ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

Sromis ekonomikis kaTedra

Sromis ekonomika

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi, 2009

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo momzadebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis Sromis ekonomikis kaTedraze. calkeuli Tavebi damuSavebulia Semdegi avtorebis mier: prof. m tuxaSvili (Tavi 1, 7); asoc prof. m. carciZe (Tavi 5); asoc, prof. m. Toria (Tavi 4, 6 11); asoc. prof. n. lacabiZe (Tavi 3); asoc. prof. m. Selia (Tavi 2, 9, 10); asoc prof. c. anTaZe (Tavi 8). damxmare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis bakalavriatis studentebisaTvis, aseve Sromis ekonomikis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis. redaqtorebi: profesori m. tuxaSvili asoc. prof. n. lacabiZe recenzenti: asoc. prof. n. WeliZe

Tsu Sromis ekonomikis kaTedra, 2009 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2009

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-99940-968-0-0

Sinaarsi
Sesavali I. Sromis ekonomikis sagani da adgili ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sisitemaSi II. SromiTi resursebi da SromiTi potenciali III. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis safuZvlebi IV. dasaqmeba da umuSevroba V. Sromis bazris regulireba da misi infrastruqtura VI. profkavSirebi Sromis bazarze VII. samuSao Zalis xarisxi da investiciebi adamianur kapitalSi VIII socialuri politika da mosaxleobis . Semosavlebi IX. Sromis organizacia X. Sromis anazRaurebis organizacia XI. Sromis mwarmoebluroba da efeqtianoba

Sesavali
`Sromis ekonomika~ msoflios elitaruli universitetebis kurukulumebis mniSvnelovani kursia. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad misi Sinaarsi icvleba da ixveweba. win mimavali qveynebi cdiloben, TavianTi ekonomikuri da socialuri sistemebs moargon is zogadi kanonzomierebebi da principebi, rac Sromis ekonomikis SinaarsiTaa gansazRvruli. bunebrivia, saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis ekonomikuri segmentisaTvis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogor SesabamisobaSia igi TanamedroveobasTan, iTvaliswinebs Tu ara amJamadac da Tvalsawier momavalSi maRali kvalifikaciis ekonomistebze aqaur da saerTaSoriso Sromis bazrebze moTxovnas. amitom kursis amocanaa studentTaTvis Sromis ekonomikis problemaTa farTo speqtridan imis logikuri miwodeba, rac asaTviseblad gamoyofili drois farglebSi maT Camouyalibebs im sistemur codnas da Cvevebs, rac momavali specialistisTvis ara marto xvalindeli, aramed uwyveti ganaTlebis ganviTa-rebis kvalobaze mTeli misi SromiTi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi profesiuli moRvaweobisaTvis sakma-risi iqneba. `Sromis ekonomikis~ damxmare saxelmZRvanelos avtorebisaTvis am kursis dawera yamiri araa. bazarma ucbad aiTvisa
4

Sromis ekonomikis kaTedris TanamSromelTa mier gamocemuli damxmare saxel- mZRvanelo (red. n. lacabiZe), agreTve prof. n. paiWaZis saxelmZRvanelo _ `Sromis ekonomika~. maT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules saqarTveloSi Sromis ekonomikis sferos codniT studentTa mom- zadebasa da praqtikis muSakTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebaSi. winamdebare damxmare saxelmZrvanelo Tavisi SinaarsiT Seesabameba im CarCo programas, romelic damtkicebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis bakalavriatis studen-tTaTvis. silabusi iTvaliswinebs rogorc msoflios cnobil universitetebSi moqmedi silabusebis ZiriTad Sinaarss, ise saqarTveloSi Sromis procesis specifikas. kursSi gadmocemuli sakiTxebi zogad ekonomikur Teoriul aspeqtSi studentebs naswavli aqvT `ekonomikis principebis~ kursSi. aq, cxadia, igi meTodologiurad Rrmavdeba, logi-kurad integrirebul saxes iRebs da adamianis SromiTi cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs aerTianebs. damxmare saxelmZRvaneloze muSaobisas avtorebi farTod sargeblobdnen mTel msoflioSi aRiarebuli profesorebis r. erenbergisa da r. smitis, g. borjas, p. qausisa da a. cilberbergis saxelmZRvaneloebiT, agreTve, postsabWoTa sivrcis qveynebSi sabazro
5

urTierTobebze gardamavali periodis Taviseburebebis amsaxveli saxel- mZRvanelo literaturiT. bunebrivia, avtorebi didi madlierebiT miiReben am kursis momavali srulyofisaTvis gakeTebul SeniSvnebsa da winadadebebs.

Tema I. Sromis ekonomikis sagani da adgili ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistemaSi

Sroma aris adamianis mizanmimarTuli qmedeba materialuri dovlaTis, momsaxurebis an sulieri faseulobebis Sesaqmnelad. adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis mniSvnelovan nawils uSualod SromiT procesSi an misTvis mzadebaSi atarebs. SromiTi procesis Sedegia, agreTve, is materialuri da momsaxurebiTi sikeTe, riTac igi sapensio asakSi Sromis asakSi Sromis unaris daqveiTebis dros sargeblobs. Sroma warmoebis mTavari faqtoria. mis gareSe materialur-momsaxurebiTi da sulieri sikeTis Seqmna SeuZlebelia. rac dro gadis, Sromis procesi ufro mravalmxrivi, rTuli xdeba. Sromis garTuleba obieqturi procesia. Sromis procesSi iqmneba ara marto adami- anisaTvis Semdgom mosaxmari sikeTe, aramed xdeba adamianisa da mis garemomcvel samyarosTan urTi- erToba. mimdinareobs momuSavis organizmis funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebuli fiziologiuri procesebi, fsiqonervuli energiis xarjva. adamiani Tavisi urTulesi pirovnuli sistemiTaa Cabmuli Sromis procesSi. kacobrioba rac ufro viTardeba da SromiTi procesi rTuldeba, miT ufro rTuli xdeba damokidebuleba fsiqofiziologiuri energiis
7

xarjvasa da Sromis Sedegs Soris. amJamad es Sedegi dakavSirebulia adamianis, am rTuli fenomenis moqmedebis mraval aspeqtTan. Sesabamisad, Sromis procesis Seswavla erTi dargis mecnierebaSi veRar eteva. igi mecnierebis ramdenime dargis sagania. mTlianad ki iqmneba mecniereba Sromis Sesaxeb, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba SromaTmcodneoba daerqvas. misi konkre- tuli, ekonomikuri aspeqtiT integrirebuli nawi- lia Sromis ekonomika. igi ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistemas ganekuTvneba da, cxadia, misi saganic ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa, ekonomikuri mecnierebis mniSvnelovani segmentia. Sromis ekonomika Seiswavlis Sromis procesSi warmoqmnil socialurSromiT urTirTobebs. Tumca sakmaod Rrmadaa SeWrili masSi Sromis procesis araekonomikuri aspeqtebic da, Sesabamisad, adamianTan da Sromis procesTan dakavSirebuli sxva mecnierebebic, rogoricaa sociologia, fsiqologia, fiziologia, medicina, demografia, maTematika, statistika da a.S. agreTve, maTgan warmoebuli Sromis sociologia, Sromis fsiqologia, Sromis fiziologia, Sromis dacva, mosaxleobis ekonomika, ekonometrika, Sromis statistika, Sromis samarTali da a.S. es mecnierebaTa diferenciacia-integraciis uwyveti procesis gamoxatulebaa. bevri mecnieri ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi socialuri faqtoris win wamowevas miawers
8

bolo naxevari saukunis manZilze ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevebs. amitomacaa, rom Sromis ekonomikis samecniero literaturasa da qrestomaTiul naSro- mebSi sul ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba socialur aspeqtebs. Tanamedrove msoflioSi gabatonebuli adgili ukavia sabazro urTierTobebs. sxvadasxva saxis bazarTa Soris Sromis bazari erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli da mravalmxrivia. igi ekonomikuri da socialur urTierTobaTa farTo wres moicavs. magram aq umTavresia SromiTi urTierTobani, romelic mraval problemas aerTianebs. Sromis bazari sul ufro mravalmxrivi xdeba da misi Seswavlac met siRrmes Txoulobs. amitomac Sromis bazari `Sromis ekonomikis~ kursis arsebiTi, mTavari nawilia, Tumca, cxadia, amiT ar amoiwureba mTeli kursi. saukuneze metia, rac Camoyalibda `Sromis ekonomika~ rogorc mecniereba. am xnis ganmavlobaSi man bevri cvlileba ganicada. is viTardeboda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis winsvlasTan erTad. TviT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebac bevrad icvleboda Sromis procesis srulyofis kvalobaze. am cvlilebaTagan unda gamoiyos Sromis procesis inteleqtualizacia, gonebrivi Sromis wilis mateba fizikur SromasTan SedarebiT. gonebrivi SromisaTvis momzadeba adamianTa cxovrebis ciklis mniSvnelovani nawili gaxda rogorc winaswari Sromis proces9

amdeli zogad -saganmanaTleblo da profesiuli swavlis, ise Sromis procesis dros misi permanentuli gadamzadebis saxiT. cxadia, swavla, romelic Tavis mxriv urTules process warmoadgens, udides finansur danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. swavlis procesSi xdeba misi dagroveba adamianur kapitalad. igi uSualod rTuli Sromis ganxorcielebis procesis winapiroba gaxda da organulad daukavSirda mas. bunebrivia, aman `Sromis ekonomikis~ saganSic hpova asaxva. Tanamedrove Sromis procesi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom sul ufro da ufro izrdeba Sromis saSualebebis wili ZiriTad kapitalSi, amiTaa, rom Sromis Sedegis yovel erTeulze miiRweva adamianis kunTuri energiis minimizacia. rogorc aRiniSna, bolo erTi saukunis manZilze sul ufro meti mniSvneloba SeiZina Sromis socialurma aspeqtebma. cnobili mecnieri s. leviti mas meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi ekonomikuri zrdis umTavres faqtorad miiCnevs. Sromis mwarmoeblurobaze udides zegavlenas axdens muSis Sromisadmi ganwyoba, koleqtivSi misi adaptaciis xarisxi, janmrTeloba, ojaxisadmi damokidebuleba, sazogadoebaSi SromiT urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis socialuri mxare, Sromis stimulTa sistema, samarTlianoba da socialuri garantiebi. xdeba Sromis humanizacia. es aspeqti Sromis ekonomikis kursSi aqcentirebuli iqneba.
10

Sromis Sedegebis miRwevaSi sul ufro matulobs personalis marTvis mniSvneloba. adre igi ifargleboda daqiravebis sistemis srulyofiT. 1990-iani wlebidan ki yuradReba gaZlierda iseTi sakiTxebisadmi, rogoricaa Sromis dacvis srul- yofili sistemis formireba, ojaxis evolucia, genderi, ekologia, socialuri dazRveva, metad gaizarda kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mniSvneloba. TandaTan cvlilebas ganicdis profkavSirebis roli. igi ufro metad ereva personalis ganviTa- rebasa da socialuri mxardaWeris formirebaSi. paralelurad iqmneba damqiravebelTa gaerTiane- bebic. aucilebeli xdeba saxelmwifos Carevac. es ukve urTierTobaTa axal sistemas ayalibebs da Seswavlas saWiroebs. principul cvlilebas ganicdis damokidebuleba warmoebis muSakisadmi. maTi xelfasi aRar ganixileba yovelTvis ise, rogorc warmoebis danaxarjebSi xelfasis SemcirebiT mogebis zrdis gza. aqciaTa SeZeniT isini Tanamepatroneebi xdebian da dainteresebulni arian mogebis zrdiT. es aZlierebs maT motivacias ufro SemoqmedebiTi Sromisaken. Sromis ekonomikiT Sesaswavl sakiTxTa struqturuli ierarqia Taviseburad damokidebulia im specifikaze da problemebzec, romlebic romelime konkretul qveyanaSi iqmneba misi ganviTarebis donisa da specifikis gamo. kursis Seswavlisas saWiro
11

xdeba aqcentireba im sakiTxebze, romelic mocemuli qveynisaTvis problematuria da momavalSic mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda daeTmos. aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs axlo da Soreul perspeqtivaSi mosalodneli problemebis gansazRvras da kursis SinaarsSi gaTvaliswinebas. am mxriv saqarTvelos amJamindel ekonomikas, romelmac udidesi dartyma miiRo 1990-iani wlebis yovlismomcveli kraxis gamo, Tavis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. socialurekonomikuri reabilitaciis procesSi Sromis ekonomikis problemebi yvelaze mwvave problemaTa ricxvSia. maTgan SeiZleba gamoiyos: 1. SromiTi potencialis daqveiTebis SeCereba, reabilitacia da zrdis miRweva; 2. masStaburi siRaribis daZleva; 3. mosaxleobisa da SromiTi resursebis intensiuri emigraciis SeCereba da optimizacia; 4 masobrivi umuSevrobis Semcireba da dasaqmebis sistemis optimizacia; 5. Semosavlebisa da cxovrebis donis zrda; 6. xelfasis diferenciaciis optimizacia, qaosuri viTarebis daZleva da a.S. aRniSnuli problemebis jerovani mogvareba dros moiTxovs da didxans iqneba saqarTvelos ekonomikasa da socialur ganviTarebaSi. Seqmnili viTarebis kompleqsuri
12

Seswavla Sromis ekonomikis farglebSi Tanamedrove ekonomistis formirebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. meore mxriv, TandaTan yalibdeba saerTaSo- risod aRiarebuli principebi, normebi, romelic misaRebia progresuli socialuri ganviTarebis mqone qveynebisTvis. am mxriv, Sromis humanuri principebis dacvaze zrunavs bevri Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia. masSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi bolo 90 wlis manZilze, SeZlebisamebr, cdiloben Camoayalibon da daicvan Sromis procesis humanuri principebis Sesabamisi normativebi. Sromis ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelo lite- raturaSi calkeuli sakiTxebis Seswavlisas metnaklebadaa gaTvaliswinebuli maTi mniSvneloba, principebi da raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. mis safuZvelze iqmneba saxelmwifoebSi Sromis normatiul kanonTa sistemebi, Sromis kodeqsebi. saqarTvelos momavals Cven vxedavT socialurad orientirebuli saxelmwifos saxiT. amitom winamdebare kursi aRniSnuli orientirisaa da srulad Seesabameba Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis funqcionirebis principebs. Tavis mxriv, socialurad orientirebul qveyanaSi Sromis ekonomikis mniSvneloba gazrdilia. `Sromis ekonomikis~ sagnis gansazRvra ukavSirdeba momijnave konkretuli mecnierebis dargebsa da Sesabamis saswavlo
13

kursebs, romel- Tanac Sromis ekonomikas mWidro kavSiri aqvs. pirvel rigSi, esaa ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistema, romlis Teoriuli safuZvelia ekonomikis Teoria (ekonomikis principebi). Sromis ekonomikis kursSi xdeba ekonomikis zogad kanonTa konkretizacia Sromis procesis ganxorcielebis aspeqtiT. ekonomikuri kvlevis zogadi meTodikis gamoyeneba, konkretuli sakiTxis fundamentalur ekonomikur mecnierebaTa sistemaTa sibrtyeSi gaazreba. Sromis ekonomikaSi Sesaswavli procesebi aucileblad saWiroeben raodenobriv analizs da maTematikur-statistikuri modelebis gamoyenebas. amitomaa igi mWidro kavSirSi ekonometrikasTan da statistikasTan, maT Soris uSualod `Sromis statistikasTan~. Sromis ekonomikasTan, organuladaa dakavSire- buli sociologia, konkretulad ki `Sromis sociologia~. kavSiri imdenad mWidroa da uSualoa, rom zog qveyanaSi gaerTianebuli kursi `Sromis ekonomika da sociologia~ iswavleba. marTlac, Sromis ekonomikuri Sedegic didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebis SromiT-socialuri ganviTarebis, sazogadoebaSi jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis ganviTarebis doneze. udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs momuSavis Sromis motivacias, Sromis humanizacias da a.S.

14

Sromis procesi mimdinareobs garkveul samarTlebriv garemoSi. Sromis ekonomikasTan uSualo kavSiri aqvs momuSaveTa daqiravebisa da gaTavisuflebis sakanonmdeblo bazas, waxalisebas da dasjas da, saerTod, Sromis disciplinas, Sromis procesSi warmoSobil konfliqtebis samarTlebriv regulirebas, SromiTi davebis mowesrigebas, muSakis dacvis iuridiul normebs. amitomacaa, rom Sromis ekonomikis kurss `Sromis samarTalTan~ mWidro kavSiri aqvs. metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs momuSavis funqcionirebis ekonomikur mxares, mis mier Tanamdebobrivi saqmianobis pirovnul aspeqtebs, Sesrulebuli samuSaosadmi damokidebulebis ekonomikur Sedegebs, rac personalis ekonomikaSi Seiswavleba. masTan axlosaa personalis marTva (personalis menejmenti, adamianuri resursebis menejmenti). misi Seswavlis ZiriTadi obieqtia administraciis mier personalis saqmianobis organizacia: maTi SerCeva, daqiraveba, karieruli winsvla, kvalifikaciis zrda, pirovnuli ganviTareba, mastimulirebeli sistemebis SerCeva da gamoyeneba, amisTvis danaxarjebis swori ganawileba, xarjvis optimizacia da a.S. Sromis ekonomika mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Sromis fsiqologiasTan. fsiqologiis kategoriebi, rogoricaa aRqma, yuradReba, azrovneba, mexsiereba, emocia
15

da maTi optimizacia _ esaa Tanamedrove Sromis procesis efeqtianobis miRwevis, Sromis Sedegebis maqsimizaciis aucilebeli piroba. gansakuTrebiT saWiroa igi kadrebis SerCevaSefasebisa, maTi swavlebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis procesSi, Sromis disciplinis sistemis formirebasa da, saerTod, Sromis procesebis marTvaSi. aRniSnul sakiTxTan Zlier axlosaa Sromis pedagogika, mecnierebis dargi profesiuli swavlebis Sesaxeb. igi farTo gagebiT muSakis profesiuli momzadebis mTel process moicavs. rogorc aRiniSna, Sromis procesi marto warmoebis procesi araa, igi adamianisa da bunebriv garemosTan urTierTobis procesicaa, roca xdeba nivTierebaTa cvla, adamianis organizmis fiziologiuri funqcionireba, momuSavis energiis xarjva, Sromis procesSi muSaobisunarianobis cvlilebis kanonzomierebaTa Sesabamisad. Sromis procesis ganxorcielebas xels uwyobs an aferxebs sanitarul-higienuri garemo. amitom Sromis ekonomika mWidrod ukavSirdeba disciplinebs: `Sromis fiziologiasa~ da `Sromis dacvas~. amrigad, Sromis procesis ganxorcielebis Seswavlis dros erT mxriv, Tavs iyris Sromis problemaTa jgufi, meore mxriv, mis Semswavlel urTierTdakavSirebul mecnierebaTa sistema, sadac Sromis ekonomika ekonomikuri mecnierebis aspeqtSi
16

integracias ukeTebs masTan dakavSirebul mecnierebaTa aparatis im nawils, romelic gansazRvravs Sromis efeqtianobas. sqematurad igi ase warmogvidgeba:

17

sqema Sromis problemebi da mecnierebaTa dargebi

Sromis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa nawilebi (problemebi) Sromis mecnierebaTa dargebi, romelTa integraciaa mecniereba Sromis ekonomika

SromiTi potencialis formireba Sromis bazari da dasaqmebis regulireba adamianuri kapitali personalis marketingi, konsaltingi da marTvis organizacia SromiTi urTierTobebi da socialuri politika personalis SerCeva, swavleba da ricxovnobis dagegmva Sromis normireba SromiTi procesebis daproeqteba Sromis pirobebi Sromis mwarmoebluroba Sromis motivacia

Semosavlebisa da Sromis anazRaurebis formireba Sromis ekonomika

Sromis fiziologia Sromis usafrTxoeba Sromis fsiqologia Sromis samarTali ergonomika Sromis organizacia Sromis normireba Sromis sociologia personalis marTva demografia da mosaxleobis ekonomika

18

19

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

20

Tavi 2. SromiTi resursebi da SromiTi potenciali

2.1. SromiTi resursebis arsi

Sromis procesSi adamianis SesaZleblobis gansazRvris mizniT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva termini: `samuSao Zala~, `SromiTi resursebi~, `adamianuri kapitali~, `SromiTi potenciali~, `adamianuri resursebi da sxva. termini `SromiTi resursebi~ pirvelad 1922 wels gamoiyena cnobilma mecnierma a. strumilinma,1 ris Semdegac is farTod gavrcelda ekonomikur literaturaSi. SromiTi resursebi mosaxleobis Sromisunariani nawilia, romelic flobs SromisaTvis saWiro fizikur da inteleqtualur unars, ris meSveobiTac awarmoebs materialur dovlaTs an momsaxurebas. Sromisunarianobas gansazRvravs adamianis fsiqofiziologiuri da inteleqtualuri Tvisebebi. samuSaos xasiaTis mixedviT Sromisunarianoba aris saerTo, profesiuli da specialuri. saerTo Sromis unaris mqone adamiani asrulebs raime samuSaos Cveulebriv pirobebSi, profesiuli Sromis unaris mqone _ gansazRvrul profesiul saqmianobas eweva,
1

.. . . , 1922. .2

21

xolo specialuri Sromis unaris mqone adamians samuSaos Sesruleba SeuZlia specifikur sawarmoo an klimatur pirobebSi (magaliTad, miwisqveSa samuSaoebze, maRalmTian raionebSi da a.S.) Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben srul da arasrul anu SezRuduli Sromis unaris mqone adamianebs. SromiTi resursebis ZiriTad nawils Sromis asakis adamianebi Seadgenen. Sromis asaki sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erTnairi araa. 2007 wlisaTvis yvelaze meti sapensio asaki islandiasa da norvegiaSia (67 weli rogorc qalis, ise mamakacisaTvis), xolo yvelaze naklebi kuveitSi, svazilendSi, solomonis kunZulebze (50 weli rogorc qalis, ise mamakacisaTvis). saqarTveloSi sapensio asaki qalebisaTvis_ 60, mamakacebisaTvis_ 65 welia. Sromis asakis gansazRvrisas gaiTvaliswineba mosaxleobis janmrTelobis done, sicocxlis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba da dasaqmebis strategiuli politika. magaliTad, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi sapensio asakad qalebisaTvis dadginda 55 weli da mamakacebisaTvis 60 weli. es ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom, jer erTi, mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba im periodSi xanmokle, 45 weli

22

iyo, amasTan, daCqarebuli industrializaciis procesi kadrebis swraf cvlas moiTxovda. `SromiTi resursebi~ Tavisi arsiT axlos dgas `samuSao ZalasTan~, romelic Tanamedrove Sromis ekonomikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi asea gansazRvruli: `es aris 16 wels gadacilebuli mosaxleoba, romelic dasaqmebulia an aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos.2 misgan gansxvavebiT SromiTi resursebi mosaxleobis is nawilia, romelic ormxrivadaa asakobrivi zRvariT Semofargluli. 1990-ian wlebSi mosaxleobis SromiTi struqturis aRricxva miesadaga saerTaSoriso aRricxvis sistemas, romelic mosaxleobas or nawilad hyofs: ekonomikurad aqtiur da ekonomikurad araaqtiur mosaxleobad. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba moicavs dasaqmebulT da umuSevrebs, e.i. im kontingents, romelic bazars sTavazobs Tavis Sromas. ekonomikurad araaqtiur mosaxleobaSi Sedis: moswavleebi da studentebi; pirebi, vinc iReben SromiT an invalidobis pensias; diasaxlisebi, ojaxis avadmyofi wevris movliT dakavebuli pirebi;

. ., .. . ., . 1996. .34

23

samuSaos is maZieblebi, romelTac dakarges misi povnis imedi, Tumca mzad arian imuSaon; pirebi, romlebic iZulebis wesiT gadian mkurnalobis kurss; pirebi, romlebsac arsebuli Semosavlebis gamo ar surT muSaoba. mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis done ganisazRvreba formuliT:
E= C 100 , sadac P

E mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis donea (%); C ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci); P mosaxleobis ricxovnobaa (aTasi kaci).
2.2 SromiTi resursebis gazomva

SromiTi resursebis absoluturi ricxovnoba ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad: SromiTi resursebi=Sromis asakis Sromisunarian mosaxleobas _ I da II jgufis umuSevari invalidebi _ SeRavaTiani sapensio asakis pirebi, romlebic ar muSaoben + momuSave mozardebi + momuSave pensionerebi. SromiTi resursebis dinamika, garkveuli periodis manZilze xasiaTdeba Semdegi
24

maCveneblebiT: SromiTi resursebis absoluturi zrda, zrdis tempi da matebis tempi. absoluturi zrdis maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba gansaxilveli periodis dasawyissa da bolos SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobas Soris sxvaobiT. T=Rn - Ro (2.2.1), sadac Rn SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaa mocemuli periodis bolos, Ro _SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaa mocemuli periodis dasawyisSi. meore maCvenebeli- SromiTi resursebis zrdis tempi ganisazRvreba periodis bolos SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobis SefardebiT periodis dasawyisSi mis raodenobasTan. e.i.
T=

ramdenime wlisTvis aRniSnuli maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba rogorc saSualo geometriuli. e.i.

T =n Rn , (2.2.3), sadac n wlebis raodenobaa. Ro

Rn . (2.2.2) Ro

SromiTi resursebis saSualo wliuri matebis tempi ki gaiangariSeba formuliT:

T =n Rn 1. Ro

(2.2.4)

2.3. SromiTi resursebis formireba

25

SromiTi resursebis Seswavlisas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi formirebis anu SromiTi resursebis aRwarmoebis Seswavlas. am mizniT saWiroa, ganisazRvros SromiTi resursebis struqtura da gamovlindes is faqtorebi, romlebic SromiTi resursebis struqturaze moqmedeben. SromiTi resursebis struqturas Seiswavlian sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebis, erovnebis, dasaqmebis, sacxovrebeli adgilis da sxva niSniT. sqesis mixedviT Seswavlisas ganisazRvreba qalebisa da mamakacebis wili SromiT resursebSi. magaliTad, 1989 wels Sromis asakis mosaxleobaSi qalebis wili 49% iyo, 2002w._ 50%; Sesabamisad, mamakaci 1989 wels_ 51%, 2002w._ 50% asakis mixedviT gamoyofen SromiTi resursebis Semdeg ZiriTad jgufebs: a)Sromisunariani asakis, b) Sromisasakamdeli; g) Sromis asakgadacilebuli. garda amisa, SromiTi resursebis asakobrivi struqturis Seswavlisas gamoyofen Semdeg asakobriv jgufebs: a)1629 weli _ axalgazrdoba; b) 30-49w. _ Sua asaki; g) 50-64 w. _ winasapensio asaki; zogjer gamoyofen 50 wels gadacilebul asakobriv jgufs, romelsac `mesame asakis~ mosaxleobasac uwodeben. mocemuli asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT SromiTi resursebis analizi saSualebas iZleva, ganisazRvros axalgazrdobis wili SromiT
26

resursebSi, Sefasdes SromiTi resursebis daberebis procesi da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 40-64 wlis asakobrivi jgufis wili sistematurad izrdeba, mimdinareobs SromiTi resursebis dabereba, rac gaiangariSeba formuliT:
CSr .r .sib. = W40 - 64 .100, (2.3.1), sadac W16 64

CSr.r.sib._ SromiTi resursebis siberis koeficienti; W40-64_ 40-64 wlis asakobrivi jgufis ricxovnobaa (kaci); W16-64_ 16-64 wlis asakobrivi jgufis ricxovnobaa (kaci). SromiTi resursebis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturis formirebaze did gavlenas axdens qveyanaSi mimdinare demografiuli procesebi. kerZod, Sobadoba, mokvdaoba, arsebuli asakobrivi struqtura da migracia. roca qveyanaSi Sobadobis done maRalia, SromiT resursebSi izrdeba axalgazrdobis wilic, Tumca es ar xdeba mosaxleobis zrdis paralelurad, es procesi SromiT resursebze garkveuli drois Semdeg aisaxeba. xangrZlivi periodis manZilze Sobadobis maRali done zrdis Sromis asakSi myof mosaxleobas, romelic am procesis gamo axalgazrdulia, rac gaiTvaliswineba kidec dasaqmebis politikis gansazRvrisas. mokvdaoba maSinve axdens gavlenas SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobaze, Tuki is maRalia Sua asakobriv jgufebSi. sapensio
27

asakis mosaxleobaSi mokvdaobis zrda gavlenas ar axdens SromiTi resursebis ricxovnobis cvlilebaze, xolo Cvil bavSvTa mokvdaobis maRali maCvenebeli amcirebs mosaxleobis sicocxlianobis maCvenebels (Kdabadebuli/Kgardacvlili) da garkveuli periodis Semdeg amcirebs Sromis asakis mosaxleobis raodenobas. arsebuli asakobrivi struqtura xSirad gansazRvravs SromiT resursebSi dasaqmebulTa wilsac. kerZod, cnobilia, rom 25 wlamde axalgazrdoba, faqtobrivad, swavliTaa dakavebuli da ver erTveba SromiT procesSi, rac amcirebs am kontingentis wils dasaqmebul mosaxleobaSi. cnobilia isic, rom yvelaze maRali mwarmoeblurobiT gamoirCeva 30-45 wlis asakobrivi jgufi. amitom misi maRali wili SromiT resursebSi efeqtiani dasaqmebis SemTxvevaSi Sromis maRali mwarmoeblurobis sawindaria. SromiTi resursebis raodenobis cvlilebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens migraciac. migraciuli procesebi ZiriTadad axalgazrda asakobriv jgufebs moicavs. amitom im SemTxvevaSi, roca emigracia masStaburia, bunebrivia, SromiTi resursebis ricxovnoba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, proporciulad mcirdeba da SromiTi resursebic berdeba da, piriqiT, Tu imigraciuli procesebi Warbobs, maSin igive pirobiT Sromisunariani

28

mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeba da SromiTi resursebis gaaxalgazrdavebis procesic midis. SromiTi resursebis formirebisas metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rogoria maTi ganaTlebis done. amis mixedviT SromiT resursebs Seiswavlian Semdegi niSnebiT: dawyebiTi, saSualo, saSualo-profesiuli, saSualo-teqnikuri, arasruli umaRlesi da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone. garda amisa, gansazRvraven rogoria swavlis saSualo xangrZlivoba erT kacze da rogoria umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqoneTa wili mTel mosaxleobaSi.
2.4. SromiTi resursebis ganawileba

SromiTi resursebis ganawileba sxvadasxva- gvarad xdeba. yvelaze detalurad igi Seiswavleba saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT. kerZod, romel seqtorSi (saxelmwifo Tu kerZo), ekonomikis romel dargSi ra profesiisa da kvalifikaciis mqone adamianTa ra nawilia dasaqmebuli; maT Soris, ramdenia fizikuri da ramdeni gonebrivi SromiT dakavebuli, rogori samuSao reJimiT muSaoben isini da a.S. calkeuli seqtorebis Tu dargebis mixedviT SromiTi resursebis Tanafardoba xSirad damokidebulia ekonomikis struqturaze, Sromis bazarze arsebul mdgomareobasa da mTel rig sxva faqtorebze. zogjer SromiTi resursebis ganawilebas swavloben sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebis donis, calkeuli teritoriebis
29

mixedviT. am ukanasknels _ SromiTi resursebis regionul ganawilebas ganapirobebs regionebSi warmoebis ganviTarebis done, misi struqturuli Taviseburebani da ekonomikuri koniunqtura. SromiTi resursebis formirebisa da ganawilebis sakiTxis Seswavla saSualebas iZleva, sworad daigegmos misi efeqtiani gamoyeneba; gaangariSdes SromiTi resursebis prognozuli raodenoba, rogorc moklevadiani, ise grZelvadiani perspeqtivisaTvis. amisaTvis ki didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis procesis swor analizs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas iZleva, ganisazRvros: a) ra profesiisa da kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalazea moTxovna calkeul dargebsa Tu sawarmoebSi da ra raodenobiT iqneba is saWiro momavalSi; b) sad da rogor moxdes SromiTi resursebis saWiro raodenobis moZieba da g) ra ekonomikuri programebi unda ganxorcieldes saWiro resursebis mosapoveblad. qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi SromiTi resursebis mniSvnelobaze swor warmodgenas iZleva SromiTi potenciali.

2.5. SromiTi potenciali

30

SromiTi potenciali adamianuri potencialis nawilia, romelic formirdeba misi bunebrivi monacemebis (niWis), ganaTlebis, aRzrdis da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze. igi mosaxleobis warmoebaSi Cabmis zRvruli sididea misi fsiqofiziologiuri Taviseburebebis, profesiuli codnisa da SeZenili Cvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT. SromiTi potenciali Tavisi arsiT axlosaa cnebasTan `adamianuri resursebi~. am ukanasknels xSirad iyeneben dasavlur ekonomikur literaturaSi. amave dros is ufro farTo Sinaarsisaa, vidre samuSao Zala da adamianuri kapitali. kerZod, Tu samuSao Zala xasiaTdeba niSnebiT _ janmrTeloba, ganaTleba, profesionalizmi, adamianuri kapitali ki am niSnebTan erTad moicavs bunebriv SesaZleblobebsac (niWi da mobiloba), SromiTi potenciali zemoT CamoTvlil niSnebTan erTad xasiaTdeba iseTi niSniTac, rogoricaa TviTrealizaciis unari. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs aqtivobas, organizebulobas, SemoqmedebiTobas, adamianebTan urTierTobis unars da a.S. Tanafardoba SromiT potencials, samuSao Zalasa da adamianur kapitals Soris Semdegnairad gamoixateba (ix. sqema 2.5.1):
sqema 2.5.1. Tanafardoba SromiT potencials, samuSao Zalasa da adamianur kapitals Soris

31

aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianuri kapitalis sidide ganisazRvreba im fuladi saxsrebiT, romelic gamoiyofa adamianis Sromis unaris Seqmnasa da realizaciaze, e.i. is aris fuladi saxsrebi, romelic ixarjeba adamianis janmrTelobaze, ganaTlebaze, bunebriv SesaZleblobaTa ganviTarebaze. SromiTi potenciali Seiswavleba sam doneze: 1) calkeuli momuSavis; 2) sawarmos, firmis; 3) sazogadoebis. calkeuli adamianis, momuSavis SromiTi potencialis daxasiaTebisas, upirveles yovlisa, unda Sefasdes misi janmrTelobis done. es xdeba Sromisunarianobis xangrZlivobis gansazRvriT. rac Seexeba momuSavis ganaTlebis dones, igi Sefasdeba skolasa Tu sxva saswavleblebSi swavlis xangrZlivobiT. xolo profesionalizmis Sefasebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia kvalifikaciis done.
32

adamianis TviTrealizaciis unaris SefasebisaTvis, Seiswavleba misi xasiaTi, ramdenad mowesrigebuli, iniciativiani da SemoqmedebiTia igi, rogori urTierToba aqvs garSemo myofebTan, rogoria misi zneobrivi kriteriumebi da bolos, ramden xans aris is mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi dasaqmebuli. adamianis SromiTi potenciali mudmivad icvleba. SeiZleba igi gaizardos ganaTlebis donis amaRlebasTan erTad an SeiZleba Semcirdes, Tu misi janmrTeloba gauaresda an SromiTi cxovrebis mZime pirobebi aqvs. sawarmos SromiTi potencialis gansazRvrisas janmrTelobis done Sefasdeba samuSao drois im danakargebiT, romelic sawarmos personalis avadmyofobis an sawarmoo travmis gamo dagrovda. SeiZleba ganisazRvros im xarjis raodenobiTac, romelic warmoebaSi momuSaveTa jandacvas moxmarda. rac Seexeba ganaTlebis dones, is fasdeba sawarmos mier momuSaveTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebaze gaweuli xarjiT, sawarmoo personalSi saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianTa wiliT. xolo sawarmoo koleqtivis profesionalizmi fasdeba produqciis xarisxiT, wuniT gamowveuli danakargebis sididiT. TviTrealizaciis unarze ki miuTiTebs iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa gamogonebaTa da racionalur winadadebaTa raodenoba, axal nakeTobaTa gamoSvebis

33

sixSire, Sromis disciplinis darRveviT miRebuli zarali. sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da sazogadoebis inteleqtualur doneze. janmrTelobis donis mixedviT is fasdeba iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo mosalodneli xangrZlivoba, qveynis biujetidan jandacvaze gaweuli saxsrebis raodenoba, mokvdaobis asakobrivi maCveneblebi. ganaTlebis done ganaTlebaze gaweuli xarjebis wiliT saxelmwifo biujetSi da swavlis saSualo xangrZlivobiT. profesionalizmi SeiZleba SevafasoT eqsportiT miRebuli SemosavlebiTa da avariiT gamowveuli zaraliT. sazogadoebis TviTrealizaciis unari _ patentTa da saerTaSoriso premiebis raodenobiT saSualod erT mcxovrebze, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis tempiT, kanonmdeblobis xarisxiT, gzebisa da transportis xarisxiT, dasaqmebis doniT da samuSao drois efeqtiani gamoyenebiT. raodenobrivad SromiTi potenciali izomeba kac/sT-Si. iTvleba, rom es maCvenebeli kargad asaxavs SromiTi potencialis cvlilebas droSi da saSualebas iZleva, misi gaangariSebisas is adamianebic ki moicvas, visac mTeli wlis manZilze erTi saaTi mainc aqvT namuSevari. sawarmoSi SromiTi potencialis gaangariSeba xdeba Semdegi formuliT: = k , (2.5.1), sadac
34

_ drois kalendaruli fondia (sT); T_ gamoucxadebeli saaTebi da Sesvenebis saaTebis raodenoba (sT.). zogjer gaangariSebis aseT wessac mimarTaven: = Z D Tc , (2.5.2), sadac Z _ momuSaveTa raodenobaa (kaci); D _ samuSao dReebis ricxvi (dRe); Tc _ samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba (sT). sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali gaiangariSeba ase:
= Z i T , (2.5.3),
i =1 m

sadac

Zi _ erovnul ekonomikaSi monawileobis SemZle mosaxleobis ricxvia calkeuli i-uri jgufebis mixedviT (kaci); T _ kanoniT dadgenili samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba TiToeuli i-uri jgufisaTvis kalendarul droSi (sT).

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. riT

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan terminebi: samuSao Zala, SromiTi resursebi, SromiTi potenciali da adamianuri kapitali? 2. ra maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba SromiTi resursebi?
35

3. ra

niSnebiT gansazRvraven SromiTi resursebis struqturas da ra faqtorebi moqmedeben masze? 4. ra niSniT nawildeba SromiTi resursebi da ra gansazRvravs mis ganawilebas? 5. riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan adamianis, sawarmos (firmis) da sazogadoebis SromiTi potenciali? 6. daaxasiaTeT SromiTi potenciali raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT.

36

Tavi 3. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis safuZvlebi

3.1 Sromis bazris arsi da elementebi

Sromis bazari sabazro ekonomikis rTuli elementi da sazogadoebis socialurekonomikuri cxovrebis dinamiuri sferoa. masze uSualod aisaxeba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi da misi warmomqmneli ekonomikuri, socialuri da demografiuli movlenebi. Sromis bazari samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis kontaqtebis sferoa, sadac erTmaneTis pirispir warsdgebian muSaobis msurvelebi da damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi). Sromis bazris arsis gansazRvrisas specialistebs Soris gansjis sagania sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, ra aris yidva-gayidvis obieqti Sromis bazarze_ samuSao Zala Tu Sroma. specialistebis erTi nawili eyrdnoba klasikuri politikuri ekonomiis cnobili ingliseli warmomadgenlebis a. smitisa da d. rikardos Sexedulebebs da Tvlis, rom Sromis bazarze iyideba Sroma. mkvlevarebis meore nawili iziarebs aseve cnobili germaneli ekonomistis k. marqsis Teorias da miiCnevs, rom Sromis bazarze yidva-gayidvis obieqtia Sromis unari _ samuSao Zala.

37

sakiTxis naTelsayofad saWiroa gairkves, ra warmoadgens saqonels da Sesabamisad, yidva-gayidvis obieqts bazarze _ Sroma Tu samuSao Zala. aRiarebulia, rom samuSao Zala aris pirovnebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba garkveuli unaris, gamocdilebis, profesiis, kvalifikaciis saxiT, romlis farglebSic igi damsaqmebels (damqiravebels) sTavazobs SromiT momsaxurebas anazRaurebis sanacvlod. Sroma ki aris procesi, mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba gansazRvruli saqonlis warmoebis an momsaxurebis gawevis mizniT. amdenad, uSualod Sromis yidva-gayidva bazarze ver ganxorcieldeba. muSaobis msurveli realurad damsaqmebels (damqiravebels) sTavazobs sakuTari Sromis unaris, SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas konkretuli SromiTi procesis ganxorcielebisaTvis. e.i. saubaria konkretulad Sromis unaris, funqcionirebadi samuSao Zalis yidva-gayidvaze, romelic CarTuli iqneba Sromis procesSi da anazRaurebac gaicema rogorc gaweuli Sromis safasuri. ase, rom bazarze yidva-gayidvis obieqtia specifiuri saqoneli gansazRvruli SesaZleblobebis mqone funqcionirebadi samuSao Zala. vinaidan am SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba xdeba konkretuli Sromis procesSi, savsebiT kanonzomieria bazars ewodos funqcionirebadi samuSao Zalis anu Sromis bazari. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Sromis bazari upirveles yovlisa samuSao Zalis
38

miwodebasa da daqiravebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sistemaa. Sromis bazari agreTve ekonomikuri sivrcea _ SromiTi mowyobis sferoa, sadac urTierTmoqmedeben samuSao Zalis myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi. da bolos, igi iseTi meqanizmia, romelic uzrunvelyofs samuSao Zalis fasisa da Sromis pirobebis SeTanxmebas damsaqmeblebsa da dasaqmebulebs Soris. Sromis bazari sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis, socialuri normebisa da institutebis sistemaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis safuZvelze samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebas, ganawilebasa da gamoyenebas. konkretulad, Sromis bazari mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da Sromis sferos organizaciis sabazro formaa. Sromis bazars, sxva bazrebisagan gansxvavebiT, axasiaTebs rigi Taviseburebebi: _ samuSao Zala, rogorc Sromis unari, ganuyofelia mflobelisagan, amitom SeuZlebelia gacvlis saSualebiT misi sxvis sakuTrebaSi gadasvla. samuSao Zalis (momuSavis) daqiravebiT damsaqmebeli (damqiravebeli) iZens mxolod misi Sromis unaris gamoyenebis uflebas gansazRvrul periodsa da pirobebSi, garkveuli gasamrjelos (fuladi an naturaluri formiT) safasurad;

39

_ samuSao Zalis gacvlis procesi gansxvavebulia nivTobrivi saxis mqone saqonlis gacvlisagan. gacvlis procesi iwyeba mimoqcevis sferoSi, roca samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba gadadis damsaqmebelze, Semdeg samuSao Zalis gamoyeneba xdeba warmoebis procesSi _ momuSavis uSualo monawileobiT iqmneba saqoneli an momsaxureba da mTavrdeba isev mimoqcevis sferoSi _ miRebuli xelfasiT momuSave iZens saarsebo saSualebebs; _ institucionaluri struqturebis (dasaqmebis samsaxurebi, profesiuli kavSirebi, mewarmeTa gaerTianebebi da a.S.) arseboba warmoSobs Tavisebur urTierTobebs Sromis bazris subieqtebs Soris. kerZod, Sromis bazarze miRweuli garigeba saTaves udebs xangrZliv urTierTobebs mis subieqtebs Soris; _ Sromis bazarze didi mniSvneloba aqvs garigebis arafulad aspeqtebs (Sromis Sinaarsi da pirobebi, samuSao adgilis SenarCunebis garantiebi, samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebisa da profesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobebi da a.S.); _ iseve rogorc nebismier bazarze, Sromis bazarzec realizebuli saqonlis raodenoba (mocemul SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebis done) da misi fasi (xelfasi) ganisazRvreba moTxovnamiwodebis urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi, Tumca samuSao Zalaze moTxovna specifikuria, radgan igi e.w. warmoebuli moTxovnaa. es imas niSnavs, rom samuSao
40

Zala iyideba ara uSualod myidvelTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, aramed saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis, romlebic Tavis mxriv gamiznulia bazarze gasayidad. ama Tu im saxeobis (kvalifikaciis) samuSao Zalaze moTxovna, pirdapiraa damokidebuli mis mier warmoebul produqciaze moTxovnisagan. amitom samomxmareblo da warmoebis saSualebebis bazrebis regulirebisaken mimarTuli nebismieri RonisZieba aisaxeba dasaqmebis donesa da dasaqmebulTa Semosavlebze. Sromis bazris arsis srulfasovani aRqmisaTvis mniSvnelovania, erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos Sromis bazris farTo da viwro gageba. farTo gagebiT Sromis bazari moicavs ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas mTlianad da misi arsi ar daiyvaneba `umuSevrebivakansiebi~ Tanafardobaze. drois garkveul monakveTSi zogierTi damsaqmebeli SeiZleba ar iyos dakavebuli axali momuSaveebis aqtiuri ZiebiT, xolo dasaqmebulTa didi nawili ar apirebdes samuSao adgilis Secvlas. amis miuxedavad, isini imyofebian sabazro konkurenciis pirobebSi da am TvalsazrisiT ar gansxvavdebian maTgan, vinc aqtiurad monawileobs samuSao Zalis yidva-gayidvis procesSi. ase, rom Sromis bazari farTo gagebiT moicavs dasaqmebulebs da

41

umuSevrebs,3 romlebic ayalibeben samuSao Zalis erTobliv miwodebas da erTobliv moTxovnas. samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebiT da erToblivi moTxovniT ganisazRvreba Sromis bazris tevadoba. ekonomikis funqcionirebis yovel mocemul momentSi - dasaqmebis garkveuli donis pirobebSi ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis erTi nawili dakmayofilebulia samuSao adgilebiT, xolo meore nawili aqtiurad eZebs mas. swored es ukanaskneli ayalibebs mimdinare Sromis bazars anu Sromis bazars viwro gagebiT. mimdinare Sromis bazari Tavis mxriv moicavs Ria da farul Sromis bazrebs. Ria Sromis bazarze warmodgenilia erTi mxriv, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis is nawili, vinc eZebs samuSaos, xolo, meore mxriv, ekonomikis yvela seqtorSi arsebuli vakanturi samuSao adgilebi. faruli Sromis bazari aerTianebs formalurad dasaqmebul pirebs, romlebic warmoebis Semcirebis an struqturis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi pirvel rigSi gaTavisufldebian. Sromis bazars rogorc sabazro ekonomikis organul Semadgenel nawils, aqvs rTuli struqtura da funqcionirebs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis safuZvelze. Tanamedrove, civilizebuli Sromis bazris formirebisa da
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis sakiTxebi dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli me-4 TavSi.
3

42

funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia mTeli rigi elementebis arseboba. saxeldobr, misi Semadgeneli elementebia: _ Sromis bazris subieqtebi;' _ Sromis bazris subieqtebis mier miRebuli ekonomikuri programebi, gadawyvetilebebi da iuridiuli normebi; _ Sromis bazris koniunqtura; _ Sromis bazris infrastruqtura; _ socialuri dacvis sistema. Sromis bazris subieqtebia: damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi), romlebic SeiZleba warmodgenilni iqnen saxelmwifo organizaciebis, saaqcio sazogadoebebis, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebis, kooperativebis da a.S. saxiT; dasaqmebulebi (daqiravebuli momuSaveebi), visTvisac xelfasi Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaroa. aseve dasaqmebulTa is kategoria, romlebsac aqvT samuSao, magram emuqrebaT misi aSkara dakargvis safrTxe an eZeben axal samuSao adgils damatebiTi Semosavlis misaRebad; umuSevrebi, romlebsac ar aqvT samuSao da aqtiurad eZeben mas (isini SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc umuSevris statusis mqone moqalaqeebi, aseve pirebi, romlebic pirvelad gamodian Sromis bazarze an garkveuli Sesvenebis Semdeg surT aqtiur SromiT saqmianobaSi Cabma); saxelmwifo, romelic warmodgenilia xelisuflebis centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebis saxiT da asrulebs
43

socialur-ekonomikur, sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebel funqciebs. saxeldobr, astimulirebs axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas ekonomikis ama Tu im seqtorSi, SeimuSavebs ZiriTad iuridiul normebs da wesebs, aregulirebs Sromis bazars arapirdapiri meTodebiT, icavs misi yvela subieqtis interesebs da a.S. Sromis bazris normalurad funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, wesebi, normebi, romlebic daaregulireben Sromis bazris subieqtebs Soris urTierTobebs, zustad gansazRvraven maT uflebebs, Seqmnian momuSaveTa Sromis unaris realizaciisaTvis Tanabar SesaZleblobebs, xels Seuwyoben xelsayreli ekonomikuri garemos Seqmnas, dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis gatarebas. sakanonmdeblo aqtebis, iuridiul normebisa da wesebis, mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da socialuri dacvis programebis SemuSavebaSi socialuri partniorobis sistemis farglebSi monawileoben saxelmwifo, dasaqmebulTa warmomadgenlebi (umTavresad profesiuli kavSirebis saxiT) da damsaqmeblebi (mewarmeTa gaerTianebebi). Sromis bazris koniunqtura Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris Tanafardobaa. aRniSnuli Tanafardobidan gamomdinare, Sromis bazris koniunqtura SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes: samuSao Zalis deficitiT _ roca Sromis
44

bazarze moTxovna Warbobs samuSao Zalis miwodebas; samuSao Zalis siWarbiT _ roca Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis miwodeba Warbobs moTxovnas da wonasworobiT _ rodesac samuSao Zalaze moTxovna Seesabameba mis miwodebas. Sromis bazris infrastruqtura dasaqmebis samsaxurebis (rogorc saxelmwifo, ise arasaxelmwifo), proforientaciis, kadrebis profesiuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis centrebis, sareklamo firmebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da fondebis, firmebis sakadro samsaxurebis sistemaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs Sromis bazris normalur funqcionirebas. socialuri dacvis sistema Tanamedrove Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani elementia. sabazro pirobebSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa momuSaveTa garkveuli nawilis gamoTavisufleba da umuSevrobis arseboba. gamoTavisuflebul personals umuSevrobis periodSi Wirdeba finansuri daxmareba, gadamzadeba, raTa SeZlos SromiT saqmianobaSi xelaxali Cabma. amitom Sromis bazris funqcionireba srulyofili ver iqneba daxmarebebis (Semweobebis), gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi kompensaciebis, swavlis periodSi stipendiebis da a.S. gacemis gareSe.

3.2. Sromis bazris funqcionirebis meqanizmi

45

Sromis bazarze erTmaneTis pirispir wardgebian damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi) da Sromisunariani mosaxleobis is nawili, visac surs muSaoba. damsaqmeblebsa da samuSaos maZieblebs gansxvavebuli miznebi amoZravebT. maTi interesebis SeTanxmebas Sromis fasis (xelfasis) cvlilebis safuZvelze uzrunvelyofs Sromis bazris meqanizmi, romlis ZiriTadi elementebia: samuSao Zalaze moTxovna, samuSao Zalis miwodeba, Sromis fasi da konkurencia. samuSao Zalaze moTxovna mTlianad qveynis masStabiT (erToblivi moTxovna) ganisazRvreba drois mocemul momentSi produqciis (saqoneli da momsaxureba) warmoebisaTvis saWiro momuSaveTa ricxovnobiT. raodenobrivad igi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobisa da arsebuli vakansiebis jamis tolia. samuSao Zalaze mimdinare moTxovna ki ganisazRvreba vakanturi samuSao adgilebis Sesavsebad saWiro momuSaveebis raodenobiT. samuSao Zalis miwodeba gamoixateba ukve dasaqmebuli Sromisunariani mosaxleobisa da mosaxleobis im nawilis erTobliobiT, visac surs da SeuZlia muSaoba garkveuli droisa da anazRaurebis pirobebSi. samuSao Zalis mimdinare miwodeba raodenobrivad moicavs im pirTa erTobliobas, vinc SromiTi mowyobisaTvis mimarTavs

46

dasaqmebis samsaxurebs an uSualod organizaciebs. Sromis fasi (xelfasi) bazarze warmodgenilia xelfasis ganakveTis saxiT. misi sidide, upirveles yovlisa, damokidebulia mocemul momentSi garkveuli profesiis da kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalis moTxovnisa da miwodebis Tanafardobaze. Sromis bazris funqcionireba SesaZlebelia srulyofili (Tavisufali) konkurenciis, monofsoniis, oligofsoniis, profkavSirebis zemoqmedebis da ormxrivi monopoliis pirobebSi. srulyofili (Tavisufali) konkurenciis Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia konkretuli kvalifikaciis mqone samuSao Zalis daqiravebis msurveli firmebisa da aseve erTnairi kvalifikaciis mqone potenciuri momuSaveebis didi raodenobiT arseboba. damsaqmeblebi (damqiraveblebi) da samuSaos maZieblebi moqmedeben damoukideblad, SeuTanxmeblad - xelfasis ganakveTis gansazRvraSi. monofsoniad SeiZleba CaiTvalos iseTi situacia, roca dargSi garkveuli kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalis erTaderTi damqiravebelia. mocemuli specialobis da kvalifikaciis momuSaveebs ar SeuZliaT sxva samuSao adgilze muSaoba (profesiis Seucvlelad), xelfasis ganakveTs karnaxobs damqiravebeli firma da dargSi ar funqcionirebs profkavSirebi.
47

amrigad, monofsoniaSi igulisxmeba iseTi sabazro situacia, roca erTi myidvelis (damqiravebeli) pirispir dgas gamyidvelTa (potenciuri momuSaveebi) didi raodenoba. Sromis bazarze, rogorc wesi, monofsoniuri pirobebi iqmneba mcire qalaqebSi an iseT regionebSi, sadac praqtikulad momuSaveTa ZiriTadi masis damqiravebeli erTaderTi firma funqcionirebs. Tu bazarze damsaqmeblis (damqiraveblis) saxiT gamodis ramdenime firma, saqme exeba oligofsonias. profkavSirebis zemoqmedeba Sromis bazarze gamoixateba momuSaveTa interesebis dacvaSi. maTi saqmianobis mTavari mizania samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis gadideba da xelfasebis zrda. ormxrivi monopolia damaxasiaTebelia monofsoniuri Sromis bazrisaTvis, roca masze zemoqmedebs Zlieri dargobrivi profkavSirebi. monofsonisti firma cdilobs daawesos wonasworulze dabali xelfasis ganakveTi, xolo profkavSirebi piriqiT, cdiloben, xelfasi SeinarCunon wonasworulze maRal doneze. aRniSnulis Sedegad xelfasis ganakveTi da dasaqmebis done uaxlovdeba konkurentuli bazris pirobebs. Sromis bazris funqcionireba arsebiTad damokidebulia samuSao Zalis moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardobaze. amitom mizanSewonilia bazris meqanizmis am elementebis ufro detalurad ganxilva.
48

3.3 moTxovna-miwodeba Sromis bazarze

Sromis bazari, iseve rogorc nebismieri saqonlis an momsaxurebis bazari, funqcionirebs moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis safuZvelze. samuSao Zalaze moTxovna asaxavs mocemul momentSi ekonomikisaTvis saWiro garkveuli profesiis da kvalifikaciis momuSaveebis raodenobas. momuSaveTa saWiro raodenobidan nawili ukve dasaqmebulia, xolo meore nawilisaTvis samuSao adgilebi Tavisufalia, e.i. raodenobrivad samuSao Zalze moTxovna dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobisa da arsebuli vakansiebis jamiT ganisazRvreba. Sesabamisad, moTxovnis mrudi (D) Sromis bazarze (nax. 3.3.1) gamoxatavs momuSaveTa ra raodenobis daqiraveba surT damsaqmeblebs xelfasis garkveuli ganakveTis pirobebSi. samuSao Zalis miwodeba dasaqmebuli da muSaobis msurveli pirebis erTobliobiT gamoixateba. miwodebis mrudi (S) ki aCvenebs, samuSao Zalis ra raodenoba SeiZleba gavides Sromis bazarze xelfasis garkveuli ganakveTis pirobebSi.

49

nax. 3.2.1. moTxovna da miwodeba Sromis bazarze

garkveuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT xelfasi SeiZleba gaizardos (W2) donemde. am SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba samuSao Zalis miwodebac (miwodebis mrudze moZraoba) da damsaqmeblebi Seecdebian momuSaveTa naklebi raodenobis daqiravebas (moTxovnis mrudze moZraoba). roca xelfasi miaRwevs (W2) dones, samuSao Zalis miwodeba gadaaWarbebs masze moTxovnas, warmoiSoba konkurencia samuSao adgilebze pretendentebs Soris. bunebrivia, yvela msurveli ver miiRebs samuSao adgils, damsaqmeblebs SesaZlebloba aqvT SesTavazon maT dabali xelfasi da daiqiraon momuSaveebis sasurveli raodenoba. muSaobis msurvelTa nawili miiRebs samuSao adgilebs, xolo nawili kvlav daiwyebs mis Ziebas. roca xelfasi daiwevs wonasworul fasze dabla (W0), warmoiSoba samuSao Zalis deficiti. damsaqmeblebi iZulebulni iqnebian gazardon xelfasi damatebiTi momuSaveebis mozidvis mizniT. aRniSnulis Sedegad xelfasi kvlav gaizrdeba W1 donemde da Sromis bazari aRmoCndeba wonasworul mdgomareobaSi. amrigad, srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi, rodesac Sromis bazarze urTierTzemoqmedebs samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis didi raodenoba, xelfasis sabazro ganakveTi da dasaqmebulTa Sesabamisi ricxovnoba
50

ganisazRvreba samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad. xelfasis sabazro ganakveTis sidide (W1) da misi Sesabamisi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba (L1) Seesabameba moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertils (N ). Sromis bazris normaluri funqcionireba damokidebulia samuSao Zalis moTxovna-miwodebis optimalur Sesabamisobaze. moTxovnisa da miwodebis sruli harmonizacia, erTi mxriv, samuSao Zalis profesiul-kvalificiur Semadgenlobasa da, meore mxriv, arsebul samuSao adgilebs Soris, faqtobrivad, miuRwevadia. rogorc moTxovnaze, aseve samuSao Zalis miwodebaze uamravi faqtori moqmedebs. amitom mizanSewonilia zogierTi maTganis ufro detalurad ganxilva.

3.4. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi

sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia Tavisufali Sromis bazris arseboba, romlis pirobebSic TiToeul adamians SeuZlia Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gankargos sakuTari Sromis unari _ samuSao Zala. sabazro erTierTobebi uzrunvelyofs SromiTi
51

saqmianobis aqtivizacias da radikalurad cvlis SromiTi potencialis gamoyenebis efeqtianobas, Sromisadmi damokidebulebas, Sromis mwarmoeblurobasa da xarisxs. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, realurad mainc arsebobs garkveuli disbalansi samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris, rac ganapirobebs sazogadoebisaTvis metad arasasurvel movlenas _ ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis umuSevrobas. samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris Tanafardoba (Sromis bazris koniunqtura) Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, romelic sxvadasxva faqtorebis zegavleniT mudmivad icvleba. amitom saWiroa moTxovna-miwodebis Sesabamisobis sistematuri Seswavla da Sefaseba. saxeldobr: _ informaciis mopoveba da sistematizacia; _ samuSao Zalis miwodebasa da moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebis gamovlena; _ TiToeuli faqtoris mixedviT informaciis dajgufeba da ganzogadeba; _ analizis Sedegad gamovlenili Tanafardobebis da proporciebis aRwera da kanonzomierebebis dadgena; _ Sromis bazris funqcionirebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamovlena da sxva. samuSao Zalaze moTxovna agregirebuli maCvenebelia da masSi aisaxeba am
52

moTxovnis warmomSobi bevri ekonomikuri movlena da procesi. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmed faqtorebs pirobiTad yofen makro da mikroekonomikur faqtorebad, Tumca, erTmniSvnelovnad maTi gancalkeveba SeuZlebelia, radgan bevri faqtori orive doneze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens. Sromis mwarmoebluroba da bazris tipi samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. aRniSnuli faqtoris gavlenis axsna TvalsaCinoa konkurentul bazarze funqcionirebadi firmis magaliTze. cxadia, rom nebismieri firma daqiravebulTa raodenobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ra mogebas moitans TiToeuli damatebiTi momuSave. radgan mogeba Semosavlebsa da xarjebs Soris sxvaobaa, damatebiTi momuSavis daqiravebiT miRebuli mogeba iqneba mTlian SemosavalSi am momuSavis wvlilisa da misive xelfasis sxvaoba. mTlian SemosavalSi momuSavis wvlilis dasadgenad unda ganisazRvros zRvruli produqti da Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba. Sromis zRvrul produqtSi igulisxmeba produqciis moculobis namati, romelic momuSaveTa raodenobis erTi erTeuliT gazrdis Sedegia, xolo Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba miiReba Sromis zRvruli produqtis gamravlebiT warmoebuli produqciis fasze. aRsaniSnavia erTi Tavisebureba, romelic Sromis zRvruli produqtis klebadobiT
53

aris gamoxatuli _ rac ufro meti damatebiTi momuSave iqneba daqiravebuli, miT naklebia yoveli damatebiTi momuSavis mier Seqmnili zRvruli produqti. amitom, roca momuSaveTa raodenoba izrdeba, Sromis zRvruli produqti mcirdeba. paralelurad mcirdeba Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebac da roca igi gautoldeba konkurentuli bazris mier gansazRvrul xelfass, firmisaTvis Semdegi momuSavis daqiraveba sazaraloa. amgvarad, Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi firma momuSaveebs daiqiravebs manamde, vidre Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba xelfass ar gautoldeba. Sesabamisad, rac maRalia Sromis mwarmoebluroba, miT ufro meti momuSavis daqiraveba iqneba momgebiani konkurentul bazarze funqcionirebadi firmisaTvis. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi mniSvnelovani faqtorebidan, rogorc mikro, aseve makro doneze, aRsaniSnavia warmoebis moculoba. aRiarebulia, rom samuSao Zalaze moTxovna damokidebulia uSualod im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moTxovnaze, romelic iwarmoeba TviT am samuSao Zalis mier. amdenad, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, rac ufro metia moTxovna saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazarze, miT metia ama Tu im kvalifikaciis samuSao Zalaze moTxovna. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mTliani erovnuli produqtisa (mep) da mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) zrda warmoadgens samuSao
54

Zalaze moTxovnis zrdisa da, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofis ganmapirobebel faqtors. progresuli teqnologiebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom axali, progresuli teqnologiebi drois garkveul periodSi amcirebs samuSao Zalaze moTxovnas. xolo meore nawili miiCnevs, rom axali teqnologiebi ki ar amcirebs samuSao Zalaze moTxovnas, aramed cvlis dasaqmebis struqturas. ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba meore mosazrebas ufro adasturebs. teqnologiurma progresma am qveynebSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis didi masStabebiT zrda gamoiwvia, rasac samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis Semcirebis gareSe Tan axlda dasaqmebis efeqtianobis mniSvnelovani zrda. garda aRniSnulisa, progresuli teqnologiebis danergva yovelTvis ar iwvevs samuSao adgilebis gauqmebas. xSir SemTxvevaSi xdeba dabalkvalificiuri Sromis Senacvleba mmarTvelobiTi xasiaTis ufro maRalkvalificiuri SromiT. farTomasStabiani ekonomikuri programebis ganxorcieleba, saxeldobr, qveynis monawileoba saerTaSoriso programebSi da proeqtebSi mniSvnelovnad cvlis samuSao Zalaze mimdinare da perspeqtiul moTxovnas rogorc raodenobrivi, aseve xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT. amasTan,
55

aRsaniSnavia, rom erToblivi proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas, ukve uaxloes perspeqtivaSi moTxovna iqneba mxolod maRalkvalificiur samuSao Zalaze. samuSao Zalis kvalifikaciisadmi gazrdili moTxovnebis Sesabamisad mudmiv srulyofas saWiroebs specialistTa momzadeba-gadamzadebis sistemac. garda ganxilulisa, samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze zemoqmedebs mTeli rigi faqtorebi, romelTa gavlenis xarisxi damokidebulia Sromis bazris ganviTarebis doneze, saerTo-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, regionul specifikaze da a.S. samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze zemoqmedi sxva faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia: - momuSaveTa kvalifikacia; - vakanturi samuSao adgilebis cvlileba; - samuSao Zalis mobiluroba; - samewarmeo garemosa da sakanonmdeblo bazis gaumjobeseba; - mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisa- Tvis xelSewyoba; - samuSao Zalis, saqonlisa da momsaxure- bis konkurentunarianobis zrda; - investiciebis moculoba da struqtura; - mosalodneli dargobrivi da struqturuli cvlilebebi.
3.5 samuSao Zalis miwodeba da masze moqmedi faqtorebi
56

Sromis bazris koniunqturas samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasTan erTad gansazRvravs miwodeba. samuSao Zalis miwodeba uamravi faqtoris zegavleniT formirdeba, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: - xelfasis sidide; - gadasaxadebis ganakveTi; - socialuri daxmarebebis programebi; - Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenoba da sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqtura; - mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba; - mosaxleobis ganaTlebis done; - samuSao Zalis profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgenloba; - migraciuli nakadebi da a.S. socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis konkretul parametrebidan gamomdinare, Sromis bazarze CamoTvlili faqtorebis zemoqmedebis xarisxi gansxvavebulia calkeuli qveynebis mixedviT. samuSao Zalis miwodebaze moqmedi faqtorebis arsis asaxsnelad, mizanSewonilia zogierTi maTganis SedarebiT detalurad ganxilva. samuSao Zalis miwodebaze arsebiT gavlenas axdens xelfasis sidide (ganakveTi), rac ufro didia xelfasis ganakveTi, miT meti piri sTavazobs bazars
57

sakuTar samuSao Zalas (Sromis unars). amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom samuSao Zalis miwodebis sakiTxi calkeuli piris doneze anu gadawyvetileba SromiTi saqmianobaSi Cabmis Sesaxeb metad individualuria. xelfasis ganakveTis zrda garkveul donemde astimulirebs adamians, gazardos samuSao Zalis miwodeba, sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, imuSaos ufro meti drois ganmavlobaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs `Senacvlebis efeqti~. xelfasis ganakveTis Semdgomi zrdis pirobebSi, SeiZleba moxdes samuSao Zalis miwodebis Semcireba. individisaTvis Semosavlis zrdis kvalobaze izrdeba dasvenebis Rirebuleba da igi amcirebs samuSao drois xangrZlivobas. am SemTxvevaSi ukve adgili aqvs `Semosavlis efeqtis~ moqmedebas (aRwerili situacia warmodgenilia nax. 3.5.1-ze). realurad samuSao Zalis miwodebis reaqcia xelfasis momatebaze gamoixateba Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebis jamiT, Tumca winaswar imis gansazRvra, romeli efeqti iqneba ufro metad gamoxatuli, Znelia. Tu dominirebs Senacvlebis efeqti, xelfasis gazrdaze momuSave reagirebs samuSao Zalis miwodebis gazrdiT (muSaobs ufro meti drois ganmavlobaSi). Tu dominirebs Semosavlis efeqti, adamiani reagirebs xelfasis gazrdaze samuSao Zalis miwodebis SemcirebiT (es ukanaskneli miT ufro sagrZnobia, rac metia
58

sxva Semosavlebis roli momuSavis keTildReobis amaRlebaSi). Senacvlebis efeqti da Semosavlis efeqti xelfasis gadidebisas moqmedeben urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. urTierTzegavlena da urTierTwinaaRmdegoba SeuZlebels xdis samuSao Zalis miwodebis zust prognozirebas, xolo Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtis gaanalizeba ufro gawonasworebuli ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis saSualebas iZleva.

xelfasiW

Semosavlis efeqti

Senacvlebis efeqti
S

samuSao Zalis miwodeba L

nax. 3.5.1. samuSao Zalis miwodeba individis mier 59

samuSao Zalis miwodebaze gavlenas axdens gadasaxadebi da socialuri daxmarebebis programebi. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gavlena samuSao Zalis miwodebaze damokidebulia gadasaxadis saxeze da ganakveTze. rogorc proporciuli, aseve progresuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zegavlena samuSao Zalis miwodebaze araerTgvarovania. igi damokidebulia gadasaxadis ganakveTze da progresulobis xarisxze. socialuri daxmarebis programebi ZiriTadad emsaxureba mosaxleobis Semosavlebis saarsebo minimumis doneze SenarCunebas. socialuri daxmarebebis zegavlenis xarisxi samuSao Zalis miwodebaze damokidebulia mis formebsa da gacemis pirobebze. magaliTad, demogranti (daxmareba, romelic gaicema demografiuli niSnis mixedviT, keTildReobis donisagan damoukideblad) zrdis ojaxis Semosavals da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi amcirebs samuSao Zalis miwodebas. saarsebo minimumis zRvars qvemoT mcxovrebi ojaxis wevrebi, socialuri daxmarebis miuxedavad, aqtiurad eZeben samuSaos da kvlav samuSao Zalis mimwodeblebad rCebian. xelfasis subsidireba keTildReobis SesanarCuneblad gaweuli socialuri daxmarebebisagan gansxvavebiT, aZlierebs Sromis motivacias. igi SeiZleba gadaxdili iqnes
60

rogorc fiqsirebuli an procentuli danamati ZiriTad xelfasze. mastimulirebeli efeqti am SemTxvevaSi gamoixateba imaSi, rom Tu individi ar muSaobs, subsidiac ar gadaixdeba. amasTan, Tu is iwyebs muSaobas, misi Semosavali subsidiis gaTvalis- winebiT ufro maRali iqneba, vidre miiRebda mxolod sabazro xelfasis pirobebSi. samuSao Zalis miwodebaze uSualo gavlenas axdens Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raodenoba da maTi ekonomikuri aqtivoba. aRniSnuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebis axsna TvalsaCinoa saqarTvelos Sromis bazris magaliTze. saqarTveloSi bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi erToblivi samuSao Zala raodenobrivi parametrebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvne- lovnad Semcirda. 1990-iani wlebis Semdgom gansakuTrebiT gauaresda mosaxleobis bunebrivi da migraciuli moZraobis maCveneblebi. mosaxleobis ricxovnobis cvlileba bunebrivi matebis Semcirebisa da gare migraciis uaryofiTi saldos gamo aisaxa samuSao Zalis miwodebis struqturaze. im periodSi, rodesac saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 5 milion kacs aRemateboda, qveynis SromiTi resursebis raodenoba daaxloebiT 3,6 milion kacs Seadgenda. amJamad ki erToblivi samuSao Zalis raodenoba 2,1_2,2 milion kacs ar aWarbebs.

61

saqarTveloSi stabilurad maRalia mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivoba, rac zrdis samuSao Zalis miwodebas Sromis bazarze. mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivobis done ar CamorCeba evrokavSiris qveynebis analogiur maCveneblebs (saSualod 69%). amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom igi xSirad ar aisaxeba efeqtian dasaqmebaSi. saqarTveloSi uCveulod maRalia sapensio asaks gadacilebuli moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri aqtivoba. 65 wels gadacilebul mamakacTa daaxloebiT 57 da qalTa 41 procenti ekonomikurad aqtiuria, rac 12-jer aRemateba evrokavSiris qveynebSi mamakacTa da 20-jer qalTa ekonomikuri aqtivobis maCveneblebs. pensionerTa maRali ekonomikuri aqtivoba aseve zrdis samuSao Zalis miwodebas. civilizebuli qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mravalwliani gamocdileba adasturebs, rom samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis (dasaqmebis) racionalur struqturas arsebiTad sabazro meqanizmi gansazRvravs. gadawyvetilebas muSaobis da aqedan gamomdinare, samuSao Zalis miwodebis Sesaxeb yoveli individi damoukideblad iRebs. saxelmwifos roli Semoifargleba grZelvadian periodSi adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebiT, risTvisac aucilebelia Sromis bazris koniunqturaze moqmedi faqtorebis srulyofili analizi da maqsimalurad realuri prognozebis gakeTeba. samuSao Zalis
62

erToblivi miwodebis prognozirebis mizniT unda gaanalizdes informacia: 1. mTlianad qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb: mosaxleobis raodenoba; samuSao asakis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ricxovnoba sqesisa da ZiriTadi asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT; samuSao asakSi SemsvlelTa raodenoba; ojaxis struqtura da Semosavlebis done; mosaxleobis ricxovnoba socialurdemogra-fiuli jgufebis (axalgazrdebi, qalebi, pensione-rebi) mixedviT; profesiuli saswavleblebis kursdamTav-rebulTa ricxovnoba ZiriTadi profesiuli jgu-febis mixedviT. 2. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis Sesaxeb: ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxov-noba; ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawi-leba ekonomikuri statusis, profesiebisa da ganaTlebis mixedviT regionul, dargobriv, sqesobriv-asakobriv da qalaqi-soflis WrilSi; dasaqmebulTa ganawileba saqmianobis saxeebisa da seqtorebis mixedviT;

63

TviTdasaqmebulTa muSaobis xangrZlivoba da miRebuli Semosavlebi saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT; daqiravebulTa ganawileba regionebis, dar-gebis, seqtorebis mixedviT; daqiravebulTa ganawileba saSualo Tviuri xelfasebisa da namuSevari drois xangrZlivobis mixedviT; umuSevarTa struqtura da maTi ganawileba zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebis mixedviT. samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebis Sesaxeb saWiro informaciis miRebis wyaroebia: qveynis statistikuri samsaxurebis Sesabamisi monacemebi, Sinameurneobebisa da samuSao Zalis SerCeviTi gamok-vlevis masalebi, specialuri sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi.

3.6 Sromis bazris segmentacia

Sromis bazris segmentaciis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs TviT misi sirTulidan da specifikidan. inteleqtualuri da fizikuri Sromis farglebSi Sromis bazari moicavs samuSao Zalis sruliad gansxvavebul jgufebs. samuSao Zalis miwodebas axorcieleben rogorc umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone maRalkvalificiuri specialistebi, aseve sxvadasxva kategoriis kvalificiuri Tu arakvalificiuri muSebi da
64

momsaxure personali. amitom mizanSewonilia Sromis bazris dayofa garkveul seqtorebad, zonebad. Sromis bazris segmentacia gulisxmobs momuSaveebisa da samuSao adgilebis dayofas Caketil da myar seqtorebad, zonebad, romlebiTac Semofarglulia samuSao Zalis mobiluroba. Sromis bazris calkeul segmentze Tavmoyrilia garkveuli profesiis da specialobis mxolod erTmaneTis konkurenti momuSaveebi. isini konkurencias ver uweven sxva segmentis momuSaveebs. Sromis bazris segmentebidan unda gamoiyos pirveladi da meoradi Sromis bazrebi. pirveladi Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia stabiluri dasaqmeba, xelfasis maRali ganakveTi, progresuli teqnologiebi da marTvis Tanamedrove sistemebi, profesiuli zrdisa da samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebis SesaZlebloba, Zlieri profkavSirebis arseboba. meoradi Sromis bazari ki xasiaTdeba sapirispiro niSnebiT: arastabiluri dasaqmebiTa da kadrebis denadobiT, xelfasis dabali ganakveTiT, profesiuli zrdis baklebi SesaZleblobiT da profkavSirebis ararsebobiT. Sromis bazris segmentacia gulisxmobs Sromis Siga da gare bazrebis gamijvnas (gamoyofas). gare bazari axasiaTebs samuSao Zalis myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis urTierTobas
65

qveynis, regionis an ekonomikis romelime seqtoris masStabiT da uzrunvelyofs momuSaveTa ganawilebas Sromis gamoyenebis sferoebis mixedviT. igi xels uwyobs agreTve momuSaveTa gadaadgilebas erTi samuSao adgilidan meoreze. gare Sromis bazarze funqcionirebs dargobrivi an profesiuli niSniT Camoyalibebuli profkavSirebi. Sromis Siga bazari SemosazRvrulia erTi sawarmoTi da formirdeba momuSaveTa gadaadgilebiT erTi Tanamdebobidan meoreze sawarmos farglebSi. Sromis Siga bazarze xelfasi da samuSao Zalis ganawileba ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba administraciuli wesebiT da procedurebiT, mniSvnelovania profkavSirebis zegavlena da dasaqmebac metadaa garantirebuli Sromis gare bazarTan SedarebiT. amasTan, Tu gare Sromis bazari mniSvnelovanwilad funqcionirebs kadrebis denadobis meSveobiT, Siga bazari piriqiT, xels uwyobs denadobis Semcirebas. Siga bazari ZiriTadad orientirebulia konkretul sawarmoSi specializebul momuSaveebze. garkveuli gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, Sromis gare da Siga bazrebi mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni. Sromis bazris segmentacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Sromisunariani mosaxleobis sxvadasxva socialur-demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT da gamoiyos qalTa, axalgazrdobis, invalidTa da
66

pensionerTa Sromis bazari. aseve socialurekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT _ ganaTlebis done, profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgenloba, muSaobis staJi; sakuTrebis formebis mixedviT -saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo. dasaqmebis legalurobis TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia Sromis bazris formaluri da araformaluri seqtorebis gamoyofa. Sromis bazris mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia moqniloba -Sromis bazris Seguebis unari ekonomikis struqturul gardaqmnebTan, rac ganapirobebs cvlilebebs xelfasis doneSi, gamoyenebuli samuSao Zalis raodenobriv-xarisxobriv SemadgenlobaSi da a. S.

3.7. Sromis bazris formirebis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval qveynebSi Sromis bazris formirebis reJims da Taviseburebebs ramdenime ZiriTadi faqtori ganapirobebda: saxelmwifos metismetad gazrdili roli, saxelmwifo sakuTrebis uaRresad maRali wili, samuSao Zalis mobilurobis SezRudva, regulirebadi dasaqmeba da xelfasi da a.S. praqtikulad yoveli postsocialisturi qveynisa da, maT Soris, saqarTvelosTvis,
67

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis sawyis etapzeve erT-erT umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda samuSao Zalis centralizebuli ganawilebis sistemis gauqmeba, misi Secvla samuSao Zalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebiT, umuSevarTa daxmarebis efeqtiani sistemis formireba da dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis RonisZiebebis gatareba. Aaseve, gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgenda xelfasebis centralizebulad dadgenis wesis gauqmeba da koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis sistemis danergva. saqarTveloSi sistemuri xasiaTis reformebi daiwyo sruli ekonomikuri kolafsis pirobebSi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg axladformirebuli qveynis ekonomika, faqtobrivad paralizebuli aRmoCnda, radgan igi partniorebisa da gasaRebis bazrebis gareSe darCa. imavdroulad, gaRrmavda safinanso, resursuli, socialuri krizisebi, erTimeoris miyolebiT gamwvavda eTnokonfliqtebi. aseT pirobebSi qveynis samuSao Zala ufunqciod da uperspeqtivod darCa. imis nacvlad, rom samuSao asakSi myof adamianebs aqtiuri monawileoba mieRoT qveynis aRmSeneblobaSi, isini TviTon aRmoCdnen socialurad daucveli mosaxleobis kategoriaSi. saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, umZimes socialur_ekonomikur pirobebSic ki, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma civilizebuli Sromis bazris formirebis ZiriTadi amocanebi sistemuri reformebis dawyebidan ramdenime
68

wlis Semdeg, mtkivneulad, magram mainc warmatebiT gadaWres. rasakvirvelia, am saqmeSi didi roli Seasrula aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiis qveynebis gansxvavebulma tradiciebma Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi_ aq profkavSirebi sakmaod Zlieri iyo da Sromis bazris funqcionirebis garkveuli meqanizmic arsebobda. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo is garemoeba, rom aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs metnaklebad normaluri sastarto socialur-ekonomikuri done gaaCndaT da, rac mTavaria, msoflio Tanamegobrobis mier gaweuli finansuri daxmareba mizanmimarTulad iqna gamoyenebuli. gansxvavebul pirobebSi aRmoCnda saqarTvelo. xangrZlivi ekonomikuri stagnacia, socialuri problemebis gamwvaveba, sistemuri reformebis gaWianureba mraval sxva faqtorTan erTad ganapirobebda uZraobas Sromis bazarze. ufro metic, stagnaciiT TviT Sromis bazris formirebac xasiaTdeba _ rogorc samuSao Zalis yidva-gayidvis procesis, aseve institucionaluri TvalsazrisiT. saqarTvelosaTvis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier gamocxadebuli mxardaWera da ekonomikuri daxmarebebi, marTalia, masStabiT aSkarad Camouvardeboda aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiispireTis qveynebisaTvis gaweul daxmarebas, magram igi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo Cveni qveynis winaSe mdgari umwvavesi socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis
69

gadasawyvetad mokle da saSualovadian periodSi. rigi obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebis gamo saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis ekonomikuri daxmarebebis didi nawili socialuri problemebis Serbilebas moxmarda (an saerTod, aramiznobrivad iqna gamoyenebuli) da ara axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, an ukve funqcionirebadi sawarmoebis reabilitacias. gasagebi mizezebis gamo amave miznebis realizaciisaTvis ver moxerxda Sinagani rezervebis akumulacia (dagrovebis ararsebobis gamo). sabolood, miviReT xangrZlivi da masStaburi stagnacia ekonomikuri saqmianobis yvela segmentSi, rac yvelaze negatiurad Sromis bazris formirebaze aisaxa. saqarTveloSi erToblivi samuSao Zala, raodenobrivi parametrebis TvalsazrisiT, demografiuli faqtorebisa da gare migraciis zegavleniT sagrZnoblad gauaresda. mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis dabali done da gare SromiTi migraciis didi masStabebi garkveul `SeRavaTs~ aZlevs Sromis bazars, Tumca, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis nawili gadauWrel problemebs awydeba da wlebis ganmavlobaSi ver axerxebs stabilur dasaqmebas. erToblivi samuSao Zalis raodenobriv parametrebis gauaresebas Tan axlavs samuSao Zalis stuqturis deformirebac. qveyana intensiuri gare migraciis gamo
70

kargavs axalgazrda, mobilur, iniciativian adamianebs, vinc aqtiur SromiT saqmianobas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi eweva da bunebrivia, ekonomikur dovlaTsac iq qmnis. samuSao Zalis raodenobriv_struqturuli parametrebis gauaresebasTan erTad daeca samuSao Zalis nawilis kvalificiuri donis amsaxveli maxasiaTeblebi. aTeul aTasobiT kvalificiuri specialisti sistematurad an periodulad mainc iyo mowyvetili Sesaferis samuSaos, maTi nawili ki, iZulebuli iyo, daewyo SromiTi saqmianoba sxva sferoSi. Sedegi bunebrivia, savalaloa _ aTiaTasobiT specialistma Sesaferisi SromiTi sarbielis gareSe, faqtobrivad, sruli dekvalifikacia ganicada da dakarga aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili codna da gamocdileba (iaponuri da zogierTi sxva maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis menejmentis praqtikaSi miRebulia Teza _ Tu pirovneba 5 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi aRar muSaobs Sesaferis samuSaoze, igi aRar iTvleba am dargis profesionalad). rac Seexeba dakarguli profesiisa da kvalifikaciis sanacvlod axali profesiisa da gamocdilebis SeZenis dadebiT Sedegebs, amaze pasuxi calsaxaa _ axali profesia mxolod mcire nawilma aiTvisa. umravlesobisaTvis SromiTi saqmianobis sakvalifikacio maCveneblebi gauaresebulia. Sromis bazris formirebaze uaRresad negatiur zegavlenas axdenda specialistebis
71

momzadebis qveyanaSi moqmedi sistema. aTeulobiT profesiis samuSao Zalaze ekonomikis moTxovnis ararsebobis pirobebSi, yvela tipis saswavlebeli (upirveles yovlisa umaRlesi saswavleblebi) amzadebda aTasobiT axalgazrdas `prestiJuli~ specialobebis mixedviT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, erTi mxriv, erovnul meurneobaSi samuSao Zalaze arsebuli moTxovnis masStabebs da misi cvlilebis Taviseburebebs da, meore mxriv, momzadebuli specialistebis realur konkurentunarianobas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom umaRlesi skola, faqtobrivad, `diplomian umuSevrebs~ amzadebda. umaRlesi ganaTlebis damadasturebeli diplomebiT aRWurvili axalgazrda specialistebis didi nawili seriozul uaryofiT zewolas axdenda Sromis bazarze. bazris mxridan moTxovnadi specialobis safuZvlianad mcodne axalgazrdebi, mcirericxovnobis gamo, Sromis bazris saerTo suraTs samuSao Zalis miwodebis TvalsazrisiT ver cvlida. saqarTveloSi arc samuSao Zalis erToblivi moTxovna gamoirCeva STambeWdavi masStabebiT. saxelmwifo marTva, Tavdacva, ganaTlebis sfero, janmrTelobis dacva, socialuri uzrunvelyofa, safinanso-sakredito, kavSirgabmulobis dawesebulebebi, rkinigza da ekonomikisa da momsaxurebis zogierTi sxva sfero praqtikulad gajerebulia samuSao Zalis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT.
72

samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis SedarebiT maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva soflis meurneoba. realurad es imis gamo xdeba, rom soflad mcxovrebni dakavebulni arian sakuTar an ijariT aRebul miwis nakveTebze sasoflo_sameurneo saqmianobiT. soflis meurneobaSi saqmianobac xSirad dabalmwarmoebluri, araefeqtiani da arasrulia. Sromis bazris formirebis da, aqedan gamomdinare, funqcionirebis sirTuleebze miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom xSiria Seusabamoba dauflebul profesiasa da dakavebul Tanamdebobas Soris ekonomikis rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi. damsaqmeblebisa da samuSaos maZieblebisaTvis ar aris xelmisawvdomi srulfa-sovani informacia konkretuli kvalifikaciisa da profesiis mqone samuSao Zalisa da vakanturi samuSao adgilebis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom uaxloes perspeqtivaSi saqarTvelos Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdis yvelaze realur gzas samewarmeo saqmianobis liberalizaciis programa iZleva, romlis ganxorcielebis procesSi Seqmnili axali samuSao adgilebi samuSaos maZiebelTa garkveul kategorias dasaqmebisa da SromiT asparezze gasvlis saSualebas miscems. warmodgenili argumentebi kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos Sromis bazari mxolod formirebis stadiazea. Sromis bazris
73

formirebasa da funqcionirebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgomareoba, ekonomikuri zrdis tempi da rigi makroekonomikuri faqtori. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gadaWriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom makroekonomikuri stabilurobisa da ekonomikuri zrdis gareSe SeuZlebelia Sromis bazris normaluri funqcionireba, samuSao adgilebisa da Sesabamisad, dasaqmebis zrda. saqarTveloSi Sromis bazris formirebasa da funqcionirebas arTulebs rigi garemoebebic: _ bolo or aTwleulSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala qveynis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ricxovnoba, Semadgenloba, struqtura, ganaTlebis done; _ ar arsebobs dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis aRricxvis srulyofili sistema da Sromis bazrisKkvlevas fragmentuli xasiaTi aqvs; _ umuSevrobis done saqarTvelos regionebSi xelovnurad aris Semcirebuli soflis meurneobaSi araefeqtiani dasaqmebiT. _ umuSevarTa rigebSi maRalia umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone specialistebis wili da aRniSnuli maCvenebeli stabiluria wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom miRebuli ganaTleba, ZiriTadad, misi dabali xarisxis gamo, naklebad icavs moqalaqes umuSevrobis riskisagan;
74

_ qveynisaTvis tipiuri gaxda Sromis bazris iseTi koniunqtura, sadac samuSao Zalis miwodeba mkveTrad aRemateba moTxovnas, umuSevroba maRali doniTa da xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba, rac seriozul problemebs warmoSobs rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT.

75

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. daaxasiaTeT Sromis bazris arsi da misi

elementebi; 2. CamoayalibeT Sromis bazris Taviseburebebi; 3. axseniT Sromis bazris funqcionirebis meqanizmi; 4. daaxasiaTeT samuSao Zalis moTxovnaze moqmedi faqtorebi; 5. axseniT samuSao Zalis miwodebis arsi da miwodebaze moqmedi faqtorebi; 6. ras gulisxmobs `Semosavlis efeqti~ da `Senacvlebis efeqti~? 7. ras gulisxmobs Sromis bazris segmentacia? 8. mokled daaxasiaTeT Sromis bazris segmentebi; 9. axseniT Sromis pirveladi da meoradi bazris arsi; 10. CamoayalibeT Sromis bazris formirebis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi.

76

77

Tavi 4. dasaqmeba da umuSevroba

4.1. umuSevrobis arsi da saxeebi

ekonomikur literaturaSi dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi socialur-ekonomikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriuli Sexedulebebis formireba Sromis bazris TeoriasTan mWidro kavSirSi mimdinareobs. aseTi midgoma saSualebas iZleva dadgindes is kanonzomierebebi, romlebic xsnian dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis donesa da dinamikas, maTze moqmed faqtorebs, umuSevrobis warmoSobis mizezebs, misi gamovlenis formebsa da socialur-ekonomikur Sedegebs. umuSevroba sabazro ekonomikis ganuyofeli movlenaa, rac imiT aixsneba, rom dinamiur sazogadoebas esaWiroeba sivrce Sromis bazarze. aseT sivrced, ekonomistebi samuSao Zalis siWarbes miiCnevdnen da miuTiTebdnen, rom misi garkeuli doniT arseboba sruliad dasaSvebia sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi. amdenad, umuSevrobis garkveuli donis arseboba Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis gardauval Tvisebas warmoadgens. umuSevroba, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri movlena axasiaTebs im dausaqmebel adamianTa kategorias, romlebic Sromis bazarze wonasworobis mudmivi ryevis
78

Sedegad, moklebulni arian muSaobis SesaZleblobebs. Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis standartebidan gamomdinare, adamiani umuSevrad rom CaiTvalos, erTdroulad unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs: 1. iyos ,,samuSaos gareSe~ e.i. ar gaaCndes anazRaurebadi samuSao garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi; 2. ,,mzad iyos mocemul momentSi muSaobisaTvis~ e.i. mzad iyos imuSaos daqiravebiT an TviTon dasaqmdes; 3. ,,eZebdes samuSaos~ e.i. konkretul RonisZiebebs axorcielebdes anazRau-rebadi samuSaos mosaZebnad. konkretuli pirobebidan gamomdinare, umuSevroba SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva saxis. umuSevrobis calkeuli saxeebis gamoyofis safuZvels misi gamomwvevi mizezebis sxvadasxvaoba warmoadgens. umuSevrobis Semdeg ZiriTad saxeebs gamoyofen: friqciuli, struqturuli da cikluri umuSevroba. Tumca, zogierTi avtori miuTiTebs aseve teqnologiur, sezonur, institucionalur da sxva saxis umuSevrobaze. friqciuli umuSevroba _ esaa moklevadiani umuSevroba, romelic warmoiSoba momuSavis erTi samuSaodan adgilidan meoreze gadasvlisas, roca igi ,,or samuSaos~ Soris mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. mas miekuTvneba aseve Sromisunariani
79

mosaxleobis droebiTi dausaqmebloba, rodesac momuSave pirvelad gadis Sromis bazarze an ubrundeba mas. friqciuli umuSevrobis warmoSobis mizezi SeiZleba aixsnas Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dinamiurobiT, informaciuli nakadebis arasrulfasovnebiT. informacia vakanturi samuSao adgilebisa da maT Sesaxeb, vinc eZebs samuSaos, SeuZlebelia, Sefasebuli iqnas momentalurad, amitom dausaqmebeli momuSaveebi da damqiraveblebi maSinve ver pouloben erTmaneTs, ris gamoc adamiani iZulebulia, garkveuli droiT iyos samuSaos gareSe. drois es monakveTi aucilebelia, raTa moxdes damsaqmeblebisa da momuSaveebis urTierTdakavSireba. es garemoeba warmoadgens friqciuli umuSevrobis warmoSobis mizezs. struqturuli umuSevroba friqciulisagan gansxvavebiT, droSi ufro met xans grZeldeba da ganpirobebulia samuSao adgilebisa da momuSaveTa profesiul-kvalificiur struqturaSi arsebuli gansxvavebiT. struqturuli umuSevrobis ZiriTadi mizezi ekonomikaSi mimdinare struqturuli Zvrebia. warmoebis struqturis cvlileba calkeuli dargebisa da sferoebs Soris Tanafardobis cvlilebaSi aisaxeba. zogierT maTgans swrafi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi uCndeba, izrdeba moTxovna maT mier warmoebul produqciaze, rasac Tan sdevs investiciebis moculobis
80

gadideba da dasaqmebis donis amaRleba. amis paralelurad, zogierTi dargi ukve ver axorcielebs konkurentunariani produqciis warmoebas, iZulebuli, Seamciros warmoebis masStabebi da dasaqmebis done, romelic iwvevs momuSaveTa gamoTavisuflebas da umuSevarTa rigebis gadidebas. am SemTxvevaSi struqturuli cvlilebebi ganapirobeben samuSao Zalis gadanawilebas warmoebis calkeuli dargebsa da sferoebs Soris, romelic yovelTvis garkveul sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli da zogierT SemTxvevaSi momuSaveebisagan ar marto dargobriv-profesiul, aramed teritoriul mobilobasac moiTxovs. amitom umuSevarTa rigebSi SeiZleba aRmoCndnen ara marto is adamianebi, romlebic ver pouloben sakuTari profesiisa da kvalifikaciis Sesabamis samuSaos, aramed isinic, visac garkveuli mdgomareobis gamo ar SeuZlia sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla. struqturuli umuSevrobis erT-erT nairsaxeobad ganixilaven teqnologiur umuSevrobas, romlis warmoSobis mizezs mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi warmoadgens. am ukanasknelis gavlena dasaqmebasa da umuSevrobaze mravalmxrivia, igi gansxvavebulad zemoqmedebs warmoebisa Tu momsaxurebis sferoze. mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis gavlena umuSevrobaze vlindeba imaSi, rom axali teqnikis danergvisa da Sromis
81

mwarmoeblurobis zrdis Sedegad iqmneba pirobebi garkveuli raodenobis momuSaveebis gamoTavisuflebisaTvis, rac sabolood, ganapirobebs momuSaveebze moTxovnis Semcirebas. meore mxriv, maRalmwarmoebluri teqnologiis danergvis Sedegad ekonomikis axali da zogierTi tradiciuli dargebis gafarToeba iwvevs samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis gadidebas da, Sesabamisad, dasaqmebis donis amaRlebas. sabolood, dasaqmebasa da umuSevrobaze mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis gavlenas winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs da misi ganviTareba iqamde midis, rom warmoebis procesidan momuSaveTa gamoTavisuflebis tendencia sabolood ufro Zlieri aRmoCndeba misi mizidvis tendenciasTan SedarebiT. amasTan, umuSevarTa rigebs upiratesad isini avseben, romelTa profesiul-kvalificiuri momzadebis done ver pasuxobs warmoebis mzard moTxovnebs. friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevroba ekonomikis dinamiuri ganviTarebis pirobebSi savsebiT bunebrivi da amavdroulad misaRebi movlenaa, ramdenadac uSualod ekonomikis ganviTarebis principebidan gamomdinareobs. friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevroba SeiZleba warmoiSvas maSinac ki, roca mTlianobaSi samuSao Zalaze (Sromaze) erToblivi moTxovna miwodebis tolia. friqciuli
82

umuSevroba warmoiSoba Sromis bazris dinamiurobisa da informaciuli nakadebis arasrulyofilebis gamo, xolo struqturuli umuSevroba _ samuSao Zalaze (Sromaze) moTxovnasa da miwodebaSi teritoriuli da profesiuli disproporciis Sedegad. sazogadoebaSi sruli dasaqmebis miRweva ar gamoricxavs friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevrobis arsebobas. ufro metic, umuSevrobis problemebis kvlevaSi didi adgili ukavia umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis kategoriis analizs, romelic swored friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevrobis jams warmoadgens. umuSevrobis bunebrivi done ar aris mudmivi sidide. masze zemoqmedebs ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi, samuSao Zalis struqturis cvlileba, sazogadoebis demografiuli ganviTarebis tendenciebi, socialuri garantiebi da socialuri dacvis done, profkavSirebis saqmianoba da a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom umuSevrobis faqtobrivi done mis bunebriv dones, umetes SemTxvevaSi, aRemateba. gansxvaveba maT Soris arsebiTia ekonomikuri aqtiurobis daqveiTebis periodSi, roca umuSevroba ciklur xasiaTs iZens da romlis daZlevac did sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom umuSevroba qveynis makroekonomikuri arastabilurobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia, am socialurekonomikur movlenas mkacri kvalifikacia eZleva mxolod maSin, rodesac umuSevobis

83

done sayovelTaod dadgenil (msoflio praqtikaSi miRebul) bunebriv zRvars aRemateba. cikluri umuSevroba gamowveulia ekonomikuri ciklis im stadiiT, romelic xasiaTdeba erToblivi danaxarjebis dabali doniT, roca saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovna mcirdeba, mniSvnelovnad ecema warmoebisa da dasaqmebis done, izrdeba momuSaveebis gamoTavisuflebis masStabebi, Sesabamisad adgili aqvs umuSevrobis donis mkveTr gadidebas. aseT umuSevrobas cikluri umuSevrobas uwodeben, masSi yvelaze naTlad aisaxeba is damokidebuleba, romelsac adgili aqvs warmoebis dinamikasa da momuSaveTa saqmian aqtiurobas Soris. cikluri umuSevrobis masStabebis zrda metad uaryofiTi movlenaa, romelic mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da socialur danakargebs iwvevs sazogadoebaSi. cikluri umuSevrobis zrdis Tavidan acileba nebismieri qveynis socialurekonomikuri ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi prioritetia. umuSevrobis klasifikaciaSi garkveuli adgili ukavia sezonur umuSevrobas. igi damaxasiaTebelia calkeuli dargebisaTvis, rogoricaa: soflis meurneoba, nawilobriv mSenebloba da sxv. am dargebis sawarmoebs SeuZliaT sruli datvirTviT imuSaon ramdenime Tves, sxva dros isini mkveTrad amcireben an saerTod wyveten saqmianobas, rac bunebrivi pirobebiTaa gamowveuli. intensiuri muSaobis
84

periodSi aRniSnuli dargis sawarmoebSi adgili aqvs momuSaveebis masobriv daqiravebas, xolo samuSaoTa Semcirebis periodSi _ masobriv daTxovnas. sezonuri umuSevroba garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba: _ Tavisi warmoSobis mizezebiT igi axlosaa ciklur umuSevrobasTan; _ umuSevroba mniSvnelovanwilad nebayoflobiTi xasiaTisaa; _ sezonuri xasiaTis dargis sawarmoebi momuSaveebs maRal anazRaurebas uxdian, riTac garkveulwilad axdenen umuSevrobis riskis kompensacias. rac ufro metia mosalodneli sezonuri umuSevrobis vadebi, miT ufro maRalia anazRaureba. umuSevrobis saxeebis daxasiaTebisas mizanSewonilia aseve nawilobrivi umuSevrobis ganxilva. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc miuTiTebda mis arsebobaze iyo a. pigu. igi umuSevrobis aRniSnuli saxis arsebobas ekonomikuri aqtiurobis daqveiTebis pirobebSi mewarmeebis qcevis sam SesaZlo SemTxvevas ukavSirebda: - momuSaveebisaTvis sruli samuSao drois SenarCuneba; - momuSaveebisaTvis monacvleobiT muSaobis SesaZleblobebis micema sruli samuSao drois pirobebSi; - yvela dasaqmebulisaTvis samuSao drois Semcireba.
85

mewarmeebis qcevis pirveli varianti iwvevs srul umuSevrobas, xolo meore da mesame _ nawilobriv umuSevrobas, rac pigus azriT, ufro misaRebia, radgan srul umuSevrobas mivyavarT erovnuli dividendis srul dakargvamde da samuSao Zalis xarisxis daqveiTebamde. umuSevrobis ganxiluli saxeebi Ria umuSevrobas ganekuTvneba. maT garda, literaturaSi gamoiyofa aseve faruli umuSevrobis kategoria, romelic warmoiSoba sawarmoebSi momuSaveTa arasruli gamoyenebiT. kerZod, arasruli samuSao kviris an arasruli samuSao dRis pirobebSi muSaobisas, an im SemTxvevaSi, roca momuSaveebi iZulebulni arian, gavidnen anazRaurebis gareSe (uxelfaso) SvebulebaSi.
4.2. dasaqmeba, rogorc socialurekonomikuri kategoria

dasaqmeba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmnis safuZvels warmoadgens, maszea damokidebuli mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, sazogadoebis danaxarjebis sidide momuSaveTa momzadebis, gadamzadebisa da SromiTi mowyobis sferoSi. dasaqmebaSi aisaxeba mosaxleobis socialuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti, romelic Sromis
86

sferoSi misi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi dasaqmebis procesis sabazro xasiaTi gamomdinareobs Semdegi fundamentaluri principebis realizaciidan: - Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferos Tavisufali arCevanis uzrunvelyofa, rodesac pirovnebas ufleba aqvs, Tavisuflad airCios, miiRos Tu ara monawileoba sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo SromaSi. am principis ganxorcielebisaTvis Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna saxelmwifos mxridan; - iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalva; - dasaqmebis sferoSi socialuri daxmarebis meqanizmebis amoqmedeba, romlis mizani iqneba Sromis bazarze arsebuli naklebkonkurentunariani fenebisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva SromiTi mowyobis procesSi. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, SromiTi urTierToba warmoiSoba mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegad miRweuli SeTanxmebiT. SromiTi urTierTobebis subieqtebi SeiZleba iyvnen: damqiravebeli, daqiravebuli da daqiravebulTa gaerTianeba. amasTan, SromiT urTierTobaSi kanoniT akrZalulia nebismieri saxis diskriminacia rasis, kanis feris, enis, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebis, erovnebis, religiuri, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebis gamo.
87

literaturaSi dasaqmebis mravali ganmarteba arsebobs. maTTvis saerTo aris is, rom ,,dasaqmebis~ cneba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia adamianis SromiT saqmianobaSi monawileobasTan. zogierT SemTxvevaSi dasaqmeba ganixileba mxolod rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria: ,,rogorc mosaxleobis funqcionaluri maxasiaTebeli, romelic gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi Sromis procesSi misi (mosaxleobis) Cabmis xarisxs da saqmianobis konkretuli saxeebisa da formebis mixedviT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ganawilebis saboloo Sefasebas 4 warmoadgens ~. dasaqmebis, rogorc ekonomikuri kategoriis Seswavla or arguments emyareba: pirveli dakavSirebulia konkretuli adamianis dasaqmebasTan, meore _ saxelmwifos rolTan dasaqmebis pirobebis uzrunvelyofaSi. konkretul adamianTan mimarTebaSi dasaqmeba SeiZleba daiyos: _ garantirebulad, rodesac adamiani, visac surs muSaoba, uzrunvelyofilia samuSaoTi; _ ugarantiod, rodesac ar arsebobs ekonomikuri pirobebi, raTa TiToeuli adamiani, romelsac Sromis unari da survili gaaCnia, dakmayofildes samuSaoTi. dasaqmebis pirobebis uzrunvelyofaSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba saxelmwifos, rac
4

. . , . . , . . . . ., 2000. gv.70.

88

imiTaa gamowveuli, rom dasaqmebis buneba ganpirobebulia ara marto individis SromisunarianobiT, asakiT an muSaobis surviliT, aramed pirovnebis SromiTi miswrafebebis realizaciis SesaZleblobebiT. mokled, saxelmwifoSi adamianTa SromiTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebisa da pirobebis arsebobiT. swored igi warmoadgens dasaqmebis ZiriTad wanamZRvars. dasaqmeba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia adamianebis warmoebis procesSi monawileobasTan, magram ar unda moxdes misi socialuri mxaris daknineba. es imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom dasaqmeba moicavs ara marto adamianis saqmianobis ekonomikur mxares, aramed mTlianad misi sasicocxlo saqmianobis yvela sferos. amdenad, es cneba gacilebiT ufro farToa, vidre misi ekonomikuri an Tundac samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi. adamiani, misi materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis done pirdapiraa damokidebuli dasaqmebidan miRebul Semosavalze. aRniSnulidan gamimdinare, dasaqmeba ganxiluli unda iqnes rogorc umniSvnelovanesi socialur-ekonomikur kategoria, romelic gavlenas axdens rogorc calkeuli individis, aseve mTeli sazogadoebis keTildReobis doneze. dasaqmebas ara marto ekonomikuri, aramed mniSvnelovani socialuri da demografiuli datvirTva gaaCnia.
89

amgvarad, dasaqmeba ara marto ekonomikur, aramed mniSvnelovan socialur kategorias warmoadgens. igi arsebiT rols asrulebs qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis donis amaRlebaSi, TiToeul adamianSi profesiuli SesaZleblobebis formirebasa da ganviTarebSi. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dasaqmeba momuSaveebis ara marto anazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebiT uzrunvelyofaa, aramed sazogadoebis erToblivi SromiTi potencialis gamoyenebis erT-erTi maCvenebelicaa. dasaqmeba adamianis socialuri ganviTarebis iseT umniSvnelovanes aspeqtebs axasiaTebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia Sromis sferoSi misi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan. am poziciidan gamomdinare, dasaqmeba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc moqalaqeebis sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmianoba, romelic dakavSirebulia piradi da sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan da romelsac, rogorc wesi, moaqvs fuladi Semosavali. dasaqmebis ekonomikuri Sinaarsi aisaxeba yoveli momuSavis SesaZleblobaSi sakuTari SromiT uzrunvelyos misi da ojaxis wevrebis materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, xolo socialuri _ sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmianobaSi monawileobis gziT Seqmnas pirobebi
90

pirovnebis formirebisa da misi yovelmxrivi ganviTarebisaTvis. dasaqmeba warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac momuSave tovebs Sromis bazaars (viwro gagebiT) da iwyeba misi SromiTi momsaxurebis gamoyeneba. igi asaxavs Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ra nawili monawileobs sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo SromaSi. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom ,,dasaqmeba~ da ,,Sroma~ ganxilul iqnas identuri mniSvnelobis mqone cnebebad. Sroma qveynis simdidris Seqmnis wyaroa, romelic mis socialur-ekonomikur progress uzrunvelyofs. Sroma, SromiTi saqmianoba _ es, upirveles yovlisa, procesia, romlis drosac garkveuli SromiTi unar-Cvevebisa da kvalifikaciis mqone adamiani zemoqmedebs Sromis sagnebze winaswar dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. dasaqmeba ki adamianebs Soris arsebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobaTa sistemaa. igi gamoxatavs dasaqmebis subieqtis _ Sromisunariani mosaxleobis mdgomareobas, romelic CarTulia an, ama Tu im mizeziT, ar aris CarTuli SromiTi saqmianobis procesSi. miuxedavad am or kategorias Soris arsebuli gansxvavebisa, isini erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad ar ganixileba. ufro metic, dasaqmebis rogorc socialurekonomikuri kategoriis umniSvnelovanesi elementi esaa urTierTkavSiri dasaqmebis subieqtebsa (Sromisunariani mosaxleoba) da
91

dasaqmebis obieqtebs (samuSao adgilebs) Soris. Sromis bazris sxva danarCeni wevrebi xels uwyoben im pirobebis Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen dasaqmebis ganxorcielebas ama Tu im formiT. amasTan, mniSvnelovania dasaqmebis ara marto raodenobrivi, aramed xarisxobrivi maCveneblebic. amgvarad, dasaqmeba _ esaa socialurekonomikuri kategoria, romelic axasiaTebs socialur-SromiTi urTierTobebis sxvadasxva formebs da dakavSirebulia Semosavlis miRebis mizniT sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmianobaSi adamianebis monawileobasTan
4.3. dasaqmebis saxeebi da formebi

gamoiyofa dasaqmebis ori ZiriTadi saxe _ sruli da arasruli dasaqmeba. sruli dasaqmeba ar niSnavs Sromisunariani mosaxleobis asi procentiT dasaqmebas. amiT igi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sayovelTao dasaqmebisagan, rasac adgili hqonda administraciul-mbrZanebluri ekonomikuri sistemis pirobebSi. TiToeuli Sromisunariani piri valdebuli iyo, monawileoba mieRo sazoga-doebrivad sasargeblo saqmianobSi da dausaqmleblobis SemTxveva mis mimarT administraciul
92

zemoqmedebas iTvaliswinebda. 1996 wlis 420 ivnisis Sromis saerTaSoriso konferenciis 83-e sesiaze sruli dasaqmeba ganmartebuli iqna, rogorc mdgomareoba, rodesac yvela, vinc Sromis bazarzea gasuli da aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos, poulobs mas. rogorc aRiniSna, sruli dasaqmeba ar niSnavs, rom Sromisunariani mosaxleobidan yvela uzrunvelyofilia samuSaoTi. yoveli momentisaTvis Sromisunarian pirTa garkveuli nawili sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo moklebulia muSaobis SesaZleblobas, rac savsebiT bunebrivi movlenaa sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos struqturuli Zvrebi ekonomikaSi, momuSaveebis survili, sakuTari materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT Seicvalon samuSao adgili, sawarmoebis administraciis gadawyvetileba, daiTxovos personalis garkveuli nawili da a. S. aseT pirobebSi sazogadoebis mizania, iswrafodes sruli dasaqmebis miRwevisaken. sruli dasaqmebis miRwevis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens xelsayreli ekonomikuri garemo, finansuri stabiluroba, inflaciis maRali tempebis ararseboba. sruli dasaqmeba praqtikulad metad iSviaTad miiRweva, rasac obieqturi mizezebi aqvs. upirveles yovlisa, is, rom ekonomikuri saqmianoba dinamiuri procesia, romelic
93

mudmivad viTardeba da icvleba, ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs axali saqonlis warmoeba, aseve mudmivad aqvs adgili axali profesiebis warmoSobasa da Zveli profesiebis gaqrobas. bazarze axal profesiebze moTxovna yovelTvis win uswrebs mis miwodebas. amitomaa, rom maSinac ki, rodesac umuSevrobis done sakmaod maRalia, yovelTvis arsebobs vakanturi samuSao adgilebis garkveuli raodenoba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sruli dasaqmeba miiRweva ara maSin, roca nebismieri saxis samuSao adgilebis miwodeba Seesabameba sazogadoebis mxridan masze moTxovnas, aramed maSin, roca SemoTavazebuli samuSao adgilebi ekonomikurad mizanSewonilia. ekonomikurad mizanSewonili samuSao adgilebi warmoadgenen produqtiul samuSao adgilebs, romlebic saSualebas aZleven adamianebs, srulad moaxdinon sakuTari interesebis realizacia, miaRwion Sromis mwarmoeblurobis maRal dones, miiRon Rirseuli anazRaureba. maSasadame, maSin rodesac ekonomikurad mizanSewonil samuSao adgilebze moTxovna kmayofildeba Sesabamisi profesiul-kvalificiuri struqturis samuSao ZaliT, adgili aqvs srul dasaqmebas. warmodgenili Sexeduleba kidev erTxel adasturebs imas, rom sruli dasaqmebis miRweva sazogadoebaSi urTules problemas warmoadgens, radganac yoveli konkretuli
94

momentisaTvis ekonomikaSi arsebuli yvela samuSao adgili ar SeiZleba iyos ekonomikurad mizanSewonili, sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, yovelTvis arsebobs samuSao adgilebis garkveuli raodenoba, romelic struqturuli Tu sxva xasiaTis cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, moiTxovs srulyofas, modernizebas an likvidaciasac ki. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis iseT mdgomareobisas, rodesac adgili aqvs warmoebis dacemas, momuSaveTa gamoTavisuflebis masStabebis zrdas, romelTa dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi ekonomikis ganviTarebis arsebul pirobebSi SeuZlebelia, radganac samuSaos maZiebelTa raodenoba mniSvnelovnad aRemateba vakanturi samuSao adgilebis raodenobas _ adgili aqvs arasrul dasaqmebas. literaturaSi srul dasaqmebasTan erTad ixmareba racionaluri da efeqtiani dasaqmebis cnebebi. `racionaluri dasaqmeba~ upiratesad, gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac adgili aqvs warmoebis dacemasa da masobriv umuSevrobas. igi gamoxatavs garkveul balanss ekonomikur efeqtianobasa da socialur samarTlianobas Soris dasaqmebis sfe-roSi da dakavSirebulia umuSevrobis socialurad misaReb doneze SenarCunebasTan. ,,efeqtian dasaqmebaSi~ igulisxmeba mosaxleobis iseTi dasaqmeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs Rirseul
95

Semosavals, TiToeuli moqalaqis saganmanaTleblo da profesiuli donis amaRlebas Sromis sazogadoebrivi mwarmoeblurobis zrdis safuZvelze. efeqtiani dasaqmebis problema warmoiSoba maSin, roca dasaqmebulTa profesiul-kvalificiuri momzadebis done ar Seesabameba maT mier dakavebuli samuSao adgilebis maxasiaTeblebs, rasac Tan sdevs danakargebi, rogorc momuSaveebisaTvis, aseve sazogadoebisaTvis mTlianad. sabolood efeqtiani dasaqmebis ganxilva mizanSewonilia ori aspeqtiT: ekonomikuriT, rac gulisxmobs adamianuri resursebis racionalur gamoyenebas da socialuriT, rac momuSaveTa interesebs maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs. sabazro urTierTobebze gardamaval periodSi gavrcelda dasaqmebis iseTi formebic, rogoricaa nawilobrivi da epizoduri dasaqmeba. nawilobrivia dasaqmeba, roca momuSave xuTdRiani samuSao kviridan muSaobs 1-3 dRes, xolo epizoduria im SemTxvevaSi, roca damsaqmebeli gansazRvravs muSaobis konkretul dReebs, romelic arc periodulobiT da arc xangZlviobiT ar meordeba. dasaqmebis arsebul formebs Soris gansakuTrebulia meoradi dasaqmeba, romelic SeiZleba ganimartos rogorc ukve SromiT saqmianobaSi Cabmul momuSaveTa damatebiTi gamoyenebis forma. Sedegad
96

miiReba erTi da imave piris ramdenime samuSao adgilze muSaobis gavrcelebis praqtika, rac ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi qveynebis Sromis bazrisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. meoradi dasaqmebas Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi aqvs, romelTa Soris mTavaria Semosavlebis gadidebisaken swrafva. im pirobebSi, rodesac xelfasi CamorCeba saarsebo minimums, meoradi dasaqmeba momuSavisa da misi ojaxis wevrebis moTxovnilebebis garkveul doneze dakmayofilebis erT-erTi saSualebaa. meoradi dasaqmeba Sromis bazarze amJamad arsebuli problemebis gadaWris saukeTeso gza namdvilad araa. ufro metic, samuSao Zalis Warbi miwodebis pirobebSi SedarebiT kvalificiuri da mobiluri momuSaveebi axerxeben ori da meti samuSao adgilis mopovebas, rac sxvebisTvis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebs amcirebs da, maSasadame, umuSevrobis donis gadidebis saSiSroebas warmoSobs. sameurneo saqmianobis pirobebis Secvlam samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis sul ufro moqnili formebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba moiTxova. Camoyalibda axle-buli midgomebi dasaqmebis problemebisadmi, rac aisaxa globaluri dasaqmebis koncefciaSi. Sromis saerTaSoriso biuros ganmartebiT, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali tempebis qveynebSi dasaqmebis problemebisadmi
97

axleburi (globaluri) midgomis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ekonomikurad da socialurad sasargeblo SromiT saqmianobaSi Sromis asakis yvela piris Cabmas. dasaqmebis globaluri koncefciis farglebSi gavrceleba hpoves moqnili (aratipuri) dasaqmebis formebma. aratipiuri dasaqmebis formebze msjeloba SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi, roca momuSavis standartuli dasaqmebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Semdegi niSnebidan: _ erT damsaqmebelTan muSaoba; _ damsaqmeblis sawarmoo SenobaSi muSaoba; _ standartuli datvirTva samuSao dRis, kviris, wlis ganmavlobaSi erT-erTi mainc ar arsebobs. daqiravebulTa aratipuri dasaqmebis SedarebiT gavrcelebuli formebia: Sin muSaoba, nawilobrivi dasaqmeba, droebiTi dasaqmeba. maTi gavrceleba damokidebulia ekonomikis dargze, momuSaveTa sqesobriv-asakobriv struqturaze da saqmiani koniunqturis mdgomareobaze. warmoebis ganviTarebis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, roca aucilebelia warmoebis moculobis gadideba, SvebulebaSi myofi momuSaveebis Secvla da a.S. praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba aratipuri dasaqmebis erT-erTi forma _ droebiTi dasaqmeba. man didi
98

xania gavrceleba hpova msoflio Sromis bazarze, droebiTi dasaqmeba gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmianobaSi CarTvas garkveuli vadiT, rac SromiTi xelSekrulebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. droebiTi dasaqmebis vada meryeobs erTi dRidan ramdenime Tvemde.

99

4.4. umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis gazomvis maCvenebelTa sistema

umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva socialur-ekonomikuri movlenis analizisaTvis, saWiroa maTi ara marto Tvisobrivi daxa-siaTeba, aramed raodenobrivi Sefasebac, romelic SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Sesa-bamisi maCvenebelTa sistemis saSualebiT. am maCveneblebis xasiaTi, sizustis xarisxi, gamovlenis formebi, monacemebis damuSavebis meTodebi da sirTule damokidebulia Sesaswavli obieqtis specifikurobaze. umuSevrobis ZiriTad maCveneblebs miekuTvneba: umuSevrebis ricxovnoba, umuSevrobis done da xangrZlivoba, umuSevarTa sqesobriv-asakobrivi, profesiul-dargobrivi da teritoriuli struqtura. umuSevrobis SefasebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis bazris daZabulobis koeficients. ama Tu im qveyanaSi umuSevarTa raodenobis dadgenis meTodebi gansxvavebulia. amasTan dakavSirebiT ori meTodologiuri midgoma arsebobs: pirvelis midgomis Tanaxmad, umuSevrobis maCveneblebi dgindeba mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis SerCeviTi dakvirvebis safuZvelze, rac periodulad tardeba (aSS, iaponia). ase magaliTad, aSS-Si umuSevarTa raodenobis dasadgenad
100

yovelTviurad xdeba mosaxleobis SerCeviTi gamokvleva. rac 60 aTas ojaxs moicavs. miRebuli Sedegebi ganzogaddeba mTel qveyanaze. meore midgomis Tanaxmad, umuSevrobis maCveneblebi dgindeba dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurebSi umuSevris statusis mosapoveblad Semosuli gancxadebebis safuZvelze (magaliTad, didi britaneTi). pirveli midgoma, romelic periodul SerCeviT gamokvlevas iTvaliswinebs, ufro ZviradRirebulia, magram SedarebiT zustad asaxavs umuSevarTa struqturas; rac Seexeba meore midgomas, igi SedarebiT martivia, magram umuSevrebis Tvisobrivi Semadgenlobis dazustebis TvalsazrisiT, moiTxovs damatebiTi kontrolis RonisZiebebis gatarebas im pirebis qcevaze, romlebic sakuTar Tavs umuSevarTa kategorias akuTvneben. umuSevrobis mdgomareobis Sefasebis raodenobrivi maCveneblebidan yvelaze ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli umuSevrobis done. igi gaiangariSeba, rogorc umuSevarTa raodenobis Sefardeba samuSao Zalis raodenobasTan. sadac (procentebSi); Ur _ umuSevarTa raodenobaa;

Ud=Ur/Sr100 Ud _ umuSevrobis

donea

101

mosaxleobaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom umuSevrobis donis maCvenebeli farTod gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi, igi araa moklebuli naklovanebebs. kerZod, misi saSualebiT Znelia msjeloba umuSevrobis xangrZlivobaze, dasaqmebis perspeqtivebze da a.S. Sromis bazarze arsebuli situaciis analizisaTvis xSirad gamoiyeneba aseve Sromis bazris daZabulobis koeficienti, romelic gamoxatavs erT vakantur samuSao adgilze umuSevrebis raodenobas. aRniSnuli koeficientis gaangariSebis safuZvelia Tavisufali samuSao adgilebisa da umuSevrebis raodenobis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi. Sromis bazris daZabulobis koeficienti gaiangariSeba umuSevarTa raodenobis SefardebiT vakanturi samuSao adgilebis raodenobasTan. Sromis bazris daZabulobis koeficientis saSualebiT SeiZleba msjeloba umuSevrobis xangrZlivobasa da dasaqmebis SesaZlebelobebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom sazogadoebisaTvis metad arasasurvel movlenas warmoadgens grZelvadiani anu qronikuli umuSevroba, rodesac umuSevrad yofnis periodi 1-3 wels da ufro met xans grZeldeba. Sromis bazris mdgomareobis analizisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneba umuSevrobis sqesobrivasakobriovi, profesiul-dargobrivi da teritoriuli
102

Sr _ ekonomikurad aqtiuri

struqtura, romelic axasiaTebs calkeuli asakis, sqesis, profesiisa da teritoriuli kuTvnilebis umuSevrebis xvedriT wonas umuSevarTa saerTo raodenobaSi. saerTaSoriso statistikaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli mosaxleobis dasaqmebis donis maCvenebeli, romelic iangariSeba, rogorc dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis ricxovnobis Sefardeba samuSao Zalis ricxovnobasTan:

Dd=Dr/Sr100

sadac

dasaqmebis mdgomareobis dasaxiaTebisaTvis aucilebelia aseve Semdegi maCveneblebis gamoyeneba: _ samuSao Zalis ganawileba sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo SromaSi monawileobis xasiaTidan gamomdinare; _ Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmebis done; _ momuSaveTa ganawileba ekonomikis dargebis mixedviT anu dasaqmebis dargobrivi struqtura. _ momuSaveTa profesiul-kvalificiuri struqtura. dasaqmebis dargobrivi da profesiul-kvalificiuri struqtura, misi ganviTarebis tendenciebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sqesisa da asakis mixedviT.
103

Dr _ dasaqmebulTa raodenobaa; Sr _ 15 wlisa da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobaa.

Dd _ dasaqmebis donea (procentebSi);

mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufebs, romlebic sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo SromaSi monawileobis xasiaTis erTgvarovnobiT xasiaTdebian mosaxleobis socialur-demografiul jgufebs uwodeben. praqtikuli gamocdileba adasturebs, rom sqesisa da asakis mixedviT mosaxleobis dasaqmebis Taviseburebebis analizisas mizanSewonilia, gamoiyos Semdegi socialur- demografiuli jgufebi: mamakacebi, qalebi, axalgazrdebi (16-29 wlis asakis pirebi), saSualo asakis pirebi (30-49 weli), winasapensio asakis pirebi, sapensio asakis pirebi. TiToeuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis dasaqmebas misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi gaaCnia. magaliTad, qalTa SromiTi aqtiuroba iseTi faqtorebis garda, rogoricaa asaki, profesiuli momzadebis done, damokidebulia aseve demografiuli ganviTarebis mimarTulebebze, dedobisa da sawarmoo funqciebis optimalur SeTanawyobaze. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom damsaqmeblebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, Tavs arideben qalebis, gansakuTrebiT, mcirewlovani bavSvebis dedebis samuSaoze miRebas. aRniSnuli kategoriis pirebi, im axalgazrdebTan erTad, vinc pirvelad gadian Sromis bazarze, miekuTvnebian dabalkonkurentunarian kontingents. mosaxleobis dasaqmebis struqturis analizs didi mniSvneloba aqvs mTlianad qveynis ekonomikis da, maT Soris, Sromis
104

bazris funqcionirebis efeqtianobis SefasebisaTvis. faqtobrivad, dasaqmebis struqtura asaxavs ekonomikis struqturas da masSi mimdinare cvlilebebs, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis socialur, ekonomikur, demografiul, eTnikur da ekologiur aspeqtebs. mosaxleobis dasaqmebis mdgomareobis analizisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs mis ara marto raodenobriv, aramed xarisxobriv Sefasebas. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba, gamoiyos analizis Semdegi aspeqtebi: socialuri; sakuTrebis formis mixedviT; teritoriul-regionuli; dargobrivi; profesiul-kvalificiuri; sqesobriv-asakobrivi da aS. isini urTierTdakavSirebulni arian. magaliTad, dasaqmebis sqesobriv-asakobrivi strutura SeiZleba daxasiaTdes profesiul-kvalificiuri, dargobrivi, socialuri da sxva niSnis mixedviT. sakuTrebis formis mixedviT dasaqmebis sruqtura moicavs saxelmwifo seqtorSi da kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebulebs da a.S.

4.5. umuSevrobis socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegi

ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba adasturebs, rom SromiTi urTierTobebis sferoSi sabazro meqanizmebis moqmedeba srulebiTac ar iZleva idealur Sedegs. Sromis bazris meqanizms ar ZaluZs uzrunvelyos sruli
105

dasaqmeba. SesaZlebelia umuSevrobis bunebrivi (dasaSvebi) donis miRweva da SenarCuneba. igi kidev ufro gaZnelebulia gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi, rodesac samuSao Zalaze (Sromaze) moTxovnisa da miwodebis raodenobriv Seusabamobas Tan sdevs struqturuli (profesiul-kvalificiuri, dargobrivi, geografiuli da a.s.) disproporciebi droebiT dausaqmebel mosaxleobasa da Tavisufal samuSao adgilebis struqturas Soris. es mniSvnelovnad axangrZlivebs dausaqmebeli mosaxleobis Sromis bazarze yofnis periods da umuSevrobis masStabebis zrdis erT-erT faqtors warmoadgens. saqarTveloSi mimdinare socialurekonomikuri gardaqmnebis pirobebSi sul ufro metad problematuri xdeba umuSevrobis zrda, dasaqmebis struqturuli da regionuli disproporciebis gaRrmaveba, kvalificiuri samuSao Zalis qveynis farglebs gareT gadineba, mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebis Semcireba. es problemebi udides gavlenas axdens qveynis ara marto ekonomikur, aramed socialurpolitikur ganviTarebaze da zogjer socialuri afeTqebis ganmapirobebel umniSvnelovanes faqtors warmoadgens. umuSevrobas sazogadoeba miyavs arsebuli resursebis arasrul gamoyenebamde, erovnuli Semosavlis moculobis Semcirebamde, umuSevarTa profesiul-kvalificiuri donis daqveiTebamde. sabolood, rogorc j.
106

gelbreiTi aRniSnavs samuSao Zalis raodenobaSi umuSevarTa procentuli zrda, ekonomikuri sistemis moSlilobis xarisxis maCvenebelia. erovnuli ekonomikis doneze umuSevrobis uaryofiTi Sedegi gamoixateba warmoebis masStabebis SemcirebiT. kavSiri umuSevrobis faqtobriv donesa da mTliani Sida produqtis moculobis Semcirebas Soris Cans e.w. oukenis kanoniT. misi arsi isaa, rom umuSevrobis faqtobrivi donis erTi procentiT mateba iwvevs mSp-is 2.5%-iT Semcirebas. umuSevrobis negatiuri ekonomikuri Sedegi warmoebis Semcirebis garda aris: - sagadasaxado Semosavlebis Semcireba; - umuSevrebisaTvis Semweobebis xarjebis gadideba; - kvalifikaciis daqveiTeba; - umuSevrebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis cxovrebis donis daqveiTeba; - miRebuli ganaTlebis Sedegebis gaufasureba. miuxedavad amisa, umuSevrobis, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri movlenis ganxilva ar SeiZleba mxolod negatiuri TvalsazrisiT. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom umuSevroba uzrunelyofs e.w. ,,samuSao Zalis rezervis formirebas, rac ekonomikas garkveuli ,,manevrirebis SesaZlebloba aZlevs saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardobis cvlilebisas. garda
107

amisa, umuSevrobis arseboba xels uwyobs momuSaveebs Soris konkurenciis gaZlierebas, dasaqmebulebi ufro metad ufrTxildebian sakuTar samuSao adgilebs, cdiloben ganuwyvetlad aimaRlon kvalifikacia, moergon warmoebis cvalebad teqnologiur pirobebs da warmoebaSi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis danergva. yovelive es xels uwyobs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas, warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebas. amasTan, umuSevrobas CamoTvlili dadebiT mxareebze saubari SeiZleba mxolod maSin, rodesac misi faqtobrivi done sazogadoebrivad dasaSveb _ ,,bunebriv dones uaxlovdeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxveaSi, masobrivi umuSevroba, gansakuTrebiT Tu igi didi xnis manZlze grZeldeba damangrevelad moqmedebs ekonomikis funqcionirebaze. umuSevrobis Sedegebis analizisas aranaklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba mis socialur Sedegebs, romlebic Znelad eqvemdebarebian raodenobriv Sefasebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom umuSevrobis ekonomikuri da socialuri Sedegebis gamijvna pirobiTi xasiaTis matarebelia, isini mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, umuSevrobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes socialur Sedegs warmoadgens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli socialuri diferenciaciis gaRrmaveba. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom umuSevroba, umuSevarTa da misi ojaxis wevrebis
108

Semosavlebis mkveTr Semcirebas iwvevs, rac maTi cxovrebis donis daqveiTebasTan erTad ganapirobebs socialuri statusis Secvlasac. problema erTnairad mtkivneulia rogorc ganviTarebul, aseve ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis da gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT Cndeba ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi. umuSevrobis uaryofiTi socialuri Sedegi gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi xdeba grZelvadiani anu qronikuli umuSevrobis pirobebSi. am dros xdeba dausaqmebelTa kvalifikaciis nawilobrivi an sruli daqveiTeba (dekvali-fikacias), rac SeiZleba aisaxos SemdegSi: _ adamians, romelic didi xnis manZilze moklebulia muSaobis SesaZleblobebs, bunebrivia, uqveiTddeba SromiTi unarCvevebi. mas TandaTanobiT uqreba interesi adrindeli profesiis mimarT, radganac mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, aseve gardamavali ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zireuli cvlilebebi adre SeZenili codnis moZvelebas iwvevs. maSinac ki, rodesac umuSevari sakuTari profesiiT ipovis samuSaos xangZlivi Sesvenebis Semdeg, mas uwevs garkveuli danaxarjebis gaReba kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad. amasTan, axal samuSao adgilze adaptirebisas gardauvalia Sromis mwarmoeblurobis da, aqedan gamomdinare, warmoebis efeqtianobis Semcireba.
109

_ im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac umuSevars Sromis bazris koniunqturis cvlilebidan gamomdinare uxdeba profesiisa da specialobis Secvla, rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri xasiaTis danakargebi mniSvnelovania, radgan axali profesiis aTviseba moiTxovs sakmod did drosa da finansur danaxarjebs. _ qronikuli umuSevroba sazogadoebaSi kriminogenuli situaciis gamwvavebisaTvis noyier niadags qmnis. statistikuri monacemebi adastureben, rom narkomaniis, sxvadasxva saxis kanondarRvevebis SemTxvevebi, umetesad, swored dausaqmebel mosaxleobaze modis.
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. raSi mdgomareobs umuSevrobis arsi da vin SeiZleba CaiTvalos umuSevrad? 2. umuSevrobis ramdeni saxe arsebobs da ras niSnavs umuSevrobis bunebrivi done? 3. raSi mdgomareobs dasaqmebis arsi da ZiriTadi principebi? 4. ras niSnavs sruli dasaqmeba da rodis aris misi miRweva SesaZlebeli? 5. daaxasiaTeT dasaqmebis Tanamedrove formebi. 6. daaxasiaTeT umuSevrobis raodenobis gansazRvris meTodologiuri midgomebi.
110

7. daaxasiaTeT umuSevrobis Sefasebis raodenobrivi maCvenebelebi. 8. daaxasiaTeT dasaqmebis Sefasebis maCvenebelTa sistema. 9. raSi mdgomareobs umuSevrobis negatiuri ekonomikuri Sedegebi da rogor SeiZleba misi raodenobrivi Sefaseba? 10. daaxasiaTeT umuSevrobis socialuri Sedegebi.

111

Tavi 5. Sromis bazris regulireba da misi infrastruqtura

5.1. Sromis bazris regulirebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi

Sromis bazris bunebis Sesaxeb mecnierul kvlevas safuZveli Caeyara klasikuri politikuri ekonomiis fuZemdeblebis a. smitis, d. rikardos, J. seis, u. petis, f. kenes da sxvaTa SromebSi. adam smiti (1723-1790) cnobili ingliseli ekonomisti, ekonomikuri Teoriis klasikuri skolis fuZemdebeli, Tvlida, rom ekonomika erTiani sistemaa da ekonomikaSi, iseve rogorc bunebaSi, moqmedebs obieqturi ekonomikuri kanonebi. igi amtkicebda, rom adamianTa saqmianoba da maTi miswrafebani ganisazRvreba piradi interesebiT. mxolod piradi interesebis realizaciiT aRwevs adamiani keTildReobas. a. smitis SexedulebiT, Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi piradi interesebis realizacia xdeba uxilavi xelis meSveobiT, rac uzrunvelyofs wonasworobasa da sazogadoebriv ganviTarebas, indivindualuri da sazogadoebrivi faseulobebis Seqmnas. sabazro konkurenciis meqanizmi mastimulirebel zemoqmedebas axdens rogorc mwarmoeblebze, ise momxmareblebze. Tavisufali sabazro konkurencia aris ekonomikis mTavari reguliatori. bazari
112

gansazRvravs, aregulirebs da wyvets yvela ekonomikur problemas. dasaqmebasTan mimarTebaSi es niSnavs, rom samuSao Zalaze moTxovna-miwodebis dabalansebas da sruli dasaqmebis miRwevas uzrunvelyofs sabazro meqanizmi. a. smiti akeTebs daskvnas Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi dasaqmebis sferoSi saxelmwifos Carevis mizanSeuwonlobis Sesaxeb. SromiTi urTierTobebis ekonomikuri bunebis mecnierul kvlevas, ramac Semdgomi ganviTareba hpova a. marSalis, a. pigus, d. bartonisa da d. breis SromebSi, safuZveli Cauyara a. smitis SromiTi Rirebulebis Teoriam. aRniSnuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, saqonlis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba misi warmoebisaTvis saWiro sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli Sromis danaxarjebiT. a. marSali (1842-1924), kembrijis universitetis profesori, neoklasikuri Teoriis fuZemdebeli, miiCnevda, rom wonasworoba Sromis bazarze anu Sesabamisoba samuSao Zalis miwodebasa da masze moTxovnas Soris dakavSirebulia xelfasis wonasworobiT ganakveTTan. a. marSali, iseve rogorc neoklasikuri Teoriis sxva warmomadgenlebi, Tvlida, rom xelfasis maRali ganakveTi amcirebs dasaqmebas da zrdis umuSevrobas. aRniSnulis dasabuTebisaTvis man gamoiyena Sromis zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis Teoria.

113

a. marSalis mowafem da Tanamoazrem, a. pigum `1877-1955) Tavis ZiriTad naSromSi _ `umuSevrobis Teoria~, Camoayaliba dasaqmebis klasikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi. umuSevrobis gamomwvevi mizezebis axsnisas man daasabuTa Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom Sromis bazarze moqmedebs arasrulyofili konkurencia, rac ganapirobebs Sromis fasis cvlilebas. misi azriT, xelfasis Semcirebas SeuZlia dasaqmebis stimulireba. amitom a. pigu da misi mimdevrebi mouwodebdnen profkavSirebs aqtiurad ar ebrZolaT xelfasis gadidebisaTvis, radgan es umuSevrobis zrdis mizezi SeiZleba gamxdariyo. dasaqmebis klasikur Teorias safuZvlad daedo ori ZiriTadi debuleba, kerZod: - SeuZlebelia iseTi situaciis arseboba, romlis drosac mTliani danaxarjebi arasakmarisi iqneba sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi warmoebuli produqciis SesaZenad; - Tu mTliani danaxarjebi arasakmarisi aRmoCndeba warmoebuli produqciis SesaZenad, sakmaod swrafad amoqmeddeba berketi fasi-xelfasi, ris Sedegadac mTliani danaxarjebis Semcireba ar gamoiwvevs warmoebis realuri moculobis, dasaqmebis da Semosavlebis Semcirebas. klasikosebis aRniSnuli koncefcia nawilobriv dafuZnebulia J. b. seis kanonze, romlis Tanaxmad miwodeba warmoSobs
114

sakuTar moTxovnas. es debuleba d. rikardomac gaiziara: `produqtebs yovelTvis produqtiT yiduloben, fuli martooden saSualebaa, romliTac gacvla-gamocvla sruldeba~, amrigad, `yoveli mwarmoebeli aucileblad xdeba an Tavis nawarmis momxmarebeli, an romelime sxva mwarmoeblis produqtebis myidveli da momxmarebeli~. J.b. seis kanonis moqmedebas arTulebs danazogebis faqtori. ar arsebobs imis garantia, rom miRebuli fuladi Semosavlebi mTlianad daixarjeba. maTi erTi nawili SesaZlebelia danazogebis saxiT iqnas warmodgenili da ar aisaxos samomxmareblo moTxovnaSi. fuladi Semosavlebis nawilis dazogva iwvevs moxmarebis ukmarisobas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba warmoebis done da izrdeba umuSevroba. Tumca klasikosebis mtkicebiT, danazogebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia kapitaldabandebebze. am gziT moxdeba danazogebis kompensireba. amrigad, Tu mewarmeebi ganaxorcieleben dazogvis sididis tol kapitaldabandebebs, moixsneba warmoebis donis Semcirebisa da dasaqmebis problema. klasikosebis mtkicebiT, kapitalizmis dros danazogisa da investiciebis tolobas uzrunvelyofs fulis bazari. am SemTxvevaSi sargeblis ganakveTma unda SeZlos danazogebis gadatana investiciebSi.

115

rac ufro maRali iqneba sargeblis ganakveTi, miT ufro meti iqneba danazogebis sidide. klasikosebi sxva argumentebis gamoyenebiTac asabuTeben sruli dasaqmebis SesaZleblobas sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi. maTi mtkicebiT, produqciis war-moebis done damokidebulia ara mxolod danaxarjebze, aramed produqciis fasebis donezec. Tu sargeblis ganakveTs droebiT ar SeuZlia saojaxo meurneobaTa danazogebisa da mewarmeTa investiciebis SesabamisobaSi moyvana, erToblivi danaxarjebis nebismieri Semcireba kompensirebuli iqneba fasebis donis proporciuli SemcirebiT. xangrZlivi umuSevrobis arseboba, mianiSnebs imaze, Sromis bazarze moqmedi faqtorebi, uwinares yovlisa, saxelmwifo da profesiuli kavSirebi, xels uSlian xelfasis elastikurobas. klasikosTa SexedulebiT, sabazro regulirebis iseT berketebs, rogoricaa sargeblis ganakveTis meryeoba, fasebisa da xelfasebis elastikuroba, sruli dasaqmebis SenarCuneba SeuZlia. klasikosebi kapitalizms TviTregulirebad ekonomikad miiCnevdnen, romelSic sruli dasaqmeba Cveulebrivi wesia, kapitalizms SeuZlia `Tavisuflad ganviTardes saxelmwifos yovelgvari Carevis gareSe. klasikuri Teoria im daskvnamde midis, rom yvelaze ufro misaRebia saxelmwifoebrivi Caurevlobis ekonomikuri politika.

116

Sromis bazris Teoriis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvilili Seitanes d. bartonma, d. breim. r. jonsma. isini zogadi ekonomikuri wonasworobis Teoriis safuZvelze Seecadnen, daemtkicebinaT, rom sabazro sistemas Seswevs unari, uzrunvelyos samuSao Zalis sruli gamoyeneba (dasaqmeba) TviTregulirebis gziT. amgvari sabazro wonasworobis idealuri modeli SeimuSava l. valrasma sami tipis bazris (warmoebis saSualebebis, moxmarebis sagnebisa da sawarmoo momsaxurebis) wonasworobis gantolebis saxiT. igi Tvlida, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi Sromis bazarze uzrunvelyofilia samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis wonasworoba. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, cxadia klasikosebisa da neoklasikosebis damsaxureba dasaqmebis, umuSevrobisa da Sromis bazris regulirebis Teoriis ganviTarebaSi. maT mier Camoyalibebuli mniSvnelovani daskvnebi mokled SeiZleba Semdegnairad gadmoices: - sabazro sistemas aqvs TviTregulirebis unari. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi (stiqiuri ubedureba, omebi da sxva) wonasworoba Sromis bazarze droebiT irRveva da SesaZlebelia umuSevrobis warmoSoba. SemdgomSi wonasworoba aRdgeba da, Sesabamisad, miiRweva sruli dasaqmebac;

117

- bazris regulireba xorcieldeba moqnili fasebis, xelfasebisa da saprocento ganakveTis meSveobiT. regulatorebis elastikuroba ganpirobebulia srulyofili konkurenciiT, xolo simyare _ misi darRveviT; - Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi, sabazro sisitemas aqvs Sromis-unariani mosaxleobis sruli dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofis unari, rac Seesabameba Sromis bazris funqcionirebis normalur pirobebs; - xangrZlivi umuSevrobis arseboba SeuZlebelia. Tuki umuSevroba mainc warmoiSva, igi gamowveuli iqneba fasebis, xelfasis da saprocento ganakveTis mouqneblobiT; - saxelmwifo ar unda Caerios Sromis bazris funqcionirebaSi, radgan amisaTvis ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli.

118

W P

S S

W P
P S S

E E1 L L D

P=

M KY
y y(L)

III

II

sqema 1. Sromis bazarze wonasworobis aRdgenis klasikuri modeli

sainteresoa wonasworobis aRdgenis sakiTxis ganxilva Sromis bazarze klasikuri Teoriis mixedviT (sqema 1). sawyis mdgomareobaSi Sromis bazarze arsebobs
119

wonasworoba (E wertili), romelsac Seesabameba dasaqmebis, produqciis moculobisa da fasebis gansazRvruli done. Tu samuSao Zalis miwodeba gaizarda L sididiT, masze adre arsebuli moTxovnis pirobebSi, miwodebis axali S`S` mrudi gaivlis sawyisi SS mrudis qveviT da marjvniv (sqema 1, I kvadrati). Sromis bazarze irRveva wonasworoba da warmoiSoba umuSevroba. momuSaveebs Soris gaCndeba konkurencia samuSao adgilebisaTvis, rac gamoiwvevs xelfasis sabazro ganakveTis Semcirebas W/P sididiT, manam, vidre yvela msurveli uzrunvelyofili ar iqneba samuSaoTi. axali wonasworoba damyardeba E1 wertilSi. dasaqmebis zrda L sididiT Y(L) sawarmoo fuqnciis Sesabamisad gamoiwvevs produqciis gamoSvebis zrdas Y sididiT (sqema 1, II kvadrati). Tu mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fuladi masa mudmivia, maSin fulis raodenobrivi Teoriis Sesabamisad, fasebi Semcirdeba P sididiT (sqema1, III kvadrati). produqciis gamoSvebis moculobis zrda, masze fasebis dacemis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia, Tu warmoebis faqtorebis bazarze mcirdeba fasebi, xolo Sromis bazarze xelfasis ganakveTi. maSasadame, axali wonasworoba Sromis bazarze (E1 wertili) kvlav gansazRvarvs xelfasis sabazro ganakveTs, dasaqmebas, warmoebis moculobas da fasebis dones.
120

klasikur TeoriasTan erTad, Sromis bazris funqcionirebis principebis Sesaxeb arsebul Sexedulebebze udidesi gavlena moaxdina k. marqsisa da T. malTusis Teoriebma. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom maT kvlevebs gansxvavebuli mecnieruli Rirebuleba aqvs. T. malTussa da mis mravalricxovan mimdevrebs raime gansakuTrebuli Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebi Sromis bazris fuqncionirebis Sesaxeb ar SeuqmniaT. T. malTusi cdilobda umuSevrobis socialuri urTierToebebis sferodan gamoyvanas da mas miawerda bunebrivi urTierTobebis kerZo SemTxvevas. T. malTusi moixsenieba im mkvlevrTa Soris, vinc pirvelma miuTiTa saarsebo minimumisa da xelfasis obieqturi urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb. swavlobda ra kapitalis dagrovebas, k. marqsma Camoayaliba e.w. `xalxTmosaxleobis kapitalisturi kanoni~. kanonis arsi gamoixateboda imaSi, rom kapitalis dagrovebis procesSi moTxovna samuSao Zalaze da kapitalze izrdeba. amasTan, samuSao Zalaze SefardebiTi moTxovna naklebi tempiT izrdeba kapitalze moTxovnasTan SedarebiT. erTi mxriv, amaSi gamoixateba sazogadoebrivi Sromis nayofierebis zrda, roca kapitalis mzardi masis moZraobaSi mosayvanad saWiro xdeba momuSaveTa naklebi ricxovnoba, xolo meore mxriv, am kanonis zemoqmedebis socialuri
121

Sedegia Sromis sarezervo anu umuSevarTa armiis zrda. k. marqsis azriT, kapitalizms ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos Sromisunariani mosaxleobis sruli dasaqmeba, xolo kapitalis dagroveba ganuwyvetliv zrdis umuSevrobas. k. marqsis TeoriaSi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli: - samuSao Zalis moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris SesaZlo Sesabamisobis miRweva; - umuSevrobis zrdis sazRvrebi da perspeqtivaSi yvela Sromisunarianis umuSevrobis daSveba; - saxelmwifos roli Sromis bazris regulirebaSi. dasaqmebis problemebis axleburi axsna mocemulia cnobili ingliseli ekonomistis j. m. keinzis naSromSi - dasaqmebis, procentisa da fulis zogadi Teoria (1936 w.). j. m. keinzis Teoriis Tanaxmad, kapitalizmis dros ar arsebobs araviTari meqanizmi, romelic sruli dasaqmebis garantias iZleva. sruli dasaqmeba ufro SemTxveviTia, vidre kanonzomieri. kapitalizmi ar aris TviTregulirebadi sistema. keinzis Teoria, upirveles yovlisa, uaryofs seis kanons. mas metad saeWvod miaCnia debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, sargeblis ganakveTi SesabamisobaSia mewarmeTa sainvesticio gegmebTan. keinzianelebis mtkicebiT, sargeblis ganakveTis gadideba ar iwvevs investiciebis zrdas, radgan igi ganapirobebs moxmarebis Semcirebas da am
122

pirobebSi azri ekargeba sawarmoo simZlavreebis gafarToebas. es imiT aixsneba, rom danazogebisa da investiciebis ganmaxorcielebel subieqtebs gansxvavebuli miznebi amoZravebT. danazogebis zrdas astimulirebs: - gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebisaTvis rezervis Seqmna; - ojaxis wevrebis uzrunvelyofa moxucebulobis asakSi da sxva SemTxvevebSi maTze zrunva; - sargeblis miReba; - momavalSi mosalodneli xarjebis gadideba; - memkvidreebisaTvis qonebis datoveba da a.S. sainvesticio xarjebze mewarmeTa motivacia ufro rTulia. masze zemoqmedebs aRebuli sesxis sargeblis ganakveTi, aseve mniSvnelovani faqtoria mogebis norma, romelic gansazRvravs investiciis sidides. keinzianelebi gamoricxaven fasebisa da xelfasebis elastikurobis saSuale-biT umuSevrobis aRmofxvras. maTi azriT, kapitalizmis dros ar arsebobs srulyofili konkurencia, ekonomikaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukavia arasrulyofil konkurencias, romelic xels uSlis fasebisa da xelfasebis Semcirebis tendencias. srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi, fasebisa da xelfasebis Semcireba makro doneze da misgan
123

gamomdinare, saerTo danaxarjebis Semcireba ar gamoiwvevs umuSevrobis donis dacemas. is, rac sasargebloa mikro doneze, SeiZleba saziano aRmoCndes makro doneze. xelfasis Semcireba mikro doneze xels uwyobs calkeul sawarmoebSi dasaqmebis zrdas, magram mTlianad ekonomikaSi gamoiwvevs Semosavlebis Semcirebas. es ukanaskneli uaryofiTad imoqmedebs gadaxdisunarian moTxovnaze, rac Tavis mxriv, aisaxeba miwodebis Semcirebasa da umuSevrobis donis amaRlebaSi. dasaqmebis keinzianuri Teoria mcdarad miiCnevs klasikosebis Sexedulebas fulis bazris Sesaxeb. klasikosebis mtkicebiT investiciebis dafinansebis erTaderTi wyaroa mimdinare anabrebi. keinzianuri Teoriis mixedviT arsebobs dafinansebis sxva wyaroebic _ mosaxleobaSi arsebuli naRdi fuli da sakredito dawesebulebebi. ase, rom danazogebisa da investiciebis moculoba ar Seesabameba erTmaneTs, rac ganapirobebs ekonomikaSi warmoebis, Semosavlebis, dasaqmebis da fasebis meryeobas. keinzis Teoriis Tanaxmad, danazogebis zrdis xarjze moxmarebis Semcireba amcirebs investiciebs, moTxovnas saqonelze, maT Soris samuSao Zalaze, amuxruWebs warmoebis ganviTarebas da Sesabamisad, uaresdeba dasaqmebis done. yvela aRniSnuli faqtoris zemoqmedeba ekonomikaze sistematurad
124

icvleba ganapirobebs warmoebis dacemas an aRmavlobas. saxelmwifos mTavari amocanaa ekonomikuri berketebis (saprocento ganakveTi, krediti, investicia, gadasaxadebi, fasebi da sxv.) gamoyenebiT ar dauSvas warmoebis dacema krizisis donemde da arc ekonomikis uzomo aRmavloba, radgan aseTi aRmavlobis Semdeg SeiniSneba mkveTri dacema, romelsac Tan sdevs maRali inflacia da umuSevroba. j. m. keinzis ZiriTadi daskvna dasasaqmebasa da umuSevrobasTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes Semdegi debulebebis saxiT: - sabazro ekonomika ar warmoadgens TviTregulirebad sistemas, erToblivi moTxovnisa da miwodebis wonasworobis miRwevis pirobebSic SesaZlebelia umuSevrobisa da inflaciis garkveuli doniT arseboba. - moklevadian periodSi fasebi da xelfasis ganakveTi araelastikuria, isini ar warmoadgenen ekonomikis regulatorebs da ver aRadgenen srul dasaqmebas. maTi simyare aixsneba bazarze arsebuli konkurenciiT da monopoliebis arsebobiT, xolo Sromis bazarze profkavSirebis zegavleniT, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian xelfasis ganakveTis Semcirebas; - sabazro sistemaSi sasurvelia sruli dasaqmebis miRweva, rac ar gulisxmobs
125

Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 100%-iT CarTvas warmoebaSi. sruli dasaqmeba, es aris praqtikulad maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli dasaqmeba, rac Seesabameba Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 96-97%-is CarTvas SromiT saqmianobaSi. - sabazro ekonomikaSi ar arsebobs meqanizmi, romelic avtomaturad uzrunvelyofs srul dasaqmebas yvela pirobebSi. ase, rom erToblivi moTxovnisa da erToblivi miwodebis wonasworobis SemTxvevaSic realuri dasaqmeba SeiZleba iyos srul dasaqmebaze naklebi, xolo warmoebuli mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) moculoba potenciurze naklebi; - aucilebelia ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos sistematuri Careva sruli dasaqmebisa da potenciuri mTliani Sida produqtis misaRwevad, romelsac bazari damoukideblad ver uzrunvelyofs; - Tanamedrove kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis raodenoba da, Sesabamisad, dasaqmebis done erToblivi danaxarjebis donis pirdapirproporciulia. saxelmwifom, pirvel rigSi, zegavlena unda moaxdinos erToblivi danaxarjebis mTavar komponentebze (piradi moxmareba, saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi, investiciebi, wminda eqsporti). keinzisa da misi mimdevrebis koncefciebi gamoiyena bevrma qveyanam. magaliTad,
126

1944 wlis maisSi didi britaneTis koaliciurma mTavrobam SeimuSava dasaqmebis politikis programa. am dokumentSi aisaxa ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis ZiriTadi principi, romelic sxva qveynebzec vrceldeboda da gansazRvravda e.w. samrewvelo politikas. umuSevrobis donis Sesamcireblad, saWirod CaiTvala ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebis mizniT erToblivi moTxovnis stimulireba. ekonomikur zrdas erToblivi moTxovnis saxelmwifo stimulirebis safuZvelze garkveuli dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyva, magram, meore mxriv, sxvadasxva saxelmwifos sameurneo meqanizmis Siga winaaRmdegobebis zrda gamoiwvia, rac mZlavri inflaciuri afeTqebis mizezi gaxda. 1974-1975 wlebis ekonomikurma krizisma daadastura, rom. j. m. keinzis Teoriis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebiT sabazro ekonomikis regulireba araefeqtiani gaxda. keinzianuri Teoria gaakritikes monetaristebma (m. fridmani, i. fiSeri da sxv.). keinzianuri da monetaristuli Sexedulebebi arsebiTad scildebian erTmaneTs ekonomikis Sinagani stabilurobis sakiTxebSi da saxelmwifos rolTan dakavSirebiT. monetaristuli midgomis Tanaxmad, sabazro konkurenciis sistema uzrunvelyofs makroekonomikuri stabilurobis maRal dones. monetarizmis ideuri fesvebi klasikur ekonomikur Teoriamde midis. sabazro
127

sistemas, Tuki igi ar ganicdis saxelmwifos Carevas ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi, aqvs unari, uzrunvelyos makroekonomikuri stabiluroba. monetaristebis TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifos Careva keTili zraxvebis miuxedavad, xels uSlis makroekonomikuri stabilurobis SenarCunebas. xelfasis minimaluri ganakveTis sakanonmdeblo wesiT uzrunvelyofa, profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianoba, soflis meurneobis produqtebze dabali fasebis SenarCuneba, proteqcionistuli politika da sxva RonisZiebebi aZlierebs fasebisa da xelfasebis mouqnelobas. amgvarad, saxelmwifo regulirebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT ekonomikuri procesebis marTvis Teoria Seicvala monetaristebisa da e.w. miwodebis ekonomikis mimdevrebis TeoriiT. monetaristebis ZiriTadi debulebebi dasaqmebis problemebis Sesaxeb Semdegia: - Sromis bazris funqcionirebis pirobebi qmnis umuSevrobis bunebriv dones, romelic Seesabameba praqtikulad miRwevad dasaqmebas (94-95%); - Sromis bazarze xangrZlivi da myari wonasworoba miiRweva umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis pirobebSi. amasTan, inflaciis tempi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri; - grZelvadian periodSi ekonomikaze saxelmwifo zemoqmedebis araviTar

128

RonisZiebas ar SeuZlia, Seamciros umuSevrobis bunebrivi done; - moklevadian periodSi saxelmwifos SeuZlia Seamciros umuSevroba bunebriv doneze metad, inflaciis inicirebis safuZvelze, Tumca yoveli Semdgomi mcdeloba naklebad efeqtiani xdeba, radgan dakavSirebulia inflaciis maRal tempebTan; - saxelmwifo ar unda Caerios Sromis bazris funqcionirebaSi, Tu umuSevroba ar aRemateba bunebriv dones. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebis araswori politikis Sedegad viTardeba stagflacia _ umuSevrobisa da inflaciis erToblivi zrda. ganxiluli Teoriebis garda, arsebobs Teoriuli mimdinareobebi, romlebic gansxvavebulia ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolTan mimarTebaSi dawyebuli absoluturad yvela sferos regulirebidan (socialisturi), damTavrebuli sruli CaurevlobiT (libertalisturi). ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis praqtikam daadastura, rom rodesac umuSevroba aRemateba bunebriv dones, maSin aucilebeli xdeba saxelmwifos Careva Sromis bazris funqcionirebaSi, romlis saqmianobac unda warimarTos ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: umuSevrobis donisa da xangrZlivobis regulireba da umuSevarTa socialuri dacva. pirveli mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos amocanaa umuSevrobis bunebriv donemde Semcireba. saxelmwifom unda
129

gamoiyenos ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis iseTi meTodebi, romlebic inflaciasTan mimarTebaSi arian neitralurni an iwveven minimalur inflaciur Sedegs. savsebiT gamarTlebulia saxelmwifos Careva Sromis bazris funqcionirebaSi, roca xels uwyobs profesiuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis sistemis srilyofas, Sromis bazris infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, afinansebs umuSevrobis problemebis kvlevas, astimulriebs axali teqnologiebis danergvas damatebiTi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis mizniT, awesebs SeRavaTian gadasaxadebs mcire biznesisaTvis da a.S. karg Sedegebs iZleva dasaqmebis regionuli da mosaxleobis socialurad daucveli jgufebis dasaqmebis miznobrivi programebis ganxorcieleba. umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis programebis ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifos moeTxoveba sifrTxile da windaxeduloba socialuri dacvis RonisZiebebis, daxmarebis odenobis dadgenisa da ganawilebis meTodebis SemuSavebisas. socialuri politika maSin iZleva realur Sedegs, roca efuZneba ekonomikis realur SesaZleblobebs.

5.2.Sromis bazris regulirebis aqtiuri da pasiuri politika

130

Sromis bazris regulirebis politikis prioritetul mimarTulebas adamianuri resursebis sruli da efeqtiani dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens. amasTan, saxelmwifos maregulirebeli roli, ZiriTadad, gamoixateba dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis ganxorcielebaSi da pasiuri politikis RonisZiebebis minimumamde SemcirebaSi. dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis upiratesoba aRiarebulia civilizebuli qveynebis mravalwliani gamocdilebiT, radgan igi stimuls aZlevs mosaxleobis yvela socialur-demografiul jgufs Sromis bazarze aqtiuri moqmedebisaTvis, xels uwyobs kadrebis momzadeba-gadamzadebisa da umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis sistemis gaumjobesebas. dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis ganxorcielebas safuZvlad udevs dasaqmebis saxelmwifo, regionaluri da miznobrivi programebis SemuSaveba, sadac ganisazRvreba dasaqmebisa da kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadeba-gadamzadebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis qmediTi meqanizmi. dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis amocanebia: - Sromis bazris struqturis srulyofa; - samuSao Zalaze moTxovna-miwodebis optimaluri Tanafardobis miRweva; - dasaqmebis samsaxurebis funqcionirebis gaumjobeseba.

131

perspeqtivaSi dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis mizani siRaribis donis Semcireba, SromiTi cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba da, saboloo angariSiT, cxovrebis donis amaRlebaa. aRniSnuli politikis amocanebi icvleba qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donisa da SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare. dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis farglebSi gansaxorcielebeli samuSaoebi saWiroebs koordinirebas da efeqtian menejments. dasaqmebis saxelmwifo politikis realizacias axorcieleben dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurebi rogorc mTlianad qveynis, aseve regionebis masStabiT. calkeul qveynebSi dasaqmebis samsaxurebi sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT (dasaqmebis saagento, Sromis birJa, dasaqmebis samsaxuri da sxv.) funqcionireben da uzrunvelyofen Semdegi specifikuri funqciebis Sesrulebas: I. analitikuri funqcia: - Sromis erovnuli da regionuli bazrebis koniunqturis Seswavla da prognozireba; - Sromis bazris tevadobisa da struqturis cvlilebis analizi da prognozi; - ekonomikuri, samecniero-teqnikuri, demografiuli, socialuri, ekolo-giuri, sakanonmdeblo da sxva faqtorebis cvlilebis analizi; - dasaqmebis dinamikis Seswavla;
132

- damsaqmeblis qcevis motivaciis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis Seswavla; - erovnuli ekonomikis calkeuli dargebis samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofa da masze moTxovnis cvlilebis tendenciebis gansazRvra; - arsebuli samuSao adgilebis struqturis, maTi xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebis Seswavla; - regionis samuSao Zalis konkurentunarianobis Seswavla da prognozi; - samuSao Zalis fasze moqmedi faqtorebis analizi; - qveyanaSi (regionebSi) SromiTi migraciis mizezebis analizi da sxv. II. marTvis funqciebi: - samuSao Zalis marketingis marTvis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa; - samuSao Zalis marketingis strategiuli da operatiuli dagegmva; - dasaqmebis sferoSi socialur partniorebs Soris saqmiani urTierTobebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba; - Sromis bazarze marketinguli saqmianobis meToduri uzrunvelyofa; - Sromis bazris moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT profesiuli momzadebis sistemis srulyofis xelSewyoba da a.S. dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis farglebSi gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebi efuZneba Sromis bazarze realurad arsebul mdgomareobis Sefasebas da mimdinare procesebze sistematiuri dakvirvebis Sedegad
133

gakeTebul daskvnebs. aRniSnulis uzrunvelyofa xorcieldeba Sromis bazris kvlevis da monitoringis gziT. Sromis bazris kvleva miznad unda isaxavdes samuSao Zalaze moTxovnisa da mosaxleobis SromiTi orientaciis Seswavlis safuZvelze maTi dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis dadgenasa da rekomendaciebis SemuSavebas, rac aucilebelia dasaqmebaSi xelSewyobis konkretuli programebis mosamzadeblad. rig qveynebSi ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis monitoringis, mewarmeTa sociologiuri gamokiTxvis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi, prioritetuli mimarTulebebi da makroekonomikur Tu regionul doneze gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebi. mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis monitoringiT dgindeba is ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis, dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis doneze. Seiswavleba ojaxis Semosavlebis struqtura da wyaroebi, mosaxleobis sainvesticio ganwyoba da molodini, biznesis ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli faqtorebi da a.S. Sromis bazris kvlevis mimarTulebebidan ZiriTadia samuSao Zalaze damqiravebelTa moTxovnis Seswavla. misi mizania samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebisa da winapirobebis gansazRvra, im moTxovnebis
134

dadgena, rasac damqiraveblebi ayeneben potenciuri momuSaveebis winaSe. aRniSnulTan erTad, kvlevis procesSi vlindeba mewarmeobis ganviTarebis xelSemSleli faqtorebi, maTi daZlevis ZiriTadi gzebi da saSualebebi. Sromis bazris sistematuri kvleva da monitoringi mimarTulia ekonomi-kurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis TviTdasaqmebisa da samewarmeo iniciativebis mxardaWerisaken. efeqtiani TviTdasaqmebis xelSewyobis mizniT ganisazRvreba mcire da saojaxo biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi, xorcieldeba samewarmeo saqmianobis msurvelTa sameurneo iniciativebis finansuri, teqnikuri da sakonsultacio mxardaWera. dasaqmebis aqtiuri politikis paralelurad saxelmwifo axorcielebs pasiuri politikas _ umuSevari mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis mizniT konkretuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas. erT-erT aseT RonisZiebas miekuTvnena umuSevrebze Semweobis gacema. Semweobis odenoba da gacemis xangrZlivoba ukavSirdeba iseT kriteriumebs, rogoricaa: xelfasis sidide, umuSevarTa asaki da samuSao staJi. Semweobis gacema droebiTi xasiaTis RonisZieba da ar amcirebs umuSevarTa da samuSaos maZiebelTa SromiTi motivaciis xarisxs.
5.3. Sromis bazris infrastruqtura
135

Sromis bazari, iseve rogorc sxva bazrebi, funqcionirebs garkveul socialur-ekonomikur garemoSi. bunebrivia, rom civilizebuli Sromis bazris damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebelia misi bunebis adeqvaturi infrastruqturis Seqmna. Sromis bazris infrastruqtura warmoadgens normatiul-samarTlebric garemos, romelic uzrunvelyofs Sromis bazris efeqtian funqcionirebas. igi moicavs: saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs, dasaqmebis xelSewyobis arasaxelmwifo struqturebs, sxvadasxva firmebisa da sawarmoebis personalis marTvis samsaxurebs, sazogadoebriv organizaciebsa da fondebs. Sromis bazris ganviTarebis xarisxi, misi civilizebuloba damokideulia ara marto imaze, Tu ramdenadaa Camoyalibebuli misi infrastrutura, aramed imaze, Tu rogor asrulebs igi Tavis ZiriTad funqciebs. rogorc cnobilia, Sromis bazris mTavari socialur-ekonomikuri funqciaa efeqtiani dasaqmebis miRweva, romlis uzrunvelyofaSi mniSvnelovania misi infrastruqturis roli. konkretulad, Sromis bazris infrastruturam unda Seasrulos Semdegi funqciebi: - SromiTi Suamavloba. igi gulisxmobs damsaqmeblebisa da dasaqmebulebis interesebis optimalur SeTanawyobas Sromis anazRaurebis, Sromis pirobebis, muSaobis
136

reJimis, momzadebisa da gadamzadebis pirobebsa da sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnuli funqciis warmatebiT realzacia moiTxovs socialuri partniorobis sistemis formirebasa da koleqtiuri molaparakebebis sistemis damkvidrebas socialur-SromiTi urTierTobebis subieqtebs (saxelmwifo, profkavSirebi, mewarmeTa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis gaerTianebebi, damqiravebeli, daqiravebuli momuSave) Soris; - dasaqmebulebisa da umuSevrebis profesiuli momzadeba-gadamzadeba; - samuSao adgilebis Seqmna da SenarCuneba; - mosaxleobis inforamaciuli uzrunvelyofa. sabazro infrastruqturis rTul da urTierTdakavSirebul kompleqsSi Sromis bazris infrastruqtura Zalze specifikuria. swored Sromis bazris infrastruqturas, rogorc SromiTi mowyobis institutebisa da maregulirebeli meqanizmebis sistemas (sqema 1) SeuZlia Seqmnas Sromis bazarze moTxovna-miwodebas Soris efeqtiani zemoqmdebisaTvis ekonomikurad xelsayreli pirobebi.
5.4.Sromis bazris infrastruqturis formirebisa da ganviTarebis etapebi saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi civilizebuli Sromis bazrisa da misi Sesatyvisi infra-struqturis formireba 1990 wlebidan daiwyo. miuxedavad xanmokle
137

periodisa, dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurebis muSaobaSi pirobiTad SeiZleba ramdenime etapi gamoiyos. pirvel etapze (1991-1993 ww.) daiwyo sakanonmdeblo bazis SemuSaveba. am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani iyo 1991 wlis 25 ivliss miRebuli kanoni dasaqmebis Sesaxeb, romelmac gansazRvra saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dasaqmebis politikis da umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis ekonomikuri, organizaciuli da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sromis bazris infrastruqturis formirebis TvalsazrisiT swori orientacia iyo aRebuli, radgan dasaqmebis saxelmwifo politikis prioritetul mimarTulebebad miCneuli iqna: - moqalaqeTa SromiTi iniciativis mxardaWera da waxaliseba; - umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis uzrunvelyofa; - moqalaqis dasaqmebisaTvis xelSewyoba, umuSe- vrobis donis maqsimaluri Semcireba; - dasaqmebis sferoSi da socialurekonomikuri politikis sxva mimarTulebiT gasatarebel Ronis- ZiebaTa koordinacia. zemoaRniSnuli kanonisa (muxli-12) da saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier miRebuli saTanado dadgenilebis safuZvelze5
saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba `mosaxleobis dasaqmebis socialuri garantiebis Sesaxeb~ #19, 1991w.
5

138

ganisazRvra Sromis bazris infrastruqturis ZiriTadi subieqtebi da dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo politikis ganmsazRvreli da maregulirebeli organoebi. kerZod, Sromis, socialuri dacvisa da demografiis saministrosTan Seiqmna dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuri _ dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondis, Sromis saxelmwifo birJis, umuSevarTa profesiuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis sistemis saxiT. dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurs daevala mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis saTanado programebis SemuSaveba da realizacia. dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuris saqmianobis meore etapi (1994 wlidan 1998 wlis pirveli naxevari), faqtobrivad kvlav mosaxleobis socialuri dacvisa da daxmarebebis sistemis sakanonmdeblo bazis formirebiT Semoifargla. zogierTma dadgenilebam SezRuda dasaqmebis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri mxardaWeris 6 sistema . magram dasaqmebis politika ZiriTadad mainc pasiuri xasiaTis RonisZiebebs moicavda. magaliTad, 1994 wlis dasawyisidan seqtembris CaTvliT Semweoba daeniSna 10
saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa kabinetis dadgenileba 634, `saqarTvelos respublikaSi faswarmoqmnisa da safinanso sistemis radikaluri reformis, mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis gadaudebel RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb. 1993 wlis 5 seqtemberi.
6

139

aTasamde umuSevars. 1997 wlidan daiwyo ojaxuri daxmarebebis gacema7 da amave wels Semweobis mimReb umuSevarTa raodenobam 20.5 aTas kacs miaRwia. dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxurs Tavisi saqmianobis meore etapze mosaxleobis dasaqmebis xelSewyobis mimarTulebiT, rac misi mTavari funqciaa, raime qmediTi RonisZieba ar gautarebia. aRniSnul etapze dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondis mier ganxorcielda ramdenime RonisZieba, rac gamoixata umuSevarTa gadamzadebaSi, invalidTa ojaxebisaTvis daxmarebis gacemaSi. mesame etapze (1998-1999 ww.) dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondi, dasaqmebis departamenti da profesiuli orientaciisa da momzadeba- gadamzadebis centri gaerTianda dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondis bazaze. qalaqebsa da raionebSi Seiqmna dasaqmebis centrebi. reorganizacia miznad isaxavda dasaqmebis saxelmwifo politikis calkeuli mimarTulebebis koordinacias da dasaqmebis problemebis gadawyvetas erTiani midgomis safuZvelze. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasaqmebis erTianma saxelmwifo fondma Tavisi saqmianobis priorotetul mimarTulebad dasaxa dargobriv uwyebebTan urTierToba, raTa SesaZlebeli
saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba #184 socialuri (ojaxuri) daxmarebis Sesaxeb, 1996wlis 25 dekemberi;
7

140

gamxdariyo dargis ganviTarebis adeqvaturad dasaqmebis procesebis prognozireba, konkretul profesiebze moTxovnis gansazRvra, umuSevarTa gadamzadeba Semdgomi dasaqmebis perspeqtiviT da sxv. axalma samsaxurma wina planze wamowia statistikuri informaciis mopovebis, sistematizaciisa da analitikuri damuSavebis sakiTxebi. Aam mizniT Seiqmna statistikuri kvlevisa da monitoringis ganyofilebebi. ramdenadme mowesrigda da SedarebiT srulyofili gaxda registrirebul umuSevarTa Sesaxeb informacia. gamoikveTa umuSevarTa Semadgenloba asakis, ganaTlebis, profesiis, umuSevrobis xangrZlivobis mixedviT, informacia vakansiebis Sesaxeb erovnuli meurneobis dargebis, sakuTrebis formebis da profesiebis mixedviT. aRniSnulma informaciam aCvena aSkara disbalansi Sromis bazarze arsebul moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris, rogorc raodenobriv, aseve profesiul-kvalificiur WrilSi. umuSevrobis problemebis daZlevisa da dasaqmebis saxelmwifo politikis realizaciis mizniT aRniSnul etapze pirvelad damuSavda dasaqmebis xelSewyobis programa turizmisa da kurortebis sferoSi da ganxorcielda axalgazrda umuSevarTa gadamzadeba. dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuris saqmianobis meoTxe etapze Camoyalibda dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondis axali struqtura da misi saqmianobis ZiriTad
141

principad iqca miznobriv programul dafinansebaze gadasvla. daixvewa miznobrivi dafinansebis wesi, amaRlda struqturuli qvedanayofebis pasuxismgebloba. fondis saqmianobis umTavres amocanad daisaxa umuSevarTa socialuri dacvisa da dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba, xolo grZelvadian periodSi stabiluri dasaqmebis miRweva. 2000 wlis meore naxevridan aqtiurad daiwyo umuSevarTa momzadebagadamzadebis, droebiTi dasaqmebis, TviTdasaqmebisa da samewarmeo iniciativis mxardaWeris programebis, droebiTi samuSaoebis organizeba. magaliTad, 2000 wels SeirCa da ganxorcielda droebiTi 8 samuSaobis 17 , xolo 2001 wels 13 proeqti9. upiratesoba mieniWa sazRvrispira da maRalmTian regionebSi gansaxorcielebel proeqtebs, rac udaod dadebiTi momenti iyo, radgan aRniSnul regionebSi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas gansakuTrebuli socialurekonomikuri da politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs. dasaqmebis samsaxuris saqmianobis mexuTe etapi ukavSirdeba 2001 wlis 28 seqtembers `dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~ axali kanonis miRebas, romelmac gansazRvra dasaqmebis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis
dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondis angariSi 1991-2001 wlebSi gaweuli muSaobis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi 2001w. 9 iqve gv.19.
8

142

ekonomikuri, organizaciuli da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi. dasaqmebis sferos regulirebis saxelmwifo organod aRiarebul iqna saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro. aRniSnuli kanonis 38-e muxlis Tanaxmad da saqarTvelos prezidentis saTanado brZanebulebis safuZvelze likvidirebul iqna dasaqmebis erTiani 10 saxelmwifo fondi da Seiqmna sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri _ dasaqmebis 11 saxelmwifo samsaxuri , dasaqmebis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis realizaciis xelSewyobisa da umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebis mizniT. dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuri saqmianobas warmarTavda Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros kontroliT. samsaxuris debulebiT sakmaod detalurad ganisazRvra misi miznebi, funqciebi da saqmianobis sagani, mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda uflebamosilebis sfero. daixvewa
saqarTvelos kanoni `dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~ #1084, 2001wlis 28 seqtemberi. saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba #503 `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris_dasaqmebis erTiani saxelmwifo fondis likvidaciis Sesaxeb~, 2001wlis 07 dekemberi. 11 saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba #63 dasaqmebis sferoSi reformis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, 2001wlis 21 Tebervali; saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba #402 `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris_dasaqmebis saxelmwifi samsaxuris debulebis Sesaxeb~, 2002 wlia 13 seqtemberi.
10

143

samsaxuris marTvis organizaciuli srtuqtura da normatiul-samarTlebrivi baza, rasac xeli Seuwyo rigi sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miRebam da dasaqmebis sferoSi Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebis ratificirebam. dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuris reorganizaciis mimarTulebiT kidev erTi nabiji gadaidga 2004 wlis bolosaTvis (meeqvse etapi). gauqmda dasaqmebis samsaxuri da mis bazaze Seiqmna socialuri daxmarebisa da dasaqmebis saxelmwifo saagento12, romlis ZiriTadi mizani iyo dasaqmebisa da socialuri dacvis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis realizacia da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli socialuri daxmarebis RonisZiebebis gatareba. gansakuTrebiT radikaluri gardaqmnebiT gamoirCeva saqarTvelos Sromis bazris infrastruqturis formirebis Semdegi (meSvide) etapi. mTavrobis mier aRebuli iqna kursi Sromis bazris TviTregulirebaze da saxelmwifos Caurevlobaze. saqarTvelos axali Sromis kodeqsis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT gauqmda kanonebi `dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~, `koleqtiuri SromiTi davis mowesrigebis wesis Sesaxeb~, `koleqtiuri xelSekrulebisa da SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb~,13 gauqmda `socialuri daxmarebisa
saqarTvelos kanoni #959 `dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb. 2004wlis 29 dekemberi. 13 saqarTvelos kanoni #3112, 25.05.2006w. `saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi~.
12

144

da dasaqmebis saxelmwifi saagento~ da mis nacvlad Seiqmna sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri _ `socialuri subsidiebis saagento~14. saagentos saqmianobas mTlianad akontrolebs saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro. am ukanasknelis kontrols eqvemdebareba kidev erTi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri _ `saqarTvelos janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis proeqtebis ganmaxorcielebeli centri~. saministros mmarTvelobis sferos daeqvemdebara `janmrTelobisa da socialuri programebis saagento~, xolo mis struqturul qvedanayofad Camoyalibda _ socialuri dacvis departamenti~15. departamentis saqmianobis ZiriTadi amocanebia: socialuri dacvis saxelmwifo programebis SemuSaveba da maTi ganxorcielebis monitoringi; socialur sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebis strategiuli gegmisa da meqanizmebis SemuSaveba; socialuri dacvis sferoSi maregulirebeli aqtebis SemuSaveba-srulyofa da sxv.
saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris brZaneba #190/n `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris `socialuri subsidiebis saagentos debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~, 27 ivnisi 2007w. 15 saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #249, `saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~, 31 dekemberi 2005w.
14

145

dasaqmebis saxelmwifo sistemaSi momxdari cvlilebebi aSkarad mowmoben, rom saqarTveloSi dasaqmebis saxelmwifo politikis prioritetad kvlav rCeba umuSevrobis Semcireba da siRaribis daZleva. aRniSnul viTarebaSi metad aqtualuria Sromis bazris institutebisa da misi adekvaturi infrastruqturis, efeqtianad momuSave dasaqmebis samsaxuris Seqmna da ganviTareba.
sqema-1 Sromis bazris infrastruqturis ZiriTadi elementebi da Siga da gare kavSirebi maT Soris

146

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. daaxasiaTeT Sromis bazris regulirebis

klasikuri da neoklasikuri Teoria;

2. mokled CamoayalibeT k. marqsis `xalxT3.

4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

mosaxleobis kapitalisturi kanonis~ arsi; raSi mdgomareobs j.m. keinzis ZiriTadi daskvnebi dasaqmebis saxelmwifo regulirebasTan dakavSirebiT? ra gansxvavebaa Sromis bazris regulirebis keinzianur da monetaristul Teorias Soris? gadmoeciT dasaqmebis aqtiuri da pasiuri politikis arsi; ra aris Sromis bazris infrastrutura? ra funqciebs asrulebs Sromis bazris infrastruqtura? mokled daaxasiaTeT Sromis bazris infrastruqturis formirebis etapebi saqarTveloSi.

147

Tavi 6. profkavSirebi Sromis bazarze

61. profkavSirebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba

Sromis bazris funqcionirebaSi didi roli eniWebaT profkavSirebs, rogorc momuSaveTa interesebis gamomxatvel organizacias. miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebaSi profkavSirebis rolis Sesaxeb calsaxa damokidebuleba ar arsebobs. nawili miiC-nevs, rom profkavSirebi _ esaa monopoliis forma, romelsac sargebeli moaqvs sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilisaTvis, magram amavdroulad did danaxarjebs iwvevs. sapirispiro Tvalsazrisi ki isaa, rom profkavSirebi warmoadgenen ZiriTad instruments, riTac momuSaveebs SeuZliaT, gaiumjobeson sakuTari ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da miaRwion socialuri dacvis meqanizmebis efeqtian funqcionirebas. Sromis bazris funqcionirebaSi profkavSirebis rolze SeiZleba vimsjeloT Semdegi monacemebiT: aSS-Si profkavSirebis wevrebis wili mTlianad samuSao Zalis SemadgenlobaSi Seadgens 15%-s, xolo araagrarul seqtorSi dasaqmebulebSi _ 20%. es maCveneblebi qveynebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. amasTan, aSS-sTvis specifikuria is, rom am qveynis profkavSiris
148

wevrebi ar arian dakavSirebulni romelime politikur partiasTan, rogorc es aris, magaliTad, inglisSi, sadac profkavSiris wevrebs gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukaviaT leiboristul partiaSi. profkavSirebis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia kapitalisturi urTierTobebis formirebasTan, rodesac damqiravebelTa da daqiravebulTa ekonomikuri interesebi mkveTrad daupirispirda erTmaneTs. saqme isaa, rom kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis adreul periodSi damqiraveblebis Semosavlebis zrdis erT-erT umTavres saSualebas momuSaveebisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebis gamkacreba warmoadgenda: samuSao drois gaxangZliveba, Sromis anazRaurebis Semcireba, sxvadasxva saxis jarimebi, Sromis dacvisaTvis saWiro saxsrebis ekonomia, momuSaveTa TviTneburi daTxovna da a.S. sabolood, urTierTobebis garTuleba damqiraveblebsa da daqiravebul momuSaveebs Soris xSirad iwvevda ssxvadasxva formis gamosvlebs, gaficvebs, rac SeiZleboda gadazrdiliyo SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi, momuSaveebis mier Sromis saSualebebis ganadgurebaSi. msgavsi situaciebis Tavidan acileba drois obieqtur moTxovnad iqca. samrewvelo revoluciebis epoqaSi inglisSi gaCndnen pirveli profkavSiruli organizaciebi. Tavdapirvelad momuSaveTa profesiul asociaciebs lokaluri xasiaTi hqondaT
149

da masSi gaerTianebuni iyvnen SedarebiT maRalkvalificiuri muSakni, rac Seexeba dabaklkvalificiur momuSaveebs, umuSevrobis maRali donis pirobebSi maTi Secvla advilad xdeboda da amitomac isini xSirad profkavSiruli organizaciebis farglebs gareT rCebodnen. damqiraveblebi da maTi interesebis gamomxatvelebi, upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifo, Tavdapirvelad Seuwynareblobas iCendnen profkavSirebis mimarT, rac gamoixateboda iseTi specialuri sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miRebaSi, romlebic zRudavdnen momuSaveTa profesiuli kavSirebis saqmianobas. ase magaliTad, inglisSi 1799-1800 wlebSi miRebuli iqna sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romlebic ukanonod miiCnevdnen momuSaveTa Sekrebebs da ukrZalavdnen maT demonstraciebis Catarebas, magram am kanonebma ver SeZles SeeCerebinaT muSebi, metic, saxelmwifos msgavsma mcdelobebma sruliad sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRo. amitom 1824 wels inglisSi SeCerebuli iqna antimuSuri sakanonmdeblo aqtebis moqmedeba, riTac, faqtobrivad, moxda profkavSiruli saqmianobis legalizacia. amis Semdeg tred-unionizmi male gadaiqca masobriv moZraobad. mravalricxovanma adgilobrivma profkavSirulma organizaciebma gamocdilebis gacvlisa da saqmianobis erToblivad
150

warmarTvis mizniT erTmaneTTan kavSirebis damyareba daiwyes. 1834 wels robert ouenis iniciativiT Seiqmna tred-unionebis didi erovnuli kavSiri (Grand National Consolidated Trade Union), magram es organizacia ar aRmoCnda mtkice da igi maleve daiSala. inglisSi profkavSirebis mcdelobam, mieRwiaT konsolidirebuli saqmianobisaTvis, Sedegi gamoiRo 1868 wels, rodesac Seiqmna tredunionebis kongresi (Trades Union Congress), romelic dRemde warmoadgens profkavSiruli saqmianobis ZiriTad makoordinebel organos did britaneTSi. profkavSirul moZraobaSi Tavdapirvelad mxolod mamakacebi iyvnen gaerTianebulni, qalebs profkavSirSi ar Rebulobdnen. am mdgomareobiT kargad sargeblobdnen damqiraveblebi: isini cdilobdnen, mecnierebisa da teqnikis miRwevebis warmoebaSi danergviTa da daqiravebuli Sromis simZimis Semcirebis kvalobaze farTod gamoeyenebinaT qalebis Sroma, rac gacilebiT iafi da organizebuli iyo. TavianTi uflebebis dacvis mizniT momuSave qalebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, SeeqmnaT sakuTari profkavSirebi. daarsda ,,qalTa dacvisa da Tavdacvis sazogadoeba~. mxolod me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi moxerxda inglisSi mamakacTa da qalTa profkavSirebis gaerTianeba. miuxedavad amisa, dRemde ara marto inglisSi, aramed sxva qveynebSic qalebis wili
151

profkavSiris wevrTa Soris metad mcirea. profkavSirebis ganviTarebaSi adgili hqonda sxva tendenciebsac. kerZod, 1889 wels warmoiSva axali tredunionebi (gazis mrewvelobis muSaTa kavSiri, dokerebis kavSiri). adre arsebuli profkavSiruli organizaciebi yalibdeboda viwro profesiuli niSniT anu es iyo mxolod erTi profesiis muSebis gaerTianeba. axali profkavSirebi ki yalibdeboda sawarmoo (dagobrivi) principiT _ maT SemadgenlobaSi erTiandebodnen sxvadasxva profresiis muSebi, vinc warmoebis erTsa da imave dargs miekuTvnebodnen. garda amisa, profkavSirebis SemadgenlobaSi ukve Rebulobdnen dabalkva lificiur muSebsac. XXsaukunis dasawyisSi inglisis prof kavSirebi ukve aerTianebdnen qveynis mTeli muSebis TiTqmis naxevars, 1920 wels ki profkavSiris wevrTa wili muSebis saerTo raodenobaSi 60% Seadgenda. profkavSiruli moZraobis aseTma organi-zebulobam misi gavlena qveynis ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaSi mkveTrad gazarda. inglisis magaliTiT profkavSiruli moZraobis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba sxva qveynebSic mimdinareobda. magaliTad, aSSSi muSebis pirveli saerToerovnuli kavSiri Camoyalibda 1869 wels, magram igi maleve daiSala. pirveli seriozuli profkavSiruli organizacia aSS-Si Camoyalibda 1881 wels. mas amerikis Sromis federacia ewode152

boda(American Federation of Labor, AFL) is 1955 wels SeuerTda sawarmoo profkavSirebis kongress ((Congress of Industrial Organization, CIO). amerikis mewarmeebi sakmaod didi xnis manZilze did winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen profkavSirul moZraobas. magaliTad, 1920-1930-ian wlebSi aSS-is mrewvelebis erovnuli asociacia daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom daenergaT e.w. ,,yviTeli ZaRlis~ principiT muSebTan kontraqtis dadebis praqtika, ris Tanaxmadac, muSebi ar unda Sesuliyvnen profkavSirebSi.DprofkavSirebSi gaerTianebuli muSebis solidarobis Seryevis mizniT amerikeli mewarmeebi damatebiT daTmobebzec midiodnen. kerZod, isini muSebs sTavazobdnenDsawarmos mogebis wilebs. profkavSirebis mimarT msgavsi politika tardeboda prezident f. ruzveltis xelisuflebaSi mos-vlamde, roca miRebuli iqna kanoni SromiTi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb (vagneris kanoni), romelic moiTxovda damqiraveblebisagan profkavSirebTan koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis dadebis aucileblobas. profkavSiruli organizaciebi inglissa da aSS-Si Semoifarglebodnen mxolod ekonomikuri moTxovnebiTa da Tavs aridebdnen radikalur moTxovnebs, magram sxva qveynebSi isini politizirebulni da revoluciurebi iyvnen. kerZod, safrangeTSi, italiasa da espaneTSi profkavSirebze anarqosindikalistebi, xolo germaniaSi, avstriasa da SveciaSi _ social-demokratebi axdendnen
153

gavlenas. am qveynebSi profkavSirebis memarcxene ideebTan siaxlovem maTi legalizaciis procesis gaWianureba ganapiroba: safrangeTSi muSaTa kavSirebis organizebis ufleba oficialurad xelisuflebis mier 1930 wels iqna aRiarebuli, xolo germaniaSi mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi profkavSirebis ganviTarebaSi e.w. ,,revoluciuri~ periodi faqtiurad dasrulda. maT sabolood uari Tqves socialuri simSvidis darRvevaze, ris sanacvlod xelisuflebisagan miiRes profkavSirebis uflebebis aRiareba da socialuri garantiebi. profkavSirebsa da mewarmeebs Soris ,,Tbili~ urTierTobebis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens profkavSiruli moZraobis ganviTareba iaponiaSi. iq muSebisaTvis mTavari iyo firmisadmi kuTvnileba da ara saqmianobis sfero, amitom muSaTa organizaciebi qveyanaSi yalibdeboda ara profesiuli principiT, aramed firmebis mixedviT. es ki imas niSnavda, rom ,,firmul~ profkavSirSi gaerTianebuli sxvadasxva specialobis muSebi solidarulebi iyvnen ufro sakuTari firmis menejerebisadmi, vidre sxva firmebis kolegebisadmi. TviTon profkavSiris aqtivistebi ki firmis xelmZRvanelobisagan garkveul gasamjelosac Rebulobdnen, rac uzrunvelyofda imas, rom iaponiaSi profkavSirebsa da menejerebs Soris metad
154

megobruli urTierTobebi yalibdeboda. miuxedavad amisa, iaponiaSic aris evropuli tipis mcirericxovani dargobrivi profkavSirebi.

6.2. profkavSirebis arsi da saxeebi

profesiuli kavSiri _ esaa organizacia, momuSaveebis nebayoflobiTi profesiuli gaerTianeba, romlis mizans sakuTari wevrebis ekonomikuri da socialuri interesebis dacva warmoadgens. profkavSirebi ZiriTadad ori saxisaa: pirveli, dargobrivi, sadac gaerTianebulia dargis an firmis momuSaveTa didi nawili maTi saqmianobis saxis Tu sferos miuxedavad. maT miekuTvnebaT saavtomobilo, qvanaxSiris, metalurgiul warmoebaSi dasaqmebulTa profkavSirebi; meore, saamqro, romelic aerTianebs mxolod erTi da imave profesiis muSebs. maT miekuTvnebaT mSeneblebis, mbeWdavebis, dokerebisa da sxvaTa profkavSiruli gaerTianebebi. zogierT dargebSi, magaliTad, saavtomobilo mrewvelobaSi, damqiraveblebsa da profkavSirebs Soris, molaparakebebi mimdinareobs saerTo erovnul doneze. mSeneblobaSi molaparakeba warmoebs adgilobriv doneze. miuxedavad amisa, orive SemTxvevaSi molaparakebebSi monawileobas
155

Rebulobs erTdroulad ramdenime damsaqmebeli. SeTanxmeba miRweulad iTvleba maSin, roca yvela mxare saerTo SeTanxmebamde midis, magram uSualo xelSekruleba individualurad ideba. koleqtiuri molaparakebebi, rogorc wesi, scildeba mxolod xelfasis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis sakiTxebs da moicavs problemebis farTo speqtrs, rogoricaa Svebulebis anazRaureba, samedicino dazRveva, pensia da sxva, aseve dasaqmebis iseT problemebs, rogoricaa muSaobis staJis dadgenis wesi, samsaxuridan daTxovnis an Sromis pirobebi (samuSao adgilis usafrTxoeba, zeganakveTur muSaobaze SeTanxmeba da a.S.). koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis gaformebis Semdeg profkavSirebi exmarebian damqiraveblebs miRweuli xelSekrulebebis SesrulebaSi. imavdroulad damqiraveblebi profkavSirebis saSualebiT ecnobian sakuTari momuSaveebis saWiroebebs. amJamad arsebul profkavSirul organizaciebs Soris gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia ganaTlebis muSakTa erovnuli asociacia (aSS), romlisTvisac saqmianobis umTavres mizans arasdros ar warmoadgenda koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis gaformeba. misi umTavresi mizani iyo, asociaciis wevrebis profesiuli donis amaRleba, aseve studentebisa da moswavleebis mier miRebuli ganaTlebis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gaujobeseba.
156

profkavSiruli organizaciebis ricxovnobis Sesaxeb metad mwiri informacia arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, profkavSiruli organizaciebis ricxovnobis dinamikis analizisas SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi tendenciebi. kerZod, gasuli saukunis 30-ian da meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi profkavSiris wevrTa absoluturi ricxvic da maTi xvedriTi wilic samuSao Zalis saerTo raodenobaSi mkveTrad gaizarda da TiTqmis 25%-s gadaaWarba. 1970-iani wlebidan aRniSnulma maCveneblebma kleba daiwyo da 1990-ian wlebSi mxolod 13% Seadgina. profkavSiris wevrTa ricxovnobaze moqmedi faqtorebis analizisaTvis SeiZleba gamoviyenoT profesiuli saqmianobis moTxovnisa da miwodebis martivi modeli. momuSaveTa moTxovna prof kavSirul organizaciaSi wevrobaze warmoadgens am wevrobis ,,fasis~ funqcias. es fasi moicavs organizaciaSi Sesvlis Senatans, yovelTviur sawevros, im drois Rirebulebas, rac saWiroa profkavSiruli muSaobis warmarTvisaTvis da a.S. sxva Tanabari pirobebisas am fasis aweva gamoiwvevs im muSebis wilis Semcirebas, visac survili eqneba gawevriandes profkavSirebSi. koleqtiur molaparakebebze muSebis interesebis dacva, aseve administraciis mier dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesrulebaze kontroli garkveul danaxarjebs moiTxovs. aseve,
157

profkavSirebs aucileblad sWirdebaT saxsrebi sxvadasxva saxis RonisZiebebis Casatareblad. es arTulebs muSebis darwmunebas imaSi, rom swored profkavSirebi warmoadgens im organos, romelic yvelaze ukeTesad daicavs maT interesebs da amitom aucilebelia profkavSirSi gaerTianeba. prof-kavSirebis survili, rom ufro meti momuSave gaaerTianos Tavis rigebSi, warmoadgens profkavSiris wevrobis fasis mzard funqcias, rac ganapirobebs kidec miwodebis sidides. profkavSiris wevrTa ricxvis swraf zrdas gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi xeli Seuwyo kanonmdeblobis srulyofam, amis gamo profkav-Sirebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi dadebiTi Sexedulebebis Camouyalibebam, aseve, didi depresiis periodSi profkavSirebis rolis zrdam. miuxedavad amisa, gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan aSS-Si adgili hqonda profkavSirebis ricxovnobis TandaTanobiT Semcirebas. amis mizezad r. erenbergi da r. smiti16 profkavSirebis momsaxurebis moTxovna miwodebis Tanafardobis ganmsazRvrel xuT mizezs gamoyofen. esenia: samuSao Zalis demografiuli struqturis cvlileba; ekonomikis dargobrivi struqturis cvlileba; dasaqmebis regionuli struqturis mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, im dargebis wilis zrda, sadac araxelsayreli pirobebia
16

. . , . , . . . . 1996 . gv. 507

158

profkavSirebis saqmianobis ganviTarebisaTvis; mzardi konkurenciuli pirobebi da damqiravebelTa winaaRmdegobis gaZliereba profkavSiruli saqmianobis winaaRmdeg. samuSao Zalis demografiuli struqturis cvlileba. samuSao Zalis SemadgenlobaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda qalebis wili, xolo qalebi yovelTvis Tavs aridebdnen profkavSirSi gawevrianebas. profkavSiris wevrobisagan sargebeli warmoadgens ama Tu im firmaSi muSaobis staJis funqcias. maSin rodesac danamatebi staJis gamo, daTxovnebis Sesaxeb garantiebis arseboba, pensiis sidide naklebmniSvnelovania imaTTvis, vinc did xans ar apirebs erTsa da imave firmaSi muSaobas. qalebi ki mamakacebTan SedarebiT erT firmaSi gacilebiT nakleb xans muSaobdnen. amasTan, maTTvis damaxasiaTebli iyo muSaobis periodebs Soris didi Sualedebi. aqedan gamomdinare, qalebi naklebad monawileoben profkavSiruli organizaciebis saqmianobaSi. ekonomikis dargobrivi struqturis cvlileba. meore faqtori, romelmac imoqmeda profkavSiris wevrTa ricxovnobis Semcirebaze, dasaqmebis dargobrivi struqtris cvlilebaa. mkveTrad Semcirda gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi, transportsa da komunalur momsaxurebaSi dasaqmebulTa wili, sadac profkavSirebis roli, tradiciulad, mniSvnelovani
159

iyo. amis sapirispirod gaizarda vaWrobaSi, safinanso organizaciebSi, uZravi qonebiT vaWrobaSi da momsaxurebis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa wili, sadac profkavSirebis roli yovelTvis mcire iyo. dasaqmebis regionuli cvlilebebi. aSSSi profkavSirebis rolis Semcirebis mesame faqtori gaxda 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi mosaxleobisa da samuSao Zalis migracia mrewvelurad ganviTarebul CrdiloaRmosavleTidan samxreTis StatebSi. TavisTavad, migraciuli procesebi ver gaxdeboda profkavSirebis gavlenis Semcirebis mizezi, rom ara tafta-hertlis kanoni, romelic miRebuli iqna 1947 wels da ris Tanaxmadac TiToeul Stats ufleba hqonda, mieRo profkavSirebis uflebis SemzRudavi sakuTari kanoni, romelic krZalavda samuSaoze miRebisas profkavSiris wevrobis aucileblobas. 1982 wlisaTvis aseTi kanonebi ukve miRebuli hqonda samxreTis, samxreT-dasavleTisa da qveynis centraluri nawilis 19 Stats. cxadia, aman ganapiroba profkavSirebis rolis daknineba am StatebSi. Tumca, araa gamoricxuli, rom qveynis samxreT StatebSi samuSao Zalis koncentraciam momavalSi gamoiwvios msgavsi kanonmdeblobis Secvla. konkurentuli brZola. meoTxe faqtori, romelic did gavlenas axdens profkavSiris rolis Semcirebaze, konkurenciis gamkacrebaa ucxouri kompaniebis mxridan iseT dargebSi,
160

rogoricaa gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba, sahaero da saavtomobilo transporti da satelefono kompaniebi, sadac rogorc wesi, profkavSiris gavlena maRali iyo. ase magaliTad, Tu kompania aRmoaCens, rom gaizarda konkurencia ucxouri kompaniebis mxridan, maSin igi Seecdeba, gadavides iseTi saqonlis warmoebaze da Seicvalos profili ise, sadac profkavSirebis naklebi gavlena iqneba. amasTan, momuSaveebic airCios iseTi demografiuli jgufebidan, sadac profkavSirSi gawevrianebaze moTxovna mcirea. sabolood, konkurentuli brZolis gamwvaveba damsaqmeblebs ubiZgebs, gaamkacron profkavSirebis saqmianobis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebi. aseTi winaaRmdegobebi, udavod, gazrdian profkavSirebis saqmianobis xarjebs, rac Seamcirebs profkavSirebSi gawev-rianebis msurvelebis ricxvs. damsaqmeblebis winaaRmdegobis gaZliereba. profkavSirebis saqmianobis winaaRmdeg damsaqmeblebi xSirad iyeneben, rogorc kanoniT daSvebul, aseve akrZalul meTodebs. magaliTad, aSS-Si SromiTi urTierTobebis nacionaluri kanoniT, damsaqmeblebs ufleba aqvT, gadaibiron momuSaveebi, raTa maT xma miscen profkavSirebis winaaRmdeg. aseve aqvT ufleba, daiqiraon specialuri konsultantebi, romlebic daexmarebian damsaqmeblebs antiprofkavSiruli strategiis SemuSavebaSi.
161

miuxedavad amisa, damsaqmebels ufleba ara aqvs, daemuqros momuSaves xelfasis dagegmili momatebis SeTanxmebaze uaris TqmiT, an profkavSiruli organizaciebis aqtivistTa winaaRmdeg gaataros sadamsjelo RonisZiebebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu profkavSirs miaCnia, rom damqiravebeli mimarTavs kanoniT akrZalul qmedebas, mas ufleba aqvs amis Sesaxeb acnobos SromiTi urTierTobebis nacionalur sammarTvelos. braldebis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, mkacri RonisZiebebi gatardeba damsaqmeblebis mimarT.
6.3. profkavSirebis funqciebi

profkavSirebis ganviTarebis safuZvels calkeuli momuSaveebisa da damsaqmeblebis realuri uflebebis asimetriuloba warmoadgens. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki momuSave uars ityoda damsaqmeblis pirobebis Sesrulebaze, igi, saerTod, samuSaos dakargavda da umuSevari xdeboda. xolo maSin, rodesac damsaqmebeli ar iyo Tanaxma momuSavis moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze, mas SeeZlo, es momuSave daeTxova samsaxuridan ise, rom arafers kargavda da daeqiravebina axali muSa, romelic srulad daakmayofilebda mis moTxovnebs. calkeuli muSebis gamosvlebsa da protestze reagirebis aucileblobas
162

damqiravebeli ver xedavda, magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu muSebi gaerTiandebian da warmoebas masiuri protestis Sedegad saSiSroeba daemuqreba, damsaqmebeli ukve iZulebeulia, ara marto moisminos muSebis moTxovnebi, aramed Sesabamisi reagirebac moaxdinos. amitom, profkavSirebis erT-erTi upirvelesi da umTavresi moTxovna iyo individualuri SromiTi xelSekrulebebidan koleqtiur SromiT xelSekrulebebze gadasvla, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda profkavSiris yvela wevris interesi. amgvarad, sawyis etapze profkavSirebis umTavresi funqcia iyo daqiravebis procesSi muSebis interesebis dacva. droTa ganmavlobaSi profkavSirebis funqciebi, nawilobriv, Seicvala. amJamad profkavSirebi gavlenas axdenen ar marto damqiraveblebze, aramed mTavrobis finansur da sakanonmdeblo politikazec. profkavSirebis or ZiriTad funqcias gamoyofen: damcavi (urTierToba ,,profkavSirebi _ mewarmeebi~) da warmomadgenlobiTi (urTierToba ,,profkavSirebi _ saxelmwifo~). zogjer am funqciebs umateben aseve mesame _ ekonomikur funqciasac, romelic gulisxmobs warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebas. profkavSirebis damcavi funqcia yvelaze tradiciulia da igi pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli muSebis socialur-SromiT urTierTobebTan. saqme exeba ara marto
163

mewarmeebis mier momuSaveebis uflebebis darRvevis Tavidan acilebas, aramed muSebis ukve darRveuli uflebis aRdgenasac. momuSaveebisa da damsaqmebelebis poziciebis gaTanabrebiT, profkavSiri daqiravebulT icavs damqiravebelTa TviTnebobisagan. profkavSiruli brZolis yvelaze gavrcelebul meTods aTwleulebis manZilze warmoadgenda gaficva. es gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi iyo pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi, roca profkavSirSi gaerTianebuli muSebi Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad mimarTavdnen masobriv gaficvebs. ase magaliTad, inglisSi 1926 wels adgili hqonda saerToerovnul gaficvas, romelmac didi britaneTis ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela dargi moicva. unda aRiniSnos, rom profkavSiruli orga-nizaciebi, romlebic sakuTari wevrebis interesebis dasacavad ZalRones ar iSureben, xSirad organizaciis arawevri muSebis interesebis dacvisas metismet gulgrilobas iCenen. bolo aTwleulebSi profkavSirebis damcavi funqcia ramdenadme Seicvala. Tu adre profkavSirebis ZiriTadi funqcia iyo xelfasis gazrda da Sromis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis brZola, amJamad misi ZiriTadi funqciaa, ar dauSvas umuSevrobis donis gadideba da xeli Seuwyos dasaqmebis donis zrdas.

164

mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebis kvalobaze profkavSirebi iswrafvian ara marto xelfasisa da dasaqmebis donis gadidebisaken, rogorc amas adre hqonda adgili, aramed Sromis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken, rac axali mowyobilobebis eqsploataciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ase magaliTad, SvedeTis profkavSirebis konfederaciis iniciativiT 1990-ian wlebSi msoflioSi daiwyo ergonomikis moTxovnebis Sesabamisi axali standartebis danergva, rac iTvaliswinebs eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebisa da xmauris, monitorze gamosa-xulebis xarisxis mkacr reglamentirebas. warmomadgenlobiTi funqcia dakavSirebulia momuSaveebis interesebis dacvasTan ara marto firmis, aramed saxelmwifos doneze. warmomadgenlobis mizania damatebiTi SeRavaTebis mopoveba. profkavSirebi SeiZleba warmoadgendnen im momuSaveebis interesebs, romlebic monawileoben xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebisa da TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi. isini Rebuloben monawileobas im sakanonmdeblo aqtebis momzadebaSi, rac exeba socialur-SromiT sferos, dasaqmebis saxelmwifo programebis SemuSavebas, Sromis dacvis saxelmwifo programebs da a.S. politikur brZolaSi aqtiuri monawileobis kvalobaze profkavSirebi gvevlinebian seriozul lobistebad, gansakuTrebiT, im
165

gadawyvetilebebis mimarT, rac exeba im dargebis produqciaze moTxovnis gadidebis RonisZiebebs, sadac profkavSirebi masiurad arian warmodgenilni. kerZod, aSS-Si profkavSirebi yovelTvis aqtiurad gamodiodnen proteqcionizmis sasargeblod _ aSS-Si importis SezRudvis momxreebad. warmomadgenlobiTi funqciis warmatebiT realizaciisaTvis profkavSirebi mWidrod TanamSromloben politikur partiebTan. gansakuTrebiT es exeba inglisis profkavSirebs, romlebmac jer kidev 1900 w. Seqmnes sakuTari politikuri partia _ SromiTi warmomadgenlobis partia, 1906 wlidan ki leiboristuli partia (Sromis partia). profkavSirebi pirdapir afinanseben am partias. msgavs situacias aqvs adgili SveciaSi, sadac profkavSirebis konfederaciaSi gaerTianebuli daqiravebuli momuSaveebis udidesi nawili uzrunvelyofs Sveciis social-demokratiuli partiis dominirebul mdgomareobas. zogierT qveyanaSi profkavSiruli organizaciebi sxvadasxva politikuri partiebis mimarT amJRavneben Tavis simpaTiebs. magaliTad, germaniaSi gaerTianebuli profkavSirebis didi nawili, TiTqmis 9 mln. kaci mxars uWers germaniis socialur-demokratiul partias. danarCeni SedarebiT mcirericxovani profkavSirebi qristian-demokratebs da a.S. konkurentuli brZolis gamZafrebis pirobebSi profkavSirebi sul ufro metad
166

acnobiereben imas, rom momuSaveebis keTildReoba damokidebulia ara marto damsaqmeblebis mimarT winaaRmdegobaze, aramed Sromis efeqtianobis amaRlebaze. amitom Tanamedrove profkavSirebi sul ufro naklebad mimarTaven masobrivi gaficvebis praqtikas.

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. rodis warmoiSva profkaSiri? 2. ram ganapiroba profkavSiris warmoSoba? 3, ramdeni saxisaa profkavSiri? 4. ra funqciebs asrulebs profkavSiri? 5. ra faqtorebi axdenen gavlenas profkavSiris wevrTa ricxovnobaze? 6. raSi mdgomareobs profkavSirebis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi? 7. ra rols asrulebs profkavSiri Sromis bazris regulirebis procesSi?

167

Tema 7. samuSao Zalis xarisxi da investiciebi adamianur kapitalSi

7.1 adamianuri kapitali da samuSao Zalis xarisxisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi

samuSao Zalis xarisxi nacionaluri ekonomikis konkurentunarianobas gamoxatavs. saqarTveloSi amJamad mimdinare didi socialuri gardaqmnebis dros misi gaumjobeseba umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa. CvenSi xorcieldeba ganaTlebisa da profesiuli momzadebis reforma, rac karg winapirobas uqmnis samuSao Zalis xarisxis srulyofas. ekonomikur literaturaSi `samuSao Zalis xarisxi~ da `adamianuri kapitali~ xSirad erTi da imave mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. samuSao Zalis xarisxi _ esaa adamianis TvisebaTa erToblioba, romelic moicavs kvalifikacias da pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs. `adamianur kapitals~ ki r. erenbergi ase ganmartavs: esaa `codna da unar-Cvevebi, romelic aqvs muSaks, rac SeuZlia SeiZinos man ganaTlebisa da profesiuli momzadebis, agreTve, samuSao gamocdilebis meoxebiT.~ bevr mecniers ki adamianur kapitalSi ganaTlebasa da profmomzadebasTan erTad janmrTelobac Sehyavs. am SemTxvevaSi
168

profesiuli janmrTeloba, konkretuli samuSaos Sesrulebis fsiqo-fiziologiuri unari igulisxmeba. sazogadoebis mTeli simdidre SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc adamianuri da materialuri (fizikuri) kapitalis erToblioba. materialur kapitalSi Sedis miwa, Senobebi, mowyobilobani da a.S. adamianur kapitalSi ki - codna da unar-Cvevebi. adamianuri kapitali ganuyofelia pirovnebisagan. isaa misi mesakuTre da bazarze mxolod misiT sargebloba SeiZleba. Tumca nawilobriv, codna da unar-Cvevebi SeiZleba SeiZinos pirma damatebiTi investiciebis gareSec, praqtikiT, samuSao adgilze swavlebiT. iseve rogorc fizikuri kapitali, adamianuri kapitalic cvdeba fizikurad da moralurad. codna Zveldeba, konkretuli adamianic droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan sustdeba, veRar iTvisebs jerovnad siaxleebs, da adrindeliviT veRar pasuxobs bazris moTxovnebs. amrigad, adamianuri kapitali aris dagrovili investicia iseT sferoSi, rogoricaa: ganaTleba, profesiuli momzadeba, migracia, profesiuli janmrTeloba. misi wili mTel kapitalSi ganuxrelad matulobs. magaliTad, mecnierTa gaangariSebiT, dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebsa da iaponiaSi 1800 wels fizikuri kapitalis wili mTel kapitalSi (fizikuri da adamianuri) 80% iyo. 1913 wels 67%, 2000

169

wels 30%. danarCeni 70% adamianur kapitalze modis. araa gamoricxuli, rom saqarTveloSi fizikuri kapitalis simciris gamo ganaTlebis maRali donis pirobebSi adamianuri kapitalis wili mTel nacionalur simdidreSi metic iyos, vidre bevr masze ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi. konkretulad ki ganaTlebaSi, adamianur kapitalSi investirebis ukugeba gamoixateba imiT, rom: _ xelfasis (Semosavlebis) done izrdeba; _ meti arCevani eZleva adamians, rom ufro saintereso samuSaoze dasaqmdes; _ izrdeba SesaZlebloba, ufro meti dro dauTmos arasabazro saqmianobas da mTeli cxovrebac ufro saintereso, SemoqmedebiTi gaxados. r. erenbergi da r. smiti adamianur kapitalTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs sam jgufad yofen: 1. pirdapiri danaxarjebi _ esaa sakuTari ojaxis biujetidan gasacemi: swavlis qira, saxelmZRvaneloebis SeZenis xarji, migraciaze (saswavlo migracia_ m.t.) danaxarjebi; 2. dakarguli Semosavali _ radgan swavlis dros, adamianur kapitalSi investirebis procesSi SeuZlebelia sruli reJimiT (sruli samuSao dRiT) muSaoba. am dros studenti ver muSaobs da SesaZlo Semosavalic ekargeba. aSS mecnierTa gaangariSebiT, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi am qveyanaSi umaRlesi ganTlebis
170

miRebisas TiToeuli studentisaTvis `dakarguli Semosavlis~ wliuri odenoba 30 aTasamde dolaria. 3. moraluri zarali (danakargebi) _ es danakargebis Taviseburi saxea. ganaTlebis miReba umZimesi saqmea da udides fsiqonervul danaxarjebs saWiroebs. swavlis Semdgom muSaobis Zebnac damqancvelia da garkveul stresTanaa dakavSirebuli. saswavlo migracia ki xSirad ojaxs, mSobliur, adaptirebul garemos swyvets students da damatebiT Zalisxmevas moiTxovs misgan. adamianSi investiciebi, bunebrivia, xorcieldeba pirovnebis ganzraxviT, rom momavalSi rac SeiZleba meti Semosavali miiRos. misTvis cnobilia, rom momuSaveTa Soris ganaTlebis doneebSi gansxvaveba maT sxvadasxva sididis Semosavalsac gansazRvravs. marTlac, ganaTlebasa da Semosavals Soris damokidebuleba myaradaa gamoxatuli ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi. magaliTad, aSS ganaTlebis saministros cnobiT, sxvadasxva donis ganaTlebis mqoneTa wliuri Semosavlebi aseTia (cxrili 1).

171

cxrili 1
ganaTlebis sxvadasxva donis mqone pirebis wliuri Semosavlebi aSS-Si (aSS dolari)

ganaTlebis done

qalebi

mamak acebi
80144 46252 37680 19134

mamaka cis xelfasi metia qalis xelasze

1,55-jer 1,36-jer 1,39-jer 0,99-jer

bakalavri kolejdamTavrebuli saSualo skoladamTavrebuli saSualo skoladaumTavrebeli

51656 33912 27184 19271

saSualod bakalavrebi saSualo skoladamTavrebulebze 2-jer met xelfass iReben. savsebiT bunebrivia, ganviTarebul sabazro garemoSi gazrdili moswavle (misi mSobeli), umravles SemTxvevaSi, winaswar gansazRvravs konkretuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebs da mizanSewonilobas, mis efeqts. principulad am gaTvlis modeli Semdegnairia: students (mis ojaxs) unda daexarjos garkveuli Tanxa swavlis qiraze, wignebsa da sxva saswavlo masalaze,
172

ojaxis gareT cxovrebaze. meore mxriv, studenti kargavs im Semosavals, romelic mas SeeZlo mieRo studentobis nacvlad rom dasaqmebuliyo. rogorc vnaxeT, profesiuli ganaTlebis Semdgom igi miiRebs met Semosavals, vidre profesiis uqonlobiT miiRebda. sabolood ki, mTeli karieris ganmavlobaSi damatebiT miRebuli Semosavali mniSvnelovnad aRemateba e.w. `xelidan gaSvebul~ Semosavalsa da profesiul ganaTlebaze miRebul danaxarjebs (sqema 1): sqema 1

173

174

adamianuri kapitalis Teoriis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma, nobelis premiis laureatma g. bekerma swored aseTi midgomiT da analiziT daamuSava Tavisi cnobili `adamianuri kapitalis Teoria~. igi afardebda swavliT miRebul sikeTes masze gaweul danaxarjebTan da danakargebTan. man empiriulad aCvena, rom ganaTlebaze xarjviT ufro meti efeqti miiRweoda, vidre uSualod warmoebaSi investirebiT. informaciuli sazogadoebis pirobebSi adamianuri kapitali erovnuli simdidris matebis mTavari faqtoria. nobelis premiis laureatma t. Sulcma igi amerikis ekonomikis dinamikis analiziT daasabuTa. kerZod, daadgina, rom adamianur kapitalSi investiciiT miRebuli Semosavali bevrad metia, vidre fizikur kapitalSi investirebidan. igi aRniSnavda, rom yovelgvari adamianuri unarebi an Tandayolilia, an kidev SeZenili. yoveli adamiani ibadeba individualuri genebis kompleqsiT, rac mis Tandayolil unars gansazRvravs. Semdgom adamiani SeiZens Zvirfas Tvisebebs, rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi investiciebiT, da rasac Cven `adamianur kapitals~ vuwodebTo. adamiani codnas rom iZens, Tavis TavSi investiciebs abandebs, codniT ki iRebs gazrdil Semosavals. gamZafrebuli konkurenciis pirobebSi mwarmoebelTa unari, codna bazarze sul ufro metad fasobs. codna ki misi mwarmoebeli organizaciebis, saswavleblebis produqciaa.
175

bazari mas sul ufro da ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebs. Sromis bazarze samuSao Zalis xarisxisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi dinamiuria. igi unda pasuxobdes Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresis moTxovnebsac. bunebrivia, ganuwyvetliv icvleba Sromis Sinaarsic, xdeba Sromis universalizacia, erTferovan funqciaTa nacvlad yalibdeba rTuli, kompleqsuri funqciebi, rogoricaa: marTva, kontroli, gawyoba da a.S. mkveTrad icvleba Sromis daZabulobis done da datvirTvis struqtura. daZabuloba adre, fizikur datvirTvasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. kunTuri datvirTva adgils uTmobs nervulfsiqikur daZabulobas. TandaTan Zlierdeba stresi, xolo `stresmedegoba~ ukve momuSavis SerCevis mniSvnelovani faqtori xdeba. mimdinareobs Sromis unikalizacia. swrafad izrdeba axal, maRalkvalifikaciur profesiaTa raodenoba, TviT kvalifikaciis Sinaarsi. Tu adre wamyvani komponenti samuSao gamocdilebiT miRebuli unar-Cvevebi iyo, TandaTan ufro da ufro meti mniSvneloba codnas eniWeba. swrafad icvleba dasaqmebulTa profesiul-kvalificiuri struqturac. mcirdeba e. w. `lurjsayeloianTa~ _ muSebis wili da sul ufro matulobs `TeTrsayeloianebis~kvalificiuri teqnologiuri personalisa da
176

mosamsaxureTa wili. kidev ufro swrafi matebaa `oqrossayeloianebis~ - mecniermuSakTa da mkvlevar-teqnologebis, kompiuteruli programebis specialistTa raodenobisa. rogorc aRiniSna, xangrZlivi muSaobiT dagrovili gamocdilebis roli TandaTan klebulobs da izrdeba codnis efeqti. am garemoebam cvlileba Seitana e.w. asakobriv mwarmoeblurobaSi. meti mniSvneloba mieca momuSavis iseT Tvisebebs, rogoricaa reaqciis siswrafe, gadawyvetilebis miRebis siCqare, yuradRebianoba, gawafuloba, pasuxismgebloba, adaptirebuloba, mobiluroba, inovaciuroba da a.S, rac mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli janmrTelobasTan. bazari irCevs stresmedeg, janmrTel pirovnebebs. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom xeliTi Sromisa da fizikuri datvirTvis wilis Semcirebam da kompiuterizaciam gazarda e.w. SinmuSaobis SesaZleblobebi, roca samuSao sruldeba firmaSi yoveldRiuri gamocxadebis gareSe, Sin davalebis miRebiT. meore mxriv, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom kompiuterizaciam aqtiur SromaSi Caaba nawilobriv SromisunarSezRuduli pirebic, rac socialuri progresis gamoxatulebaa. profesiuli momzadebis momsaxurebis bazari, bunebrivia, mWidro kavSirSia Sromis bazarTan, agreTve, samecniero-teqnologiuri
177

produqciis bazarTan. marTlac, specialistebis momzadebis struqturasa da samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis struqturas Soris balansireba rTuli procesia. es Seusabamoba damaxasiaTebelia saqarTvelos Sromis bazrisaTvisac. amJamad saxezea specialistTa Warbwarmoeba da maTi momzadebis damaxinjebuli struqtura. xSirad gaigonebT, rom bazari TiTon moagvarebs am problemas, rac arasworia. Sromis bazris regulirebaSi da specialistTa struqturis gansazRvraSi saxelmwifos Careva aucilebelia. specialistTa momzadebis swor prognozs didi roli akisria. aq saxelmwifos Careva imitomacaa saWiro, rom bazarze gaCenili moTxovnis dakmayofileba profesiuli momzadebis sistemas mxolod ramdenimewliani (5-10 wliani) dagvianebiT SeuZlia. CvenSi rom umuSevrebs Soris specialistTa wili metismetad maRalia, amas umaRles saswavleblebSi misaRebi kontingentis araswori struqturac ganapirobebs. amitom saWiroa masze zemoqmedeba. sabolood, ekonomikurma ganviTarebam da misma struqturam unda gansazRvros specialistTa wili da speqtri dasaqmebulTa Soris. jer kidev 1990-iani wlebis sayovelTao krizisamde CvenSi specialistebiT gajerebis maCvenebeli ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela dargSi maRali iyo. maSinac igrZnoboda maTi Warbwarmoeba, rac postsabWoTa periodSi
178

saqarTveloSi zeWarbwarmoebadac iqca. amJamad aqtiurad mimdinareobs specialistTa momzadebis optimaluri gzebis Zieba, raSic didi roli ganaTlebis sistemis reformam unda Seasrulos.
7.2 ganaTlebis sistemis reforma

amJamad saqarTveloSi moqmedi ganaTlebis mTeli sistema (sqema 2) gardaqmnis procesSia. reformis amocanaa, iseTi Sinaarsi mieces saSualo skolis programebs, rom gamoavlinos da ganaviTaros moswavleTa SemoqmedebiTi unarebi, Camouyalibos maT informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Cvevebi. aseve reformis mizania saswavlo procesis teqnologiuri aRWurvis radikalur srulyofasTan erTad swavlebis meTodebis gaumjobeseba. igi mravalmxrivi amocanaa da did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. TandaTan unda aRdges maswavleblis Sromis prestiJuloba, gaumjobesdes Sromis pirobebi da gaizardos TviT pedagogTa momzadebis done. saSualo ganaTlebis saukeTeso magaliTia iaponia, sadac maswavleblis kultia. saSualo skolebSi momzadebam Tanamedrove bazris moTxovnebisadmi adaptaciis unarebi unda ganaviTaros.

179

saSualo profesiuli ganaTleba saqarTveloSi Zlier CamorCa. igi jerjerobiT araprestiJulia da gadafarulia umaRlesi ganaTlebiT. didi mniSvneloba aqvs saxelobo saswavleblebSi farTo profilis specialistebis momzadebas, romelic ufro advilad moergeba Sromis bazris cvalebad moTxovnebs.

180

sqema 2
saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistema

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi

17+

( )
17+ 16 15 14+ 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6

181

5+ 4 3 2 1

swrafi mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresis epoqaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema ganuwyvetel srulyofas saWiroebs. iyo dro, roca CvenSi damkvidrebul umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas aRiarebdnen da miiCnevdnen erT-erT saukeTesod msoflioSi. 1950-ian wlebSi aSS-Si SeSfoTdnen kosmosis aTvisebaSi ssrk-s aSkara upiratesobiT, rac maT maSin ssrk ganaTlebis sistemis meti srulyofilebiT axsnes. im dros ssrk-Si ganaTlebaze xvedri danaxarjebi sakmaod didi iyo. SemdgomSi igi swrafad gazardes dasavleTis qveynebma da bevrad gaaswres ssrk-s. CvenSi ki ganaTlebisaTvis saWiro resursebis SezRudulobis gamo daiwyo specialistTa dauswrebeli swavlebis formiT momzadeba, ramac udidesi dartyma miayena umaRles ganaTlebas. 1979 wlisaTvis studentTa 2/3 dauswrebeli da saRamos swavlebis formiT mzaddeboda. daiwyo `diplomizaciis~ procesi, romelic sakmaod xangrZlivad, dRemde grZeldeba.

182

savsebiT bunebrivia, sabazro meurneobaze gadasvlam bevri isedac problematuri sakiTxi sxva sibrtyiT daayena. TviT evropisa da amerikis qveynebi ganicdian ganaTlebis sferoSi krizisul movlenebis sakmaod uaryofiT Sedegs. miTumetes, umwvavesi problemebia CvenSi. bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ra mimarTulebiT unda wavides CvenSi umaRlesi skolis gardaqmna? pasuxi aseTia: _ esaa umaRlesi saswavleblebis universitetizacia. idea: dargobrividan-sauniversiteto ganaTlebaze gadasvla da Tanamedrove specialist-inteligentis formireba; _ umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebis gafarToeba. studentebis da samecniero-pedagogiuri kadrebis mobilurobis amaRleba. erTiani saganmanaTleblo sivrcis formireba. ai, ra weria umaRlesi ganaTlebis kanonSi saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis miznebis Taobaze: a) qarTuli da msoflio kulturis Rirebulebebis CamoyalibebisaTvis xelSewyoba, demokratiisa da humanizmis idealebze orientacia, rac aucilebelia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis; b) pirovnebis interesebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sesatyvisi umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis, kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa da gadamzadebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba;

183

g) pirovnuli potencialis realizeba, SemoqmedebiTi unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba, Siga da sagareo Sromis bazarze kursdamTavrebulTa konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofa; d) saxelmwifo ganviTarebisa da, sakuTriv, umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelsayofad axali samecniero personalis momzadeba da gadamzadeba, samecniero kvlevis pirobebis Seqmna, uzrunvelyofa da gaviTareba; e) studentTa da akademiuri pesonalis mobilurobis waxaliseba. dasavleTSi universitetebis misia yovelTvis mxolod ekonomikuri roliT ar Semoifargleboda. univesitetebis misia yovelTvis iyo ufro liberaluri, demokratiuli sazogadoebis formireba, axali ideebis generacia. Tavis droze, humboldtma universitetebis misia am ideiT gamsWvalulma Camoayaliba. droTa ganmavlobaSi ki es funqciebi meore planze gadavida da TandaTan ufro da ufro profesiul ganaTlebaze da bazarze morgebuli gaxda. erTi SexedviT, es zrdis sabazro ekonomikaSi konkurentunarianobas da cudi ar unda iyos. magram didi sifrTxilea saWiro, rom ar moxdes Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dehumanizacia da sulierebis Sesusteba. evropa seriozulad dafiqrda (ara marto evropa) swavlebis humanizaciis problemebze.

184

aq sainteresoa frangi b. esamberis (`ekol politeqnikis~ direqtoris) Sefasebani: `idealuri sistema iqneba is, romelic saSualebas mogvcems SevaTavsoT zogadkulturuli ganaTleba profesionalizmis safuZvlebTan. es ki miiReba saSualo ganaTlebis iaponuri, anglosaqsuri umaRlesi da germanuli zrdasrulTa (gadamzadeba) sistemebis kombinaciiT~. gasakviri araa, rom iseve, rogorc sxva sistemebs, ganaTlebis sistemasac aRmoaCnda Tavisi inerciuloba da reformireba martivi procesi ar gamodga. dadebiTTan erTad fasian swavlebaze gadasvlas, dafinansebis wyaroebis diversifikacias saqarTveloSic (da aramarto saqarTveloSi) swavlis xarisxis falsifikaciac mohyva. arc 1990-ian wlebSi 200-mde axalgaxsnilma umaRlesma saswavlebelma gaamarTla dafinansebis simwiris, pedagogTa gadatvirTulobisa da zogjer codnis metismetad dabali donis, mcire kontingentisa da sxva mizezTa gamo. mTeli rigi umaRlesi saswavleblebis licenzirebaSi daSvebuli iyo Secdomebi. Sedegad, miviReT codnis falsifikacia. udavod dadebiT procesad unda CaiTvalos umaRlesi ganaTlebis or safexuriani sistemis_ bakalavriatisa da magistraturis SemoReba. igi ufro Seesabameba sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnebs. imavdroulad ufro moqnils xdis specialistTa momzadebis sistemas da mTeli
185

sazogadoebis moTxovnebsac ukeTesad Seesabameba. bakalavriatSi studenti iRebs farTo arealis fundamentur codnas mocemul dargSi (vTqvaT, ekonomikaSi). magistratura ki moqnilad pasuxobs mecnierebis da warmoebis ufro konkretul moTxovnebs. aq Zlier kargadaa mofiqrebuli mcodne da unariani studentis SerCevis gza. swori organizaciis SemTxvevaSi warmatebiT xorcieldeba seleqciuroba da unarebic maqsimalurad vlindeba. meore mxriv, SesaZlebeli xdeba sxva umaRles da fakultetdamTavrebulTa mizidvac, mecnierebaTa mijnaze azrovnebis Camoyalibeba. nakli isaa, rom magistraturis ZiriTadad fasian swavlebaze gadayvanam savsebiT SesaZlebelia, Seaferxos specialistTa momzadeba. aq komercializacia yovelTvis dadebiT rols ar TamaSobs, xels uSlis fundamenturi, specializebuli ganaTlebis miRebas. uwyveti ganaTlebis sistemaze dRes bevri iwereba. umaRlesi ganaTlebiT miRebuli informacia da unar-Cvevebi TandaTan ufro swrafad Zveldeba. amitom saWiro xdeba misi ganaxleba, magram ise swrafad xdeba yovelive es, rom ganaTleba iRebs uwyvet xasiaTs. `saboloo ganaTleba~ aRar arsebobs. ganaTlebis procesi, dawyebuli skolamdeli ganaTlebidan SromiTi ciklis damTavrebamde (Semdegac) ganixileba erTian procesad. amitom TandaTan xdeba intensiuri formireba
186

kadrebis momzadebis, gadamzadebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa. amas sxvadasxva qveynebi gansxvavebulad awesrigeben, Zlier didia kerZo firmebis rolic. rogorc aRvniSneT, amJamad swrafad xdeba saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis gafarToeba. boloniis procesis erTerTi mTavari mizani isaa, rom Seiqmnas erTiani evropuli saganmanaTleblo sivrce. srulyofili codnis miRebis mizniT ufro gafarTovdes studentTa mobiluroba da SesaZlebloba mieceT maT, miiRon ama Tu im dargSi prestiJis mqone universitetebSi maRali donis codna. dReisaTvis sazRvargareTis umaRles saswavleblebSi 2 mln studenti swavlobs, maTgan mesamedi (600 aTasi) aSS-ze modis, danarCeni ZiriTadad germaniaze, did britaneTze, kanadasa da safrangeTze. msoflio savaWro organizaciis cnobiT, sazRvargareTis studentebisaTvis saganmanaTleblo momsaxureba 50-60 mlrd dolaria. aSS umaRles saswavleblebSi erTi weli swavleba 15-25 aTasi dolaria, inglisSi _ 12-20 aTasi, avstraliasa da kanadaSi _ 1,5-2-jer iafi, vidre aSS-Si. saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis saSualo fasi wliurad 10 aTasi aSS dolaria. amas emateba enisa da mosamzadebeli kursebidan Semosavali, wignebze, tansacmelze, gasarTobze gaweuli da cxovrebis sxva xarjebi. magaliTad, londonSi
187

studentis wliuri cxovrebis xarji 13-15 aTasi dolaria; aSS-Si 6-14 aTasi dolari; avstraliasa da kanadaSi _ 5-10 aTasi dolari. sazRvargareT studentebidan 100-120 mlrd dolari Sedis nacionalur ekonomikaSi, naxevari midis TviT umaRles saswavleblebSi. am fulis wyaroebia; 75-80% _ sakuTari (mSoblebis) jibe; 8-10% _ TviT universitetebi da kolejebi an mimRebi qveynis mTavrobebi ixdian; 4-5% _ gamgzavni qveynis mTavrobebi da organizaciebi; 4-5% _ kerZo sponsorebi; 1% _ saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ra xeiri aqvT adgilobriv mTavrobebs, rom ucxoel studentebs uxdian ganaTlebis qiras? magaliTad, aSS igebs imas, rom magistraturadamTavrebulTa naxevari iqve rCeba samuSaod. esaa mTeli msofliodan akumulirebuli niWieri kontingenti. rogorc profesiuli struqturis analizi gviCvenebs, amerikaSi umTavresad midian biznes-ganaTlebis misaRebad; germaniaSi_ inJiner-teqnikuri ganaTlebis misaRebad; safrangeTSi_ humanitaruli ganaTlebis misaRebad; italiaSi_ samedicino ganaTlebis misaRebad. iuneskos prognoziT, studentTa ricxvi msoflioSi 2000w. 97 mln-dan 2025 wels 260
188

mln-mde gaizrdeba. aqedan 7 mln ucxoeli studenti iqneba. bevri qveyana ucxoel students swavlis qirasac ar an nawilobriv axdevinebs (germania, safrangeTi, fineTi, Svecia). mizani: TavianT Sromis bazarze maTi mizidva da sacxovrebeli xarjebiT sargeblobaa. didi SeRavaTebia evrokavSiris qveynebSi studentTa urTierTgacvlis dros. magaliTad, did britaneTSi evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis studentobas 5-jer nakleb qiras axdevineben. ganaTlebis dafinanseba Cveni umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis erT-erTi yvelaze susti mxarea. ucxo qveynebis mTavrobebi ganaTlebaze, Cveulebriv, erToblivi Siga produqtis 5%-s xarjaven, zogi qveyana ki gacilebiT mets. magaliTad, israeli_ 7,5%, malaizia_ 6,2%, iemeni_ 10%, bocvana_ 8%, lesoto_ 10%, dania_ 8%, norvegia_ 7%, Svecia_ 8%, estoneTi_ 7,5%, saqarTvelo_ 2,5%. umaRles ganaTlebaze danaxarjebi erToblivi produqtTan mimarTebaSi saSualod msoflioSi 1,1%-ia, saqarTveloSi_ ramdenimejer naklebi. amitom mTavari amocanaa umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis resursuli uzrunvelyofa, saxelmwifo mxardaWeris gadideba 1,1%-mde mainc. es bevrad gaaumjobesebs rogorc mTeli sistemis, ise wamyvani umaRlesi saswavleblebis dafinansebas. aqcentis gadatana fasiani seqtoris gazrdaze yovelTvis
189

gamarTlebuli araa. msoflio umaRlesi ganaTlebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari mimarTuleba _ yvelasaTvis misawvdomoba _ moiTxovs saxelmwifo mxardaWeris gazrdas. sxvagvarad ganaTlebis dafinanseba, resursuli uzrunvelyofa gaZneldeba da maRalxarisxovani ganaTleba Znelad misaRwevi gaxdeba. gadaudebel amocanad unda miviCnioT ganaT- lebis muSakTa motivaciuri meqanizmis srulyofa, materialuri stimulirebis uzrunvelyofac. dasaqmebulTa SemadgenlobiT, yvelaze kvalificiuri dargi ganaTleba da mecnierebaa, sadac praqtikulad kadrebis absoluturi umravlesoba umaRles damTavrebuli specialistia. xelfasis dargobrivi diferenciacis analizi ki gviCvenebs, rom mTel dargobriv speqtrSi am dargSi erT-erT yvelaze dabali xelfasia jerjerobiT. vinc saqarTvelos mosaxleobis socialur mdgomareobas icnobs, misTvis advili gasagebia magistraturis da doqturanturis dafinansebis radikaluri srulyofis aucilebloba. mTeli msoflio miiswrafvis iqiT, rom ar daikargos bunebiT mocemuli niWi (radgan igi qveynis uni kaluri simdidrea). ganaTlebis sistemis gardaqmnis dros es gasaTvaliswinebelia.
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

190

1. ganmarteT

cnebebi: `samuSao Zalis xarisxi~, `adaminuri kapitali~, `fizikuri kapitali~. 2. ra upiratesoba aqvs adamianur kapitalSi investirebas? 3. rogoria ganaTlebis sxvadasxva donis mqoneTa saSualo Semosavlebis Tanafardoba? 4. ra daasabuTes nobelis premiis laureatebma g. bekerma da t. Sulcma? 5. ra moTxovnebs uyenebs Tanamedrove Sromis bazri samuSao Zalis xarisxs? rogor icvleba moTxovnis struqtura Sromis bazarze? 6. ra aris saqarTveloSi mimdinare ganaTlebis reformirebis mizani? 7. ras niSnavs erTiani saganmanaTleblo sivrce? 8. ras niSnavs ganaTlebis humanizacia? 9. ra aris uwyveti ganaTlebis arsi? 10. rogoria Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis ZiriTadi parametrebi? 11. ra problemebia ganaTlebis dafinansebis sferoSi?

191

Tema 8. socialuri politika da mosaxleobis Semosavlebi

1. socialuri kolitikis arsi, mizani, amocanebi

zogadad, politika _ es aris gansazRvruli kursi da moqmedebis gzebi, rasac garkveuli miznis misaRwevad sxvadasxva alternativebs Soris irCevs xelisufleba, organizacia, jgufi Tu pirovneba. socialuri politika, gamoyenebiTi gagebiT, aris RonisZiebaTa sistema, romelic mimarTulia adamianTa keTildReobaze. ufro farTo, mecnieruli gagebiT, socialuri politika aris sazogadoebis fenebsa da socialur jgufebs Soris urTierTobisa da urTierTqmedebis sistema, romlis centrSic aris adamiani, misi keTildReoba, socialuri dacva da socialuri ganviTareba, mosaxleobis sicocxlisunarianobisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. socialuri politika mravalmxrivi da struqturulad rTuli movlenaa. igi moicavs iseT gansxvavebul, magram urTierTdakavSirebul komponentebs, rogoricaa: socialuri sferos dargebi (ganaTleba, jandacva, sabinao seqtori da a.S.); Sromis bazari, dasaqmeba, umuSevroba; socialuri partnioroba; socialuri dacva; Sromis anazRaureba da dacva; socialuri dazRveva; sapensio sistema da sxv.
192

amitom socialuri politikis Sefaseba ramdenime, Tundac Zalian mniSvnelovani maCvenebliTa da kriteriumiT (magaliTad, xelfasis sidide, umuSevrobis done da a.S.) SeuZlebelia. socialuri politikis arsidan gamomdinare, misi obieqtia qveynis mosaxleoba da calkeuli socialuri jgufebi, romlebic saWiroeben gansakuTrebul mxardaWeras saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mxridan. adamianTa keTildReobis gaumjobesebis Ronis-Ziebebi SeiZleba ganaxorcielos rogorc xelisuflebam, ise calkeulma organizaciam, sazogadoebrivma jgufma, arasamTavrobo struqtu- rebma da calkeulma pirebmac. Sesabamisad, socialuri politikis subieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc saxelmwifo, ise calkeuli socialuri jgufebis interesebis gamomxatveli organizaciuli struqturebi (profesiuli kavSirebi, sazoga doebrivi, religiuri, saqvelmoqmedo, politikuri gaerTianebebi, arasabiujeto fondebi da sxv.) da qvelmoqmedi pirovnebebi. mTavari subieqti, ra Tqma unda, aris saxelmwifo, Tumca sxva, zemoaRniSnuli subieqtebic aranakleb gavlenas axdenen socialur politikaze. cnebaSi `saxelmwifo socialuri politika~ moiazreba xelisuflebis politikuri kursi qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad. radgan saxelmwifos daniSnuleba aris sakuTar moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze zrunva,
193

SeiZ leba daSveba, rom yvela qmedeba, rasac saxelmwifo axorcielebs, miekuTvneba socialur politikas. miT ufro, rom sagareo urTierTobebi, Tavdacva, kanonierebis dacva, garemos dacva da a.S. pirdapir ukavSirdeba adamianTa keTildReobas. magram, istoriulad, Semoifargla da ganisazRvra is seqtorebi, ris erTobliobasac socialuri sfero ewoda. esaa: mosaxleobis Semosavlebi, dasaqmeba da SromiTi urTierTobebi, janmrTelobis dacva, ganaTleba, socialuri dacva, socialuri momsaxureba, sacxovrebeli pirobebi, usafrTxo garemo. Sesabamisad, am sferoebSi ganxorcielebuli politika socialuri politikis Semadgeneli komponentebia. socialuri politikis mizania mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba da qveyanaSi socialur-politikuri stabilurobisaTvis pirobebis uzrunvelyofa. am rTuli da mravalwaxnagiani miznis misaRwevad saxelmwifos socialurma politikam unda uzrunvelyos Semdegi amocanebis gadawyveta:
ekonomikuri resursebisa da Semosavlebis samarTliani ganawilebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna; mosaxleobis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo pirobebis Seqmna da janmrTelobis dacvaze zrunva; mosaxleobis farTo fenebisaTvis xarisxiani samedicino momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomoba;
194

ganaTlebis miRebaze moqalaqeTa uflebebis realizaciisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna; xarisxiani ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba; mosaxleobis dasaqmebis xelSewyoba da Sromis bazris infrastruqturis ganviTareba; Sromis samarTliani da usafrTxo pirobebis uzrunvelyofa; mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis efeqtiani sistemis formireba; sapensio sistemis ganviTareba; usafrTxo da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis garemo pirobebis Seqmna. aRniSnuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad saxelmwifo gamoiyenebs administraciul, ekonomikur, finansur RonisZiebebs, SeimuSavebs da axorcielebs saxelmwifo politikas Semdegi mimarTulebebiT:
politika mosaxleobis Semosavlebis sferoSi; dasaqmebis xelSewyobisa da SromiTi urTierTobis regulirebis politika; mosaxleobis Sromisuunaro da daucveli fenebis socialuri mxardaWera da dacva; ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobisaTvis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis politika; jandacvis sistemis ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobisaTvis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis politika;
195

xarisxiani

sabavSvo baga-baRebi, savaWro da sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis obieqtebi, gzebi, transporti, sakomunikacio saSualebebi da sxv.)ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobisaTvis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvel- yofis politika; demografiuli (m.S. migraciuli) politika.

socialur-ekologiuri politika; socialuri infrastruqturis (sacxovrebeli,

socialuri politika saxelmwifo politikis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, radganac dakavSirebulia mosaxleobis, misi ZiriTadi jgufebisa da calkeuli kategoriebis cxovrebis pirobebze zemoqmedebasTan. socialuri politikis Camoyalibebis, misi Sinaarsis gansazRvris procesSi aqtiurad monawileobs ara marto saxelmwifo, aramed sazogadoeba da socialuri jgufebi. socialuri politikis Sinaarsi didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebaSi socialuri jgufebis urTierTmimarTebaze. Tu sazogadoeba da socialuri jgufebi ara marto acnobiereben sakuTar mdgomare- obas, aramed kargad aqvT gaazrebuli misi cvli- lebis SesaZleblobebi da gzebi, isini aqtiurad erTvebian socialuri politikis formirebis procesSi da gavlenas axdenen saxelmwifos soci- alur politikaze. Tu sazogadoeba da socialuri jgufebi pasiuria, maSin maT miznebis nacvlad aqvT ocnebebi, natvra, saswaulis an romelime `keTili~ subieqtis (magaliTad, saxelmwifos an romelime lideris) imedi. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki xSiria imedis gacrueba, rac
196

momavalSi noyier niadags qmnis socialuri ukmayofilebis zrdisaTvis. dabalansebuli socialuri politikis gatarebiT saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs qveyanaSi socialur stabilurobasa da usafrTxoebas. amasTan, socialuri politikis SemuSavebisa da prioritetebis gansazRvrisas gasaTvaliswinebelia: qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, mosaxleobis raodenoba da struqtura, socialurkulturuli Taviseburebebi, erovnuli tradiciebi da a.S. socialuri politikis efeqtianoba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli ekonomikis mdgomareobaze, saxelmwifo finansuri resursebis odenobaze, organizaciebis SesaZleblobebze da a.S. Tavis mxriv, efeqtiani socialuri politika dadebiT gavlenas axdens ekonomikisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze, radganac uzrunvel- yofs socialur stabilurobas, xels uwyobs adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebas da amiT ekonomikis zrdisaTvis qmnis pirobebs. XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi, dasavleTis qveynebSi ekonomikuri dacemis pirobebSi, farTod akritikebdnen socialuri dacvis saxelmwifo garantiebis sistemas da miaCndaT, rom mosaxleobis socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema metismeti tvirTi gaxda ekonomikisaTvis. swored amitom bevrma qveyanam daiwyo socialuri politikis sistemis reformireba-srulyofa. reforma Seexo socialuri
197

sferos TiTqmis yvela dargs, dafinansebis principebs, saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis xarisxs da a.S. gaCnda socialuri politikis sxvadasxva Teoriebi da modelebi, magram amosaval principebad kvlav rCeba socialuri samarTlianobisa da socialuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa. socialuri politikis reformirebis procesSi postsabWoTa qveynebisaTvis seriozul problemad iqca socialur momsaxurebaze mosaxleobis tradiciulad didi moTxovnilebebis kidev ufro gazrda da am moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad saxelmwifos ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis Semci- reba. es aucilebels xdis socialuri sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis reformirebas misi efeqtianobis gazrdisa da qveyanaSi socialuri stabilurobis SenarCunebisaTvis. socialuri sferos reformirebis strategiis gansazRvrisa da konkretuli modelis SerCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia mocemuli sazogadoebis mentaliteti, tradiciebi da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, reformebi warumatebeli, xolo Sedegebi socialurad da politikurad gaumarTlebeli iqneba. socialuri politikis Sinaarsze uzarmazar gavlenas axdens im sazogadoebis fuZemdebluri normebi da faseulobebi, sadac funqcionirebs es sistema. socialur politikaSi, rogorc sarkeSi, aisaxeba mosaxleobis socialuri
198

molodinebi da xelisuflebis mier am molodinebis gamarTlebisaTvis gadadgmuli nabijebi. konkretulma qveyanam, Tavisi tradiciebis, erovnuli fsiqologiis, sistemis efeqtianobis, erovnuli ekonomikis struqturisa da mdgomareobis Sefasebis safuZvelze unda airCios socialuri politikis misTvis misaRebi koncefcia. amasTan, ar SeiZleba imis daviwyeba, rom dabalansebuli socialuri politika qveyanaSi soci aluri stabilurobis umniSvnelovanesi berketi da, sabolood, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebis faqtoricaa. mravali qveynis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom miuRebelia rogorc `socialuri populizmis~ strategia (romelic upiratesobas aniWebs socialuri dacvis politikas, axdens sazogadoebis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis ignorirebas da mkveTrad zRudavs bazris Tavisufal funqci- onirebas), ise aqcentireba mxolod ekonomikur transformaciaze (e.w. `ekonomikur-teqnologiuri determinizmi~, romelic uaryofs socialuri politikis aucileblobas). saxelmwifos efeqtiani politika unda efuZnebodes garkveuli balansis SenarCunebas krizisidan gamosvlis aqtiur ekonomikur politikasa da mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis politikas Soris. socialuri miznebi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes ekonomikur ganviTarebas da, piriqiT,
199

ekonomikuri miznebi ar unda axdendnen socialuri miznebisa da problemebis ignorirebas. amasTan, drois garkveul periodSi, qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis konkretul etapze SeiZleba garkveuli upiratesoba mieniWos ekonomikuri an socialuri amocanebis gadawyvetas, magram xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi maT Soris balansis darRvevam SeiZleba migviyvanos ekonomikur krizisamde (rac kidev ufro gaamwvavebs socialur problemebs), an socialur afeTqebamde(rac damRup- velia rogorc ekonomikuri, ise socialuri Tu politikuri TvalsazrisiT). kacobriobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze socialuri politikis efeqtianoba ukavSirdeba iseTi globaluri problemebis gadawyvetas, rogoricaa: erovnuli da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis ganmtkiceba; ekologiurad usafrTxo garemos Seqmna; socialurad orientirebuli ekonomikis formireba; axlandeli da momavali Taobebis interesTa Tanasworobis uarunvelyofa; mdgradi ganviTarebis modelze gadasvla da a.S. mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefcia gulisxmobs calkeuli individisa da mTeli sazogadoebis, saxelmwifos socialuri institutebis Zalisxmevis warmarTvas ganviTarebaze. marTalia, ekonomika isev rCeba socialuri gadawyvetilebebis realizaciis safuZvlad, magram sul ufro izrdeba socialuri
200

politikis roli ekonomikuri zrdis problemebis gadawyvetaSi. swored socialurad orientirebuli ekonomika, xarisxiani samedicino momsaxurebisa da ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba, dasaqmebis xelSewyoba, socialuri samarTlianoba, moqalaqeTa socialuri dacvis maRali done da socialuri stabiluroba qmnis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebis winapirobebs. es gasaTvaliswinebelia saxelmwifo politikis SemuSavebisa da realizaciis procesSi.
8.2. mosaxleobis Semosavlebi da maTi ganawileba 8.2.1. mosaxleobis Semosavlebis arsi da klasifikacia

Semosavlebi udides rols asrulebs TiToeuli adamianis cxovrebaSi, radgan maTi meSveobiT xdeba adamianis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. mosaxleobis keTildReoba da moxmarebis done pirdapir aris damokidebuli Semosavlebis odenobaze. es gansazRvravs Semosavlebis ekonomikur da socialur rols. mosaxleobis Semosavlebi es aris fuladi saxsrebi da materialuri sikeTe, romelsac iRebs mosaxleoba drois garkveul monakveTSi(TveSi, kvartalSi, weliwadSi). Semosavlebis klasifikacia sxvadasxva niSniT xdeba. pirobiTad, Semosavlebi SeiZleba daiyos miRebis formis, warmoebis faqtorebis,
201

miRebis wyaros, miRebis xerxis mixedviT, dabegvrasa da fasebTan mimarTebaSi da sxv. miRebis formis mixedviT Semosavlebi iyofa fulad da arafulad (naturalur) Semosavlebad. mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebi moicavs yvela fulad Semosulobebs momuSaveTa xelfasis, samewarmeo saqmianobidan Semosavlis, pensiis, stipendiis, sxvadasxva daxmarebebis, sakuTrebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis (procenti, dividendi, renta, fasiani qaRaldebis gayidva, uZravi qonebis gayidva da a.S.) saxiT. arafuladi (naturaluri) Semosavlebi moicavs sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis saojaxo meurneobaSi warmoebul produqcias, aseve humanitaruli daxmarebiT an axloblebisagan usasyidlod miRebul produqcias. miRebis wyaros mixedviT Semosavlebi iyofa: Semosavlebi SromiTi saqmianobidan (xelfasi, premia da sxva danamatebi xelfasze; Semosavlebi sakuTar meurneobaSi warmoebuli sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis realizaciidan da sxva saxis TviTdasaqmebidan); Semosavlebi samewarmeo saqmianobidan (mogeba); socializirebuli Semosavlebi (daxmareba, Semweoba, sadazRvevo anazRaureba, pensia, stipendia da a.S.);
202

Semosavlebi sakuTrebidan (procenti anabarze; renta; dividendebi fasiani qaRaldebidan; qonebis, ucxouri valutis gayidviT miRebuli Semosavali da sxv.); sxva Semosavlebi (axloblisagan miRebuli gzavnili, latariiT an sxva gaTamaSebiT miRebuli mogeba da a.S.) warmoebis faqtorebis mixedviT Semosavlebi iyofa Semdeg kategoriebad: xelfasi (nominaluri, realuri); renta (bunebrivi resursebze, miwaze); procenti/kapitali (Semosavali sasesxo kapitalidan, korporaciis mogebidan da sxv.). dabegvrasa da fasebTan mimarTebaSi Semosavali SeiZleba iyos: nominaluri, gankargviTi da realuri. nominaluri Semosavali moicavs erTobliv Semosavlebs dabegvrisa da fasebis miuxedavad. gankargviTia erToblivi Semosavlis is nawili, romelic rCeba gadasaxadebisa da sxva savaldebulo gadasaxdelebis gadaxdis Semdeg da romlis gankargva ojaxs (pirovnebas) SeuZlia. realuri Semosavlis gasaangariSeblad mxedvelobaSi miiReba aseve fasebis indeqsi (sacalo fasebisa da tarifebis cvlileba). igi asaxavs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas, romlis SeZena SesaZlebelia miRebuli gankargviTi SemosavliT.
203

miRebis xerxis mixedviT Semosavlebi iyofa Semdeg kategoriebad: Semosavlebi formaluri ekonomikidan; Semosavlebi araformaluri ekonomikidan. Semosavlebis klasifikacia sqematurad gamoxatulia sqemaze(sqema1).

ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi Semosavlebis mTavari wyaroa xelfasi. masze modis Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 65-70%. aRsaniSnavia, rom xelfassa da, Sesabamisad, Semosavlebs aqvs diferenciaciis zrdis tendencia qveynebis, regionebis, saqmianobis sferoebis, Sromis pirobebis, individebis mixedviT. xelfasis ganakveTebi bevrad maRalia aSS-Si, vidre CineTSi, ruseTsa Tu saqarTveloSi. arc Tu iSviaTad, xelfasis ganakveTebi diferencirebulia aseve sqesisa da rasobrivi kuTvnilebis mixedviT. es niSnavs, rom xelfasis regulirebas sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi aqvs didi socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvneloba rogorc makro, ise mikro doneze. sqema 1. Semosavlebis klasifikacia

204

Semosavlebi

miRebis formis mixedviT

fuladi

naturaluri

miRebis wyaros mixedviT

SromiTi saqmianobidan

samewarmeo saqmianobidan

socializirebuli Semosavlebi

Semosavlebi sakuTrebidan

warmoebis faqtorebis mixedviT

xelfasi

renta

procenti/kapitali

dabegvrasa da fasebTan mimarTebaSi

realuri makro nominaluri doneze gankargviTi xelfasis regulirebis mizania siRaribesTan brZola, cxovrebis donis zrdis stimulireba, mosaxleobis msyidvelobiT unarianobis gazrda da, formaluri araformaluri sabolood, samuSo Zalis xarisxisa da ekonomikidan ekonomikidan mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis xelSewyoba. mikro doneze xelfasis regulirebis mizania sameurneo subieqtebis konkurenciis pirobebis gamoTanabreba,
miRebis xerxis mixedviT

205

xelfasis ZiriTadi elementebisa (struqturis) da diferenciaciis safuZvlebis gansazRvra. saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da xarjebis odenoba da struqtura aRiricxeba statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis mier Sinameurneobebis kvlevebis safuZvelze. Semosavlebi da xarjebi ganisazRvreba mTeli mosaxleobis, erTi Sinameurneobisa da mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT. 2001-2008 wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saSualoTviuri Semosavlebi erT sulze gaangariSebiT warmodgenilia cxrilSi 8.1. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Semosavlebis odenobisa da struqturis (ix. cxrili 8.2) analizi mowmobs, rom dabal SemosavlebTan erTad problematuria dasaqmebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis mcire wili Semosavlebis saerTo odenobaSi. daqiravebuli Sromidan miRebul

206

cxrili 8.1
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saSualo-Tviuri Semosavlebi erT sulze gaangariSebiT, lari 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 fuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebi daqiravebuli Sromidan TviTdasaqmebidan soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan qonebidan (gaqiravebidan, procenti anabridan) pensiebi, stipendiebi, daxmarebebi ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebi axloblebisagan miRebuli fuli arafuladi Semosavlebi Semosavlebi, sul sxva fuladi saxsrebi qonebis gayidva fulis sesxeba an danazogis gamoyeneba fuladi saxsrebi, sul fuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi, sul 34.0 13.7 6.3 5.6 0.4 3.2 2.2 2.5 24.2 58.2 4.8 1.8 3.0 38.8 63.0 40.8 15.4 7.7 7.7 0.3 3.3 2.9 3.4 24.8 65.5 11.9 2.4 9.5 52.7 77.4 45.9 16.1 8.6 8.2 0.4 2.2 4.9 5.4 23.5 69.3 11.1 2.2 8,9 57.0 80.4 50.3 17.8 9.7 9.1 0.6 4.1 3.3 5.7 23.1 73.4 11.3 2.5 8.8 61.6 84.7 59.7 23.3 10.5 8.5 0.9 68.5 28.6 10.8 8.6 0.4 81.2 103,1 36.4 45,2 11.6 14,4 7.4 8,3 1.1 0,9

6.8 8.7 11.3 17,2 3.7 3.9 4.7 5,3 6.0 7.5 8.9 11,8 21.1 21.8 20.2 23,6 80.8 90.2 101.4 126,7 11.5 12.4 13.8 19,7 1.4 1.8 1.6 2,8 10.1 10.6 12.2 16,9 71.2 80.9 94.9 122,8 92.3 102.7 115.2 146,4

cxrili 8.2
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Semosavlebis struqtura 2001-2008 wlebSi, %

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 fuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebi 53,9 52,6 57,0 59,4 64,7 66,7 70.5 70,4 daqiravebuli Sromidan 21,8 19,9 20,0 21,0 25,2 27,8 31.6 30,9 9,8 TviTdasaqmebidan 10,0 10,0 10,7 11,4 11,4 10,5 10.1 soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan 5,7 8,9 10,0 10,2 10,7 9,3 8,4 6.4 qonebidan (gaqiravebidan, procenti 0,6 0,6 0,4 0,5 0,7 0,9 0,4 0.9
anabridan)

pensiebi, stipendiebi, daxmarebebi ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebi axloblebisagan miRebuli fuli arafuladi Semosavlebi Semosavlebi, sul sxva fuladi saxsrebi qonebis gayidva fulis sesxeba an danazogis gamoyeneba fuladi saxsrebi, sul fuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi, sul

5,1 4,2 2,8 4,9 7,4 8,5 9.8 3,5 3,7 6,1 3,9 4,0 3,8 4.1 4,0 4,4 6,7 6,7 6,5 7,3 7.7 38,4 32,0 29,2 27,3 22,8 21,2 17.5 92,3 84,6 86,2 86,7 87,6 87,8 88.0 7,7 15,4 13,8 13,3 12,4 12,1 12.0 2,9 3,0 2,8 2,9 1,5 1,7 1.4 4,8 12,3 11,1 10,4 10,9 10,3 10.6 61,6 68,0 70,8 72,7 77,2 78,8 82.4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

11,7 3,6 8,1 16,1 86,5 13,5 1,9 11,5 83,9 100

Semosavlebze modis saerTo Semosavlebis mxolod 30,9% (fuladi Semosavlebis 44,3%). marTalia, ukanasknel wlebSi mas zrdis tendencia aqvs, magram jer kidev
Sorsaa SemosavlebSi xelfasis wilis optimaluri donisagan (65-70%). SemosavlebSi sakmaod maRalia axloblebisagan miRebuli fuladi daxmarebebis wili, rac saqarTvelos mosaxleobis socialur-fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebisa da tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis (naTesaoba, megobroba) anareklia. didia aseve ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebis wili, rasac sazRvargareT momuSave ojaxis wevrebi da naTesavebi ugzavnian aq darCenil ojaxebs. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis SemosavlebSi soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebis Semcirebis tendencia (ix. cxrili 8.2) asaxavs sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis efeqtianobis Semcirebas da xazs usvams saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis mxardaWeris specialuri RonisZiebebis gatarebis aucileblobas. bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda pensiebis, stipendiebisa da daxmarebebis saxiT miRebuli Semosavlebi da wili Semosavlebis saerTo moculobaSi, magram maTi sidide jer kidev mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba minimalurad aucilebeli Semosavlis (saarsebo minimumis biujetis) odenobas.

8.2.2. Semosavlebis ganawileba, uTanasworoba Semosavlebis ganawilebisas

Semosavlebis ganawilebis aqvs ori ZiriTadi aspeqti: funqcionaluri da piradi. Semosavlebis funqcionaluri ganawileba Sesrulebuli funqciebis Sesabamisad Semosavlis miRebis wyaroebs ukavSirdeba. amis mixedviT sazogadoebis fuladi Semosavlebi iyofa xelfasad, rentad, procentad, dividendad da a.S. Semosavlebis ZriTadi nawili, rogorc wesi, xelfasze modis. wvrili mesakuTreebis (maT Soris TviTdasaqmebuli eqimebis, advokatebis, fermerebis, mcire da arakorporaciuli sawarmoebis mflobelebis) Semosavlebi arsebiTad aris xelfasis, mogebis, rentisa da procentis kombinireba. Semosavlebis piradi ganawileba dakavSirebulia SinameurneobasTan, rogorc mxarjav jgufTan da asaxavs im xerxebis erTobliobas, romelTa meSveobiTac sazogadoebis mTliani Semosavlebi Sinameurneobebs Soris nawildeba. piradi ganawilebisas mosaxleobis Semosavlebis nawili individualuri gadasaxadebis saxiT miemarTeba saxelmwifos SemosavlebSi, danarCeni ki pirad moxmarebasa da danazogs Soris nawildeba. rogorc cnobilia, sabazro ekonomikaSi Semosavlebi formirdeba moTxovna-miwodebis

kanonis, agreTve, zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis safuZvelze. amasTan, sabazro meqanizmi ar iZleva keTildReobis garantirebul dones, vinaidan adamianebi gansxvavdebian inteleqtualuri, fizikuri da SemoqmedebiTi unarebiT, gansakuTrebulad niWierebis gverdiT gvxvdebian Sromisuunaronic, pirovnebebi gansxvavdebian profesiuli momzadebisa da ganaTlebis doniT da a.S. Semosavlebis sidideze gavlenas axdens, agreTve, iRbali, piradi kavSirebi (nacnoboba), sakuTrebis ufleba, ubeduri SemTxveva, diskriminacia, profesiuli riskebi da a.S.; Semosavlebis gadanawileba xdeba ukanono gzebiTac Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyeneba, korufcia, meqrTameoba, gamoZalva, qurdoba, Crdilovani Semosavlebi da sxv. Sesabamisad, Semosavlebis ganawilebas Tan axlavs uTanasworoba. Semosavlebis uTanasworo ganawilebis mizezebi mravalia. es mizezebi, pirobiTad, SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg jgufebad: obieqturi mizezebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba saqmianobis saerTo sargeblianobas, xelfasis diferenciacias teritoriis, dargebis, profesiebisa da Tanamdebobebis mixedviT, ganaTlebis dones, uTanabrobas sakuTrebis flobaSi da a.S. subieqturi mizezebi _ dakavSirebulia pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebTan (SesaZleblobebi, aqtiuroba, warmateba,

kavSirebi, riskianoba, avantiurizmi, diskriminacia da a.S.). specifikuri mizezebi _ ganpirobebulia sabazro garemos TaviseburebebiT (samuSao Zalis dabali fasi, normatiul-samarTlebrivi bazis ganuviTarebloba, `Crdilovani~ Semosavlebis didi odenobiT misakuTrebis SesaZlebloba da sxv.). mosaxleobis Semosavlebis diferenciaciaze gavlenas axdens rogorc saqmianobis saxeoba (Semosavlis wyaro), ise rigi demografiuli da socialuri faqtorebic (ojaxSi momuSaveTa raodenoba, kmayofaze myof pirTa raodenoba, socialuri moTxovnilebebis done da sxv.). uTanasworoba SemosavlebSi vlindeba ori formiT koncentraciiTa da diferenciaciiT. analizis obieqtebi SeiZleba iyos mosaxleobis jgufebi an regionebi. SemosavlebSi uTanasworobis gasazomad gamoiyeneba Semdegi statistikuri xerxi: mosaxleoba iyofa Tanatol wilebad decilebad (Sesaswavli erTobliobis 1/10 nawili) an kvintelebad (1/5). gazomva iTvaliswinebs zeda, saSualo da dabali jgufebis Semosavlebis Sedareba-Sefasebas. Semosavlebis ganawileba decilebis, kvintelebis mixedviT asaxavs Semosavlebis diferenciaciasa da mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTiunarianobis koncentraciis dones. msoflioSi mosaxleobis jgufebis mixedviT Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi moxda 1980-ian wlebSi. kerZod: gaizarda zeda da qveda deciluri jgufebis wili, saSualo jgufebisa ki Semcirda. 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi decilebs Soris gansxvaveba isev arsebiTia. qveda xuT jgufSi Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani zrdis miuxedavad, Semosavlebi am jgufebSi, mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT, ar aRemateba saSualo msoflio donis 10 17 procents. Semosavlebis mimRebTa gradacia asaxavs ufro Rrma qonebriv uTanasworebas ganviTarebad qveynebSi, vidre es ganviTarebul qveynebSia. ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi umdidresi 20%-ian jgufebis Semosavlebi uRaribesi 20%-is Semosavlebs aRemateba 7-jer, 18 ganviTarebadSi ki _ 10,6-jer . amasTan, dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebSi xangrZlivi istoriuli periodis ganmavlobaSi moxda uTanasworobis donis Semcireba, ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki, mosaxleobis erT sulze Semosavlebis zrdis kvalobaze, uTanasworoba kidev ufro gaizarda. Tu dasavleTis ganviTarebul samrewvelo qveynebSi Semosavlebis uTanasworobas aqvs ZiriTadad orpolusiani xasiaTi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebobs mravalricxovani socialuri stratifikacia. igi vlindeba mravali
17 18

Human Development Report. 2007/2008. World Bank 2007b.

mimarTulebiT socialuri fenebis, qalaqisa da soflis, warmoebis Tanamedrove da tradiciuli seqtorebis, eTnikuri jgufebis, CamorCenili da ganviTarebuli raionebis mixedviT. Semosavlebis uTanasworo ganawileba qveynebs Soris da qveynebs SigniT (gansakuTrebiT, ganviTarebad qveynebSi), Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi mwvave winaaRmdegobaa. saqarTveloSi 2007 wlisaTvis mosaxleobis deciluri jgufebis mixedviT mTliani Semosavlebis ganawileba warmodgenilia cxrilSi 8.3. rogorc cxrilis monacemebidan Cans, saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis xuTi dabali deciluri jgufis wili mTlian SemosavlebSi Seadgens 23,6%-s, maSin roca mxolod erT, zeda decilur jgufze modis mTliani Semosavlebis 33,4%. mosaxleobis yvelaze dabalSemosavliani 10%-ani jgufis Semosavlebi 13,4-jer CamorCeba yvelaze maRalSemosavliani 10%-ani jgufis Semosavlebs. es adasturebs saqarTveloSi Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi uTanasworobis maRal xarisxs, rac socialuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT arasasurveli tendenciaa. Semosavlebis uTanabrobis dones TvalsaCinod warmoaCens e.w. `lorencis mrudi~. es aris koordinatTa sistemaze gamosaxuli grafiki, romelic asaxavs

Semosavlebis ganawilebas mosaxleobis jgufebis mixedviT. abcisTa RerZze ganTavsebulia `mosaxleobis (ojaxebis) jgufebis wili~, ordinatTa ReZze ki `Semosavlis wili~. Semosavlebis absoluturad Tanabari ganawilebis Teoriul SesaZleblobas biseqtrisa Seesatyviseba. absoluturad Tanabari ganawilebisas garkveuli raodenobis mosaxleoba iRebs imave odenobis (Sesabamisi %-is) Semosavals. es niSnavs, rom Tu mosaxleobis (ojaxebis) saerTo raodenobis 10% iRebs Semosavlebis saerTo odenobis 10%-s, 20% _ 20%-s, 40% _ 40%-s da

cxrili 8.3
mosaxleobis mTliani Semosavlebis ganawileba fuladi Semosavlebis mixedviT decilur jgufebSi, %, 2007 deciluri jgufebi I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X sul fuladi Semosavlebi da transfer- 2.8 4.4 5.1 5.8 7.2 8.2 9.7 11.9 15.4 29.4 100 tebi, sul 0.6 2.1 3.8 4.4 6.4 8.0 10.8 13.1 18.2 32.6 100 daqiravebuli Sromidan 0.9 2.4 3.5 4.6 7.8 9.4 8.6 13.6 16.4 32.9 100 TviTdasaqmebidan soflis meurneobis produqciis 0.9 2.2 4.5 7.1 8.5 8.7 12.2 14.3 18.1 23.7 100 gayidvidan qonebidan (gaqiravebidan. procenti 1.1 1.5 3.5 3.6 3.3 6.3 2.4 9.9 15.1 53.3 100 anabridan da sxva) 12. 13. 11.4 10.7 10.4 9.1 9.1 7.8 7.3 7.5 100 pensiebi. stipendiebi. daxmarebebi 9 9 1.0 2.7 4.0 5.5 5.8 6.6 7.6 10.3 13.0 43.4 100 ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnileba 4.0 7.3 5.9 6.4 6.2 7.3 7.5 9.0 12.2 34.2 100 axloblebisagan miRebuli fuli 1.0 2.2 3.0 3.4 4.0 4.2 5.2 7.5 12.3 57.0 100 sxva fuladi saxsrebi, sul 0.4 0.6 2.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 1.6 1.5 3.3 86.5 100 qonebis gayidva fulis sesxeba an danazogis 1.1 2.4 3.1 3.6 4.4 4.7 5.6 8.3 13.5 53.2 100 gamoyeneba 2.5 4.1 4.8 5.5 6.7 7.7 9.1 11.2 15.0 33.4 100 fuladi saxsrebi, sul

da a.S., maSin Semosavlebi Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli da Sesabamisi wertilebi biseqtrisaze ganlagdeba. Semosavlebis ganawilebis faqtobrivi mrudi Sesabamisi monacemebis safuZvelze aigeba. sivrce absoluturad Tanabari ganawilebis xazsa (biseqtrisasa) da lorencis mruds Soris asaxavs Semosavlebis uTanasworobis dones. rac ufro metia es sivrce, anu rac metia daSoreba biseqtrisasa da faqtobriv mruds Soris, miT metia uTanasworobis xarisxi. Tu lorencis mrudi emTxveva ordinatTa RerZs, maSin adgili aqvs absolutur uTanasworobas (roca mosaxleobis 1% Rebulobs Semosavlebis 100%-s, sxvebi ki arafers Rebuloben), xolo Tu igi emTxveva biseqtrisas, _ saqme gvaqvs absoluturad Tanabar ganawilebasTan (aRsaniSnavia, rom absoluturad uTanasworo an absoluturad Tanabari ganawileba praqtikaSi ar gvxvdeba).

l o r enc i s m udi r (m ia i Se osa l e is m dv Tl n m v b ixe iT, sa a Tv l o, 2007 w l i) qr e e 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Sem s avl ebi s wi l i o

Ta a a i nbr ga a i l e a nw b f a t ob i v q r i ga a i l e a nw b

m s axl eo bi s d ec i l ur i j guf ebi o

lorencis mrudi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes drois sxvadasxa periodisaTvis, sxvadasxva qveynisa da mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebis Semosavlebis ganawilebis SedarebisaTvis. Semosavlebis faqtobrivi ganawilebis gadaxras maTi Tanabari ganawilebis xazidan gviCvenebs jinis indeqsi, romelsac sxvanairad Semosavlebis koncentraciis maCvenebelsac uwodeben. igi aris diagonalsa da lorencis mruds Soris moqceuli farTobis Sefardeba diagonalis qvemoT mTel farTobTan. Semosavlebis Tanabari ganawilebisas jinis indeqsi nulis tolia, absoluturad araTanabari ganawilebisas ki erTis toli. Sesabamisad, rac metia jinis indeqsi, miT uTanasworod aris Semosavali sazogadoebaSi ganawilebuli.

adamianuri potencialis ganviTarebis maRali donis mqone qveynebSi jinis indeqsi ZiriTadad 0,25-0,33-ia, saSualo ganviTarebis qveynebSi _ 0,33-0,40 da dabali ganviTarebis qveynebSi _ 0,40-0,50 da meti.19 saqarTveloSi Semosavlebis ganawilebis uTanasworobisa da koncentraciis maCveneblebi Zalian maRalia (ix. cxrili 8.4). saqarTvelos mixedviT gaangariSebuli jinis indeqsi Seesabameba laTinuri amerikisa da afrikis socialurad yvelaze uTanasworo qveynebis Sesabamis maCveneblebs.20 cxrili 8.4 jinis indeqsi (koeficienti) saqarTveloSi 1997-2007 wlebSi wlebi fuladi mTliani Semosavle Semosavleb bis is mixedviT mixedviT 1997 0,55 0,52 1998 0,54 0,50 1999 0,58 0,52 2000 0,56 0,50 2001 0,54 0,50 2002 0,55 0,47 2003 0,56 0,49 2004 0,53 0,44
19 20

Human Development Report. 2007/2008. gv. 281-284 iqve.

2005 2006 2007

0,53 0,54 0,53

0,44 0,47 0,47

Semosavlebis mixedviT mosaxleobis diferenciaciisa da koncentraciis maRali xarisxi uaryofiTad moqmedebs ara marto qveyanaSi arsebul socialur viTarebaze, aramed negatiurad aisaxeba erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebaze, radgan amcirebs erToblivi moxmarebis moculobas da zrdis socialur programebze sabiujeto saxsrebis warmarTvis aucileblobas. mosaxleobis Semosavlebis odenoba da maTi ganawilebis proporciebi, arsebiTad, gansazRvravs mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunarianobas da moTxovnilebebis dakmayoflebis xarisxs. es ki gamoxatulebas poulobs mosaxleobis cxovrebis doneSi.

8.3. mosaxleobis cxovrebis done

8.3.1. mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da misi Sefasebis parametrebi

cxovrebis done axasiaTebs adamianTa materialuri, sulieri da socialuri moTxovnilebebis ganviTarebisa da dakmayofilebis xarisxs, anu sxva sityvebiT,

cxovrebis done es aris mosaxleobis moTxovnilebaTa struqtura da Sesabamisi saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT maTi dakmayofilebis xarisxi. adamianTa moTxovnilebebi Zalze mravalferovania. igi icvleba individis kulturuli ganviTarebis donisa da piradi Taviseburebebis mixedviT. moTxovnilebebSi gamoiyofa: 1. fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebi (sakvebze, tansacmelze, fexsacmelze da a.S.); 2. sulieri (inteleqtualuri) moTxovnilebebi; 3. socialuri moTxovnilebebi (romlebic kmayofildeba sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis procesSi). mosaxleobis cxovrebis done Qqveynis ekonomikis sarkea, radganac cxovrebis donisa da xarisxis gaumjobeseba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donezea damokidebuli. amasTan, cxovrebis donis amaRleba qmnis cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobebs, mis materialur bazas. magram pirobebi, romlebic aucilebelia cxovrebis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad, ar Semoifargleba mxolod saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moxmarebis doniT. cxovrebis xarisxi moicavs aseve ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis socialur Sedegebs sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobas, daavadebebis dones, Sromis pirobebsa da dacvas, informaciis xelmisawvdomobas, adamianis

uflebaTa dacvas da a.S. Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis cxovrebis xarisxi ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre cxovrebis done. mosaxleobis cxovrebis done kompleqsuri kategoriaa. misi analizisa da SefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva parametrebi: mSp, erovnuli Semosavali da realuri Semosavali mosaxleobis erT sulze; sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa; saqonelbrunvisa da momsaxurebis moculoba mosaxleobis erT sulze; ganaTlebisa da jandacvis xelmisawvdomoba da a.S. cxovrebis dones iribad axasiaTebs Sobadobisa da mokvdaobis maCveneblebi, sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba da sxv. magram cxovrebis donis Sesafaseblad sakmarisi ar aris ganzogadebuli da gasaSualebuli maCveneblebi, romlebic gaiangariSeba qveynis mosaxleobis mixedviT. aucilebelia moxmarebisa da Semosavlebis moculobisa da struqturis analizi mosaxleobis sxvadasxva socialuri, profesiuli da demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT. magaliTad, rogoria mosaxleobis yvelaze dabalSemosavliani 10%-iani da yvelaze maRalSemosavliani 10%-iani jgufebis Semosavlebis wili Semosavlebis sarTo odenobaSi; rogoria erovnuli meurneobis sxvadasxva dargebSi momuSaveTa xelfasi; rogoria Sinameurneobis danaxarjebis struqtura da a.S.

mosaxleobis cxovrebis done SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes sami aspeqtiT: 1. mTeli mosaxleobis mimarT; 2. socialuri jgufebis mimarT; 3. ojaxebis mimarT. bolo ori kategoriis mixedviT Sefaseba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mosaxleobis fenebad dayofis dasaxasiaTeblad, ramdenadac ojaxebisa da jgufebis Semosavlebis diferenciaciis Semcireba saxelmwifos socialuri politikis prioritetuli mizani da amocanaa. mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sefasebas pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs sasursaTo da samomxmareblo kalaTis RirebulebasTan, saarsebo minimumTan, samomxmareblo biujetTan. sasursaTo kalaTa aris Tvis ganmavlobaSi erTi adamianisaTvis saWiro kvebis produqtebis nakrebi, romelic gaangariSebulia produqtebis moxmarebis minimaluri normebis safuZvelze. es ukanaskneli Seesabameba adamianis fiziologiur moTxovnilebas, kaloriulobas, ZiriTadi sakvebi nivTierebebis Semcvelobasa da kvebis organizaciis tradiciul Cvevebs. sursaTis moxmarebis minimaluri normebis gasaangariSeblad jandacvis institutebi SeimuSaveben e.w. moxmarebis fiziologiur normebs. saqarTveloSi moxmarebis

fiziologiur normebs gaiangariSebs Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro. moxmarebis fiziologiuri normebi diferencirebulia mosaxleobis socialur-demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT (bavSvebi da mozardebi, Sromisunariani asakis mamakacebi da qalebi, xandazmulebi da moxucebi). Sromisunariani mosaxleobisaTvis minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis formirebis safuZvelia Sromisunariani mamakacis kvebis produqtebis nakrebi, romelic uzrunvelyofs dRe-RameSi 2700 kkal-s. moxmarebis fiziologiuri normebi zogjer diferencirebulia teritoriuli zonebis mixedviTac. sakvebi produqtebis energetikuli Rirebulebis (kaloriulobis), maTi moxmarebis tradiciuli struqturisa da normebis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba sasursaTo kalaTis Semadgenloba. sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebuleba gaiangariSeba mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufis mier sursaTis moxmarebis minimaluri normis gamravlebiT maTi Sesyidvis saSualo fasze. magram adamianis arsebobisaTvis sursaTis garda saWiroa mTeli rigi arasasursaTo saqoneli da momsaxureba. arasasursaTo saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovna ganisazRvreba saqonlis sami jgufis mixedviT: sagnebi (zeda tansacmeli, fexsacmeli, Tavsaburi da a.S.);
1. garderobis

2. sanitariisa da higienis sagnebi, medikamentebi; 3. xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebi (aveji, WurWeli, eleqtrosaqoneli, sameurneo daniSnulebis sagnebi da sxv.).

arasasursaTo saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovna gaiangariSeba normatiuli meTodis safuZvelze, xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebis moxmarebis vadebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, Tu mamakacis zamTris palto Rirs 200 lari, moxmarebis normaa 1 cali, moxmarebis vada _ 3 weli, maSin danaxarjebi Tveze gaangariSebiT iqneba: (200 X 1) : (3 X 12) = 5,6 lari. saerTo (sasursaTo da arasasursaTo) minimaluri moxmarebis moculoba naturalur formaSi qmnis minimalur samomxmareblo kalaTas. minimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTa aris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis nakrebi, romelic obieqturad aucilebelia adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, anu es aris tipiuri donisa da struqturis sasursaTo da arasasursaTo saqonlis Tviuri moxmarebis moculoba. minimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebisa da arasasursaTo xarjebis gaangariSebis safuZvelze. arasasursaTo xarjebis moculoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros normatiuli meTodiTac.

minimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTis bazaze ganisazRvreba saarsebo minimumi. saarsebo minimumi warmoadgns adamianis janmrTelobis SenarCunebisa da sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebeli materialuri sikeTisa da momsaxurebis moxmarebis minimalur moculobasa da struqturas. saarsebo minimumi warmoagdens minimalurad aucilebeli kaloriebis Semcveli kvebis produqtebis naturalur nakrebs, agreTve, danaxarjebs arasasursaTo saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, gadasaxadebsa da savaldebulo gadasaxdelebze. saarsebo minimumi diferencirebulia qveynebis ganviTarebis donisa da mosaxleobis socialur-demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT. socialur-demografiuli niSniT saarsebo minimumis diferenciaciisas gamoiyofa: Sromisunariani mosaxleoba, moxucebi da xandazmulebi, eqvs wlamde asakis bavSvebi da 7-15 wlis mozardebi. saqarTveloSi saarsebo minimumis gaangariSeba xdeba Sromisunariani mamakacisa da saSualo momxmareblisaTvis, aseve erTsuliani, orsuliani, samsuliani, oTxsuliani, xuTsuliani, eqvsi da metsuliani ojaxebisa da saSualo ojaxis mixedviT. 2009 wlis maisis mdgomareobiT, saqarTveloSi saarsebo minimumis Rirebuleba Sromisunariani

mamakacisaTvis Seadgenda 131,6 lars, saSualo momxmareblisaTvis _ 116,5 lars, xolo saSualo (3,4-suliani) ojaxisaTvis _ 220,7 lars. saarsebo minimumis produqtebis, arasasursaTo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, gadasaxadebisa da savaldebulo gadasaxdelebis nakrebis RirebulebiTi Sefaseba warmoadgens saarsebo minimumis biujets. saarsebo minimumis struqtura gansazRvravs saarsebo minimumis biujetis xarjvis muxlebs (danaxarjebi kvebaze, arasasursaTo saqonelze, momsaxurebaze, gadasaxadebi da sxva gadasaxdelebi). saarsebo minimumis biujetis Semadgenloba ganisazRvreba aseve mosaxleobis erT sulze da erT Sinameurneobaze gaangariSebiT. maCveneblebi, `saarsebo minimumi~ da `saarsebo minimumis biujeti~ saxelmwifos mier gamoiyeneba, rogorc socialuri politikis instrumentebi. kerZod, am maCveneblebis meSveobiT xdeba mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sefaseba (ganisazRvreba mosaxleobis wili, romelTa biujeti saarsebo minimumis biujetze meti, naklebi an tolia). es emsaxureba dabalSemosavliani kategoriebisaTvis miznobrivi socialuri daxmarebis sistemas. saarsebo minimumis biujetis bazaze ganisazRvreba minimaluri xelfasi, minimaluri pensia, socialuri daxmareba da a.S.

rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo doneze adgens saarsebo minimumis biujetsa da minimalur xelfass. Teoriulad, maTi sidide toli unda iyos. amaSia saarsebo minimumis biujetis ekonomikuri arsi. magram sinamdvileSi minimaluri xelfasi zogjer naklebia saarsebo minimumze, rac SeiZleba aixsnas (da ara gamarTlebuli iqnes) qveynis ekonomikuri CamorCenilobiT. ganasxvaveben saarsebo minimumis biujetsa (smb) da minimalur samomxmareblo biujets (msb). saarsebo minimumis biujetis gaangariSebis safuZvelia saarsebo minimumi, romelic uzrunvelyofs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moxmarebis dabal, minimalurad aucilebel cxovrebiseul standarts. minimaluri samomxmareblo biujeti (msb) ki warmoadgens ufro maRali standartis saarsebo minimums da moicavs kulturulsayofacxovrebo da sameurneo daniSnulebis sagnebis moxmarebis minimalur standartebsac. msb SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad aRematebodes smb-s. racionaluri samomxmareblo biujeti, minimaluri samomxmareblo biujetis garda, asaxavs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moxmarebas, Sinameurneobis uzrunvelyofas kulturul-sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo daniSnulebis sagnebiT, adamianis racionaluri moxmarebis dakmayofilebas mecnierulad

dasabuTebuli normebis Sesabamisad. racionalur samomxmareblo biujetSi, minimalurisagan gansxvavebiT, mcirea kvebaze danaxarjebis wili. mosaxleobis diferenciacia Semosavlebis donis mixedviT saarsebo minimumisa da saarsebo minimumis biujetis safuZvelze SesaZleblobas iZleva, materialuri uzrunvelyofis donis mixedviT gamoiyos Semdegi jgufebi: `Raribi~ ojaxebi, romelTa Semosavlebi erT sulze gaangariSebiT saarsebo minimumze naklebi an misi tolia; `naklebuzrunvelyofili~ ojaxebi, romelTa Semosavlebi erT sulze gaangariSebiT imyofeba saarsebo minimumisa da minimalur samomxmareblo biujets Soris intervalSi; `uzrunvelyofili~ ojaxebi, romelTa Semosavlebi erT sulze gaangariSebiT mdebareobs minimalur samomxmareblo biujetsa da racionalur samomxmareblo biujets Soris; `mdidari~ ojaxebi, romelTa Semosavlebi erT sulze gaangariSebiT racionalur samomxmareblo biujetze maRalia. saarsebo minimumisa da minimaluri samomxmareblo biujetis monacemebi gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Sesafaseblad da siRaribis maCveneblebis gasaangariSeblad.

8.3.2. siRaribe. siRaribis maCveneblebi.

siRaribes ara aqvs zusti da erTmniSvnelovani ganmarteba. farTo gagebiT, ojaxi cxovrobs siRaribeSi, Tu mis xelT arsebuli saSualebebi sakarisi ar aris ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, anu siRaribe aris mdgomareoba, roca individisa Tu ojaxis Semosavlebi CamorCeba maTi ZiriTadi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro saxsrebs. siRaribis Sesafaseblad aucilebelia siRaribis zRvris dadgena. siRaribis zRvari aris adamianis an ojaxis fuladi Semosavlebis is done, romelic aucilebelia: pirveladi saWiroebis saqonlis (sakvebi produqtebi, tansacmeli, sacxovrebeli) SesaZenad; umniSvnelovanesi socialurekonomikuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. siRaribis zRvari ganisazRvreba konkretuli qveynis pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT da ar eqvemdebareba sxva qveynebis analogiur maCveneblebTan Sedarebas. misi sidide damokidebulia konkretuli qveynis SesaZleblobebsa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis doneze, sazogadoebrivi sikeTis ganawilebaze, socialuri statusisa da socialuri molodinebis sistemaze.

ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi siRaribis zRvari mniSvnelovnad aRemateba saarsebo minimums. magaliTad, aSS-Si es maCvenebeli 4-suliani ojaxis kvebis minimaluri danaxarjebis gasammagebuli odenobis tolia. es niSnavs, rom dabalSemosavliani ojaxebi kvebaze saSualod Semosavlebis 1/3-s xarjaven (saqarTvelosaTvis es maCvenebeli 80-85%-s Seadgens). saerTaSoriso SedarebebisaTvis msoflio bankma 1990 wels daadgina siRaribis zRvris saerTaSoriso maCvenebeli. igi Seadgens dReSi 1 aSS dolaris eqvivalentis Semosavals erT sulze gaangariSebiT (1985 wlis Sesabamisi msyidvelobiTunarianobiT). siRaribis zRvris dadgena saWiroa imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros mosaxleobis is nawili, romlis Semosavlebi aucilebeli moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilebladac ar kmara da romlebic saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mxridan saWiroeben daxmarebas. siRaribis zRvari, fasebis zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT, periodulad gadaisinjeba. siRaribis zRvari SeiZleba gaangariSebuli iqnes: cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli Semosavlis donis pirdapiri gaangariSebis meTodiT (saarsebo minimumis mimarT); qveyanaSi saSualo SemosavalTan (an moxmarebasTan) Tanafardobis meTodiT.

gaangariSebis meTodikis Sesabamisad, ganasxvaveben absolutur da SefardebiT siRaribes. absoluturi siRaribe aris mosaxleobis cxovrebis minimaluri done, romelic ganisazRvreba adamianis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebis (kvebis produqtebze, tansacmelze, sacxovrebelze) safuZvelze, anu im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis nakrebis (kalaTis) safuZvelze, romelic aucilebelia adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, absoluturi siRaribis zRvaria saarsebo minimumi. Sesabamisad, absoluturad Raribia mosaxleoba, romlis Semosavlebi oficialurad dadgenil saarsebo minimumze naklebia. SefardebiTi siRaribe gviCvenebs dabalSemosavliani fenebis Semosavlebis (moxmarebis) Tanafardobas mocemul qveyanaSi xelmisawvdomobis saSualo donesTan. aseTi midgomiT, Raribia mosaxleoba, romlis Semosavlebi saSualo Semosavlis raRac fiqsirebul nawilze (magaliTad, 40 an 60%-ze) naklebia. magaliTad, ruseTSi SefardebiTi siRaribis zRvrad iTvleba Semosavlebis done, romelic qveyanaSi arsebuli saSualo Semosavlis 40%ze naklebia, evrokavSiris qveynebSi erTi Sinameurneobis sarTo xarjebis 50%-ze naklebi.

mosaxleobis siRaribis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneba siRaribis donis, siRaribis siRrmisa da siRaribis simwvavis maCveneblebi. siRaribis done gviCvenebs siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi mosaxleobis wils mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi. siRaribis done anu Raribebis indeqsi gaiangariSeba formuliT: H = q / n. sadac n aris mosaxleobis ricxovnoba, q Raribebis raodenobaa. saerTo

siRaribis siRme asaxavs Raribi ojaxebis Semosavlebis gadaxras siRaribis zRvridan. igi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad aris daSorebuli Raribi mosaxleobis moxmarebis wili mTeli mosaxleobis siRaribis zRvris doneze jamuri moxmarebidan. siRaribis siRrme asaxavs Tanxas, romliTac adamianebi `CamorCebian~ siRaribis zRvars. igi gviCvenebs im programebis Rirebulebas, romlebic saWiroa mTeli mosaxleobis Semosavlebis siRaribis zRvramde gasazrdelad. siRaribis donis ucvleli mniSvnelobis pirobebSi, rac metia siRaribis siRrme, miT metia Raribebis moxmarebis daSoreba siRaribis zRvridan. siRaribis simwvave asaxavs, Tu ramdenad mkveTria diferenciacia TviT

RaribTa Soris. igi gviCvenebs Ratakebis wils Rarib mosaxleobaSi. siRaribis simwvave Tavisi SinaarsiT moicavs rogorc siRaribis siRrmes, aseve RaribTa Soris uTanabrobas. siRaribis siRrmis maCveneblis ucvleli mniSvnelobis pirobebSi, rac metia siRaribis simwvave, miT metia Ratakebis (moxmarebis mixedviT nulis maxloblobaSi myofi mosaxleobis) wili RaribTa Soris. saqarTveloSi 1996-2005 wlebSi siRaribis done, siRrme da simwvave gaiangariSeba saarsebo minimumisa da medianuri moxmarebis 60%-sa da 40%-s mimarT, 2006 wlidan ki saarsebo minimumis mimarT aRar gaiangariSeba (ix. cxrili 8.5).
medianuri moxmarebis 60%-s medianuri moxmarebis 60%-s medianuri moxmarebis 60%-s momarT

cxrili 8.5

wlebi

siRaribis done, siRrme, simwvave saqarTveloSi 19982007 wlebSi, % siRaribis done siRaribis siRaribis siRrme simwvave
medianuri moxmarebis 40%-s medianuri moxmarebis 40%-s saarsebo minimumis mimarT saarsebo minimumis mimarT saarsebo minimumis mimarT medianuri moxmarebis 40%-s momarT momarT

199 8 199 9 200

45, 9 51, 3 51,

21, 0 23, 2 23,

9,8 10, 1 10,

17,5 20,2 21,8

7,3 7,6 7,7

3,3 3.2 3,2

9,4 10, 7 10,

3,7 3,7 3,7

1,7 1,6 1,6

0 8 0 3 7 200 51, 22, 9,8 20,4 7,4 3,1 10, 3,6 1,5 1 9 6 5 200 52, 21, 9,7 19,8 7,1 3,0 10, 3,5 1,5 2 1 8 4 200 54, 22, 9,7 21,3 7,3 3,2 11, 3,7 1,7 3 5 0 2 200 35, 24, 10, 12,2 8,1 3,4 6,1 4,0 1,7 4* 7 6 9 200 39, 24, 10, 13,5 7,8 3,1 6,6 3,6 1,5 5 4 1 1 200 _ 23, 9,4 _ 7,2 2,8 _ 3,3 1,3 6 3 200 _ 21, 9,2 _ 6,9 2,7 _ 3,2 1,3 7 3 200 _ 22, 9,5 _ 7,0 2,7 _ 3,2 1,2 8 1 *SeniSvna: 2004 wlidan saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebis meTodikis cvlilebis safuZvelze misi sidide Semcirda TiTqmis 40%-iT da Sesabamisad, Semcirda saarsebo minimumis mimarT gaangariSebuli siRaribis maCveneblebi.

siRaribis donis, siRrmisa da simwvavis

maCveneblebi gamoiyeneba siRaribis Semcirebis saxelmwifo programebis SemuSavebisaTvis. saxelmwifo socialuri programebi, romlebic mimarTulia siRatakis daZlevasa da SemosavlebSi uTanabrobis Secirebisaken, moicavs socialuri dazRvevis ganviTarebis, umuSevrobis Semweobis gazrdis, socialuri uzrunvelyofis, ufaso samedicino daxmarebis, sabinao mSeneblobisa da a.S. mimarTulebebs. am programebis mizania mosaxleobis masobrivi gaRatakebis (`pauperizaciis~) Tavidan acileba da transfertuli gadaxdebis

meSveobiT mosaxleobis Raribi fenebis Semosavlebis mxardaWera. mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da xarisxis amaRleba warmoadgens Semosavlebis saxelmwifo politikis erT-erT ZiriTad amocanas.

4. Semosavlebis saxelmwifo politika 4.1. Semosavlebis regulirebis socialurekonomikuri mniSvneloba.

Semosavlebis politika saxelmwifos socialuri politikis ganuyofeli nawilia. igi mimarTulia mosaxleobis Semosavlebis diferenciaciis Semcirebisaken, sabazro ekonomikis monawileebs Soris winaaRmdegobis Serbilebisa da ekonomikur niadagze socialuri konfliqtebis Tavidan acilebisaken. Semosavlebis saxelmwifo politika miznad isaxavs ori mTavari amocanis gadaWras: 1. Semosavlebis gadanawilebis gziT daxmareba gauwios mosaxleobis SedarebiT daucvel fenebs; 2. moaxdinos mosaxleobis Semosavlebisa da danazogebis gaufasurebisagan dacva. Semosavlebis saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa saxelmwifo biujetis meSveobiT Semosavlebis gadanawileba, romlis Sedegad erovnuli Semosavlis mniSvnelovani nawili

mosaxleobis maRalSemosavliani fenebidan dabalSemosavlian fenebSi gadadis. sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda iqnas Semosavlebi ganawilebuli, ekonomikur da filosofiur mecnierebaSi grZeli da winaaRmdegobrivi istoria aqvs. rogor unda iqnes daculi socialuri samarTlianoba erovnuli Semosavalis ganawilebisas? msjeloba am sakiTxze mosazrebebisa da poziciebis farTo da zogjer urTierTsawinaaRmdego speqtriT gamoirCeva. erTni amtkiceben, rom Tanasworoba kapitalizmis gadarCenis ZiriTadi pirobaa, meoreni aRniSnaven, rom `Tanasworobisaken miswrafeba~ daRupavs sabazro sistemas da a.S. Semosavlebis Tanabari ganawilebis sasargeblod mTavari argumentia is, rom gadanawileba aucilebelia momxmareblis saWiroebaTa dakmayofilebis maqsimizaciisaTvis, anu zRvruli sargeblianobisaTvis, aseve, socialuri stabilurobis SenarCunebisaTvis. Tanabari Semosavlebis sawinaaRmdego argumenti ki imaSi mdgobareobs, rom am miznis misaRwevad saxelmwifom gadasaxadebis saxiT maRalSemosavliani ojaxebisagan unda amoiRos Semosavlebis nawili da gadaunawilos igi dabalSemosavlian ojaxebs. amiT mcirdeba orives miswrafeba Semosavlebis (xelfasis) gazrdisaken. Sedegad klebulobs maRalmwarmoebluri Sromis stim-

ulebi da, Sesabamisad, mcirdeba ekonomikis efeqtianoba. Semosavlebis gadanawilebaSi saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebi sabiujeto SemosavlebiT aris SezRuduli. socialuri danaxarjebis gadaWarbeba sagadasaxado Semosavlebze iwvevs sabiujeto deficits da inflaciis mZlavr faqtorad iqceva. saxelmwifo biujetis socialuri danaxarjebis gazrda, miRebuli sabiujeto Semosavlebis farglebSic ki, iwvevs gadasaxadebis gazrdas, rac, Tavis mxriv, amcirebs sabazro stimulebs. amitom Semosavlebis politikaSi unda aisaxos socialuri samarTlianobisa da sabazro Tavisuflebis principebi, ramac unda uzrunvelyos socialuri harmoniisa da sabazro efeqtianobis Sexameba. saxelmwifos ZiriTadi funqcia erovnuli Semosavlis ganawilebisas mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Seamciros gansxvaveba socialuri jgufebis SemosavlebSi da sazogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis uzrunvelyos SedarebiTi keTildReoba. amasTan, gadanawilebis procesebSi saxelmwifos metismetma Carevam da Semosavlebis gaTanabrebam SeiZleba migviyvanos sazogadoebis saqmiani aqtiurobisa da samewarmeo saqmianobis efeqtianobis Semcirebamde. socialuri programebis gafarToeba xels uwyobs sxvis kmayofaze myofTa socialuri fenis zrdas. Semosavlebis sruli gamoTanabreba niSnavs

sabazro meqanizmebis ugulebelyofasa da ngrevas. amitom sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelmwifos socialuri politika unda iyos Zalian moqnili da zusti instrumenti, romelic mowodebulia xeli Seuwyos socialur stabilurobas, sazogadoebaSi socialuri daZabulobis Semcirebas da, imavdroulad, ar unda moSalos mewarmeobisa da maRalmwarmoebluri Sromis stimulebi. arsebobs Semosavlebis gadanawilebis ori ZiriTadi arxi: 1. piradi Semosavlebis progresuli dabegvra; 2. transfertuli gadaxdebis sistema. piradi Semosavlebis progresuli dabegvra gulisxmobs Semosavlebis zrdis paralelurad saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTis progresulad zrdas. amiT xdeba maRalSemosavliani jgufebis Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani nawilis amoReba da saxelmwifo socialuri programebis meSveobiT maTi gadanawileba dabalSemosavlian jgufebze. magram progresuli dabegvris metismetad gazrda amcirebs maRali Semosavlebis miRebis stimuls da amiT amcirebs maRalmwarmoebluri Sromisa da investiciebis motivacias, xels uwyobs kapitalis sazRvargareT gadenas da anelebs erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempebs.

Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi uTanasworobis Sesamcireblad mTavari roli ekuTvnis transfertul gadaxdebs. maTi mizania mosaxleobis socialurad daucveli fenebis gaRatakebis dauSvebloba da socialurekonomikuri winaaRmdegobebis simwvavis Semcireba. socialuri transfertebi es aris mosaxleobisaTvis fuladi da naturaluri gadaxdebis sistema, romelsac kavSiri ara aqvs mis mimRebTa ekonomikur saqmianobasTan mocemul momentSi, Tu warsulSi. socialuri transfertebis mizania sazogadoebaSi urTierTobebis harmonizacia, damnaSaveobis zrdis Tavidan acileba, agreTve, Siga moTxovnis mxardaWera. socialuri transfertebis meqanizmi moicavs gadasaxadebis formiT Semosavlebis nawilis amoRebas mosaxleobis saSualo da maRalSemosavliani nawilisagan da daxmarebebis gadaxdas SedarebiT uqonelTaTvis da invalidebisaTvis, agreTve, umuSevrebisaTvis Semweobis gadaxdas. magram transfertuli gadaxdebis, rogorc Semosavlebis gadanawilebis arxis, gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi ar aris ganuzomeli da, arsebiTad, damokidebulia sabiujeto Semosavlebze. amasTan, socialuri daxmarebebis, umuSevrobis Semweobis da a.S. gazrda da xangrZlivi droiT gacema, garkveul wilad amcirebs Sromis stimulebs,

rac, Tavis mxriv, uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebaze. Semosavlebis ganawilebis politika mowodebulia, Seamciros mosaxleobis maRal da dabalSemosavlian jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba, magram mxolod im zomiT, rom man safrTxe ar Seuqmnas saqmiani aqtiurobis zrdas. msoflio gamocdileba adasturebs, rom efeqtiani, socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis formireba warmoudgenelia mosaxleobis Semosavlebis ganawilebis saxelmwifo regulirebis gareSe. amasTan, Semosavlebis done damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. Semosavlebis politika unda axamebdes ekonomikur efeqtianobasa da socialur samarTlianobas.

8.4.2. Semosavlebis saxelmwifo regulirebis meqanizmi

Semosavlebis politika sxavdasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva formiTa da meqanizmebiT xorcieldeba. qveynebis mixedviT regulirebis Taviseburebebs gansazRvravs: qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis done; koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis dadebis tradiciebi;

sazogadoebaSi socialuri daZabulobis xarisxi. Semosavlebis politikis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi mravalferovania. igi moicavs urTuerTdakavSirebul saxelmwifo da sabazro, administraciul da samarTlebriv, ekonomikur da socialur berketebs da gulisxmobs regulirebas makro da mikro doneze. Semosavlebis regulirebisaTvis gamoyenebuli RonisZiebebi SeiZleba dajgufdes ekonomikur, finansur da administraciul RonisZiebebad. ekonomikuri RonisZiebebi mimarTulia dabalansebuli ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad da ZiriTadad gavlenas axdens mosaxleobis realur Semosavlebze. ekonomikuri RonisZiebebi SeiZleba iyos saerTo-ekonomikuri da dargobrivi xasiaTis. magaliTad, saxelmwifo regulirebis praqtikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba qveynis samrewvelo potencialis ganviTarebisa da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis programebi, romelTa mizania Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da xelfasiT uzrunvelyofis xelSewyoba da bazris uzrunvelyofa samomxmareblo saqonliT. am mizniT erovnuli mewarmeobisaTvis dgindeba ufro xelsayreli pirobebi. amasve emsaxureba ekonomikis

struqturuli gardaqmnebisa da erovnuli valutis stabilizaciis programebi. dargobrivi programebis farglebSi xdeba calkeuli dargebisa Tu sferos ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobisaTvis maTi produqciis xelmisawvdomobis mxardaWera (magaliTad, zogadsaganmanaTlebo an samedicino dawesebulebebis saxelmwifo qselis Seqmna, romlis momsaxureba mosaxleobisaTvis ufasoa), an fasebis saxelmwifo politikis meSveobiT xdeba calkeuli saqonlis moxmarebis garkveuli donis miRweva/SenarCuneba. ekonomikur RonisZiebebs Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs e.w. `depresiuli teritoriebis~ ganviTarebis programebis SemuSavebas. aseTi programebi mowodebulia, uzrunvelyos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da Semosavlebis gazrda ekonomikurad CamorCenil regionebSi, anu iq, sadac maRalia umuSevroba da sustia ekonomikuri potenciali. didi mniSvneloba aqvs mcire biznesis (mcire mewarmeobis) ganviTarebis programebs, ramdenadac igi warmoadgens adamianTa didi jgufisaTvis Semosavlis wyaros da sazogadoebaSi saSualo fenis formirebas uwyobs xels. finansuri RonisZiebebi dakavSirebulia nominaluri Semosavlebis regulirebasTan da ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos mxridan

mosaxleobis daxmarebis sistemas (daxmarebebi, pensiebi, dotaciebi da sxv.). magaliTad, bevr ganviTarebuli qveyanaSi saxelmwifo socialuri daxmarebebis meSveobiT axorcielebs mravalSviliani ojaxebis, invalidebis, oboli bavSvebis, martoxela mSoblebis da a.S. mxardaWeras. admanistraciuli RonisZiebebi es aris sakononmdeblo aqtebis sistema, romlebic aregulireben mosaxleobis Semosavlebs. administraciuli RonisZiebebis mTavari Semadgeneli elementebia: sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba; normatiuli aqtebi minimaluri xelfasisa da garantirebuli Semosavlebis Sesaxeb; kanonmdebloba mosaxleobis Semosavlebis indeqsaciis Sesaxeb; sapensio da SromiTi kanonmdebloba. sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba SeiZleba adgendes SeRavaTebs calkeuli kategoriis moqalaqeebisa da ojaxebisaTvis (magaliTad, daubegravi minimumis daweseba, xandazmulebisa da SromisuunaroTaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis daweseba, SeRavaTiani kreditebi mewarmesaTvis da a.S.) an, piriqiT, mosaxleobis erTi jgufis Semosavlebis gadanawilebas sxva jgufebis sasargeblod (aqcizebis SemoReba fufunebis sagnebze, uZravi qonebis dabegvra, individualuri Semosavlebis gaTvaliswinebiT sagadasaxado ganakveTebis diferenciacia da sxv.).

Semosavlebis saxelmwifo politika xorcieldeba sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: 1. Semosavlebis regulireba normatiuli wesebis safuZvelze; 2. inflaciaze kontroli sagadasaxado da fiskaluri RonisZiebebis meSveobiT; 3. sammxrivi TanamSromlobis politika (e.w. `tripartizmi~). Semosavlebis regulireba normatiuli wesebis safuZvelze gulisxmobs Sromis anazRaurebis saxelmwifo regulirebas da moicavs Semdeg RonisZiebebs: Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri sididis dadgena sakanonmdeblo bazaze; mewarmeebis mier SromiT anazRaurebaze mimarTuli saxsrebis an fizikuri pirebis Semosavlebis sagadasaxado regulireba; danamatebis raionuli koeficientebisa da %-uli danamatebis dadgena; Sromis anazRaurebis saxelmwifo garantiebis dadgena. Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri sididis dadgena saxelmwifos mxridan realuri xelfasis regulirebis mniSvnelovani berketia. minimaluri xelfasi damsaqmeblebsa da momuSaveebs Soris molaparakebebisa da SeTanxmebis sayrdeni wertilia. Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri sidide warmoadgens arakvalificiuri samuSao

Zalis Rirebulebis qveda zRvars da gaiangariSeba TveSi fuladi gadaxdis saxiT, romelsac iRebs daqiravebiT momuSave piri Sromis normalur pirobebSi martivi samuSaos Sesrulebisas. Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri odenoba ganisazRvreba cxovrebis Rirebulebisa da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mis gaangariSebas, rogorc wesi, safuZvlad udevs saarsebo minimumi da eqvemdebareba periodul gadaangariSebas samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gaTvaliswinebiT. Sromis anazRaurebis minimalur odenobis safuZvelze dgindeba xelfasis minimaluri ganakveTi _ minimaluri xelfasi. momuSave adamianis (romelic asrulebs SromiT movaleobebs, Sromis normebs) Tviuri minimaluri xelfasi ar SeiZleba iyos Sromis anazRaurebis minimalur odenobaze naklebi. minimalur xelfasSi ar Sedis danamatebi, kompensaciebi da sxva wamaxalisebeli gadaxdebi. dasavleT evropis rig qveynebSi arsebobs e.w. xelfasis zrdis dasaSvebi zRvari, romelic dafiqsirebulia socialuri partniorobis saerToerovnul programebSi. Semosavlebis regulirebis mniSvnelovani berketebia SromiT anazRaurebaze mimarTuli saxsrebis an fizikuri pirebis Semosavlebis

sagadasaxado regulireba, xelfasebis dargobrivi diferenciacia, danamatebis, raionuli koeficientebisa da %-uli danamatebis dadgena da a.S. es sakiTxebi regulirdeba qveynis sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiTa da socialur partniorebs (saxemwifo, damsaqmebelTa asociaciebi, profkavSirebi) Soris SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze. Semosavlebis politikis ganxorcielebis meTodebi SeZleba gansxvavebuli iyos sabazro da gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi. Cveulebriv, upiratesoba eniWeba meTodebs, romlebic gulisxmobs damsaqmeblebsa da momuSaveTa Soris nebayoflobiT SeTanxmebas saxelmwifos monawileobiT, rac ar gamoricxavs xelfasis zrdaze saxelmwifo kontrolis administraciuli RonisZiebebis gamoyenebas. sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi xelfasis saxelmwifo regulirebis SedarebiT efeqturi xerxia garantirebuli minimumis (an ganakveTis) gansazRvra. swored xelfasis minimaluri odenobidan gamomdinare warmoebs molaparakebebi kompaniis administraciasa da profkavSirebs Soris sxvadasxva doneze koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis dadebisas. Sromis anazRaurebis regulireba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo zemoqmedebisa da

saxelSekrulebo sistemis urTierTSexamebiT. Sromis anazRaurebis regulireba xdeba generaluri, teritoriuli da koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis (xelSekrulebebis) safuZvelze. mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebis doneze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens inflacia. maRali inflacia iwvevs Sromis Sedegebis gaufasurebas, amcirebs realur xelfass, anadgurebs moqalaqeTa danazogebs. maRali inflaciis pirobebSi ara marto uaresdeba mosaxleobis cxovrebis done, aramed ecema saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis moculoba, rasac mivyavarT ekonomikur krizisamde da sazogadoebis didi nawilis realuri Semosavlebis Semcirebamde. maRali inflaciis ekonomikaze damangreveli zemoqmedebis Tavidan asacileblad bevri qveynis mTavroba krizisis periodSi mimarTavs nominaluri xelfasisa da fasebis zrdaze kontrols, axdens Semosavlebis indeqsacias da amiT Tavidan icilebs mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebis Semcirebis negatiur Sedegebs. Semosavlebis indeqsacia gulisxmobs samomxmareblo saqonelze fasebis (momsaxurebaze tarifebis CaTvliT) cvlilebis Sesabamisad mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebis mxardaWeris RonisZiebebs. inflaciis pirobebSi Semosavlebis indeqsaciis meqanizmi SesaZleblobas iZleva, nawilobriv an srulad aunazRaurdes mosaxleobas samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gaZvireba.

Semosavlebis indeqsacia mimarTulia mosaxleobis, gansakuTrebiT socialurad daucveli, fiqsirebuli Semosavlebis mqone jgufebis (pensionerebi, invalidebi, martoxela mSoblebi, mravalSviliani ojaxebi, agreTve, axalgazrdoba) msiydvelobiTi unarianobis SenarCunebisaken. indeqsacia xorcieldeba rogorc saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv doneze, ise dargobrivi SeTanxmebebisa da calkeul kompaniebSi koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze. indeqsacia, rogorc nominaluri xelfasis inflaciisagan dacvis meTodi, gavrcelebuli iqna sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebul qveynebSi meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg. moqalaqeTa indeqsaciiT mocvis donis mixedviT ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebi SeiZleba daiyos oTx kategoriad: 1. qveynebi, sadac praqtikulad mTeli mosaxleobaa moculi indeqsaciiT (belgia, dania, islandia, italia da sxv); 2. qveynebi, sadac indeqsacia gamoiyeneba mxolod gansazRvruli socialuri jgufebis mimarT (rogorc wesi, koleqtiuri SeTanxmebebis Sesabamisi punqtis safuZvelze) (kanada, safrangeTi, Sveicaria, aSS da sxv.); 3. qveynebi, sadac indeqsacia praqtikulad ar gamoiyeneba (avstralia, germania, iaponia, Svecia da sxv.);

4. qveynebi, sadac indeqsaciis ganxorcielebis kursi ganicdis mniSvnelovan cvlilebas Semosavlebis saerTo politikis konteqstSi (magaliTad, niderlandebi, norvegia, fineTi). pirveli jgufis qveynebSi indeqsaciis farTod gavrceleba mniSvnelovanwilad dakavSirebulia am qveynebSi koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis kargad awyobil sistemasTan, romelic profkavSirebis gaerTianebebis mudmiv kontrolqveS imyofeba. meore jgufis qveynebSi indeqsacia moicavs mxolod samuSao Zalis nawils. magaliTad, aSS-Si indeqsaciiT moculia arasasoflo-sameurneo muSakebis mxolod 10%; im momuSaveebs Soris, romelTac TavianTi profkavSiri aqvT, es wili daaxloebiT 40%-ia. safrangeTSi saarsebo minimumis zeviT indeqsacia akrZaluli iyo mTavrobis specialuri dadgenilebiT. am jgufis qveynebis ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebaa didi mravalferovneba indeqsaciis gamoyenebul meqanizmebSi, TviT erTi dargis SigniTac. mesame jgufis qveynebSi indeqsacia praqtikulad ar gamoiyeneba. mewarmeebisa da momuSaveebis umetesoba Tvlis, rom indeqsaciis avtomaturad regulirebadi meqanizmi arsebiTad zRudavs socialuri partniorebis uflebebsa da SesaZleblobebs koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebis dadebisas.

meoTxe jgufs miekuTvnebian qveynebi, sadac indeqsaciis ganxorcielebis kursi, konkretuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, ganicdis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs. es RonisZiebebi SeiZleba iyos xelfasis zeda zRvris dadgena, xelfasis indeqsaciuri zrdis zRvruli koeficientis dadgena da a.S. magaliTad, fineTSi 1967 wlis oqtomberSi, erovnuli valutis mniSvnelovani gaufasurebis Semdeg, mTavrobasa da rig profkavSirebs Soris daido SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmad profkavSirebma uari Tqves xelfasis avtomaturi regulirebis meqanizmebis gamoyenebaze. koleqtiur xelSekrulebebSi indeqsaciis Sesaxeb punqti gamoCnda mxolod 1979 wels. igive iTqmis norvegiaze, sadac indeqsacia sakmaod didxans gamoiyeneboda. rigi qveynebi, fasebis zrdis pirobebSi, zRudaven an sulac ugulebelyofen indeqsacias da Zalisxmevas mimarTaven xelfasis zrdis Semcirebaze. magaliTad, poloneTSi 1990 wels `stabilizaciis programis~ Semadgeneli nawili iyo nominaluri xelfasis zrdaze mkacri kontroli. magram, iugoslaviisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac stabilizaciis programa iTvaliswinebda xelfasis gayinvas, poloneTSi, gamoyenebuli iqna misi nawilobrivi indeqsaciis meqanizmi xelfasis fondis zRvruli zrdis specialuri koeficientebis gamoyenebiT. am koeficientebis sidide sxvadasxva periodebSi Seadgenda 0,2; 0,3; 0,6 da 1,0-s.

rogorc moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, Semosavlebis regulirebis sferoSi saxelmwifo politika efuZneba gansxvavebul midgomebs indeqsaciis ganxorcielebis mimarT. magram fasebis zrdis pirobebSi Semosavlebis regulirebisaTvis indeqsaciis RonisZiebebi praqtikulad TiTqmis yvelgan gamoyeneba. indeqsaciiis meqanizmis parametrebis arCeva garkveuli principebis safuZvelze xdeba da saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebsa da politikazea damokidebuli. indeqsaciiT xdeba dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis Semosavlebis mxardaWera, raTa maT SeZlon cxovrebis xarisxis arsebuli standartisa da msyidvelobiTunarianobis SenarCuneba, rac, saboloo jamSi, ekonomikis ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa. amasTan, Semosavlebis indeqsacias aqvs arsebiTi naklic. magaliTad, man SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos ufro mwarmobluri Sromis motivaciaze, xels ar uwyobs antiinflaciuri RonisZiebebis gatarebas da a.S. indeqsaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi miuTiTeben, rom indeqsaciis politika aCqarebs inflaciur procesebs, Tumca, evropis qveynebSi xelfasis indeqsaciis gamocdilebis analiziT, uSualo kavSiri indeqsaciasa da inflaciis daCqarebasa Tu Senelebas Soris ar dasturdeba. msoflio gamocdileba mowmobs, rom inflaciis procesze indeqsaciis negatiuri gavlena

SeiZleba SeizRudos sul cota sami meTodiT. esenia: 1. fasebis zrdasa da Semosavlebis matebas Soris urTierTmimarTebis drouli regulireba; 2. saxelmwifos mier (an koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebiT) samomxmareblo fasebis zrdis indeqsis dadgena, romlis miRwevis Semdegac gamoiyeneba indeqsaciis RonisZiebebi; 3. kompensaciebis gadaxdis formuliT. kompensaciebis gadaxdis formulebi gansxvavebulia. rig SemTxvevebSi formulis umniSvnelovanesi elementia e.w. `indeqsaciis zRvari~, anu fasebis zrdis dadgenili done, romlis miRwevisas xorcieldeba indeqsacia. magaliTad, SveicariaSi rig xelSekrulebebSi dafiqsirebulia `zRvari~ 5-6 %-is doneze. sxva midgomiT, xelfasi izrdeba fasebis zrdis paralelurad. xelfasis zrdis tempi am SemTxvevaSic damokidebulia fasebis indeqsis zrdis dadgenil zRvarze. magaliTad, aSS-sa da kanadaSi aseTi zRvaria samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis zrda 0,3 an 0,4 punqtiT; italiaSi `zRvari~ utoldeba indeqsis erT punqts, belgiaSi _ 2%-s, luqsemburgSi _ 2,5%-s. minimalur zRvarze dafuZnebuli sistema, roca yovelTviurad xdeba Semosavlebis avtomaturi koreqtireba, gamoiyeneba belgiasa da luqsemburgSi. avstraliaSi, daniasa

da niderlandebSi xelfasi, rogorc wesi, gadaisinjeba naxevar weliwadSi erTxel. praqtikaSi fasebis zrdasa da indeqsacias Soris gardauvalia garkveuli droiT gansxvaveba, ramdenadac Semosavlebis regulireba, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac fasebis zrda miaRwevs garkveul dones. bunebrivia, rom am permanentulma dagvianebam SeiZleba Seamciros indeqsaciis, rogorc realuri xelfasis inflaciisagan dacvis saSualebis, efeqtianoba. amitom indeqsacia, Cveulebriv emyareba fasebis indeqsis gasaSualebul maCveneblebs garkveul periodSi, magaliTad 2-3 Tvis monacemebs, romlis Semdegac gaicema sakompensacio gadaxdebi.

kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. ganmarteT socialuri politikis arsi, mizani

da amocanebi. 2. daaxasiaTeT socialuri politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. 3. daaxasiaTeT socialuri politikis efeqtianobaze moqmedi faqtorebi. 4. raSi mdgomareobs `socialuri populizmis strategia da `ekonomikur-teqnologiuri determinizmi? rogoria maTi urTierTmimarTeba?

5. ganmarteT mosaxleobis Semosavlebi. ra

niSnebiT xdeba Semosavlebis klasifikacia da rogoria Semosavlebis saxeobebi? 6. daaxasiaTeT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Semosavlebis struqtrura da ZiriTadi tendenciebi 2001-2008 wlebSi. 7. aRwereT da SeafaseT Semosavlebis uTanasworo ganawilebis mizezebi da faqtorebi. 8. daaxasiaTeT Semosavlebis uTanasworebis formebi da maTi gazomvis meTodebi. 9. SeafaseT Semosavlebis ganawilebis sferoSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli situacia. 10. ra aris `lorencis mrudi da romeli maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba mis safuZvelze? 11. ra aris mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da romeli maCveneblebiT fasdeba igi? 12. ra aris `sasursaTo kalaTa da rogor gaiangariSeba misi Rirebuleba? 13. rogor ganisazRvreba `minimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTa~ da misi Rirebuleba? 14. ra aris `saarsebo minimumi~ 15. riT gansxvavdeba `saarsebo minimumis biujeti~, `minimaluri samomxmareblo biujeti~ da `racionaluri samomxmareblo biujeti~ erTmaneTisagan? 16. ganmarteT siRaribe da siRaribis zRvari, aboluturi da SefardebiTi siRaribe.

17. rogor

gaingariSeba siRaribis done, siRrme, simwvave? 18. daaxasiaTeT saqarTveloSi arsebuli cxovrebis donis ZiriTadi parametrebi da tendenciebi 19. ra mniSvneloba aqvs Semosavlebis saxelmwifo regulirebas? 20. daaxasiaTeT Semosavlebis saxelmwifo regulirebis gzebi da meTodebi.

Tema 9. Sromis organizacia

9.1 Sromiis organizaciis arsi

sabazro ekonomikisa da konkurenciis pirobebSi Sromis racionaluri organizacia warmoebis efeqtianobis zrdis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. Sromis organizacia im RonisZiebaTa sistemaa, romelic Sromis maqsimaluri mwarmoeblurobis miRebis mizniT uzrunvelyofs samuSao adgilebis racionalur organizaciasa da momsaxurebas, Sromis mowinave ileTebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebas, Sromis usafrTxo pirobebis Seqmnas, Sromisa da dasvenebis racionaluri reJimis dadgenas, samuSao drois efeqtur gamoyenebas. Sromis organizacias me-XIX saukunis bolos mieqca gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da daiwyo e.w. teilorizmiT (amerikeli inJinris frederik teiloris xelmZRvanelobiT). igi mecnierebisa da teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT im Sromis normebis dadgenas gulisxmobda, romelic gazrdida Sromis mwarmoeblurobas. dadginda, agreTve, nedleulisa da masalebis xarjvis normebi, danadgarebis muSaobisa da maTi momsaxurebis drois normebi. Sromis anazRaurebaSi upiratesoba mieca sanardo xelfass. XX saukunis dasawyisSi teilorizmis safuZvelze warmoiSva fordizmi. igi

ukavSirdeba aSS-s saavtomobilo industriis damaarseblis h. fordis saxels. man Sromis procesis srulyofis safuZvelze mniSvnelovnad Seamcira sakuTari produqciis fasi, orjer gazarda muSaTa xelfasi, riTac mTlianad daipyro bazari. 1930-ian wlebSi warmoSva axali mimarTuleba - `adamianur urTierTobaTa skola~ (harvardis universitetis profesorTa jgufi e. meios xelmZRvanelobiT), romelic xangrZlivi samecniero kvlevebis safuZvelze mivida im daskvnamde, rom Sromis motivaciaSi gadamwyvetia moraluri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebi. maTi azriT, damqiravebelsa da daqiravebuls Soris saukeTeso damokidebuleba qmnis jansaR mikroklimats, riTac SeiZleba Sromis efeqtianobis zrda. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi damuSavda e.w. socioteqnikuri midgoma, Sromis humanizaciis Teoria, mimarTuleba `bataizmi~ da a.S. amJamad, ki Sromis organizaciis safuZvlad miCneulia SromiTi cxovrebis xarisxis koncefcia, romelic gulisxmobs Semdeg RonisZiebaTa gatarebas: Sromis racionaluri danawilebisa da kooperaciis miRweva; Sromis adekvaturi da samrTliani anazRaureba; Sromis usafrTxo pirobebis uzrunvelyofa da daqiravebulTa janmrTelobis dacva;

momuSavis piradi unaris gamoyeneba da ganviTareba; profesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobaTa uzrunvelyofa da dasaqmebis garantiebis arseboba; SromiTi koleqtivis socialuri integracia; SromiTi da ojaxuri valdebulebaTa Sesruleba. Sromis danawileba da kooperacia gulisxmobs samuSao adgilebis, qveganyofilebaTa da momuSaveTa erTnairi ekonomikuri funqciiT mecnierulad dasabuTebul specializacias. man unda uzrunvelyos samuSao drois danakargebis minimizacia. magaliTad, Tu Sromis procesis operaciad danawilebas mivyavarT iqamde, rom operaciaTaSoris transportirebis dro ufro metia, vidre TviT operaciaze daxarjuli dro, Sromis Semdgomi danawileba araefeqturi xdeba. Sromis danawileba moiTxovs Sromis racionalur kooperacias. igi gulisxmobs calkeuli SromiTi procesis uwyvet, riTmul da gegmazomier gaerTianebas. Sromis racionaluri danawileba da kooperacia kadrebis swori ganawilebisa da samuSao adgilebis momsaxurebis srulyofis safuZvelia. kerZod, igi uzrunvelyofs momuSaveTa ganawilebas profesiisa da kvalifikaciis Sesabamis samuSao adgilebze

samuSaos sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, mowinave Sromis ileTebisa da meTodebis danergvas, Sromis monotonurobis gareSe maT kvalificiur zrdas. monotonurobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT zogjer SiZleba uari vTqvaT samuSaos funqcionalur da teqnologiuri niSniT mkacrad gansazRvrul reglamentaciaze; an imisaTvis, rom ufro mimzidveli gaxdes Sromis procesi, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT profesiuli SeTavseba. profesiuli SeTavseba gulisxmobs erTi momuSavis mier sxva profesiis funqciaTa Sesrulebas. is SeiZleba iyos sruli, roca momuSave sxva momuSavis yvela funqcias iTavsebs da nawilobrivi, roca mxolod calkeuli funqciis SeTavseba xdeba. amis Sedegad mcirdeba daqiravebulTa ricxovnoba da izrdeba Sromis mwarmoeblureba. profesiuli SeTavseba ekonomikurad maSinaa gamarTlebuli, roca: ZiriTadi profesiiT momuSave arasruli samuSao dRiTaa dakavebuli; daqiravebuli srulyofilad flobs im profesias, romlis samuSaosac iTavsebs; Tu SeTavsebuli funqciis Sesruleba ar emTxveva ZiriTadi samuSaos Sesrulebis dros; profesiuli SeTavseba gavlenas ar axdens ZiriTadi samuSaos Sesrulebis sizustesa da xarisxze.

vidre profesiaTa SeTavsebis sakiTxi gadawydeba, saWiroa im piris Sromis procesze dakvirveba, romelic sxvis funqciebs iTavsebs. analizdeba misi Sromis mwarmoebluroba SeTavsebamde da SeTavsebis Semdeg. swori gadawyvetilebis kriteriumad iyeneben e.w. momuSaveTa dasaqmebis (muSaobis) koeficients:

Tzd + Tsd Kp = Tc

sadac,

ZiriTad samuSaoze muSobis dro (sT. wT da a.S)

_
__ damatebiTi funqciebis Sesrulebis dro (sT. wT da a.S)

TZD TSD

samuSao dRis an cvlis xangrZlivoba (saaTi) dasaqmebis koeficienti ar unda iyos erTze meti. e.i. saerTo Sromatevadoba ar unda aWarbebdes samuSao dRis an cvlis xangrZlivobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gadawyvetileba araracionaluria.
9.2. Sromis pirobebi

TC _

Sromis organizacia moiTxovs samuSao adgilisa da momuSavis srul Sesabamisobas. aqedan gamomdinare, nebismieri samuSao

adgili unda iTvaliswinebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs: - momuSavis specialur codnasa da unars; - profesionalizms, fizikur Zalas, yuradRebas; - pasuximgeblobas samuSaos Sesrulebasa da sxva momuSaveTa usafrTxo Sromaze; - Sromis normalur pirobebs. Sromis pirobebs Sromis procesSi momuSavis irgvliv arsebuli garemo qmnis. kerZod, samuSao adgilis aRWurviloba, srulyofili teqnologia, Senoba-nagebobebis, mowyobilobaTa gamarTuloba, sanitarulhigienuri pirobebi, esTetikuri garemo, profesiuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, adamianTa Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba. sabolood, yovelive zemoCamoTvlili adamianis Sromisunarianobis ganmsazRvrelia. sawarmoo pirobebi iqmneba socialurekonomikuri, teqnologiur-organizaciuli da bunebrivi faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT. socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi gulisxmobs im normatiul-samarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis arsebobas, romelic Sromis reglamentacias axdens, uzrunvelyofs profesiuli riskebisgan dacvas, usafrTxo da janmrTeli Sromis pirobebis stimulirebas. garda amisa, Sromis pirobebis dacvaze awesebs samarTlebriv da administraciul pasuxismgeblobas. teqnologiur-organizaciuli faqtorebi ganapirobebs iseTi sawarmoo garemos

Seqmnas, roca uzrunvelyofilia Sromis racionaluri danawileba da kooperacia, Sromis mowinave meTodebisa da ileTebis danergva, Sromisa da dasvenebis racionaluri reJimis daweseba da a.S.

sqema 1. Sromis pirobebis klasifikacia

Sromis pirobebi

sawarmo o

sanitarulhigienuri

fsiqofiziol ogiuri

esTetikuri

socialuri

adamianis organizmi

Sromisunarian oba

adamianis funqcionaluri mdgomareoba da muSaobisunarianob a

adamianis ganwyoba da damokidebuleba Sesasrulebeli samuSaosadmi

bunebriv faqtorebs miekuTvneba geografiuli, geologiuri, biologiuri, klimaturi, da sxva faqtorebi, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyos sawarmos normalur funqcionirebas. Sromis pirobebi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis muSaobisunarianobas. Sromis arasasurveli pirobebi iwvevs zedmeti energiis xarjvas, zrdis sawarmoo travmatizms, amis gamo samuSao drois danakargebsac. sabolood ki, uaresdeba produqciis xarisxi, yalibdeba Sromisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, izrdeba kadrebis denadoba. aqedan gamomdinare, nebismieri mewarme cdilobs, Tavis sawarmoSi metnaklebad normaluri Sromis pirobebi Seqmnas. gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc grZelvadian proeqtebze muSaoben. Tumca, gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi momuSave, gansakuTrebiT kerZo seqtoris mcire sawarmoebi finansuri problemebis gamo Sromis usafrTxo pirobebis Seqmnaze naklebad zrunaven, rasac xSirad arasrulyofili Sromis kanonmdeblobac uwyobs xels. Sromis pirobebi SeiZleba iyos optimaluri, dasaSvebi da mavne. optimaluri da dasaSvebi Sromis pirobebi qmnian Sromis usafrTxo pirobebs. mavne Sromis pirobebs ki, romlebic simZimis mixedviT sxvadasxvagvaria, ganapirobebs mTeli rigi fizikuri, qimiuri da biologiuri faqtorebi.

fizikur faqtorebs miekuTvneba: temperatura, tenianoba, mtvrianoba, xmauri, vibracia, ganaTeba da a.S. magaliTad, normalurad iTvleba haeris temperatura, Tu fizikuri Sromisas is 160C, gonebrivi Sromisas 18-230C; mZime fizikuri Sromisas dasaSvebia 12-160C. temperaturis sanitaruli norma icvleba wlis drois, klimaturi zonis mixedviT. komfortuli mikroklimatis Seqmna miiRweva ventilaciis, kondicionerebisa Tu sxva teqnikuri saSualebebis daxmarebiT. normalur tenianobad daxurul sawarmoSi miiCneven tenianobas 30-60%-is farglebSi. misi miRwevac specialuri mowyobilobiT xdeba. adamianis Sromisunarianobaze metad mavne gavlenas axdens xmauri da vibracia. xmauris intensivoba izomeba decibeliT, xmauris sixSire hercebiT (ix. cxrili 1).
cxrili 1
xmauris xarisxi daZabulobis mixedviT

daZabulobi s xarisxi normaluri momatebul i maRali Zalian maRali maqsimalu

xmauri, decibeli 60-75 76-88 89-100 101-110 110 da

sixSire, herci 300 800 800-1000 1001-1500 1500 da

ri

meti

meti

zedmeti xmauri adunebs adamianis yuradRebas, iwvevs gadaRlilobas da, Sesabamisad, amcirebs adamianis muSaobisunarianobas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xmauri 85 decibelze metia, gamoyenebuli unda iyos xmaurmxSobi saSualebebi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas vibraciis maRali donis pirobebSi, misi mavne Sedegebis neitralizebis mxrivac. radgan Warbi vibracia iwvevs adamianis nervuli energiis zedmet xarjvas, gaRizianebas, arteriuli wnevis matebas, adamianis reaqciis unaris daqveiTebas. didia optimaluri ganaTebis mniSvneloba. saukeTesoa bunebrivi ganaTeba, dRis Suqi. aranormaluri ganaTeba iwvevs mxedvelobis nervis gadaRlas, rasac mTeli organizmis gadaRlac mosdevs. ganaTebis xarisxi damokidebulia sinaTlis wyaroze, sinaTlis Tanabar ganawilebaze. sxvadasxva samuSaos Sesrulebisas mniSvneloba aqvs imasac, saidan udgeba sinaTlis nakadi samuSao adgils, zevidan, qvevidan Tu gverdidan. ganaTeba optimaluradaa miCneuli, Tu is 10002000 luqsia. ganaTeba racionaluria, Tu: - is sakamarisia; - Tanabradaa ganawilebuli; - sinaTlis nakadi sworadaa mimarTuli; - ar aris Crdilebi, gansakuTrebiT, moZravi Crdilebi;

gamoiyeneba sinaTlis damabrmavebeli Suqisagan damcavi saSualebebi; - calkeuli saxis samuSaoebisaTvis arsebobs sinaTle aucilebeli speqtruli SemadgenlobiT. Sromis normaluri pirobebis SeqmnisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs im ferTa gamas, romliTac SeiZleba iyos SeRebili warmoebis saSualebebi. ferebi aris civi da Tbili. maTi moqmedeba adamianze SeiZleba dadebiTic iyos da uaryofiTic. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom wiTeli feri zrdis adamianis mxneobas da aqtivobas, umatebs wnevas, aaqtiurebs imunitets, exmareba adamians daZlios apaTia, magram didi doziT misma gamoyenebam SeiZleba nevrozic gamoiwvios. asevea lurji feric. is xels uwyobs nervuli sistemis aRdgenas. aumjobesebs mxedvelobas, magram didi doziT misma gamoyenebam SeiZleba yuradRebis gafantvac gamoiwvios. TeTri feric sixalisis Semtania, magram zedmeti doziT masi gamoyeneba Sromis monotonurobas zrdis da daRlilobas iwvevs. uaryofiTad moqmedebs adamianis muSaobisunarianobaze iseTi qimiuri da biologiuri faqtorebic, rogoricaa toqsinebi, mtveri, radiacia, romelic Slis adamianis organizmis qsovilebs, iwvevs qronikul daavadebebs da, sabolod, aqveiTebs adamianis Sromisunarianobas.
-

Sromis mwarmoeblurobaze did gavlenas axdens adamianis fsiqofizioligiuri mdgomareoba Sromis procesSi. misi qmedeba energiis xarjvisa da moxmarebis uwyveti procesia. Sromis simZimesac daxarjuli energiis raodenoba gansazRvravs (cxrili 2). cxrili 2
energiis dRiuri xarjva (kkal)
Sromis simZimis done
I done mcire simZimis samuSao II done zomieri simZimis samuSao III done mZime samuSao IV done Zalian mZime samuSao

energiis xarjva 2200-2600 2800 - 3400 3600-4000 4200-6000 da meti

energiis xarjvis zeda dasaSveb zRvarad dReSi 4800 kilokaloriaa miCneuli. magram gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom amdeni energia mas samuSao drois mxolod mcire monakveTSi SeuZlia daxarjos. xangrZlivad am raodenobiT energiis xarjva iwvevs profesiul daavadebebs. adamianis muSaobisunarianobas gansazRvravs Sromis intensivobac. Sromis intensivoba Sromis daZabulobis xarisxia, romelic izomeba drois erTeulSi adamianis fizikuri, gonebrivi da nervuli energiis danaxarjebiT. Sromis normalur intensivobad miCneulia energiis is danaxarjebi, romelsac adamiani eweva saaTSi 4,8 km siCqariT moZraobisas. samuSao drois ganmavlobaSi adamianis muSaobisunarianoba cvalebadia (sqema 2).

kerZod, samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi gamoyofen sam fazas: 1. muSaobisunarianobis zrdis faza, romelic samuSaos sfecifikidan gamomdinare, ramdenime wuTidan 1,5 sT-mde SeiZleba gagrZeldes. misi Semcireba damokidebulia samuSao adgilis swor organizaciasa da momsaxurebaze. am periodSi mecnierebi rekomendacias iZlevian funqcionaluri musika an sawarmoo tanvarjiSi gamoviyenoT, raTa organizmi mTlianad momzaddes sruli datvirTvisTvis. Sromisunarianobis done

3 4 5 6

7 8 9 dro

2. mdgradi muSaobisunarianobis faza. am periodSi Sromis procesi maqsimalurad riTmuli, koordinirebuli da maRalxarisxoviania. is maqsimum 3-5 saaTs grZeldeba. am periodis gaxangrZlivebis mizniT mizanSewoniladaa miCneuli mcirexniani Sesvenebebi. samuSaos simZimis

mixedviT mikropauzebis xangrZlivoba samuSao drois 5-10%-mde SeiZleba iyos. 3. mesame fazaSi daRlilobis gamo mcirdeba muSabomisunarianoba. klebulobs muSaobis tempi. mcirdeba yuradReba, izrdeba Secdomebis ricxvi, es periodi dgeba 8 saaTiani Sromis Semdeg. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu muSaobisunarianobis daqveiTebis Semdeg Sroma ar wydeba, organizmi iZulebulia, ukanaskneli rezervic gamoiyenos. is bolomde ifiteba. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sunTqva gaZneldes, guliscemis sixSirem moimatos, mexsiereba daqveiTdes, inteleqtualuri saqmianoba Sesustdes. muSaobis gaxangrZliveba iwvevs e.w. `Cavardnas~, rac Semdgom xangrZliv dasvenebas an mkurnalobas moiTxovs. muSaobisunarianobas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs momuSavis dReRamuri fiziologiuri riTmi (bioriTmi). is izrdeba dRisiT, Rame ki mcirdeba. maRali muSaobisunarianoba damaxasiaTebelia dilis 6 saaTidan 15 saaTamde. maqsimums aRwevs 10-12 saaTze. Semdeg mcirdeba. 15 saaTidan ki is isev izrdeba, SedarebiT maRali unarianoba grZeldeba 22 saaTamde. Tumca ar aris iseTive maRali, rogorc dRis pirvel naxevarSi. minimums is aRwevs Ramis 3 saaTze. yvelaze meti Secdomebic, ubeduri SemTxvevebi Tu sawarmoo travmatizmis yvelaze meti raodenoba am periodze modis. amitom

yvelaze racionalurad miCneulia ara samcvliani, aramed orcvliani samuSao reJimi, sadac dRis periodi maqsimalurad iqneba gamoyenebuli. magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu teqnologiuri procesi moiTxovs uwyvet sawarmoo reJims, maSin gardauvalia samcvlian reJimze gadasvla, Tumca Ramis cvlis xangrZlivoba ufro naklebi unda iyos da mizanSewonilia isic, rom Ramis cvlaSi kvebisaTvis Tu sxva mizniT gamiznuli SesvenebaTa dro ufro xangrZlivi iyos, vidre es dRis cvlaSia. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom pirveli cvla ar unda daiwyos 6 saaTze adre da bolo cvla 24 saaTze gvian. cvlis normaluri xangrZlivoba 8 saaTia. Sromis pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT is SeiZleba 6 saaTamde Semcirdes, gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi - 4 saaTamdec ki. adamians, vinc samuSaos specifikidan gamomdinare, dReRameSi 12 saaTs muSaobs, dasvenebisaTvis 48 saaTi unda mieces. cvlis ganmavlobaSi rekomendebulia 10 wuTiani mikropauzebi, araumetes 20 wuTisa cvlis ganmavlobaSi. sasadilo Sesvenebis xangrZlivoba 0,5 - 1 saaTia, xolo cvlebs Soris yoveldRiuri dasvenebebis dro samuSao drois ormagi xangrZlivobis toli mainc unda iyos. adamianis muSaobisunarianoba cvalebadia kvirisa da sezonis mixedviT. yvelaze maRali muSaobisunarianoba kviris meore, mesame da meoTxe dReebSia. rac

Seexeba sezonur muSaobisunarianobas, miCneulia, rom is maRalia gazafxulis bolodan Semodgomis dawyebamde da Zalian mcirea zamTris periodSi, rac aixsneba, rogorc amindis cvlilebiT, ise kvebis struqturis, dRis sinaTlis, mzis aqtivobis, adamianis endokrinuli sistemis sezonuri cvlilebiT. saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdeblobiT samuSao kviris xangrZlivoba 41 saaTia. 5 dRiani samuSao kviris pirobebSi 2 gamosasvleli dRea, wlis ganmavlobaSi ki 24 samuSao dRe eZlevaT Svebulebis saxiT.
9.3 profesiuli riskebi da maTgan dacva

profesiuli riski adamianis janmrTelobis Seryevis an sikvdilis albaTobaa kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli samuSaos Sesrulebisas. is SesaZlebelia arsebobdes ori saxiT: - janmrTelobis daqveiTebis riski; - profesiuli daavadebis riski. janmrTelobis Seryeva SeiZleba moxdes ubeduri SemTxveviT, romelic sxvadasxva simZimis SeiZleba iyos. ubedur SemTxvevas sawarmoSi miekuTvneba samuSao drois ganmavlobaSi miRebuli travmebi, mZime mowamvlebi, siTburi dartyma, damwvroba, moyinva da sxva. profesiuli daavadeba mavne da saSiSi sawarmoo garemos Sedegia, ramac SeiZleba droebiTi da mudmivi

Sromisuunaroba gamoiwvios. zogjer adgili aqvs farul profesiul risksac, rasac adamianis gadaRliloba iwvevs. igi amcirebs mis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobas. profesiuli riskebisagan dacva regulirdeba SromiTi usafrTxoebis, Sromis kanonis, SromiTi kontraqtis an sxva romelime sakanonmdeblo normatuli aqtiT. am samuSaoSi CarTulia Sromis medicina da Sromis dacvis samsaxurebi, socdazRvevis samsaxurebi. maT saqmianobaSi sami mimarTuleba gamoiyofa: - samkurnalo profilaqtikuri: profesiul daavadebaTa arsebobis safuZvlebis Seswavla, janmrTelobisaTvis arasasurveli sawarmoo faqtorebis dasawyisSive gamovlena, samedicino profilaqtika da daSavebulTa mkurnaloba, maTi samedicino, socialuri da profesiuli reabilitacia. - analizur-profilaqtikuri: Sromis pirobebis kontroli, im momuSaveTa maqsimaluri kontroli, romlebic profesiuli riskis qveS arian; sanitarul-higienuri normativebis Sesabamisoba gamoyenebul teqnikasTan, mudmivi higienuri eqspertiza; - analitikur-statistikuri: profesiul daavadebaTa dinamikis da mizezebis analizi. sawarmoo travmatizmisa da misi socialurekonomikuri Sedegebis, invalidobis, mokvdaobis Seswavla. - profesiuli riskebis Sefaseba da misi Semcirebis RonisZiebaTa dagegmva. kerZod,

organizaciul-teqnikuri, sanitarul-higienuri da sxva RonisZiebebi. arsebuli mdgomareobis analizis safuZvelze samuSao drois xangrZlivobis SesaZlebeli Semcireba, damatebiTi Svebulebis micema, samuSao staJis Semcireba, kanoniT dadgenil sapensio asakamde profesiuli pensiis micema da a.S. - profesiuli riskebis dazRveva da kompensaciebis gacema. Sromisuunarobis SemTxvevaSi kompensacia SesaZlebelia, gaices garkveuli Tanxis saxiT. SesaZlebelia, is mieces da moxmardes sanitarul-sakurorto mkurnulobas, proTezirebas, specialuri satransporto saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofas, profesiul gadamzadebas da a.S. - mewarmis ekonomikuri stimulireba momuSaveTa profesiuli riskebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT.

9.4 Sromis normireba

Sromis normireba gansazRvruli samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis saWiro Sromis danaxarjebis dadgenaa normaluri Sromis intensivobis pirobebSi. konkretulad, Sromis normirebis meSveobiT dgindeba calkeul samuSao adgilze Sesasrulebeli samuSaos moculoba, saWiro momuSaveTa ricxvi, maTi profesiul-kvalificiuri struqtura, xelfasis fondi da misi struqtura.

Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi saSualebas iZleva, zustad ganvsazRvroT mTeli samuSaos an misi calkeuli operaciis Sesrulebis dro. misi dadgenisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos mowinave teqnologiis arseboba, muSaobis optimaluri sawarmoo reJimebi da samuSao adgilis efeqturi organizaciis pirobebi. igi, Tavis mxriv, Sromis ekonomistisagan moiTxovs am sferoSi arsebuli samecniero miRwevebisa da arsebuli gamocdilebis codnas. Sromis normireba Sromis zomis dadgenis procesia. Sromis zomis dadgena moiTxovs im teqnikur, ekonomikur, fsiqofiziologiur da socialuri faqtorebis Sesaxeb codnas, romelic gavlenas axdens Sromis procesze. Tu Sromis norma araa ekonomikurad dasabuTebuli, is Tavis funqcias kargavs. kerZod, aseT SemTxvevaSi Sromis norma veRar xdeba Sigasawarmoo dagegmvis saSualeba, Sromis racionaluri organizaciis safuZveli, Sromis efeqtianobis sazomi. Sromis norma ekonomikurad dasabuTebulia maSin, Tu is mowyobilobaTa da momuSaveTa optimalur datvirTvas iTvaliswinebs. Sromis norma fsiqofiziologiurad dasabuTebulia maSin, Tu adamianis fizikuri da nervuli energiis xarjva optimaluria, e.i. adamiani Sromisunarianobas xangrZlivad

inarCunebs da daxarjuli energiis swrafi aRdgena xdeba. socialurad dasabuTebuli norma saSualebas iZleva, Sroma iyos Sinaarsiani. samuSaos Sesrulebis procesSi momuSaves saSualeba aqvs, damoukidebeli SemoqmedebiTi procesi ganaxorcielos. am dros Sromis monotonuroba minimumamdea dayvanili.
9.5 Sromis normis saxeebi

mravali saxis Sromis norma arsebobs, magram yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba drois, gamomuSavebis, momsaxurebis, ricxovnobisa da mmarTvelobis normebi. drois norma (Ndr) _ samuSaos erTeulis Sesrulebaze drois danaxarjebia, romelic dgindeba erT muSaze an muSaTa jgufze.gansazRvrul organizaciul-teqnikur pirobebSi maTi kvalifikaciis Sesabamisad. is gaiangariSeba formuliT:
T Ndr = Y
Y - produqciis saerTo moculoba.
, sadac (1)

T samuSao drois xangrZlivobaa(wuTi, saaTi);

gamomuSavebis norma. erTi momuSavis an jgufis mier drois erTeulSi gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobaa, romelic

iTvaliswinebs momuSaveTa kvalifikaciasa da arsebul organizaciul-teqnikur pirobebs. gamomuSavebis norma drois normis ukuproporciulia. igi ZiriTadad masobriv da msxvilseriul warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba, sadac yovel samuSao adgilze erTi an ramdenime operacia sruldeba. is gaiangariSeba formuliT
Y Ngam = T
, (2)

sadac Y daDAT igive mniSvneloba aqvs, rac (1) formulaSi. SinaarsiT is axlos dgas e.w. normirebul davalebasTan, romelic gulisxmobs samuSaos moculobis im odenobis dadgenas, romelic garkveul monakveTSi unda Sesruldes erTi muSis an jgufis mier. momsaxurebis norma sawarmoo obieqtTa (mowyobilobaTa, samuSao adgilTa) is raodenobaa, romelsac unda moemsaxuros momuSave an brigada drois gansazRvrul periodSi(cvlaSi, dReSi, TveSi da a.S). aseTi norma, ZiriTadad, damxmare muSebisaTvis dgeba. misi gaangariSebisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa gaangariSdes momsaxurebis drois norma, e. i. dro, romelic saWiroa cvlis ganmavlobaSi mowyobilobis erTeulis momsaxurebisaTvis. mis dasadgenad gamoiyeneba qronometraJi. momsaxurebis norma gaiangariSeba formuliT:

Nmoms = sadac T cvlis xangrZlivobaa; N momsaxurebis drois norma. mmarTvelobis normiT ganisazRvreba im momuSaveTa ricxovnoba, romelic erT xelmZRvanels unda daeqvemdebaros. ricxovnobis normiT dgindeba momuSaveTa is ricxovnoba, romelic aucilebelia garkveuli moculobis samuSaos Sesasruleblad gansazRvrul organizaciulteqnikur pirobebSi. ricxovnobis norma gaiangariSeba formuliT: sadac Y samuSaos moculobaa; NNNDdr drois normaa; F cvlis xangrZlivobaa; K normis Sesrulebis procenti. zemoT aRniSnul normaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania drois norma, radgan mis safuZvelze dgindeba TiTqmis yvela saxis norma (sqema 1). drois normis dadgena qvemoT mocemuli sqemis Sesabamisad, calkeuli saxis drois danaxarjebis Seswavlis safuZvelze xdeba da gaiangariSeba formuliT: NDdr = Nmos.dask+Nop. dr +Nmoms +Ndasv.+NSewyv.
,

T N

Y N DR Nricx = FK

mosamzadebel - daskvniTi dro is droa, romelic ixarjeba sakuTari Tavisa da warmoebis saSualebaTa momzadebaze

davalebis Sesasruleblad. is damokidebuli ar aris samuSaos moculobaze.

sqema 1
drois norma mosamzadebe l-daskvniTi dro Nmos.dsk
reglamentirebuli Sesvenebebis dro dasvenebisa da saWiroebis dro moxmarebis dro
Sewyvetebis dro, romelsac teqnolgia moiTxovs

sacalo dro
samuSao adgilis momsaxurebis dro

operatiuli dro

ZiriTadi dro

teqnikuri momsaxurebis dro organizaciuli momsaxurebis dro

damxmare dro

ZiriTadi dro uSualod samuSao davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli droa. is meordeba yoveli operaciis Sesrulebis Semdeg an gansazRvruli samuSaos Sesrulebis Semdeg da iyofa or nawilad: ZiriTad da damxmare drod. ZiriiTadi dro ixarjeba uSualod produqciis warmoebaze, damxmare ki - ZiriTadi drois efeqturad gamoyenebaze. magaliTad, damxmare dro SeiZleba gamoiyenon mowyobilobis marTvaze, mowyobilobaze calkeuli detalebis damagrebasa da moxsnaze da a. S. samuSao adgilis momsaxurebis dro moicavs teqnikuri da organizaciuli momsaxurebis dros. igi ixarjeba imisaTvis,

rom mTeli cvlis ganmavlobaSi samuSao adgili srul wesrigSi iyos. masSi Sedis mowyobilobis dazeTvis, gawyobis, garecxvis, gawmendis, daTvalierebis, warmoebis narCenebisagan gaTavisuflebaze daxarjuli dro (teqnikuri momsaxurebis dro), gamoyenebuli taris gadaadgileba, dokumentaciis mowesrigeba samuSaos bolos (organizaciuli momsaxureba) da a.S Sewyvetebis dro is droa, roca momuSave muSaobis procesSi monawileobas ar iRebs. igi iyofa reglamentirebuli Sewyvtebisa da arareglamentirebuli Sewyvetebis drod. reglamentirebuls miekuTvneba Sewyveta, rasac sawarmoo procesis teqnologia da organizacia moiTxovs, pirad saWiroebisa da dasvenebis dro, romelic samuSao dRis ganrigiTaa gaTvaliswi- nebuli (mag. sasadilo Sesveneba). arareglamentirebuli Sewyvetebi es is droa, romelic gamowveulia sawarmoo procesis normaluri mimdinareobis darRveviT. is SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos warmoebis naklovanebebiT, Sromis disciplinis darRveviT da a. S. samuSao drois yvela danaxarji iyofa normirebul da aranormirebul drod. kerZod, mosamzadebel-daskvniTi dro, operatiuli dro, samuSao adgilis momsaxurebis dro da

reglamentirebuli Sewyvetebis dro Sedis drois normaSi da, Sesabamisad, normirebul droSi. aranormirebuli samuSao drois danaxarjebi samuSao drois pirdapiri danakargia da drois normaSi ar Sedis. samuSao drois danaxarjTa struqturis analizi saSualebas iZleva, ganisazRvros samuSao drois danakargebi da samuSao adgilze araracionaluri SromiTi danaxarjebi.

9.6. samuSao drois danaxarjTa Seswavlis meTodebi

samuSao drois danaxarjTa Seswavla, ZiriTadad, ori meTodiT xdeba. 1. fotografiiTa da 2)qronometraJiT. fotografiis Catarebisas dakvirveba warmoebs momuSaveze an momuSaveTa jgufze mTeli cvlis an cvlis calkeul periodSi. mas atarebs normadari an TviT momuSave (TviTfotografia). fotografia specialurad damuSavebuli rukiT warmoebs. daxarjuli drois gazomva saaTis saSualebiT xdeba. miRebuli SedegebiT dgeba samuSao drois balansi, romelic saSualebas iZleva, ganvsazRvroT samuSao drois danakargebi da rezervebi. fotografia tardeba calkeul individze an momuSaveTa jgufze, magram arsebobs marSrutuli fotografiac, romlis drosac xdeba im

momuSaveTa jgufze dakvirveba, romlebic sxvadasxva ubanze muSaoben. masobrivi fotografirebisas gamoiyeneba momenturi dakvirvebis meTodic. am dros erTgvarovani drois danaxarjebis raodenobis registracia da aRricxva xdeba drois SerCeul momentSi. am meTodis upiratesobaa dakvirvebis Catarebis simartive, monacemTa miReba mokle droSi da naklebi Sromatevadoba. misi naklia, is, rom monacemebi manqana-danadgarebis an mowyobilobaTa mocdenis mizezebis Sesaxeb arasrulia. amitom ama Tu im meTodis gamoyeneba bevradaa damokidebuli damkvireblis kompetenturobaze. qronometraJiT Seiswavleba Sromis procesSi calkeul operaciaze daxarjuli dro. is gamoiyeneba maSinac, roca Sromis ama Tu im ileTis Sesrulebis racionalurobis garkveva gvinda. qronometraJiT dgindeba, ratom ver sruldeba esa Tu is drois norma, ramdenad mowinave Sromis ileTebs flobs momuSave, Sromis organizaciis srulyofis ra RonisZiebebi SeiZleba daisaxos da a.S. qronometraJis Catarebisas dakvirvebis obieqti SeirCeva imis mixedviT, ra mizani gvaqvs. Tu Cveni mizania davadginoT drois norma, maSin dakvirvebis obieqtad unda SevarCioT is momuSave, romlis Sromis Sedegi momuSaveTa saSualo Sedegebze maRalia, magram mowinave muSis Sedegze dabali.

amasTan, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos isic, rom momuSavis Sromis tempi Seesabamebodes Sromis normalur intensivobas. Tu qronometraJi tardeba imisaTvis, rom dainergos Sromis mowinave ileTebi da meTodebi, maSin dakvirvebis obieqti unda iyos is muSa, romelic yvelaze efeqtur meTodebsa da ileTebs iyenebs. dakvirvebis obieqtis SerCevis Semdeg xdeba operaciis aRwera, romelic daitaneba qronorukaze. amave dros, ganisazRvreba dakvirvebaTa raodenoba da SeirCeva is xelsawyoebi, romliTac unda Catardes qronometraJi(saaTi, wammzomi, qronometri da a.S.), dgindeba e.w. safiqsaJo wertilebi, e.i. operaciis dawyebis da damTavrebis niSnebi bgeris an vizualuri saxiT. magaliTad, safiqsaJe wertili SeiZleba iyos xelis Sexeba instrumentze an nakeTobaze da a.S. qronometraJiT miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebiT ganisazRvreba calkeuli SromiTi operaciis Sesrulebis dro da Sefasdeba misi efeqturoba. praqtikaSi zogjer fotoqronometraJsac iyeneben, romelic saSualebas iZleva, Sesruldes is amocana, romelic aqvs fotografiasac da qronometraJsac.

9.7. Sromis normebis dadgenis meTodebi

Sromis normebis gaangariSebis ramdenime meTods gamohyofen; maTgan aRsaniSnavia: 1. analitikuri meTodi; 2. krebsiTi meTodi. analitikuri meTodiT Sromis normebi arsebuli normebis kritikuli analizis safuZvelze dgindeba. kerZod, SromiTi operacia nawevrdeba calkeul elementebad. TiToeuli elementis mixedviT ganisazRvreba Sesasrulebeli samuSaos xangrZlivoba. am dros analizdeba yvela faqtori, romelmac SeiZleba mocemuli operaciis Sesrulebis droze gavlena moaxdinos, es iqneba organizaciulteqnikuri Tu Semsruleblis fsiqofiziologiuri Taviseburebebi. gaiangariSeba mTeli operaciis an misi elementebis Sesrulebis xangrZlivoba da dgindeba misi Sesrulebis Tanmimdevroba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am meTodis ufro Tanamedrove nairsaxeobas warmoadgens Sromis normirebis mikroelementuri meTodi. is farTodaa gavrcelebuli ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi (aSS, iaponia, Ggermania, safrangeTi da a.S.). am meTodis gamoyenebisas Sromis procesi nawildeba umartives, pirvelad SromiT moqmedebebad (momuSavis TiTebis, xelebis, tanis da sxva moZraoba), romelsac mikroelementi hqvia. sxva meTodTan SedarebiT misi upiratesoba isaa, rom SromiTi ileTebisa da moqmedebebis racionaluri Tanmimdevrobis dadgenis saSualebas iZleva. dasavleTis praqtikaSi am

meTodis metad farTo saxesxvaobebi gamoiyeneba: kerZod, `samuSaos sirTulis gamTvaliswinebeli sistema~(e.w.Work Faktor), `droisa da moZraobis analizis~ sistema(MTAMotion Time Analysis) da `drois gansazRvris~ meTodi(e.w. MTM, Metohds Time Measuremant). am ukanasknel sistemaSi SromiTi moZraoba danawevrebulia 19 mikroelementad: 8 varianti xelebis moZraobisa, 9varianti korpusisa da fexebisa, 3 varianti Tvalebis moZraobisa. TiToeul mikroelementze dgindeba normativi, romliTac aiwyoba nebismieri moZraobis, ileTis, operaciis norma. Sromis normirebis krebsiTi meTodis gamoyenebisas normebi dgindeba mTel SromiT operaciaze an nakeTobaze elementebad misi danawevrebis gareSe. es SeiZleba moxdes statistikuri monacemebis gamoyenebis an ubnis xelmZRvanelis gamocdilebis safuZvelze (e.w sacdel-statistikuri), an kidev adre Catarebul operaciasTan Sedarebis mixedviT(e.w SedarebiTi). normirebis krebsiTi meTodis gamoyenebisas cdomileba metia, vidre analitikuri meTodis gamoyenebisas. ama Tu im meTodiT sargeblobisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT warmoebis tipi. magaliTad, masobriv da msxvilseriul warmoebaSi, sadac operaciaTa ganmeorebadoba ufro xSiria, mcire uzustobis daSvebac ki droisa da sxva saxis resursis did danakargebs iwvevs. wv-

rilseriul da erTeulad warmoebaSi mcire cdomilebebi did gavlenas ar axdens warmoebis danaxarjebze. amitom krebsiTi meTodis gamoyeneba ufro dasaSvebia.
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. axseniT Sromis organizaciis arsi. 2. ra aris Sromis danawileba da kooperacia? 3. ra SemTxvevaSia dasaSvebi profesiaTa SeTavseba? 4. ra faqtorebi moqmedebs Sromis pirobebze sawarmoSi? 5. rogor regulirdeba profesiuli riskebis dacva? 6. rogoria adamianis muSaobisunarianoba dRis, kviris da wlis manZilze? 7. axseniT Sromis normirebis arsi. 8. ra saxis normebi arsebobs? 9. samuSao drois danaxarjTa Seswavlis ra meTodebi arsebobs? 10. ra meTodebiT xdeba Sromis normireba?

Tavi 10. Sromis anazRaurebis organizacia

10.1. xelfasi da misi saxelmwifo regulireba

xelfasi daqiravebuli momuSavis Sromis sazRauria. misi sidide gansazRvrulia damqiravebelsa da daqiravebuls Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. damqiraveblisaTvis xelfasi sawarmoo xarjebis nawilia, rasac aZlevs momuSaves misi Sromis sazRaurad Sromis an samuSao Zalis fasis mixedviT. xelfasis sidideze moqmedebs sxvadasxva faqtori. upirveles yovlisa, mis odenobas Sromis bazarze Sromaze (samuSao Zalaze) moTxovna-miwodeba gansazRvravs. moTxovnis zrda xelfasis zrdas iwvevs, moTxovnis Semcireba ki - xelfasis Semcirebas. Sromis miwodeba sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebs Sromis fasze. roca Sromis miwodeba SezRuduli raodenobiT xdeba, Sromis fasi izrdeba da Sesabamisad izrdeba xelfasis sidide. xelfasis sidideze gavlenas axdens saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebi. maTi zrda aZvirebs cxovrebis Rirebulebas, zrdis sakvlavwarmoebo minimums, Sesabamisad, maRldeba xelfasis zrdaze moTxovnileba. xelfasis sidide damokidebulia minimaluri xelfasis doneze. minimaluri xelfasi ki ganisazRvreba saarsebo minimumiT. amave dros

xelfasis odenoba nawilobriv damokidebulia profkavSirebis aqtiurobaze, warmoebaSi momuSavis SromiT wvlilze da a.S. sazogadoebaSi xelfasi mniSvnelovan funqciebs asrulebs, maTgan upirvelesi, uZvelesi funqciaa stimulirebis funqcia, romliTac axdens momuSavis dainteresebas Tavisi Sromis SedegiT. xelfasis saSualebiT unda dakmayofildes momuSavis da misi ojaxis wevrTa saarsebo moTxovnilebebi. amiT xelfasi kvlavwarmoebis funqcias asrulebs. amasTan, mas aqvs e.w. socialuri funqciac, riTac xelfasi samomxmareblo bazarze mosaxleobis gadaxdisunarianobas uzrunvelyofs. xelfasma rom Tavisi funqciebi Seasrulos, aucilebelia Semdegi principebis dacva: a)xelfasis forma da sistema unda iyos yvela momuSavisaTvis gasagebi da martivi; b) xelfasis zrda unda moxdes warmoebisa da Sromis efeqtianobis zrdis mixedviT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, moxdeba inflacia; g) Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis tempi win unda uswrebdes saSualo xelfasis zrdis temps; d) xelfasi diferencirebuli unda iyos dargebis, regionebis, Sromis pirobebis mixedviT. erTnairi Sinaarsisa da kvalifikaciis Sroma unda anazRaurdes Tanabrad miuxedavad momuSavis sqesisa, asakisa da erovnebisa;

e) xelfasis sididis gansazRvrisas rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo seqtorSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos minimaluri xelfasis done da saSualo xelfasis sidide. saxelmwifo roli xelfasis regulirebaSi, upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba minimaluri xelfasis dadgeniT. minimalurma xelfasma unda uzrunvelyos martiv, arakvalificiur samuSaoze dasaqmebuli momuSavis samuSao Zalis aRwarmoebisaTvis saWiro yvela piroba. ZiriTadi kriteriumi, riTac ganisazRvreba minimaluri xelfasis sidide, momuSavis da misi ojaxis arasrulwlovani wevrebis saarsebo moTxovnilebaa. minimaluri xelfasi unda Seesabamebodes samomxmareblo kalaTas. masSi Sedis aucilebeli kvebis produqtebi, samomxmareblo saqoneli da momsaxureba. minimaluri xelfasi ar SeiZleba Sromisunariani adamianis saarsebo minimumze naklebi iyos. minimaluri xelfasis sididis gansazRvrisas gasaTvaliswinebelia mosaxleobis dasaqmebis done, mdidrebisa da Raribebis cxovrebis doneTa gansxvaveba, minimaluri xelfasis saSualo xelfasTan Tanafardoba. evropis socialuri qartiiT, minimaluri xelfasi saSualo xelfasis 60% mainc unda iyos. evropis qveynebma miaRwies imas, rom minimaluri xelfasi saSualo xelfasis 50%-ze naklebi ar aris. Tumca gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi am pirobis

dacva SeuZlebeli gaxda da, Sesabamisad, minimaluri xelfasis saSualo xelfasTan Tanafardobis zoma mcirea, XX saukunis 90iani wlebis bolos is am qveynebSi 20%_36%-is farglebSi meryeobda. igive periodSi is saarsebo minimumze bevrad naklebia. magaliTad, 1999wels slovakeTSi minimaluri xelfasi saarsebo minimumis mxolod 11,1%-ia, 2000 wels ruseTSi _ 8,5%. xelfasis saxelmwifo regulirebis erT-erTi meqanizmia indeqsacia. igi icavs mosaxleobis Semosavlebsa da danazogebs gaufasurebisagan. arsebobs indeqsaciis ori saxe: gamafrTxilebeli da retrospeqtuli. gamafrTxilebeli indeqsacia gulisxmobs xelfasis zrdas samomxmareblo fasebis prognozuli zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT. is win uswrebs inflacias. retrospeqtuli indeqsaciisas xelfasis zrda xdeba warsul periodSi samomxmareblo fasebis zrdis Sesabamisad. praqtikaSi ufro xSirad xelfasis retrospeqtul indeqsacias iyeneben. xelfasis zrda am dros xdeba mas Srmdeg, roca gazrdili samomxmareblo fasebi garkveuli drois Semdeg stabiluri gaxdeba. indeqsaciisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi zRvaris dadgenas. magaliTad, italiaSi indeqsaciis zRvari, roca is avtomaturad mimdinareobs, aris 1%; safrangeTsa da belgiaSi_ 2%; ruseTSi_ 6%. xelfasis

indeqsaciisas samomxmareblo fasebis zrdis sruli kompensacia ar xdeba. indeqsaciis garda, xelfasis saxelmwifo regulireba xdeba individualuri Semosavlebis dabegvriTac. es ZiriTadad maRalSemosavlian moqalaqeebs exebaT. am RonisZiebas saxelmwifo mimarTavs gansakuTrebiT mZime finansuri mdgomareobis dros. saxelmwifos saxelfaso politika mimarTuli unda iyos xelfasis msyidvelunarianobis zrdisaken, xelfasi unda gaxdes mosaxleobis Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro. amasTan, saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos misi drouli gadaxda.
10.2. xelfasis formebi da sistemebi

xelfasis organizacia sxvadasxva sistemiTa da formiT xdeba. gavrcelebulia xelfasis organizacia a) satarifo sistemiT; b) utarifo sistemiT; g) Sereuli sistemiT. satarifo sistemiT Sromis anazRaureba xdeba individualuri Sromis Sedegis mixedviT, utarifo sistemiT anazRaurebisas _ koleqtivis Sromis saboloo Sedegis mixedviT. satarifo da utarifo xelfasis sistemaSi, ZiriTadad, xelfasis ori forma gamoiyofa _ sanardo da droiTi. Sereul sistemaSi ki xelfasis Semdegi formebia: a) sakomisio, b) sapaio, g) e.w. mcuravi sargoebi da a.S.

xelfasis organizaciis sistemebidan yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulia satarifo sistema. satarifo sistema im normativTa erTobliobaa, romlis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba momuSavis xelfasis zoma Sromis pirobebis, kvalifikaciisa da individualuri Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. satarifo sistemis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa, ganaxorcielos principi: Tanabari SromisaTvis _ Tanabari anazRaureba. satarifo sistemis safuZvelze formirdeba satarifo xelfasi. satarifo sistemis elementebia: 1) satarifosakvalifikacio cnobari; 2) satarifo bade; 3) satarifo ganakveTebi da Tanamdebobrivi sargoebi. satarifo-sakvalifikacio cnobari normatiuli dokumentebis erTobliobaa. masSi mocemulia informacia imis Sesaxeb, ra unda icodes Teoriulad da praqtikulad ama Tu im profesiis adamianma Sesabamisi Tanrigis samuSaos mixedviT. satarifo-sakvalifikacio cnobarebi ori saxisaa: dargobrivi da dargTaSorisi. dargobrivSi daxasiaTebulia is samuSaoebi da profesiebi, romlebic niSandoblivia mocemuli dargisaTvis, xolo dargTaSorisSi _ is samuSaoebi da profesiebi, rac saerToa ekonomikis yvela dargisaTvis. satarifo-sakvalifikacio cnobaris ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa: 1) samuSaoTa tarifikacia; 2) muSaTa sakvalifikacio Tanrigis gansazRvra; 3)

im programebis Sedgena, ris mixedviTac unda moxdes muSaTa momzadeba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba. satarifo-sakvalifikacio cnobari Sedgeba sami nawilisagan. pirvel nawilSi mocemulia samuSaoTa daxasiaTeba, meoreSi _ Camoyalibebulia, Tu ra unda icodes mocemuli specialobis momuSavem, vinc ama Tu im Tanrigs flobs; mesame nawilSi _ tipuri samuSaoebis magaliTebia mocemuli. daaxloebiT asevea agebuli satarifosakvalifikacio cnobarebi xelmZRvanel personalsa da specialistebze. mis safuZvelze dgeba saStato siebi, romelSic CamoTvlilia Tanamdebobebi Sesabamisi Tviuri sargoebiT. satarifo sistemis meore elementi, satarifo bade sakvalifikacio Tanrigebisa da Sesabamisi satarifo koeficientebis erTobliobaa. satarifo badis pirveli Tanrigis satarifo koeficienti yovelTvis erTis tolia. danarCeni satarifo koeficientebi dgindeba koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. satarifo bade SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos sxvadasxva dargebsa da sawarmoebSi. misi umTavresi daniSnuleba isaa, rom sxvadasxva kvalifikaciis muSaks sxvadasxva zomis xelfasi mieces mis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, mocemul satarifo badeSi satarifo ganakveTebi gviCveneben, ramdenjer maRal xelfass iRebs ama Tu im Tanrigis muSa pirveli Tanrigis muSasTan

SedarebiT. pirvel da bolo Tanrigebs Soris Tanafardobas ewodeba satarifo badis diapazoni. saqarTvelos erovnul meurneobaSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia 6-8 Tanrigiani badeebi, xolo sabiujeto organizaciebSi momuSaveTaTvis jerjerobiT gamoiyeneba 22 Tanrigiani satarifo bade.

satarifo bade
satarifo Tanrigi satarifo koeficienti
I II III IV V VI VII VIII

1.0 7

1.1 4

1.2 8

1.5 0

1.7 0

1.8 0

2.0

satarifo badis mesame elementia, satarifo ganakveTi. igi gamoxatavs drois erTeulSi muSis anazRaurebis zomas. is gviCvenebs, ramdens vuxdiT muSas 1 saaTSi, 1 dReSi, kviraSi an 1 TveSi. minimaluri satarifo ganakveTis (I Tanrigis ganakveTis) dadgenisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos minimaluri xelfasis done. is ar SeiZleba kanoniT dadgenil minimumze naklebi iyos. satarifo ganakveTebi SeiZleba izrdebodes Tanabrad, progresulad, an regresulad, an Sereulad. msoflio praqtikaSi yvelanairi satarifo bade gamoiyeneba. fsiqologTa daskvniT, satarifo koeficientebs Soris gansxvaveba 10%-ze naklebi ar unda iyos. amave dros, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom satarifo xelfasi mTeli xelfasis 65_70%-s mainc unda Seadgendes.
10.3. xelfasis sanardo da droiTi formebi

xelfasis ama Tu im formis SerCevisas gaiTvaliswineba Semdegi pirobebi:

_ Sromis normirebis xarisxi; _ samuSaos meqanizaciisa da avtomatizaciis done; _ mewarmis moTxovna, gazardos produqciis moculoba Tu gazardos produqciis xarisxi. mas Semdeg, roca ukve sabolood gadawydeba sakiTxi, xelfasis ra sistemam unda imuSaos mocemul sawarmoSi Tu dawesebulebaSi, zemoT aRniSnuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganisazRvreba, ra formiT SeiZleba gaices xelfasi, sanardo Tu droiTi formiT, raTa xelfasma Tavisi funqciebi srulad Seasrulos da miRweuli iqnes Sromis maRali mwarmoebluroba. sanardo xelfasi gaiangariSeba Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculobis mixedviT: = V (1), sadac _ produqciis erTeulis Rirebulebaa (lari, TeTri); V _ damzadebuli produqciis raodenoba (cali). Tavis mxriv, produqciis erTeulis Rirebuleba anu sanardo Sefaseba ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad: = (2), sadac _ drois normaa; _ saaTobrivi, dRiuri, Tviuri satarifo ganakveTi. satarifo ganakveTi sanardo formiT xelfasis gacemisas dgindeba Sesrulebuli samuSaos Tanrigis mixedviT.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sromis procesi mkacrad reglamentirebulia gansazRvruli operaciebiT, rac saSualebas iZleva, muSas daudgindes Seasabamisi drois norma, mizanSewonilia sanardo formis gamoyeneba. maSinac, roca samuSao xeliT, meqanizebulxeliT an meqanizebulad sruldeba, umjobesia sanardo formis gamoyeneba, radgan produqciis raodenoba pirdapir muSis Sromazea damokidebuli. droiTi xelfasis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia im dros, roca warmoebis procesSi aqcenti gadatanilia produqciis xarisxze. xelfasis droiTi forma amJamad ufro progresul formadaa miCneuli. ganviTarebuli ekonomikis qveynebSi firmebi ZiriTadad xelfasis droiT formas iyeneben. droiTi xelfasis gacemisas momuSavis xelfasis zoma ganisazRvreba misi kvalifikaciis Sesabamisad, faqtobrivad namuSevari drois mixedviT. e.i. = F (3), sadac _ satarifo ganakveTia (lari/saaTi, l/dR, l/TveSi); F _ faqtiurad namuSevari dro (sT, dRe da a.S.). satarifo ganakveTi droiT xelfasSi dgindeba momuSavis Tanrigis mixedviT. xelfasis sanardo da droiT formas gaaCnia Tavisi upiratesobebi da naklic. magaliTad, sanardo xelfasi sakmaod Zlier stimulators

warmoadgens, radgan didia maRali xelfasis miRebis SesaZlebloba. produqciis zrdaze orientaciisas mcirdeba sawarmoo xarjebi produqciis erTeulze. am dros naklebia moTxovnileba kontrolze, ris gamoc sanardo xelfasiT anazRaurebisas, metia uxarisxo produqciis wili da dgeba arasawarmoo personalis anazRaurebis problemac. rac Seexeba droiT xelfass, misi upiratesoba isaa, rom is momuSaveTaTvis advilad gasagebia, martivi da iafia Sromis mwarmoeblurobis saregulireblad. amasTan, stabiluri Semosavlis wyaroa, magram misi naklia is, rom muSaobis Sedegebis waxalisebis SesaZleblobebi SedarebiT SezRudulia. sanardo da droiTi xelfasi praqtikaSi sxvadasxva saxiT gamoiyeneba. droiTi xelfasi gvxvdeba martivi droiTi, droiTi premiuli normirebuli davalebiT da droiTi premiulis saxiT. martivi droiTi xelfasis zoma iangariSeba (3) formuliT. droiTi premiuli saxiT anazRaurebisas xelfasi ganisazRvreba Semdegi formuliT: = sat. + (4), sadac sat. _ satarifo xelfasia, romelic gaiangariSeba (3) formuliT (lari); _ premiis is raodenobaa, romelic muSas mieca Sromis gansazRvruli raodenobisaTvisa da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis miRwevis gamo.

droiTi premiuli normirebuli davalebiT gamoiyeneba iq, sadac muSis funqciebi zustadaa reglamentirebuli da SeiZleba yovel operaciaze gaangariSebuli iqnes drois norma. aseTi saxis xelfasi sanardo formis elementebsac moicavs. misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia maSin, roca aucilebelia normirebuli davalebis Sesruleba rogorc calkeul samuSao adgilebze, ise calkeul samuSao ubnebze. misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia maSinac, roca sawarmos efeqtiani saqmianoba damokidebulia materialuri resursebis ekonomiaze, igegmeba profesiaTa SeTavseba an momsaxurebis sferos gafarToeba. am saxis xelfasis zoma gaiangariSeba (3) formuliT, mxolod premia ganisazRvreba normirebuli davalebis Sesrulebis mixedviT. xelfasis sanardo forma gvxvdeba Semdegi saxiT: a) pirdapiri sanardo; b) sanardo premiuli; g) sanardo progresuli, d) sanardo regresuli; e) iribi sanardo; v) akorduli sanardo; z) koleqtiuri sanardo. pirdapiri sanardo xelfasi gaiangariSeba (1) formuliT. danarCeni saxis xelfasi gaiangariSeba pirdapiri sanardo xelfasis bazaze. pirdapiri sanardo xelfasi, faqtobrivad, momuSavis satarifo xelfasia. yvelaze metad xelfasis am saxeebidan gavrcelebulia sanardo-

premiuli. am SemTxvevaSi xelfasi gaiangariSeba Semdegi formuliT. = pir.sanardo + (premia) (5) sanardo-progresuli sistemisas xelfasi ganisazRvreba formuliT: = P0V0 + Pprog.Vnormis zeviT (6), sadac P0 _ Cveulebrivi gziT gaangariSebuli sanardo Sefasebaa; V0 _ dadgenili normiT Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculoba; Pprog. _ progresulad gazrdili sanardo Sefaseba; Vnormis zeviT _ normis zeviT Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculoba. progresulad gazrdili sanardo Sefasebis (Pprog.) gasaangariSeblad dgeba specialuri skala, romelSic mocemulia, ramdeni procentiT unda gaizardos gegmuri sanardo Sefaseba samuSaos normis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebisas. magaliTad, Tu muSam Sromis norma 105%-iT Seasrula, sanardo Sefaseba gegmurTan SedarebiT SeiZleba 15%-iT gaizardos. sanardo progresuli sistema praqtikaSi naklebad gamoiyeneba. misi naklia: gaangariSebis sirTule, Sromis intensivobis zrda, rac momuSavis janmrTelobaze cudad moqmedebs da xelfasis fondis gadaxarjvis saSiSroeba. amitom mas mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi iyeneben. sanardo regresuli xelfasi sanardoprogresulis Sebrunebuli saxea. misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia maSin, roca

sawarmoSi xandazmuli, magram kvalificiuri kadrebis SenarCuneba undaT, roca sawarmos winaSe produqciis zrdis amocana ar dgas. iribi sanardo xelfasi gamoiyeneba damxmare da momsaxure muSebis Sromis anazRaurebisas da gaiangariSeba formuliT: = Pir. Vfaqt. (7), sadac Pir. _ iribi sanardo Sefasebaa; Vfaqt._ momsaxure muSis mier faqtobrivad Sesrulebuli samuSaos moculoba. rac Seexeba anazRaurebis akordul da akordul-premiul sistemas, misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia maSin, roca sawarmoo SekveTis Sesruleba surT maqsimalurad Semcirebul vadebSi. amisaTvis muSebs gamouyofen mTlianad Sesrulebul samuSaoze gaTvaliswinebul xelfasis fonds, romelsac avansis saxiT yovelTviurad aZleven maT. bolos ki, rac darCeba, obieqtis Cabarebis Semdeg miecemaT. Tu samuSao gansakuTrebiT xarisxianadaa Sesrulebuli, maSin muSebs premiasac gamouyofen. xelfasis es saxe, ZiriTadad, mSeneblobaSi gamoiyeneba, Tumca inflaciis dros am saxiT xelfasis gacema SezRudulia.
10.4. xelfasis utarifo sistema

xelfasis utarifo sistemas satarifo sistemis antipodsac uwodeben. satarifo sistemiT

momuSave xelfass Rebulobs Sromis procesSi sakuTari wvlilis Sesabamisad, utarifo sistemiT ki momuSavis xelfasi damokidebulia Sromis saboloo Sedegze. principuli gansxvaveba am or sistemas Soris Semdegia: satarifo sistemaSi pirveladia momuSavis gamomuSaveba, meoradi _ xelfasis fondi. utarifoSi _ piriqiT, pirveladia, xelfasis fondi, meoradi _ individis gamomuSaveba. utarifo sistemis gamoyenebisas xelfasis fondsa da sawarmos saqmianobis saboloo SedegebTan Sesabamisoba garantirebulia, rac ar arsebobs satarifo sistemaSi. utarifo sistemiT, TiToeuli muSis xelfasis zoma gaiangariSeba formuliT: = Ff
X i K i Ti

X
i =1

K i Ti

(10.4.1), sadac

Ff _ koleqtivisaTvis gankuTvnili xelfasis fondia (lari); Xi _ i-uri muSis kvalifikaciis donis koeficienti (bali, procenti an sxva erTeuli); Ki _ i-uri muSis SromiTi monawileobis koeficienti (balebi, procenti an sxv.erT.); Ti _ i-uri muSis mier faqtobrivad namuSevari dro (sT, dRe, Tve); n _ momuSaveTa raodenoba (kaci); maSasadame, utarifo sistemiT Sromis anazRaureba damokidebulia Semdeg

faqtorebze: momuSaveTa ricxvze, maT mier namuSevar droze, SromiTi monawileobis koeficientsa (Smk) da muSaTa kvalifikaciis doneze (mkd). sakvalifikacio koeficientis (mkd) gaangariSeba ori meTodiT xdeba: pirvel SemTxvevaSi misi gansazRvra faqtobrivi xelfasis mixedviT xdeba. e.i. momuSavis kvalifikacia fasdeba ara marto imiT, ra icis da ganaTlebis ra mowmobebi aqvs, aramed mis mier faqtobrivad miRebuli xelfasiT, radgan maRali xelfasiT is Tavisi codnisa da ganaTlebis realizaciis met unars adasturebs. am meTodis naklia is, rom SesaZlebelia, samuSao subieqturad ganawildes da xelsayreli samuSao mxolod erT pirs mieces. am dros premirebis maCvenebeli maxinjdeba da irRveva principi: _ Tanabari SromisaTvis Tanabari anazRaureba. Tu damokidebuleba xelfass, kvalifikaciasa da Sromis saboloo Sedegebs Soris darRveuli ar aris, maSin muSis faqtobrivi xelfasis mixedviT kvalifikaciis donis gansazRvra misaRebia. sakvalifikacio koeficientis gaangariSeba xdeba Semdegi formuliT X = saS / min (10.4.2.), sadac saS _ muSis saSualo xelfasi utarifo xelfasis danergvamde 6 TviT an erTi wliT adre (lari);

min _ igive periodSi yvelaze dabalanazRaurebadi muSis saSualo xelfasi (lari). (10.4.2) formulaSi saSualo xelfasis gaangariSebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba Semdegi gasacemlebi: _ satarifo xelfasi an Tanamdebobrivi sargo; _ premia, miRebuli Sromis saboloo SedegebisaTvis; _ sarTebi profesiis SeTavsebisTvis; _ wanamatebi profesiuli ostatobisaTvis; _ sarTebi Sromis intensiurobis zrdisaTvis. meore meTodiT mkd-s gansazRvra Sromis anazRaurebis moqmedi pirobebis safuZvelze xdeba. magaliTad, Tu mewarme da momuSave pirobas deben, rom kvalifikaciis done ganisazRvros samuSaos sirTulis, Sromis intensiurobis, profesiuli ostatobis da a.S. sxva parametrebiT, mkd gaiangariSeba am parametrebis Sesabamisi koeficientTa gadamravlebiT. e.i. X = KsirT* KSr.int.* Kprof.ost.* ... (7.2.2.3) rac Seexeba SromiTi monawileobis koeficients (Smk), is utarifo sistemis meore mniSvnelovani elementia da ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva maCveneblebis safuZvelze. Smk-s zrdisa da Semcirebis pirobebi damqiraveblisa da koleqtivis SeTanxmebiT wesdeba. Smk-s zrdis pirobebi SeiZleba iyos:

momuSavis SromiTi aqtivoba; muSaobis mowinave meTodebis gamoyeneba; SromiTi gamocdilebis gaziareba axalgazrda muSebisaTvis; momijnave profesiis SeTavseba; materialuri resursebis ekonomia da a.S. Semamcirebel pirobebs SeiZleba ganekuTvnebodes: masalebis gadaxarjva; uiniaciativoba, pasiuroba; SromiTi disciplinis darRveva (gacdenebi); mowyobilobis mocdenebis zrda da a.S. xelfasis organizacia utarifo sistemis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes iq, sadac koleqtivi Tavis Tavze iRebs pasuxismgeblobas Sromis saboloo Sedegebze. amasTan, misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia im koleqtivSi, romlis wevrebi erTmaneTs kargad icnoben da maT Soris urTierTpativiscemaa. rac Seexeba xelfasis Sereuli sistemis formebs, maTgan yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia xelfasis sapaio forma, sakomisio da e.w. `mcuravi sargoebi~. sapaio formiT xelfasis micemisas, xelfasis sidide ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, ramdenia momuSavis wili anu pai xelfasis fondSi da rogoria sawarmos an misi qvedanayofis Sromis saboloo Sedegi. xelfasis sakomisio forma produqciis realizaciis zrdis stimulirebis saSualebaa. momuSave xelfass realizebuli produqciis moculobidan garkveuli procentis saxiT iRebs.

magaliTad, koleqtiuri xelSekrulebiT dadgenilia, rom muSis sakomisio normativi 1%, maSin 10000 laris produqciis realizaciis SemTxvevaSi momuSavis xelfasi 100 lari iqneba. bolo periodSi gavrcelda xelfasis iseTi forma, rogoricaa e.w. `mcuravi sargoebi~. am formiT xelfasi ZiriTadad saSualo da maRali safexuris xelmZRvanelebs miecemaT. am kategoriis muSakebs Tanamdebobrivi sargoebi yovelTviurad ecvlebaT imis mixedviT, rogor icvleba warmoebis efeqtianobis maCveneblebi (mogeba, produqciis TviTRirebuleba, Sromis mwarmoebluroba) produqciis moculobis gegmuri maCveneblis Sesrulebisas. magaliTad, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis 1%-iT gazrdis (Semcirebis) SemTxvevaSi maTi Tanamdebobrivi sargo gaizrdeba (Semcirdeba) 1,5%-iT. inJiniringul da konsaltingur firmebSi Sromis anazRaureba xdeba e.w. `SromiTi jildos~ saxiT, e.i. xelfasi miecemaT samomsaxureo firmaSi momsaxurebis saxiT Sesuli gadasaxadidan gansazRvruli procentis odenobiT.

10.5. Sromis materialuri stimulireba

praqtikaSi Sromis materialuri waxalisebis metad mravalferovani sistemebi arsebobs. imis mixedviT, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba esa Tu is waxalisebis sistema, gamoyofen mis Semdeg saxeebs: _ premiebi Sromis mimdinare SedegebisaTvis. magaliTad, gegmuri samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis an misi gadaWarbebisaTvis, produqciis TviTRirebulebis SemcirebisaTvis da a.S. aseTi saxis premiebi yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli; _ sarTebi da wanamatebi xelfasze, romelic miecema calkeul muSas profesiaTa SeTavsebisaTvis, momsaxurebis zonis gafarToebisaTvis, profesiuli ostatobisaTvis da a.S. _ erTdrouli daxmarebebi da jildoebi, romelic gaicema weliwadSi erTxel an orjer gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani davalebis SesrulebisaTvis an mTeli sawarmos miRwevebisaTvis xangrZlivi drois manZilze da a.S. waxalisebis sistemis mocemuli saxeebidan premiebs Sromis mimdinare SedegebisaTvis SeiZleba hqondes rogorc individualuri, ise koleqtiuri xasiaTi. sarTebsa da wanamatebs mxolod individualuri xasiaTi aqvT, xolo erTdrouli daxmarebebi da jildoebi ufro metad koleqtiuri xasiaTisaa, Tumca

zogjer calkeul momuSaveebzec SeiZleba gaices. Sromis mimdinare SedegebisaTvis momuSaveTa premireba xdeba premirebis debulebis safuZvelze. premirebis Sesaxeb debulebis SemuSaveba sakmaod Sromatevadi samuSaoa. am dros dgindeba premirebis pirobebi, misi maCveneblebis raodenoba, premiis zoma, premirebis perioduloba, premirebis wyaroebi da warmoebis is qvedanayofebi, sadac dainergeba waxalisebis mocemuli sistema. debulebis SemuSavebaSi, rogorc wesi, monawileoben daqiravebulTa warmomadgenlebic. premirebis sistemis efeqtianoba vlindeba xelfasis fondis sididesa da struqturaSi: kerZod, satarifo xelfasis wili mniSvnelovnad maRali unda iyos premiasTan SedarebiT. maT Soris toloba SesaZlebelia mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, maSin, roca amis gareSe samomxmareblo bazarze produqciis konkurentunarianobis SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia. premirebis sistemis efeqtianoba vlindeba maSinac, roca premirebis maCveneblebi Seesabameba warmoebis amocanebs. magaliTad, Tu premias muSas vaZlevT xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis, amasTan, warmoebis mocemul qvedanayofSi premirebis debulebaSi premirebis maCveneblad

produqciis moculobis zrdaa dadgenili, bunebrivia, aseT SemTxvevaSi premirebis sistemis efeqtianobaze saubaric ar SeiZleba. garda amisa, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, ramdenad sworadaa gansazRvruli premirebis pirobebi. Tu premiis zoma isea dawesebuli, rom xdeba misi Sesruleba an cotaTi gadaWarbeba, maSin premirebis sistema gamarTulia. Tu premiis ZiriTadi Tanxa iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebaze midis, romelsac didi Zalisxmeva ar sWirdeba, maSin premiis arsebuli zoma dausabuTebelia. amasTan, roca premirebis maCveneblis Sesruleba imdenad didia, rom daricxuli premiis sidide mniSvnelovnad metia, vidre debulebiT dadgenili premiis zoma, maSin arsebuli rezervebi arasaTanadodaa Sefasebuli da arasworadaa dadgenili premiis zoma. maSasadame, premirebis debuleba ise unda SemuSavdes, rom man uzrunvelyos warmoebis efeqtianobis zrda. sarTebi, wanamatebi, erTdrouli premiebi da jildoebi. sarTebisa da wanamatebis sididec premiis msgavsad ganisazRvreba sawarmos mier da wesdeba profkavSirTan SeTanxmebiT. sarTebi da wanamatebi Tavisi xasiaTis mixedviT aris sakompensacio da mastimulirebeli. amJamad 50-ze meti sakompensacio saxis wanamati da sarTia gavrcelebuli. maT

miekuTvneba danamatebi Ramis saaTebSi muSaobisaTvis, sazeganakveTo samuSaoebis SesrulebisaTvis, gamosasvlel da sadResaswaulo dReebSi muSaobisaTvis, mravalcvliani reJimiT muSaobisaTvisa da a.S. mastimulirebel sarTebsa da wanamatebs miekuTvneba anazRaureba maRali kvalifikaciisaTvis, profesiuli ostatobisaTvis, profesiaTa SeTavsebisaTvis, momsaxurebis zonis gafarToebisaTvis da a.S. garda amisa, sarTebi da wanamatebi gaicema Sromis mavne pirobebSi muSaobisaTvis. sarTis zoma ganisazRvreba konkretuli samuSao adgilis atestaciis Semdeg. rac Seexeba erTdroul premiebsa da jildoebs, misi gamoyeneba xdeba maSin, roca momuSavis Sromis raodenobis zustad gamoxatva SeuZlebelia, waxaliseba ki aucilebeli (magaliTad, keTilsindisierebis gamo, maRali profesiuli kulturis gamo da a.S.). erTdrouli daxmarebebi momuSaveebs eZlevaT wliuri Sromis Sedegebis mixedviT. saaqcio sazogadoebebSi am funqcias dividendebi asruleben. garda amisa, erTdrouli daxmarebebi gamoiyeneba warmoebis qvedanayofebs Soris ukeTesi Sedegebis wasaxaliseblad, konkursSi `saukeTeso profesionali~ an `saukeTeso samuSao adgili~ gamarjvebulTaTvis da a.S. jildoebi ki ZiriTadad gaicema koleqtivebze profesiuli

dResaswaulebis dros an TiToeul momuSaveze mis saiubileo TariRTan dakavSirebiT. momuSaveTa stimulirebis mizniT sul ufro metad gamoiyeneba mogebaSi an sawarmos kapitalSi monawileobis sistemebi. am sistemebis gamoyeneba efeqturia konkurentunarian sawarmoebSi. miCneulia, rom maTi gavrceleba `ekonomikuri demokratizaciis~ maCvenebelia. amasTan, am mizniT, farTod vrceldeba socialuri Senatanebis sistemis gamoyenebac, riTac momuSaveni CarTulni arian ama Tu im sapensio sqemebSi, uzrunvelyofilni arian samedicino dazRveviT, subsidiebiT ganaTlebaze, transportze, an Rebuloben sxvadasxva saxis socialur daxmarebas.
10.6 xelfasis fondi

xelfasis fondi is fuladi saxsrebia, romelic gankuTvnilia momuSaveTa Sromis asanazRaureblad. xelfasis fondi oTxi nawilisagan Sedgeba: 1) namuSevari drois anazRaureba; 2) aranamuSevari drois anazRaureba; 3) erTdrouli wamaxalisebeli gasacemlebi; 4) gasacemlebi kvebaze, gaTbobaze, binaze. 1) namuSevari drois anazraureba moicavs: _ satarifo xelfass; _ premiebsa da jildoebs;

_ mastimulirebel da sakompensacio sarTebsa da wanamatebs satarifo ganakveTebsa da Tanamdebobriv sargoebze; _ im kvalificiur muSaTa anazRaurebas, romlebic ZiriTadi samuSao adgilidan gaTavisuflebulni arian kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mizniT; _ momuSaveTa honorars, romlebic sawarmos personalis siaSia da muSaoben masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi; _ samuSaoze specialuri Sesvenebebis anazRaurebas; _ samuSaoze SeTavsebiT myofTa xelfass; _ im momuSaveTa anazRaurebas, romlebic sawarmos personalis siaSi ar aris, mowveulni arian konsultantad an eqspertad, an leqciis wasakiTxad da a.S. 2) aranamuSevari drois anazRaureba moicavs: _ yovelwliuri damatebiTi an kanonmdeblobiT gauTvaliswinebeli Svebulebis anazRaurebas; _ anazRaurebas saxelmwifo an sazogadoebrivi davalebis SesrulebisaTvis; _ im momuSaveTa anazRaurebas, romlebmac administraciis brZanebiT arasruli samuSao dRe imuSaves; _ donorTa anazRaurebas dasvenebis dReebSi; _ iZulebiTi gacdenebis anazRaurebas. 3) erTdroul wamaxalisebel gasacemlebSi Sedis: _ erTdrouli premiebi; _ jildo SromiTi staJisaTvis;

_ materialuri daxmarebebi sawarmos momuSaveebze; _ waxalisebis mizniT momuSaveebze ufasod an SeRavaTian fasSi gacemuli aqciebis Rirebuleba; _ fuladi kompensacia gamouyenebel Svebulebaze; _ sxva wamaxalisebeli jildoebi gacemuli saCuqrebis saxiT. 4) gasacemlebSi kvebaze, gaTbobaze, binaze Sedis: _ kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad momuSaveebze ufasod gacemuli kvebis produqtebis Rirebuleba; _ sawarmos iniciativiT sazogadoebrivi kvebis obieqtebSi ufaso an SeRavaTiani kvebis Rirebuleba; _ ufasod gacemuli sacxovrebeli binebis qiris anazRaureba; _ momuSaveze ufasod gacemuli saTbobis anazRaureba. xelfasis fondis formirebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos sawarmos SesaZleblobebi, premirebis maCveneblebi. xelfasis fondSi gadaxarjva iwvevs produqciis TviTRirebulebis zrdas, mogebis Semcirebas da warmoebis rentabelobis dacemas. xelfasis fondSi saxsrebis nakleboba, gansakuTrebiT, inflaciis dros, ganapirobebs saSualo xelfasis donis Semcirebas, rac iwvevs

kadrebis denadobis zrdas, koleqtivis destabilizacias da socialur konfliqts. xelfasis fondis dagegmva sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba. kerZod, cnobilia xelfasis fondis dagegmvis eqstrapolaciuri, normatiuli, faqtoruli da detaluri dagegmvis meTodi. maT Soris yvelaze metad praqtikaSi gavrcelebulia e.w. eqstrapolaciuri meTodi. am meTodiT xelfasis fondis dagegmvisas sabaziso periodSi daxarjuli xelfasis fondis koreqtireba xdeba sagegmo periodSi momuSaveTa ricxovnobisa da saSualo xelfasis cvlilebis mixedviT. igi gaiangariSeba Semdegi formuliT: = sab. Imom. IsaS.xel. (10.6.1), sadac sab. _ sabaziso periodSi daxarjuli xelfasis fondi (lari); Imom. _ sagegmo periodSi momuSaveTa ricxvis indeqsi; IsaS.xel. _ sagegmo periodSi saSualo xelfasis indeqsi. am saxiT xelfasis fondi cal-calke gaiangariSeba yoveli kategoriis momuSaveTaTvis (muSa, specialisti, momsaxure personali da a.S.). normatiuli meTodiT xelfasis fondis dagegmvisas ganisazRvreba xelfasis normativi produqciis erTeulze. is gaiangariSeba Semdegi formuliT N = sab. (IsaS.xel./Imwar.) (10.6.2), sadac sab. _ sabaziso periodSi daxarjuli xelfasis fondi (lari);

IsaS.xel. _ sagegmo periodSi saSualo xelfasis indeqsi; Imwar. _ sagegmo periodSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis indeqsi. xelfasis normativis gaangariSebis Semdeg gaiangariSeba xelfasis fondi Semdegi formuliT: geg. = N V (10.6.3), sadac N _ xelfasis normativia produqciis erTeulze; V _ produqciis moculoba. xelfasis fondis detaluri dagegmvisas xelfasis fondis gansazRvra xdeba misi Semadgeneli calkeuli nawilis mixedviT. jer xdeba sagegmo periodSi samuSao drois anazRaurebis gansazRvra misi calkeuli qvepunqtebis mixedviT. Semdeg ki, misi danarCeni nawilebis gansazRvra. zogierTi punqtis gaangariSeba, magaliTad, iseTisa, rogoricaa sazeganakveTo samuSaoebis anazRaureba, sadResaswaulo dReebSi muSaobisaTvis anazRaureba (ra Tqma unda, Tu es grafikiT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli) da sxva, ganisazRvreba sabazo periodSi faqtiurad gaweuli xarjebis mixedviT.
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. ganmarteT xelfasis arsi. 2. ra faqtorebi moqmedeben

sidideze?

xelfasis

3. gansazRvreT

xelfasis

funqciebi

da

principebi. 4. ra meqanizmebiT aregulirebs saxelmwifo xelfasis sidides? 5. xelfasis ra sistemebi da ra formebi arsebobs? daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani. 6. ra gansxvavebaa xelfasis satarifo da utarifo sistemebs Soris? 7. ris safuZvelze irCeven xelfasis ama Tu im formas? 8. daasaxeleT materialuri stimulirebis ZiriTadi saxeebi. 9. gansazRvreT xelfasis fondi da misi struqtura. 10. xelfasis fondis dagegmvis ra meTodebi arsebobs? daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani.

Tavi 11. Sromis mwarmoebluroba

11.1. mwarmoeblurobis arsi, saxeebi da gazomvis maCvenebelTa sistema

Sromis ekonomikis Teoria mwarmoeblobis problemas warmoebis faqtorTa Teoriis farglebSi Seiswavlis. zogadad, misi arsi isaa, rom moinaxos optimaluri Tanafardoba warmoebis maqsimalurad SesaZlebel Sedegsa da mis misaRwevad saWiro minimalur danaxarjs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, mwarmoebluroba _ esaa mocemul periodSi warmoebuli saqonlis moculobis Sefardeba mis sawarmoeblad saWiro danaxarjebTan. Sromis mwarmoebluroba rTul da winaaRmdegobriv ekonomikur kategorias warmoadgens. igi damokidebulia warmoebis saSualebebis, upirveles yovlisa, Sromis iaraRebis gamoyenebis doneze. amasTan, Sromis mwarmoebluroba sazogadoebrivi warmoebis efeqtianobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia. igi saSualebas iZleva, Sefasdes rogorc erTi momuSavis, aseve mTeli koleqtivis Sromis efeqtianoba. zogadad, Sromis mwarmoebluroba ganisazRvreba, rogorc warmoebuli produqciis moculobis Sefardeba mis sawarmoeblad saWiro SromiT danaxarjebTan. amasTan,

warmoebuli produqcia SeiZleba gamovsaxoT saerTo, sasaqonlo, wminda, pirobiT-wminda produqciisa da sxva maCveneblebiT. namuSevari dro ki _ kac-saaTebSi, kacdReebSi, momuSaveTa saSualo siobriv ricxovnobaSi. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mwarmoeblurobis donisa da dinamikis gansazRvrisas gamoiyeneba warmoebuli produqcia gamoxatuli naturalur da pirobiTnaturalur maCveneblebSi, maSin mas SeiZleba SevufardoT mxolod SromiTi danaxarjebi. Sedegad miviRebT SromiTi danaxarjebis erTeulze gamomuSavebis maCvenebels, gamosaxuls naturalur da pirobiT-naturalur gamoxatulebaSi. msgavsi meTodiT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gaangariSebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs ekonomikis erTgvarovani produqciis mwarmoebel dargebSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis donis daxasiaTebisaTvis. Sromis saaTobrivi an dRiuri mwarmoebluroba miiReba produqciis moculobis gayofiT namuSevar kac-saaTebze an kac-dReebze. produqciis moculobis gayofiT momuSaveTa saSualosiobriv ricxovnobaze miiReba Sromis mwarmoebluroba (Tvis, kvartlis, wlis mixedviT).

amgvarad, Sromis mwarmoebluroba SeiZleba gamovsaxoT Semdegi damokidebulebiT: Sm=Pm/S sadac Sm _ esaa Sromis mwarmoeblurobis done, Pm _ warmoebuli produqciis moculoba, S _ namuSevari drois (gaweuli Sromis) raodenoba. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis donis cvlileba (dinamika) ganisazRvreba, rogorc saangariSo periodSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis donis Sefardeba sabaziso periodis Sesabamis maCvenebelTan. igi axasiaTebs sabaziso periodSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis an klebis procents sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gazomvis sami meTodi arsebobs: naturaluri, RirebulebiTi da SromiTi. naturaluri meTodis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Sromis mwarmoebluroba (gamomuSaveba) ganis azRvreba fizikuri zomis erTeulSi gamosaxuli (cali, tona, metri da sxva) gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobis gayofiT momuSaveTa ricxovnobaze an namuSevari saaTebis raodenobaze.
metalurgiulma kombinatma wlis ganmavlobaSi awarmoa 50 aTasi tona Tuji. kombinatSi momuSaveTa saSualowliri ricxovnoba Seadgens 2 aTas kacs.
magaliTi.

aRniSnuli monacemebis safuZvelze Sromis mwarmoebluroba Seadgens: Sm=50000:2000 = 25 tonas

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gazomvis naturaluri meTodi gamoiyeneba erTgvarovani produqciis warmoebis SemTxvevaSi. Aamitom, misi gamoyenebis farglebic SezRudulia. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gazomvis RirebulebiTi (fuladi) meTodis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi warmoebuli produqciis moculoba gamoisaxeba saerTo, sasaqonlo, wminda, pirobiT-wminda produqciis maCvenebelSi, romlebic Tavis mxriv, sawarmos mudmiv sabiTumo fasebSia gamosaxuli.
magaliTi. sawarmom wlis ganmavlobaSi gamouSva A dasaxelebis 2,0 mln. Llaris produqcia, B dasaxelebis 1,5 mln. laris Rirebulebis produqcia da C dasaxelebis 1,0 mln laris Rirebulebis produqcia. momuSaveTa saSualowliri ricxovnoba Seadgens 1000 kacs weliwadSi. erTi momuSavis saSualowliuri gamomuSaveba Seadgens:

Sm=(2000000+1500000+1000000)/1000 =4500 lari RirebulebiTi meTodi saSualebas iZleva, ganvaxorcieloT araerTgvarovani, diferencirebuli fasebis mqone produqciis aRricxva da, Sesabamisad, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis donis gazomva. miuxedvad amisa, am meTods garkveuli naklovanebebic axasiaTebs. SromiTi meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi warmoebuli produqciis

moculoba da gaweuli gamoisaxeba norma-saaTebSi.

magaliTi.

danaxargebi

sawarmom wlis ganmavlobaSi gamouSva 5 aTasi erTeulis A dasaxelebis nawarmi da 10 aTasi erTeuli B dasaxelebis nawarmi. A dasaxelebis produqciis erTeulis Sromatevadoba Seadgens _ 10 norma-saaTs, B dasaxelebis produqciis erTeulis Sromatevadoba aris _ 6 norma-saaTs. momuSaveTa saSualowliri ricxovnoba 500 kacia. erTi momuSavis Sromis mwarmoebluroba iqneba:

Sm=(500010+100006)/500=220 norma-saaTi Sromis mwarmoeblobis gazomvis SromiTi meTodis gamoyeneba garkveuli naklovanebis matarebelia. gaangariSebis maRali sizustis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia, Sromis moqmedi normebi iyos mecnierulad dasabuTebuli, rac xSirad miuRwevel problemas warmoadgens, radganac warmoebaSi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis danergvas Tan ar sdevs Sesabamisi normebis damuSaveba da warmoebaSi danergva. es bunebrivia, moqmedebs SromiTi maCeneblebis gaangariSebis sizusteze. amasTan, SromiTi meTodis gamoyeneba metad Sromatevad samuSaos warmoadgens. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis Sebrunebul sidides Sromatevadoba warmoadgens, romelic gviCvenebs produqciis erTeulis

warmoebisaTvis saWiro samuSao drois raodenobas. produqciis Sromatevadobis Semcireba pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli Sromis mwarmoeblurobasTan, rac Cans Semdegi damokidebulebidan: Sm=(SS100)/(100 SS) SS=( Sm100)/(100+ Sm) sadac, Sm _ esaa saangariSo periodSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis nazrdi sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT, %-Si; SS _ produqciis erTeulze Sromatevadobis Semcireba sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT, %-Si.
magaliTi. sawarmom sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT produqciis Sromatevadobis done 25%-iT Seamcira. es Semdegnairad imoqmedebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gadidebaze:

Sm=(25100)/(100-25)=33,33% amgvarad, produqciis erTeulze Sromatevadobis 25%-iT Semcirebam Sromis mwarmeoblurobis 33,33%-iT gadideba gamoiwvia.
magaliTi. sawarmom sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis done 25%-iT gazarda, rac Semdegnairad imoqmedebs produqciis Sromatevadobis Semcirebaze:

SS=(25100)/(100+25)=20% amgvarad, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis 25%-iT gadidebam ganapiroba produqciis Srmatevadobis 20%-iT Semcireba.

ganasxvaveben Sromatevadobis Semdeg nairsaxeobebs: teqnologiur, warmoebis momsaxurebis, sawarmoo, warmoebis marTvisa da srul Sromatevadobas. teqnologiuri Sromatevadoba warmoadgens yvela ZiriTadi _ rogorc sanardo, aseve droiTi muSebis SromiTi danaxarjebis jams;
magaliTi. wlis ganmavlobaSi sawarmoSi ZiriTadi menarde muSebis SromiTma danaxarjebma Seadgina 150 aTasi kacsaaTi, xolo ZiriTadi droiTi muSebis SromiTma danaxarjebma _ 50 aTasi kacsaaTi. teqnologiuri Sromatevadoba Seadgens:

St=150000+50000=200000 kac-saaTs warmoebis momsaxurebis Sromatevadoba (Smoms) _ esaa ZiriTadi saamqroebis, yvela damxmare ubnebisa da samsaxurebis damxmare muSebis SromiTi danaxarjebi, romlebic axorcieleben warmoebis momsaxurebas.
magaliTi. wlis ganmavlobaSi sawarmoSi ZiriTadi saamqroebis damxmare muSebis SromiTi danaxarjebi Seadgenen 50 aTas kacsaaTs, warmoebis momsaxurebaSi dasaqmebuli damxmare ubnebisa da samsaxurebis muSebis SromiTi danaxarjebi _ 75 aTas kac-saaTs.

Smoms.=50000+75000=125000 kac-saaTs sawarmoo Sromatevadoba (Ssw) _ esaa ZiriTadi da damxmare saamqroebis yvela

muSis Sromis danaxarjebi, iangariSeba Semdegnairad: Ssw= St+ Smoms

romelic

magaliTi. wlis ganmavlobaSi sawarmoSi teqnologiurma Sromatevadobam Seadgina 200 aTasi kac-saaTi, warmoebis momsaxurebis Sromatevadobam ki _ 125 aTasi kac-saaTi, Sesabamisad:

Ssw=200000+125000=325000 kac-saaTi warmoebis marTvis Sromatevadoba (SmarT) asaxavs xelmZRvanelebisa da specialistebis SromiT danaxarjebs, xolo srul Sromatevadoba warmoadgens personalis yvela kategoriis Sromis danaxarjebs. ekonomikuri analizisas xSirad gamoiyeneben aseve samuSao drois danaxarje-bisa da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis indeqsebs. samuSao drois danaxarjebis indeqsi (Jdr) asaxavs produqciis erTeulze samuSao drois danaxarjebis (Sromatevadobis) Semcirebas da gaiangariSeba formuliT: Jdr=q1t1/q1t0 sadac q1 _ esaa sabaziso periodSi warmoebuli produqciis moculoba gamosaxuli Sesabamis erTeulebSi; t0 da t1 _ produqciis erTeulis warmoebaze samuSao drois danaxarjebi, Sesabamisad, sabaziso da saangariSo periodSi.
magaliTi. sabaziso periodSi A dasaxelebis nawarmis Sromatevadobam Seadgina 15 norma-saaTi, saangariSo periodSi _ 10

norma-saaTi; B dasaxelebis nawarmis Sromatevadobam Seadgina sabaziso periodSi 5 norma-saaTi, xolo saangariSo periodSi _ 3 norma-saaTi. warmoebis moculobam saangariSo periodSi Seadgina A dasaxelebis nawarmis _ 10 aTasi erTeuli, B dasaxelebis nawarmisa _ 15 aTasi erTeuli. samuSao drois danaxarjebis indeqsi toli iqneba:

Jdr=(1000010+150003)/ (1000015+150005)=0,644 Sromis mwarmoeblurobis indeqsi ( JSr) samuSao drois danaxarjebis indeqsis Sebrunebuli sididea, romelic Semdegi formuliT iangariSeba: JSr=q1t0/q1t1
magaliTi.

wina magaliTis monacemebis

gamoyenebiT

indeqsi

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis JSr) SeiZleba Semdegnairad

gaviangariSoT: (A) JSr=1000015/1000010=1,5; (B) JSr=150005/150003=1,66

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis cvlilebis gansazRvrisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneba aseve indeqsi, romelic gaiangariSeba Sesadaris fasebSi gamosaxuli, erTi momuSavis gamomuSavebis moculobis SedarebiT sabaziso da saangariSo periodebSi: Jg=q1P/p1: q0 P/p0 Jg=B1/ B0 sadac q0 da q1 _ sabaziso da saangariSo periodSi gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobaa

naturalur gamosaxulebaSi; P _ produqciis erTeulis Sesadarisi fasia; p0 da p1 _ momuSaveTa saSualosiobrivi ricxovnobaa sabaziso da saangariSo periodSi; B0 da B1 _ sawarmoos sawarmoo-samrewvelo personalis erT momuSaveze gaangariSebuli sasaqonlo produqciis gamomuSavebis moculobaa Sesadaris fasebSi, Sesabamisad, sabaziso da saangariSo periodSi.
magaliTi. saangariSo periodSi sawarmoSi A dasaxelebis produqciis warmoebam Sadgina 10 aTasi erTeuli (sabaziso periodSi _ 9 aTasi erTeuli), B dasaxelebis produqciisa _ 5 aTasi erTeuli (sabaziso periodSi _ 4 aTasi erTeuli). A dasaxelebis produqciis erTeulis Rirebulebam Seadgina 5 lari, B dasaxelebis produqciis erTeulis Rirebulebam Seadgina 10 lari. momuSaveTa saSualowliuri ricxovnoba saangariSo periodSi Seadgenda 1000 kacs, xolo sabaziso periodSi _ 1100 kacs. arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis indeqsi iqneba: monacemebis mixedviT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis indeqsi iqneba:

100005+500010 90005+400010 Jg=-------------------------:-----------------------=1,29 1000 1100 erTi momuSavis gamomuSavebis moculobis mixedviT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis indeqsis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba sawarmos calkeuli

qvedanayofebis mixedviT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis maCveneblis Sedareba da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis rezervebis gamovlena.

11.3. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis faqtorebi da rezervebi

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis problemis Seswavlisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba misi zrdis faqtorebis gamovlenas. maT miekuTvneba, upirveles yovlisa, mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresis miRwevebis danergva warmoebaSi, aseve Sromisa da warmoebis organizaciis srulyofa. ekonomikur literaturaSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis faqtorTa klasifikaciaSi ramdenime midgoma arsebobs: erT-erTi midgomis Tanaxmad SeiZleba gamovyoT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis faqtorTa ori jgufi: 1. faqtorTa jgufi, romelic eqvemdebareba saqmiani subieqtis marTvas: strategiuli gadawyvetileba, organizaciuli sakiTxebi, SromiTi urTierTobebi, xelmRvanelebi da saSualo rgolis makontrolebeli kadrebi, teqnologia, warmoebis saSualebebi, gamokvlevebi da gamogonebebi, produqciis xarisxi, Sromis pirobebi, informacia; 2. faqtorebi, romlebic ar eqvem-debarebian saqmiani subieqtis marTvas: mTavrobis politikuri RonisZiebebi, infrastruqtura, sabazro meqanizmi, kanonebi, SromiTi resursebi, kultura da social-luri Rirebulebebi. aRniSnulis garda Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis faqtorebi SeiZleba dava-jgufoT Semdegnairadac. _ materialur-teqnikuri faqtorebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia warmoebis

teqnikur donesTan, teqnoligiebis, teqnikisa da gamosayenebeli masalebis srulyofasTan; _ organizaciuli faqtorebi, romlebic axasiaTeben Sromis, warmoebisa da marTvis orga-nizacias; _ socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi, romlebic miekuTnebian warmoebis pirovnul komponents _ momuSaveTa momzadebas, maT motivirebasa da kmayofilebas. damoukidebel faqtorad SeiZleba gamovyoT aseve warmoebis masStabi. materialur-teqnikuri faqtorebis kompleqsi, romelic gavlenas axdens Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdaze, xasiaTdeba Semdegi maCveneblebiT: Sromis energoaRWurviloba _ yvela saxis energiis moxmarebis done erT samrewvelo muSaze; Sromis eleqtroaRWurviloba _ eleqtroenergiis moxmareba erT samrewvelo muSaze; Sromis teqnikuri aRWurviloba _ ZiriTadi sawarmoo fondebis moculoba erT momuSaveze; meqanizaciisa da avtomatizaciis done _ meqanizebuli da avtomatizirebuli SromiT dasaqmebuli muSebis wili; warmoebis qimizacia, progresiuli masalebisa da qimiuri procesebis gamoyeneba _ qarmoebis qimizirebuli procesebis xvedriTi wili.

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis faqtorTa Soris wamyvani adgili ukaviaT materialur-teqnikur faqtorebs, radganc swored isini uzrunvelyofen Sromis ekonomias. organizaciul faqtorebi xasiaTdebian Semdegi maCveneblebiT: 1. warmoebis marTvis organizaciis srulyofa (marTvis aparatis struqturis srulyofa, warmoebis marTvis sistemis srulyofa, sawarmoo procesebis operatuli marTvis gaumjobeseba, marTvis avtomatizirebuli sistemebis danergva da ganviTareba); 2. warmoebis organizaciis srulyofa (warmoebis materialuri, teqnikuri da sakadro momzadebis gaumjobeseba, damxmare samsaxurebisa da meurneobebis _ satransporto, sasawyobo da sxva, organizaciis srulyofa); 3. Sromis organizaciis srulyofa (Sromis danawilebisa da kooperaciis srulyofa, Sromis mowinave meTodebisa da xerxebis gamoyeneba, samuSao adgilebis organizaciisa da momsaxurebis srulyofa, Sromis organizaciis moqnili formebis danergva da sxva). socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi xasiaTdeba SromiTi koleqtivis profesiul-kvalificiuri momzadebis doniT, socialur-demografiuli SemadgenlobiT, SromiTi aqtiurobiTa da iniciativianobiT da a.S.

Sromis mwarmoeblurobaze gavlenis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, yvela zemoT aRniSnuli faqtori SeiZleba davyoT pirdapiri da iribi zemoqmedebis faqtorebad. faqtorebis moqmedeba SeiZleba warmovidginoT funqcionaluri damokidebulebis saxiT, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, metnaklebi sizustiT davadginoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens esa Tu is faqtori Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdaze. pirdapir faqtorebs miekuTneba materialurteqnikuri da organizaciuli faqtorebi. iribi zemoqmedebis faqtorebs miekuTneba, ZiriTadad, socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis rezervebi _ esaa produqciis warmoebis moculobis zrdisa da xarisxis amaRlebis, aseve SromiTi danaxarjebis Semcirebis gamouyenebeli SesaZlebelobebi. raodenobrivad igi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc garkveuli drois manZilze Sromis mwarmoeblurobis miRweul da maqsimalurad Sesa-Zlebel sidideebs Soris sxvaoba. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis rezervebis klasifikaciaSic SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime midgoma: mizanSewonilia rezervebis dajgufeba faqtorebis Sesabamisad. warmoebis procesis analizisas is saSualebas iZleva, gamovlindes Sromis mwrmoeblurobis zrdis TiToeuli faqtoris mixedviT arsebuli gamouyenebeli SesaZleblobebi da danakargebi, da, Sesabamisad,

davsaxoT maTi gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis gzebi; Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis rezervebi SeiZleba davyoT aseve faqtorebis gamoyenebis xasiaTis (eqstensiuri da intensiuri) da zemoqmedebis mimarTulebis (gamoyenebuli resursebis jgufebis) mixedviT; warmoSobis doneebis mixedviT rezervebi SeiZleba iyos: zogadsaxelmwifo, regionuli, dargTaSorisi, dargobrivi, Sigasawarmoo. zogadsaxelmwifo rezervebis gamoyeneba gavlenas axdens Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdaze mTeli qveynis masStabiT. maT miekuTneba warmoebis ganlageba, dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis racionluri gamoyeneba da sxva; regionuli rezervebi axasiaTebs mocemuli regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli faqtorebis ufro efeqtiani gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs; dargTaSorisi rezervebi axasiaTebs sxvadasxva dargis sawarmoebs Soris dargTaSorisi kavSirebis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobebs; dargobrivi rezervebi _ esaa Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis SesaZleblobebi konkretuli dargis konkretul sawarmoebSi; Sigasawarmoo rezervebi ganisazRvreba sawarmoebSi nedleulis, masalebis, mowyobilobebis, samuSao drois gamoyenebis efeqtianobis zrdiT. samuSao drois pirdapiri

danakargebis garda, adgili aqvs farul danakargebTan, rac wundebuli, arsebuli standartebisadmi Seusabamo produqciis warmoebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. gamoyenebis vadebis mixedviT Sromis mwarmoeblobis zrdis rezervebi SeiZleba iyos mimdinare da perspeqtiuli. mimdinare rezervebi gamoiyeneba Tvis, kvartlis, wlis ganmavlobaSi gamomdinare sawarmoebis realuri SesaZleblobebidan. perspeqtiuls miekuTneba rezervebi, romelTa amoqmedebisaTvis sawarmos uaxloes periodSi sakmarisi resursebi ar aqvs da romlebic SeiZleba amoqmeddes erT weliwadSi, an ufro meti xnis Semdeg.
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:

1. ganmarteT Sromis mwarmoebluroba 2. ras niSnavs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda? 3. daaxasiaTeT Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gaangariSebis meTodebi. 4. ra faqtorebi moqmedebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdaze? 5. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis ra rezervebi arsebobs?

gamoyenebuli literatura:
gabiZaSvili b. siRaribis portreti saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2005. Toria m. Sromis ekonomika. leqciebis kursi. Tbilisi, 2008 keinsi j. dasaqmebis, procentisa da fulis zogadi Teoria. quTaisi, 1995. mesxia i., gabelaSvili k. mosaxleobis cxovrebis done. (analizi da prognozebi). Tb., 2004 saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli. 2006, 2007 Tb., 2006.2007 saqarTvelos Sromis bazari 1998-2003ww., 20002004ww. statistikuri krebuli. Tb., 2004; 2005. saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi. Tb., 2006. tuxaSvili m. saqarTvelos SromiTi potenciali: fomireba da ganawileba. Tb., Tsu. 1998. carciZe m., lacabiZe n. samuSao Zalis bazari da xelfasis organizaciis meqanizmi. (leqciaTa kursi). Tb., nike. 1996. carciZe m. samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoeba da Sromis anazRaureba erovnuli Sromis bazris formirebis procesSi. Tb., `codnis wyaro~. 1999. ZnelaZe d. dasaqmeba, Sroma da mosaxleobis socialuri dacva. Tb., 2000. Sinameurneobebi saqarTveloSi 2003-2004 ww. statistikuri krebuli. Tb., 2007.

Borjas, Georg J., Labor Economics, 3rd edition, 2008, Mcgaw_Hill Ehrenberg, Ronald G. and Robert S. Smith. Modern Labor Economics, 8 th edition, Addision-Wesley, 2008
McConnell C.R., Brue S.L. Contemporary labor economics. 1992. Filer R.K., Hamermesh D.S., Rees A.E. The economics of work and pay. 1996. Gunderson M., Riddell W.C. Labour market economics. 1988. Elliott R.F. labor economics: a comparative text. 1991. Sapsford D., Trannatos Z. The economics of the labour market.

1993. .. : . ., , 2003. . http://demoscope.ru./ weekly/2002/93-94/04/, http://demoscope.ru/ 2002/#93-94. .. . . . ., 2002. .. . . ., . 2007 . : , ? http://www.demoscope.ru/2003/#149150. . . . . ., , 1989. .. . . . 2002. .., .. . . . ., 2000. .., .. .. . ., . 2003. .. . . 2002. . http.//demoscon.ru/2003/ 107-108. . http.//demoscon.ru//2002/83-84 .. . ., -. 2001. . . . ., 2004. (. .). .. . . .. ., . 2004. .., .. . ., 2000. . . .. . ., . 2003. .. .. .. . http://www.demoscope.ru//

2003/129-139. . ., , 1970. .., .. . ., . 2004. .. .. . . ., 1999. . .. .., .. ., . 2000. . , . . ., 1998. . http://www.demoscope.ru/ 2003/85-86. (. . .). . . , 82- , 1995. , 1995. T .. . . 2000. . . . 2002. .. . . 2001. .. . . . . 1999. .. , . http://demoscope.ru/ 2003/#93-100 . http://demoscope.ru/ 2003/#127-128 .. . . ., , 2005. .. . . . ., 2001. . . . . .., .. .. . ., 1999. - . . .. , .. . ., , 1996.