Solution to Case 8

Bond Analysis and Valuation

Corporate Bonds They are More Complex Than You Think!

1.

How should Jill go about explaining the relationship between coupon rates and bond prices? Why do the coupon rates for the various bonds vary so much? Jill could explain the relationship between coupon rates and bond prices by calculating the prices of bonds, which have similar features except for their coupon rates, under different assumptions regarding the yield to maturity. [For example, the 0%, AAA-rated, 20-year ABC Energy bond and the 5%, AAA-rated. 20-year ABC Energy bond.]
Bond
ABC Energy ABC Energy ABC Energy

Coupon Rate
5% 5% 5%

Maturity
20 20 20

Face Value
$1,000 $1,000 $1,000

Rating
AAA AAA AAA

Yield
2% 5% 8%

Price
$1,490.54 $1,000.00 $705.46

% Change
49.05% 0.00% -29.45%

ABC Energy ABC Energy ABC Energy

0% 0% 0%

20 20 20

$1,000 $1,000 $1,000

AAA AAA AAA

2% 5% 8%

$672.97 $376.89 $214.55

78.56% 0.00% -43.07%

The table shows that the 5% coupon bond has a wider fluctuation in price than the zerocoupon bond for equivalent changes in yields.

2.

How are the ratings of these bonds determined? What happens when the bond ratings get adjusted downwards? The ratings are determined by professional rating agencies such as Standard & Poors and Moodys. Each of these rating agencies has a committee that evaluates the risk level of a companys bond issue and accordingly assigns a rating ranging from AAA or Aaa (best rating) down to D (default). The ratings are periodically re-evaluated whenever there is any significant development in a companys capital structure or earnings performance. When ratings get adjusted downward, the bond becomes less attractive and therefore its required rate of return goes up, reducing its price.

3.

During the presentation one of the clients is puzzled why some bonds sell for less than their face value while others sell for a premium. She asks whether the discount bonds are a bargain? How should Jill respond? Jill should explain that bonds can be issued at a discount, at par, or even at a premium from face value, depending on the firms preference for the coupon rate that will be paid. The vast majority of bonds are sold at par ($1000) with the coupon rate being set equal to the yield that is commensurate with its rating and maturity. After being issued, however, the yields demanded by investors will change based on economic and company-specific factors, but the coupon rate is fixed. Thus, the price has to vary in line with the consensus yield demanded by investors. If the yield exceeds the coupon rate, investors are demanding a higher rate of return than what the company is currently paying via the coupon payment, leading to a drop in price and vice-versa. Thus, as long as the yields are a true reflection of the risk level of the bond (which would happen in efficient markets), bond prices, whether at a discount or a premium from face value, would be just right and not really a bargain or overpriced.

4.

What does the term yield to maturity mean and how is it to be calculated? The yield to maturity (YTM) of a bond is the rate of return that an investor expects to earn when he or she buys the bond at its current price, reinvests the coupons, and receives the face value when it matures. The YTM of a bond is also known as its promised yield. To calculate a bonds YTM we must use the following inputs: For example: ABC Energy, 5%, 20 year, Face Value = $1000, Price = $703.1 (semiannual coupons)

PV = -$703.1; FV = $1000; N = 40; PMT = $25; CPT I = 8.03%

Issuer
ABC Energy ABC Energy TransPower Telco Utilities

Face Value
$1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000

Coupon Rate
5% 0% 10% 11%

Rating
AAA AAA AA AA

Quoted Years until Sinking maturity Fund Price

$703.10 $208.30 $1,092.00 $1,206.40 20 20 20 30 Yes Yes Yes No

Yield to maturity
8.0310% 8.1597% 8.9927% 8.9923%

5.

What is the difference between the nominal and effective yields to maturity for each bond listed in Table 1? Which one should the investor use when deciding between corporate bonds and other securities of similar risk? Please explain.

Nominal Years until Sinking Call Yield to Effective Issuer Face Value Coupon Rate Rating Quoted Price maturity Fund Period maturity YTM
ABC Energy ABC Energy TransPo wer Telco Utilities $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 5% 0% 10% 11% AAA AAA AA AA $703.10 $208.30 $1,092.00 $1,206.40 20 20 20 30 Yes Yes Yes No 3 Years NA 5 Years 5 Years 8.0001% 7.9997% 9.0001% 8.9998% 8.1601% 8.1597% 9.2026% 9.2023%

The nominal yield to maturity on the bonds is calculated by multiplying the semi-annual yield by 2. The effective YTM is calculated by compounding the semi-annual yield for two periods. For example On the ABC Energy 5%, 20 year bond, the semi-annual YTM is 4.00%. The effective annual YTM would be calculated as ((1+.04)2)-1 = .0816 or 8.16%. Since the YTM is merely a promised yield with the actual yield being dependent on the reinvestment rate that each investor is able to earn, it is best to compare similar risk bonds on the basis of their nominal YTMs. 6. Jill knows that the call period and its implications will be of particular concern to the audience. How should she go about explaining the effects of the call provision on bond risk and return potential. Jill should explain to the audience that call provisions are attached to bonds so as to allow companies to refinance their debt at lower rates when interest rates drop. Thus, the existence of a call provision presents a risk to the bond investor that their investment horizon on that bond may be prematurely ended. Moreover, there is reinvestment risk associated with callable bonds, since the bonds are called when rates are low. The company does pay a premium (typically equal to one extra coupon) when the bond is called. Furthermore, there is generally a deferred call period of about 5 years, during which the bond cannot be called. In the case of callable bonds, investors should calculate the yield to first call of the bonds and decide accordingly. For this calculation, the future

value is set equal to $1000 + 1 years coupon, and the maturity is assumed to be the number of years until the bond becomes freely callable. 7. How should Jill go about explaining the riskiness of each bond? Rank order the bonds in terms of their relative riskiness.
Nominal Yield to maturity 8.0001% 7.9997% 9.0001% 8.9998%

Issuer ABC Energy ABC Energy TransPower Telco Utilities

Face Value 1000 1000 1000 1000

Coupon Rate 5% 0% 10% 11%

Rating AAA AAA AA AA

Quoted Price 703.1 208.3 1092 1206.4

Years until Sinking maturity Fund 20 20 20 30 Yes Yes Yes No

Call Period 3 Years NA 5 Years 5 Years

Effective YTM 8.1601% 8.1597% 9.2026% 9.2023%

Risk Rank (1=low) 1 2 3 4

The bond ratings provide a general guide as to the credit risk associated with each bond. Within each rating though, investors need to be aware of call risk, reinvestment risk, maturity risk, and the sinking fund provisions effect on risk. Callability makes a bond have higher reinvestment risk. Among the AAA bonds, the zero coupon bond has no call risk, no reinvestment risk, but the highest price risk. Among the AA bonds, Telco Utilities bond has a longer maturity and no sinking fund making it the riskiest of the lot. 8. One of Jills best clients poses the following question, If I buy 10 of each of these bonds, reinvest any coupons received at the rate of 5% per year and hold them until they mature, what will my realized return be on each bond investment? How should she proceed?
Realized Return = [{Future Value of reinvested coupons + Face Value}/Price of Bond ]1/n - 1

Issuer ABC Energy ABC Energy TransPower Telco Utilities

Coupon Face Value Rate 1000 1000 1000 1000 5% 0% 10% 11%

Quoted Price 703.1 208.3 1092 1206.4

Years until Call maturity Period 20 20 20 30 3 Years NA 5 Years 5 Years

Nominal Yield to maturity 8.0001% 7.9997% 9.0001% 8.9998%

FV of Coupon $1,685.06 $0.00 $3,370.13 $7,479.54

FV of Coupon+ Face Vaue $2,685.06 $1,000.00 $4,370.13 $8,479.54

Realized Return 6.82% 8.00% 7.06% 6.61%

In the case of the ABC Energy, 5% coupon bond the realized return is calculated as follows: Future Value of Reinvested Coupons: PMT = -$25 (semiannual); n = 40; i/y = 2.5%; (reinvestment rate); PV = 0; CPT FV = $1,685.06 Realized Return = [{(1685.06+1000)/703.1}]1/40 1 = 3.41%*2= 6.82% Note: The number of bonds purchased does not affect the realized return