1.

nh ngha . Trong Matlab th ma trn c hiu theo mt cch n gin .Ma trn l mt mng hnh ch nht cc s. Ma trn gm cc dng (row) v cc ct (column). Cc dng hay ct gi chung l Vector V d 1 2 3 9 4 5 8 7 6

Mt con s trong Matlab l mt ma trn 1x1 Th mnh ca Matlab so vi cc ngn ng lp trnh khc l tnh ton rt nhanh trn ma trn

Matlab cung cp cho chng ta 7 hm to cc ma trn c bn: 1. Zeros (line,column) : cho php to mt ma trn ton s 0. 2. Ones (line,column) : cho php to ra ma trn ton s 1. 3. Rand (line,column) : cho php to ra mt ma trn vi cc phn t l sinh ngu nhin v cng loi. 4. Randn (line,column) : to mt ma trn m cc phn t ca ma trn c sinh ra mt cch ngu nhin. 5. Eye (line) : khai bo ma trn n v. 6. Pascal () : to ma trn i xng (ma trn vung). 7. Magic () : to ma trn khng i xng. Note : Bn c th nhp trc tip cc phn t ca ma trn theo c php sau (cc phn t ca mt hng c cch nhau bi du (,) hoc mt du cch , gia cc hng th c cch nhau bi du (;) hay du ngt ).

Nhp trc tip danh sch cc phn t Pht sinh ma trn t cc hm c sn Nhp t File To ma trn bng cc File.m V d: A=[16 3 2 ;5 10 11 ; 9 6 7]

A= 16 5 9

3 10 6

2 11 7

Du [v] m u v kt thc nhp Ma trn. Du ; kt thc mt dng. Cc phn t cch nhau bng khong trng hoc du ,

nhp ma trn t cc hm c sn: >> zeros(2,3) ans = 0 0 0 0 0 0

>> eye(2) ans = 1 0 0 1 >> rand(1,8) ans = 0.9501 0.2311 0.6068 0.4860 0.8913 0.7621 0.4565 0.0185 >> ones(2,3) ans = 1 1 1 1 1 1

>> diag([1 2 3]) ans = 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3

1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

S mc ni Ma trn. Xa dng v ct ca ma trn. Ma trn chuyn v Lnh Diag Lnh Sum Lnh Det Ma trn symbolic Cc ton hng ma trn.

1.S mc ni Ma trn.
Matlab cho php kt hp cc ma trn con to ra mt ma trn ln hn. V D : >> b=ones(3,3) a= >> c=zeros(3,3) 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 >> a=[b c;c b]
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

2.Xa dng v Ct ca Ma Trn

Matlab cho php xa dng hoc ct ca ma trn bng cch gn cc gi tr rng cho hng hoc ct ca ma trn.Mt gi tr rng c k hiu bi []. V D : >> a=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9] a= 1 2 3 4 5 6 a= 7 8 9 1 2 3 >> a(2,:)=[] : Xa hng 2 7 8 9

3.Ma trn chuyn v

Ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn A l mt ma trn m cc hng ca ma trn A l cc ct ca ma trn ny. V d : a= 1 2 3 b= 4 5 6 1 4 7 7 8 9 2 5 8 >> b=a' 3 6 9

4.Lnh Diag : Dng to ma trn ng cho v rt ra ng cho

ca ma trn. C php : Diag(v,k) l mt vecto n phn t th kt qu l mt ma trng vung bc n+|k|.Trong cc phn t ca v nm trn ng cho th k 1. k= 0 , ng cho l ng cho chnh. 2. k>0 , ng cho th k nm trn ng cho chnh . 3. k<0 , ng cho th k nm di ng cho chnh. Diag(X,k): nu X l mt ma trn th kt qu l mt vecto ct hnh thnh t nhng phn t ca ng cho chnh th k. Diag(X): tr v mt vecto l ng cho chnh ca ma trn. Diag(Diag(X)): tr v l mt ma trn ng cho .

5.Lnh Sum:Tnh tng cc hng v cc ct ca ma trn.

C php : 1. Sum(X) hay Sum(X,1)tr v mt vecto m mi phn t l tng ca tng ct trong ma trn. 2. Sum(X,2) : tr v vecto m mi phn t l tng ca tng hng trong ma trn. V D:vi ma trn a cho trn. Tnh tng Ct >> tong_cot=sum(a) tong_cot = 12 15 18

Tnh Tng hng >> tong_hang=sum(a,2) tong_hang = 6 15 24

6.Ma trn Symbolic: c 2 cch nh ngha mt ma trn symbolic.

T tham s. T cc s thc. nh ngha ma trn symbolic , hai lnh sym v syms thng c s dng: Sym(a): tr v kt qu l mt bin symbolic tn l a. Sym([...;...;...;]): tr v mt ma trn symbolic. Sym(A): vi A l mt s thc hay ma trn s thc s tr v mt bin hay ma trn Symbolic. Sym arg1 arg 2 tng ng vi arg1=sym(arg1); arg2=sym(arg2).

7.Lnh Det :dng tnh nh thc ca Ma trn.

C php : Det(A) : kt qu l biu thc Symbolic nu A l ma trn symbolic, l mt gi tr s nu A l mt ma trn s. V D : >> syms a b c d nh thc ca ma trn n v bng 1 >> a=[a b;c d] nh thc ca mt ma trn a= ng cho l tch ca cc [ a, b] r= phn t ng cho. a*d-b*c [ c, d] >> r=Det(a) Ch : + ) nh thc ca n bng 0 ngi ta gi l ma trn suy bin. +) nh thc dng gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh ,xc nh iu kin c nghim hay khng ca h.

8.Cc ton hng trn Ma trn: trong Matlab tn ti cc ton hng sau.
A + B A, B phi c cng kch thc ,ngoi tr 1 trong 2 l gi tr v hng A B A, B phi c cng kch thc, ngoi tr 1 trong 2 l gi tr v hng A* B A\B S ct ca A = s hng ca B,ngoi tr 1 trong 2 l gi tr v hng Chia tri ma trn X=A\B tng ng vi gii PT : A*X=B

A.* B Nhn tng phn t ca A vi tng phn t ca B, A;B cng kch thc
A. \ B Chia tri mng tng ng vi B(i,j)\A(i,j).A;B cng kch thc A/B A./ B Chia phi ma trn X=A/B tng ng vi gii PT:B*X=A Chia phi mng tng ng vi A(i,j)/B(i,j).A;B cng kch thc

A ^ B Ly tha ma trn. Li s pht sinh nu A v B u l ma trn A.^ B Ly tha mng.Kt qu l mt ma trn m cc s hng A(i,j)^B(i,j).A;B cng kch thc.

Mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c dng tng qut : a11x1 + a12x2 +a1nxn = b1 Vi : A = [aj]mxn l ma trn a21x1 + a22x2 + a2nxn = b2 h s

am1x1 + am2x2 + amnxn = bm Mt s phng php gii h ny: Nghch o Ma Trn Phng php kh Gauss Phng Php kh Gauss- Jordan Phng php phn r ma trn(LU)

A* = [Ab]mx(n+1) l ma trn y

Mt trong s ng dng ca MATLAB l gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh . Trong MATLAB c mt s hm c xy dng v s dng cho cc phng php ny

1.

2.
3. 4.

Nghch o ma trn. Phng php kh Gauss Jordan. Phng php phn ra ma trn(LU). Hng ca ma trn v iu kin c nghim ca h phng trnh A*X = B.

1.Nghch o ma trn.
Xt phng trnh tuyn tnh. Di dng ma trn h c dng sau. AX = B X = 1 B Vi 1 l ma trn nghch o ca ma trn h s A.

1.1 Lnh inv Lnh inv(A): dng tnh ma trn nghch o

 1.2 Lnh pinv pinv(A) : dng tnh gi tr nghch o ca ma trn mxn, vi mn . Lnh ny khng s dng c vi phng php symbolic. V d : gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh A*X=B sau

2.Phng php kh Gauss Jordan.

Lnh rref(A) : tr v ma trn l bc cui cng trong phng php ny. Trong A l ma trn vung hay hnh ch nht. Lnh rref cho php s dng vi phng php symbolic. V d : gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau :

Khi s dng phng php ny s dn ti bt tin l ta phi tin hnh li t u th tc Gauss - Jordan cho tng vecto ct B

3.Phng php phn ra Ma trn

3.1 Lnh [L,u] = lu(A) : tr v ma trn tam gic trn U, ma trn tam gic di L. Phn ra ma trn A thnh cc ma trn tam gic : A= L*U Trong : L: ma trn tam gic di c nxn, cc phn t ng cho chnh u bng 1 U : ma trn tam gic trn.

Nh vy h phng trnh c vit li sau : A*X=B (LU)*X=B Bng cch th ngc mt ln t U*X=Y th: na tm X. Nh vy nghim L*Y=B A*X=B ca h A*X=B l X= U\(L\B) U*X=Y

3.2 V d : gii h phng trnh A*X=B , trong

4. Hng ca ma trn v iu kin c nghim ca h A*X=B

Hng ca ma trn A l s hng khc 0 trong dang rt gn ca A .K hiu l r(A) iu kin c nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh A*X=B, c n n s : r(A) = r( ) = n th h c nghim duy nht. r(A) = r( ) < n th h c v s nghim ph thuc vo n - r(A) tham s r(A) r( ) : khng tn ti li gii ca h phng trnh A*X=B. Trong Toolbox ca MATLAB c mt s lnh lin quan n hng ca mt ma trn, khng gian c s ca ma trn.

4.1 Lnh rank rank(A) : tr v l mt s nguyn l hng ca Ma trn. V d : Xt iu kin c nghim ca cc h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau :

4.2Lnh null. null(A)tr v ma trn rng R(n x 0) nu ma trn A khng suy bin V d : xt hai ma trn magic 3 x 3 v 4 x 4.

Ta c th dng lnh Det kim tra li

4.3 Lnh clospace . clospace(A) : nu A l ma trn symbolic kch thc n x n , khng suy bin Kt qu tr v l mt m trn m cc ct l vecto c s ca khng gian . V D :

1.

2.
3. 4. 5.

nh ngha. Cch tm. Lnh eig. Lnh poly. Tnh nh thc , nghch o, ly tha ca ma trn thng qua ma trn gi tr ring v vecto ring.

1.nh ngha.
Cho ma trn vung A cp n . S c gi l mt gi tr ring ca ma trn A nu tn ti vecto ct x 0, x , sao cho A x = x . Khi vecto x c gi l vecto ring ca ma trn A tng ng vi gi tr ring .

2. Cch tm.
Vi A l ma trn vung cp n cho th vecto ct x 0 l vecto ring ca ma trn A khi v ch khi A x = x hay : A x - x=0 x = Ix (I l ma trn n v c kch thc n x n) Ax - I x=0 (A - I) x = 0 Gi ring l nghim ca a thc |A - I| = 0 Nu khai trin nh thc ta s c mt a thc vi bin . a thc ny gi l a thc c trng .Nu A l m trn n x n th a thc ny c dng sau :

3.Lnh eig
Tnh gi tr ring v vecto ring ca ma trn vung s dng c cho cc hai phng php s va symbolic. C php : d = eig(A) : tr v ma trn d m cc gi tr ring l cc phn t nm trn ng cho chnh . [V,D] = eig(A) : tr v vecto ring cha ma trn V v gi tr ring cha trong ma trn D. V d :

4.Lnh poly
Tr v a thc ca ma trn A. C php : poly(A) nu A l mt ma trn symbolic , th kt qu tr v l mt a thc c trng. Nu A l mt hm ma trn s th kt qu tr v l mt mng cha cc h s ca a thc ny. V D :

5.Tnh nh thc , nghch o, ly tha ca ma trn thng qua ma trn gi tr ring v vecto ring. MATLAB cung cp mt s hm tnh nh thc, nghch o, v ly tha ca ma trn nhe det, inv, expm. Ngoi ra cn c vo cc tnh cht ca ma trn , ta c th tnh ton thng qua cc biu thc :

Vi D v V l cc gi tr ring v cc vecto ring c chun ha ca ma trn A. V ma trn cc gi tr ring l ma trn ng cho c ngha l cc phn t khc khng ch nm trn ng cho chnh do vy vic thc hin nghch o ma trn, tnh nh thc ma trn, ly ly tha ma trn c n gin i rt nhiu nu chng ta thc hin trn ma trn ng cho chnh

Tip Ch : Hm eig ca MATLAB khng cung cp cho chng ta ma trn vecto ring c chun ha . Do s dng cc tnh cht ca ma trn trn chng ta cn chun ha chng trc V D 1 :

V d 2: Tnh tn s ring v vecto ring ca h dao ng iu ha :

Tip v d 2:

Cc hm trong Matlab l c t trong th mc matfun.

Cc Loi
Phn tch Ma trn

Hm
norm normest rank

M t
Tnh chun cc vecto hoc ma trn Chun 2 ca ma trn Hng ca ma trn

det
trace null orth rref subspace

nh thc ca ma trn
Tng ca cc phn t nm trn ng cho ca ma trn Null space Ma trn trc giao Reduced row echelon form Angle between two subspace

Cc phng trnh tuyn tnh

\ and/inv cond

Line equation solution

Ma trn nghch o iu kin i s cho php nghch o

Condest
chol cholinc lu luinc qr lsqnonneg

c lng cho chun 1 i s

Tham s Cholesky Tham s Cholesky khng y Tham s LU Tham s LU khng y Orthogonal-trianglar decomposition. Nonnegative least-squares

pinv
lscov

Nghch o ca ma trn o
Least squares with known covariance

Tr ring v cc gi tr t do

eig svd eigs svds poly polyeig condeig hess qz

Tr ring v vecto ring Phn tch cc gi tr t do Mt vi gi tr ring Mt vi gi tr t do a thc c trng Polynomail eigenvalue problem Condition number for eigenvalues Hessenberg form Tham s QZ

schur

Phn tch Schur

Cc hm ma trn

expm logm sqrtm funm

Ma trn m Ma trn logarithm Matrix square root Evaluate general matrix function