom did she talk. Cad leis ar oscail siad an doras?; what did they open the door with? Cad ann a raibh an bia?; what was the food in? Cad de ar thit s?; from what did he fall? C uaidh a bhfaigheadh s ?; from whom would she get it? The dependent form of the verb is the one in these questions, but in the answer either the dependent or independent may be needed. For example: Bh an bia i mla; nach raibh an bia sa bhosca? A short answer can nearly always be given by a few words beginning with the preposition. Examples: C leis a ndirt s? Le Dirn. Cad ann a raibh an bia? I mbosca.

Lesson 126 Cleachtadh leis an forainm coibhneasta (fohr-AN-im-KIV-nas-tuh) Read the following following sentences aloud, or have someone read them to you. Form a mental picture of the action and of what is the agent. Is sin an stisin raidio a chraol an clr faoi Phdraig Mac Piarais (PEER-ish). Thug Eoghan go dt an t-ospidal an fear an bhuail an trucail . Tabharfaidh Brnach (BROHN-ahk*) a gcirnn don chailn a dtugann s na tipeanna di. Key: Thats the radio station that broadcast the program about Pdraig Pearse. Eoghan took the man whom the truck hit to the hospital. Brnach (the Irish equaivalent of Dolores) wiull give their records to the girl to whom she gives the tapes. Next, review one verb in several ways and tenses: Ba sin an fear a mholann na Spinnigh (SPAW*-in-yee). Scrobh m chuig an mbean a mhol na clir Iodileacha. Labhraomar leis an mbuachaill a mholadh a dhochtir. Glaofaidh m ar an mbainisteoir nach molfadh mobair. Key: That was the man who praises the Spaniards. I wrote to the woman who praised the Italian programs. We talked with the boy who used to praise his doctor. I will telephone the manager who wouldnt praise my work. More sentences for practice: Bh cruinni againn leis an gcigire a molann na minteoir . Ullmhaodh leabhair ar mhol scholir iad. Sin an feirmeoir nach moladh an rialtas riamh . Key: We had a meeting with the inspector whom the teachers praise. Books were prepared which students praised. Thats the farmer that the government never praised. Finally, with the tuiseal tabharthach, or dative: Chuaigh m abhaile leis an bpiln ar dhol m an ticad d inn. Crochfaidh m mo chta suas lasmuigh den seomra a raibh m ann ar maidin. Is sin an it ina mbeidh na bid iascaireachta. Key: I went home with the policeman to whom I sold the ticket yesterday. I will hang my coat up outside the room in which I was this morning. Thats the place that the shing boats will be in. Questions and answers with the dative case: Cad leis a mbuaileann t na scolir? Le scrdaithe (SKROO-duh-he) deacra. C d ar thug sibh bhur sean-ada? Do fhear saibhir (dar SEYE-vir), go nadrtha. C leis a rachaidh t chuig an aerphort? Le Seoirse, ms mian leis. C aige a bhfuil an teach is m? Ag an gclann is boichte, slim. Key: What do you hit the students with? With difcult tests. To whom did you-all give your old clothes? To a rich man, naturally. Who will you go to the airport with. With George, if he wishes. Who has the biggest house? The poorest family, I think. AN T A USEFUL EXPRESSION The words an t (un tay*) mean approximately he who or the person who and can serve as those phrases do in English, except that often in Irish a subject word must be added in the second clause. Examples: An t ar thug an leabhar nta duit n raibh s i lthair san iarnin; The person who gave you the notebook was not present this afternoon. Note that the subject s was added in Irish but was not needed in English. An t nach bhfuil lidir n mr d bheith glic; he who is not strong must be clever. This is a seanfhocal ireannach, or Irish proverb. Sometimes the preposition do is combined to form don t, meaning to the person who. An example: Tabhfarfaidh an bainisteoir an ceann sin don t a gheobhaidh an t-ord is m; The manager will give that one to the person who gets the largest order. Why say or write an t instead of an duine? It is a matter of style to some extent. The proverb above would not seem the same unless an t were to begin it. Concerning style itself, you have reached a point now at which you should be conscious of good style in Irish. You are able to express yourself clearly and understandably in speech and writing, but there is room for improvement in the style in which you express yourself. This improve-

ment comes from speaking with uent and well-educated cainteoir dchais, and from reading the best in Irish literature, such as the classics and the work of good modern writers. The larger dictionaries, such as De Bhaldraithe and Domhnaill, are also a help, with many selected ways of expressing ideas in good Irish style. At all times, however, remember that lack of polished style or even want of the exact word should not deter you from speaking or writing. Get the closest word that you can, or change the form of sentence if you must, but say or write something in Irish. Is fearr droch-Ghaeilge na deaBharla. An ramhfhocal as (un RAY*V-oh-kuhl as); the preposition as This word means from or out of and is part of many idioms or special expressions that have a meaning different from what the separate words might indicate. Some of the simpler common phrases: as baile: away from home, gone. C bhfuil Sen? As baile at s. dirigh s as; she resigned, left the job, society or venture. as a mheabhair (VYOU-ir); out of his mind, wrong. As in English, this phrase serves to indicate that you dispute someone elses opinions or views. as an tsl (tlee); out of place, inconsistent, unwarranted as cuimse (KWIM-she); extraordinary, atrocious, etc. Other idioms with as: Bain triail as, try it. Cad as duit? where are you from? The answer: Is an Corcaigh m. Thinig s sln as; he escaped safely, he survived. However: Cad a thinig as? means: Whqt came of it? What happened? Dh bhua as a chile; two wins in a row, one after the other. Objects can be as a chile, too. Tr bhord as a chile; three tables put together in a row. Bainfear geit astu; they will be startled, (a sudden start will be obtained from them). Baineadh geit asam; I was startled. Brisfear as a phost ; he will be discharged, dismissed, lose his job. Cuir as an solas; put out the light. Thit s as a chile; it fell apart. T muinn agam astu; I have condence in them.

Lesson 127 An forainm coibhneasta (fohr-AN-im KIV-nas-tuh) le is; the relative pronoun with is The verb is has its own form for relative clauses. The simplest form relies on is and nach to connect the clauses in the present tense. Read these examples aloud several times to form an idea of this: Cuir ort hata is maith leat; put on a hat that you like. Cuir ort an hata is fearr leat; put on the hat you prefer. Cuir ar an mbord an gloine (GLIN-e) nach maith leis; put the glass he doesnt like on the table. Is sin an fear is minteoir sa scoil ln-Ghaelach; thats the man who is a teacher in the all-Irish school. Is ceacht nach fadhb mhr dom; it is a lesson that isnt a big problem for me. Is casr sin nach cis nire duit; thats a hammer thats not a (source of/cause of) disgrace to you. For an aimsir chaite agus an modh coinnollach, the past tense and conditional mood, ba (or ab) and nr are the words connecting the clauses. These words cause aspiration of consonants following them. Examples of an aimsir chaite: Chuir s uirthi an hata ba mhaith li; she put on the hat she liked. Chaith Nirn amach an tolg nr mhaith liom; Nirn threw out the sofa that I didnt like. Fuair Annraoi (AHN-ree) an ceann ab fhearr leat; Annraoi got the one that you preferred. Ba Brian an fear ba lidre sa tr; Brian was the man who was the strongest in the country (the strongest man in the country). Ba chasr sin nr chis nire do Chiarn; that was a hammer that wasnt a disgrace to Ciarn. Ba sin an cailn ab airde sa rang; that was the tallest girl in the class. Examples of an modh coinnollach: Thabharfainn don fheirmeoir ba bhoichte (VWIK*-te) sa cheantar, d mbeadh s agam; I would give it to the farmer who would be the poorest in the district, if I had it. Bheinn ar mo mhinteoir ar fhearr sa scoil d gcuirnn suim (sim) i mobair; I would be the best teacher in the school if I took interest in my work. For the dative and genitive cases (an tuiseal tabharthach agus an tuiseal ginideach) in the present tense, the connecting words are ar (arb before a vowel) and nach, without aspiration of a following consonant. Examples with the dative: Is seo an fear ar leis an carr sin; this is the man to whom that car belongs. Is sin an bhean arb ainm li Nra; Thats the woman whose name is Nora. Dfhill m leis an bhfear nach leis an carr sin; I returned with the man whose car that isnt (who doesnt own that car). With the genitive: Thug m don fhear ar minteoir a mhac; I gave it to the man whose son is a teacher. Is seo an dochtir arb aoi a bhean; this is the doctor whose wife is a guest. Is sin an bhean arb a mac a bh ann inn; thats the woman whose son it was who was there yesterday. Dfhan m leis an mbuachail nach scolire a dheirr (yri-FOOR); I waited for the lad whose sister is not a student. In the past tense and the conditional, the dative and genitive forms require ar and nr if the next word begins with a consonant or with an f followed by a consonant. Ar and nr cause aspiration of the initial consonant. The words arbh (ER-ruhv) and nrbh (NAW*R-ruhv) connect the clauses if the next word begins with a vowel or an f followed by a vowel. Examples of the dative: Ba dochtir ar mhian leis bd seoil a cheannach; he was a doctor who wished to buy a sailboat. Ba dochtir nr mhian li bheith ina cna anseo; she was a doctor who did not wish to be living here. Chonaic m fear arbh il leis dul ag obair; I saw a man who wanted to go to work. Ba scolire nr mhaith li bheith danach; she was a student who didnt like to be late. Examples of the genitive in the aimsir chaite agus modh coinnollach: Ba sin an fear ar mhian lena athair fanacht anseo; that was the man whose father wanted to stay here. Nr chuir s sa seomra eile an piste nrbh il lena mhthair dul abhaile?; didnt he put into the other room the child whose mother didnt want to go home? Dfheicfe an cailn arbh il a hathair teach eile a cheannach; you would see the girl whose father would want to buy another house. An ramhfocal (RAY*V-ohk-uhl) de; the preposition de This word, meaning off or of, is part of several common expressions: de ghnth (de GNAW*), usually de l is doche (de loh is DEE-he). day and night de ghlanmheabhair (de gluhn-VYOU-ir), by heart (in memorizing) Fuair s bs den ocras; he died of hunger.

In addition, you can be buoch d, grateful to her, or buoch diot, grateful to you, or buoch de Mhire, grateful to Mhire. Bheinn cinnte de, d ndarfadh s ; I would be certain of it if he were to say it. de is useful in expressing partial amounts. A part or piece of the bread is posa den arn. (A piece of bread, however, is posa arin, with arin in the genitive case.) Bain diot do chta; take off your coat. Fiafraigh diom; ask me (literally, ask of me). Jumping from and falling from involve de; thit s den teach; he fell off the house. Limdh s den droichead; he will jump off the bridge. If some person or object exceeds another by some measurement, the de is useful: T Samas nos airde n Toms de dh orlach; Samas is taller than Toms by two inches. Bheadh an loch nba dhoimhne (GIV-ne) n an abhainn (OU-in) de naoi dtroith (dri), d romhrfa amach ; the lake would be deeper than the river by nine feet if it were to be dug out.

Lesson 128 Cleachtadh leis an forainm coibhneasta le is (practice with the relative pronoun for is) After a review of Ceacht 127, you should be able to put the relative clause to work in expressing thoughts involving the verb is in Irish. Cuir Gaeilge ar na habairt seo leanas, ar dts an tuiseal ainmneach: The chair that I like. The chair you dont like. A room you would like. The seat you would prefer. The one you wouldnt wish. Next, an tuiseal tabharthach, or dative case; to whom or with whom would be a part of the literal translation: The girls whose house it is (literally: with whom it is). The visitors who like the trip (:is il liom; I like). The cat doesnt like the cold (use is maith liom form). The girls whose house it was. The doctor who would like to be here (use is il liom form). The girls whose house it wouldnt be. The doctor who wouldnt like to be here. Finally, the tuiseal ginideach or genitive case; whose would be a part of the English form: The inspector whose daughter is a student. A man whose food is bread. The teacher whose son isnt a painter. The man whose mill was a home. The teacher whose room was an ofce. The lad whose brother was not a manager. The woman whose husband was not a sherman. The key to these phrases: For the nominative: An chathaoir is maith liom. An chathaoir nach maith leat. Seomra ba mhaith leat. An suochn ab fhearr leat. An ceann nr mhian leat. For the dative: Na cailn ar leo an teach. Na cuairteoir arb il leo an turas. An cat nach maith leis an fuacht. Na cailn ar leo an teach. An dochtir arbh il leis bheith anseo. Na cailn nr leo an teach. An dochtir nrbh il leis bheith anseo. For the genitive: An cigire ar sclaire a inon. Fear arb arn a bhia. An minteoir nar pintir a mhac. An fear ar theach a muileann. An minteoir arbh oig a sheomra. An buachaill nr bhainisteoir a dhearthir. An bhean nrbh iascaire a fhear cile. Ramhfhocail; prepositions The preposition do usually means to or for. Sometimes it means movement toward, but usually the meaning is the equivalent of the English I gave that to him, which is a usage in the dative case. Expressions indicating a form of possession occur: Cad is ainm duit? What is your name? Cad is aois duit? What is your age? Refusing someone can be: Dultidh s duit; he will refuse you. Forgiving someone is: Mhaith s dom; he forgave me. This ramhfhocail can also carry the meaning of the possessive or genitive. For example, with an t-ainm briathartha or verbal noun, you may say: Ar teacht isteach dom; while I was coming in, or upon my entrance. Ag dul abhaile dom; as I was going home, is another example. The expression He is a friend of John can be Is cara do Shen . Or He is a son of my uncle can be Is mac do muncail . The rst word for a person must be indenite and the second must be denite, such as a persons name or with the before it. Another way of saying this is: Is cara le Samas ; he is a friend of James. Two other expressions with do are: Feictear dom; it seems to me. Tuigtear dom; it is my understanding.

The ramhfhocail le generally means with, but can also indicate extent or purpose. Le dana; recently. Le fada; for a long time. Le tamall; for a while. Beidh s anseo le ceann eile a fhil; he will be here to get another one. If some activity is to be done in the near or distant future, then: T obair le danamh; there is work to be done. T ceacht le cleachtadh agam; I have a lesson to practice. Idioms with several verbs need le: Aontim leat; I agree with you. Chuir s geall liom; he promised me. Fanfaidh s liom; he will wait for me. Thaitin an drma liom; I liked the play. Dolann s brga linn; he sells shoes to us. The ramhfhocail means from in the general sense. It is part of several important expressions, such as: Cad t uait? What do you want? Cad a bh Shen? What did Sen want? Creid uaim ; believe me. An ceacht deireanach; the last lesson This is the last lesson in the series designed to give you a basic grasp of the Irish language. By now you should have an effective command of the language adequate to carry on some conversation and understand spoken and written Irish. The essential verb forms, word order, formation of noun plurals, the combination of prepositions and pronouns, and the elementary vocabulary of words and idioms are part of this. Further studies of Irish will depend on your opportunities, which are of two principal types: talking with other speakers, of any degree of prociency; and reading and listening to tapes and records. The degree to which your work is structured will depend on your natural inclination. Some persons will benet most from constant conversation with others, while other learners consider that they must progress in an orderly manner through grammar books, such as Rchrsa Gramada, and through books of graded difculty, with the assistance of dictionaries along the way. A persistent effort to write Irish is a good way to improve your style and vocabulary. Irish-speaking friends in Ireland, or in the United States, can help with this. A regular correspondence will let you improve painlessly.